Cosmic-rays and Particle physics
Toru ShibataAoyama-Gakuin University 17/Aug/2010
(based on Brazil-Japan Emulsion Collaboration)
April 12, 1912
radiation from space !!!
la ~ cm*
lg ~ 10 m*
lb ~ m*
1933: (Alvarez) east-west asymmetry effect
positive charged particle !
cosmic rays
magnetic field
W E
: our data
histogram: simulationAstrop. Phys. 6 (1997) 155
W E
q
SANRIKU
(b, l) = (39.2 。 N, 141.8 。 E)
open symbols: opening-angle methodfilled symbols:
E-W effect method
Astrop. Phys. 6 (1997) 155
age of new particles: 1930 ~ 1950
1932: positron (Anderson)
1937: m-meson (Anderson & Neddermyer)
Dirac Theory
1947: p-meson (Lattes, Ochiallini, & Powell) Yukawa Theory
1947: V-particle (Rochester & Butler)
strangeness
(birth of elementary particle physics)
Sakata, Gell-Mann quark model
1948: p-meson with machine (Gardner & Lattes)
1935:Yukawa hypothesis
1-ry CRs astrophysics
particle phys.2-ry CRs
cosmic-ray physics after 1950
big machine
1-ry CRs
2-ry CRs
particle astronomy
definition of “cosmic rays”
in narrow sense● nuclei (p, He, ….., Fe, …) :
ultraviolet-visible-infrared-radio :
● g -rays : ● X-rays :
in wider sense
related field
X-ray astronomy
g-ray astronomy
radio astronomyastronomy infrared astronomy
● antiparticles (p, He, …) :● electrons & positrons :● neutrinos :
in wide sense(neutrino astronomy)
I. Cosmic-rays and Particle physics
new particle search “big” machine
go to higher energy ( >> machine energy ~ GeV)
> TeV
multiple meson production
after 1950
key to solve difficulty in Field Theory ?
Wataghin: cutoff momentum (19??) => fireball production Heisenberg: universal length (1939)
Fermi, Landau: thermo-statistical model (1950, 1953) Miesowicze, Cocconi, Niu, Hasegawa: two fireball (1958), H-q.(1961). . . . . . . .
ICRCInternational Cosmic Ray Conference
1947: 1st ICRC @ Cracow, Poland
2013: 33 th ICRC @ Rio de J., Brazil
2014: World cup @ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil !!!
2016: Olympiad @ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil !!!
sessions in ICRC
HE: High Energy InteractionsEA: Air shower phenomena MN: Muon, NutrinoOG: Origin of CRsSH: Solar HeliosphereT: Techniques
1955: EC project starts in INS (Inst. of Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo) Balloon exposure with baby EC (Kobe-group) (Fujimoto comes back from Bristol)
1962: Brazil-Japan collaboration at Mt. Chacaltaya First exposure of simple-type EC
short history of emulsion chamber in CR research
1952: Emulsion stack => new particle hunting (Bristol)
=> but poor cost-effectiveness Brass plate emulsion chamber (EC) => A-dependence (Rochester)
1956: Balloon flight => pt-invariance (Nishimura)
1958: EC exposure at Mt. Norikura => g, hadron spectra
1959: Letter of Yukawa to Lattes
E0=1~10TeV
10~100TeV=> g, hadron bundle
> 1000TeV~
basic structure of EC
e -, g hadron (p, n, p )
EM-cascade shower
Pb-jet
p 0 2g
EM cascade shower
hadron + Pb p 0’s
p +’s p -’s+ +
e -, g + Pb => bremsstrahlung, pair-creation => EM cascade shower
+_
shower curve(1987, NIM-A257)
1-ry layer :
target layer :
spacer :
calorimeter :(EC)
for Balloon experiment
4p0 2g cascade
3
2
1
Physics in emulsion chamber
● accelerator :
● balloon :
● high mountain :
neutrino oscillation (nm nt ; OPERA)
composition of CRs => origin, accle., prop. ;
forward hadron physics
=> nothing new in small q2 ?=> very difficult to see with machine (important for the EAS study) LHC
anomalies in [e , p] => signal of DM, PBH ? ;+_
exotics => q-nugget, mono-pole . . . ?
