Cell Biology
Prokaryotic Cell– Small ~ 1-2µm
• 01-50 µmMax.? Min.?
– No Nucleus– Little Internal
Structure– Some are Motile– Unicellular or Cluster
Eukaryote 10-200 μm
Nanobacteria
• 0.1 μm
• 104 – 105 /ml
• Ocean waters
• 0.15 μm minimum size?
Always Exceptions? Max?
E. fishelsoni - 600µm
Multiple genomes
Cell Shapes
• Bacillus• Coccus• Spirillum• Spirochetes• Appendaged
Cell Clusters
• Pairs – Diplo…
Diplococcus• Chains – Strepto..
Streptococcus• Others –
Staphylococcus
Cytoplasmic Membrane
• Phospholipid Bilayer• No Sterols• Bacteria & Eukaryotes• Ester linkages• Archaea• Ether linkage• Lipid monolayer• Thermophiles
Membrane Function
• Diffusion –osmotic pressure
• Selective Permeability• Transport Proteins• Simple Transport –
proton motive force
Group Translocation
Glucose PEP
Pyruvate
Glucose - 6 - PO4
Transport linked to first step of Glycolysis
ABC System Transport
• Periplasmic-binding protein
• Membrane-spanning protein
• Kinase
Export
• Translocase
• Signal sequence
• Exoenzymes
• Toxins
Bacterial Cell Wall
• Peptidoglycan,• Murein Layer
• n-acetylglucosamine • n-acetylmuramic acid 1-4 Linkage • Peptide Cross Links
Diaminopimelic acid - all G-Lysine - most G+d-Alanine, d-Glutamic acid
Gram Positive Cell Wall
• Multi-Track layer• 25 layers• Teichoic Acid• Lysozyme
Protoplast• Autolysins
Teichoic –Lipoteichoic acid
Gram Positive Gram Negative
Gram Negative Envelope
• Outer Membrane
Lipopolysaccharides• Peptidoglycan• Periplasmic space• Cytoplasmic
Membrane
Gram Negative Outer Membrane
• Lipopolysaccharides• Endotoxins
Pyrogens -Lipid A• Core Polysaccharide• O Polysaccharide• Porins• Periplasmic Space
Archaea Cell Wall
Pseudopeptidoglycan
Β 1-3 linkages
N acetyltalosaminuronic acid
S-Layer - most common
Prokaryotic DNA
• Closed Circles• E. coli chromosome
has 4.6 million Bases • Supercoiled• Haploid • Sometimes Plasmids
Outer Surface
Flagella
Pili - Fimbriae
Capsule
Slime Layer
Glycocalyx
Flagella
• Polar flagella• Lophotrichous• Peritrichous flagella• Flagellin• Self Assembly
Inclusion Bodies
• Poly--Hydroxybutyric Acid
• Glycogen
• Polyphosphate –Metachromatic granules
• Sulfur
• Magnetosomes
Varied morphology
Gas Vesicles
Protein coat
Endospores
• Most Resistance Cell• Withstand Boiling• Formed in Cells• Contains Calcium
dipicolinic Acid 10%
Bacillus & Clostridium
Endospores need 200 genes
May live?250 million years
Taxis
• Chemotaxis• Tumbles – Runs• Phototaxis• Magnetotaxis• Gliding?• Twitching
Eukaryotic Cells
• Contains Organelles• Nucleus• Mitochondria• Chloroplasts
Endosymbiotic Theory
Cell Biology Word ListProkaryotic 0.1-50m Transport
Cell Shape 600m Max? Proteins
Bacillus Cytoplasmic Group
Coccus Membrane Translocation
Spirillum Phospholipids Cell Wall
Spirochete Bilayer Peptidoglycan
Appendaged Sterols N-acetyl-
Strepto, Diplo, Archaea glucosamine
Staphylo. Ether-links N-acetyl-
Size? Permeability muramic acid
Cell Biology Word List 2Peptide Archaea Core Poly-
Cross-links Pseudo- saccharide
Diamino- peptidoglycan Porins
pimelic acid Gram - Periplasmic
D-Alanine Lipopoly- Space
1-4 linkage saccharide Autolysin
Gram+ Outer Prokaryotic
Teichoic acid Membrane DNA
Lysozyme Endotoxin Closed Circles
Protoplast Lipid A 4.6X106Bases
Cell Biology Word List 3
Supercoiled Phototaxis Acid
Haploid Magnetotaxis Glycogen
Plasmids Pili, Fimbriae Poly-
Flagella Capsule, phosphate
Polar Flagella Glycocalyx Metachromatic
Peritrichous Slime layer granules
Flagellin Inclusion Sulfur
Self-Assembly Bodies Magnetosomes
Chemotaxis Poly-- Gas Vesicles
Tumbles-Runs hydroxybutyric Endospores
Cell Biology Word List 4
Endospores Endosymbiotic
Dipicolinic Theory
Acid
Eukaryotic
Organelles
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
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