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Chapter 12
The Endocrine The Endocrine SystemSystem
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EndocrineEndocrine systemsystem
Uses hormones Distributes hormones
via the bloodstream Responds slowly Exerts long-lasting
effects Adapts slowly to
continual stimulation
NervousNervous systemsystem Uses
neurotransmitters Secretes
neurotransmitters into a synapse
Responds quickly Exerts short-lived
effects Adapts quickly to
continual stimulation
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HormonesHormones
Steroid hormone
Nonsteroid hormone
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Which is a characteristic of endocrine glands?A.They employ neurotransmitters to relay messages.B.Ducts carry their secretions to the body’s surface.C.They exert a long-lasting effect.D.They respond quickly to stimuli.
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Correct answer: C
Rationale:The nervous system employs neurotransmitters; it also responds quickly to stimuli (whereas the endocrine system responds slowly). The endocrine system releases hormones to the bloodstream, not the body’s surface.
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Pituitary and hypothalamusPituitary and hypothalamus
Infundibulum
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Anterior pituitaryAnterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
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Hormones released by hypothalamusHormones released by hypothalamus Gonadotropin-releasing hormoneGonadotropin-releasing hormone: Promotes
secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormoneThyrotropin-releasing hormone: Promotes secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormoneCorticotropin-releasing hormone: Promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin-releasing hormoneProlactin-releasing hormone: Promotes secretion of prolactin
Prolactin-inhibiting hormoneProlactin-inhibiting hormone: Inhibits secretion of prolactin
Growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormoneGrowth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone: Promotes secretion of GH
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Hormones of anterior Hormones of anterior pituitarypituitary
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), or thyrotropin
Prolactin Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Growth hormone (GH), or somatotropin
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Posterior pituitaryPosterior pituitary
View animation of stimulation and release of hormones from anterior and posterior pituitary glands
Antidiuretic hormoneOxytocin
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Control of pituitary Control of pituitary secretionssecretions
By central nervous systemBy central nervous system
Brain monitors conditions.
It triggers hormone release as needed.
By negative feedbackBy negative feedback Pituitary stimulates
gland to release hormone.
Hormone is fed back to pituitary, which halts release of tropic hormone.
<View animation on "Negative feedback loop">
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A key difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary is that the posterior pituitary:A.consists of glandular tissue.B.secretes hormones under the direction of the hypothalamus.C.receives hormones from the hypothalamus via the hypophyseal portal system.D.stores hormones released from the hypothalamus.
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Correct answer: D
Rationale: All of the other statements are characteristics of the anterior pituitary.
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Pineal glandPineal gland
Pineal gland
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ThymusThymus
Thymus
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ThyroidThyroid
Thyroid gland
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Thyroid tissueThyroid tissue
Parafollicular cells
Thyroid follicle
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Parathyroid glandsParathyroid glands
Parathyroid glands
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Calcium homeostasisCalcium homeostasis
View animation of regulation of blood calcium levels
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Which endocrine gland has a role in the immune system?A.ThymusB.ThyroidC.PinealD.Pituitary
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Correct answer: A
Rationale:Hormones secreted by the thymus have a role in the development of the immune system, making it part of both the endocrine and immune systems. The other glands listed are not part of the immune system.
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Adrenal glandsAdrenal glands
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
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Classes of adrenal cortex Classes of adrenal cortex hormoneshormones
MineralocorticoidsMineralocorticoids: Aldosterone GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids: Cortisol Sex steroidsSex steroids: Sex steroids
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PancreasPancreas
Pancreas
Islets of Langerhans
Acini
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Regulation of blood glucoseRegulation of blood glucose
View animation of regulation of blood glucose levels
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Regulation of blood glucose (cont’d)Regulation of blood glucose (cont’d)
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GonadsGonads
OvariesOvaries Primary sex organ
(females) Secrete estrogen
TestesTestes Primary sex organ
(males) Secrete testosterone
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The chief role of insulin is to:
A.stimulate cells to take up glucose.B.stimulate the liver to break down stored glycogen.C.stimulate the pancreas to release glucagon.D.trigger the conversion of fatty acids and amino acids into glucose.
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Correct answer: A
Rationale:Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose. Declining blood glucose levels stimulate the pancreas to release glucagon. Glucagon triggers the conversion of fatty acids and amino acids into glucose.
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