ECs used in Brazil-Japan collaboration
2-types of EC
local interaction (C-jet)
atmospheric int. (A-jet)
p 0’s
p +’s p -’s
p 0 2g
H = 1 ~ 2m
H = 100 ~ 1000m
EC
target
“clean” “dirty”
r ~ 1mm r ~ 10cm
num
ber
of p
airs
per
30 M
eV/c
2
Physics in Brazil-Japan collaboration
personal speculation
C-jet :
similarity in multiple meson productionH-quantum Feynman-scaling
deviation from pt-invariance
F(E0 ; Eg , pt) = f(x)dx g(pt)2p pt dpt d3pg
Egwith x = Eg / E0
SH-quantum (break in Feynman-scaling)
ten years earlier than CERN-SPS
production cross-sections of g ’s in p-p collision in very forward region
E0
(Eg , pt) i (i = 1, . . , n) (p 0 2g )
pt = pg sinq
A-jet :extremely massive fire-ball with high temperature
UH-quantum
1 ~ 2GeV/c2
10 ~ 20GeV/c2
100 ~ 200GeV/c2
~ 0.3 GeV/c ~ 0.5 GeV/c ~ 1.0 GeV/c
discovery of “ANDROMEDA”air shower core just before cascade development
Exotics: CENTAURO, Geminion, CHIRON, . . .
< pt >:
H-quantum SH-quantum UH-quantumMass:
“new state of matter” (H-q, SH-q, UH-q)(temperature)
before collision
after collision
Xin CMS
NN
fireball physics in BJ-collaboration
critical parameters:
fireball mass
fireball temperature (both are quantized)
M
T
“new state of matter”
phenomenological stage
substantialistic stage
essentialistic stage
Taketani’s three-stage theory in cognition of nature
?
Thermodynamics Statistical mechanics Quantum mechanics (substantialistic stage ?)
(essentialistic stage ?)
1977: R. D. Field and R. P. Feynman, Phys. Rev. D15, 2590
1978: R. P. Feynman, R. D. Field, and G. C. Fox, Phys. Rev. D18, 3320(1969: “Parton” model by Feynman for SLAC e-p deep inelastic data)
parton
protonelectrons = 12 !
(a) lepton-hadron
(b) lepton-lepton
(c) hadron-hadron
mechanism of multiple meson production
(based on “parton” model)
break in pt-invariance in fireball picture
d3sE d3p
pt (GeV/c)
H-q
SH-q
UH-q
e-6pt
: pt-invariance
break in pt-invariance in “parton” picture
d3sE d3p
pt (GeV/c)
e-6pt
signal of point-point int. Rutherford scattering
questions in hadron-hadron collision:
(Mfller scattering)
q q q q
q q q q
g g
(e) (e) (e) (e)
(e) (e) (e) (e)(g ) (g )
(Rutherford scattering !!)
ISR data ???
Why not pT-4, but pT
-8 ?
“-8” => many models modifying point-point interaction approach
not “essential”, but “acceidental” due to QCD effect(Feynman et al. 1978, Phys. Rev.)
not yet asymptotic free in the data available
higher order corrections for point-point int.
q
q
q
g -
g
: fractional g-ray energy
: Feynman variable
E0
(Eg , pt) i (i = 1, . . , n) (p 0 2g )
pt = pg sinq
E0 100 TeV (B-J)
E0 1TeV (ISR)
CMSforwardbackward
central region(covered by machine)
(covered by EC)
1978: Feynman et al., Phys. Rev. D18, 3320
our targetcentral region
1980, Phys. Rev. D22, 100
large pt phenomena:
We, CR physicists, have already observed point-point interactionsin hadron-hadron collisions in the form of large pt-phenomena!!
1962: M. Oda and Y. Tanaka, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 17, Suppl. A-III, 282
1963: S. Miyake, K. Hinotani, and T. Kaneko, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 18, 592
1967: Brazil-Japan Collaboration, Canadian J. Phys. 46, 660
multi-cores in air shower observation
first two-storey-type emulsion chamber
(far from “normal” pt with ~ 300 MeV/c => heavy 1-ry)
(interpreted as H-, SH-quanta productions)
“parton” = quarks, gluons
1990: Nobel prize for Friedman, Kendall, Tayler (MIT-SLAC)
We missed a signal of “parton” in CR data much earlier than MIT-SLAC !!!
Exotics :
I could not follow these “ZOO-series” ,
CENTAURO, Geminion, CHIRON, . . .
while I have learned many things fromProfs. Lattes, Fujimoto, and Hasegawa
I moved to 1-ry CR study with balloon
(Letter of Prof. Y. Fujimoto to Colleague; 28/Oct/1998)
Thank you
Illustration of CENTAURO I
production cross-sections of g ’s in p-p collision in very forward region
ten years earlier than CERN-SPS
key data for H.E. EAS study
g-ray astronomy
proton + proton g + anything
pbefore collision :
after collision : X
E0p
E0’Eg
s (E0 , Eg ) dEg
due to detection bias Astrop. Phys. 23(2005)510
(compiled by Stecker)
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