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JeanieBukowski
AssociateProfessor
InstituteofInternationalStudiesBradleyUniversity
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TheEUasahybridsystem
Itisanintergovernmentalorganization(IGO),madeupof27
memberstates.
Italsohassupranationalcharacteristics,includinglegislative andjudicialprocesses.
Theresultisacomplexdecisionmakingsystem,inwhichthereisaconstant
tensionbetweentheprinciplesof
sovereigntyandsupranationality.
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OVERVIEW
OF
MAIN
INSTITUTIONSEuropeanCouncil
(Headsof GovernmentandState)
Setslong
term
agenda;
makesstrategicdecisions;agreestreaties
Intergovernmental
LegislativeProcess
EuropeanCommissionSupranational
CouncilofMinisters(CounciloftheEuropean
Union)
Intergovernmental,with
supranational
aspects
EuropeanParliament
Supranational
JudicialProcess
EuropeanCourtof
JusticeSupranational
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TheEuropeanCouncil Forumforsummitmeetingsofthehighestofficialsofthe
memberstates,i.e.headsofgovernment/state
Wasestablishedin1974;confirmedasaninstitutioninTreaty
of
Lisbon
ChairedsinceTreatyofLisbonbyanappointedpresident
BasedinBrussels,meetsatleast4timesannually
Makesmost
decisions
through
consensus
Responsibilities: Takesstrategicdecisions;dealswithcrises;launchesnew
initiatives,including
every
new
EU
treaty
and
institutional
reform
Setsbroaderagenda
Makes
nominations
to
senior
positions
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OVERVIEW
OF
MAIN
INSTITUTIONSEuropeanCouncil
(Headsof GovernmentandState)
Sets
long
term
agenda;
makesstrategicdecisions;agreestreaties
Intergovernmental
LegislativeProcess
EuropeanCommissionSupranational
CouncilofMinisters(CounciloftheEuropean
Union)
Intergovernmental,with
supranational
aspects
EuropeanParliament
Supranational
JudicialProcess
EuropeanCourtof
JusticeSupranational
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TheEuropeanCommission Consistsof27memberCollegeofCommissioners;oneCommissioner
nominatedbyeachmemberstate,approvedbytheEuropeanCouncilandEP;eachisgivenresponsibilityoverapolicyarea(Portfolio);
supportedby
Directorates
General
LocatedinBrussels;managesanetworkof130+delegationsincountriesoutsidetheEU
HeadedbyaPresidentnominatedbytheEuropeanCounciland
approvedby
the
EP
(Jos Manuel
Barroso)
Powers/functions RightofinitiativeofEUlegislation;promotestheinterestsoftheEUasa
whole
Executes/implementspolicy
DevelopsandmanagesEUbudget
RepresentsEUininternationaltradenegotiations(e.g.WTO)
ManagesEUsdevelopmentassistanceandhumanitarianaid
Overseesmembership
application
process
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TheCouncilofMinisters
(Councilof
the
European
Union)
Consistsofmemberstatecabinetministers,meetingunder10differentconfigurations,dependinguponproposedlegislation
MinistersaidedbypowerfulCommitteeofPermanentRepresentatives
(Coreper) LocatedinBrussels
SinceTreatyofLisbon,ForeignAffairsCouncilischairedbytheHighRepresentativeoftheUnionforForeignAffairsandSecurityPolicy;all
otherconfigurations
are
chaired
by
member
states
on
a6month
rotation
Powers/functions Passeslegislation(withEP),primarilythroughQualifiedMajorityVoting
(QMV);historicallyhasbeenthemorepowerfullegislativebody
Shares
power
with
EP
for
approving
and
adopting
the
EU
budget Coordinatesmemberstateeconomicpolicies
Coordinatesmemberstatejusticeandhomeaffairspolicies
DefinesandimplementsEUCommonForeignandSecurityPolicy
ConcludesinternationalagreementsonbehalfoftheEU
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QualifiedMajorityVoting
inthe
Council
of
Ministers
Aqualifiedmajority(QM)isthenumberofvotesrequiredintheCouncilforadecisiontobeadopted.
TheTreaty
of
Nice
introduced
aqualified
majority
system
based
on
anew
weighting
of
votesandademographicverificationclause.ThenumberofvotesallocatedtoeachMemberStatewasreweighted,inparticularforthosestateswithlargerpopulations.After1January2007andfollowingenlargementoftheUnion,thequalifiedmajorityincreasedto255votesoutofatotalof345,representingamajorityoftheMemberStates.
Moreover,aMember
State
may
request
verification
that
the
QM
represents
at
least
62%
ofthetotalpopulationoftheUnion.Ifthisisnotthecase,thedecisionisnotadopted.
WiththeentryintoforceoftheTreatyofLisbonanewsystemknownasdoublemajoritywasintroduced.Itwillenterintoforceon1November2014.TheNicesystem
shallremain
applicable
during
the
transition
period
up
to
31
October
2014.
In
accordance
withtheTreaty,thenewqualifiedmajoritycorrespondstoatleast55%ofthemembersoftheCouncil,comprisingatleast15ofthemandrepresentingatleast65%oftheEuropeanpopulation.AblockingminoritymaybeformedcomprisingatleastfourmembersoftheCouncil.
Source:Europa,
2012
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The
European
Parliament Consistsof736MembersoftheEuropeanParliament(MEPs),directly
electedbyvotersinthememberstates,whositandworktogetherincrossnationalpartygroups
LocatedinBrusselsandStrasbourg(withanadministrativesecretariatinLuxembourg)
Powers/functions
Passes
legislation
(with
the
Council
of
Ministers);
has
gradually
gained
power
as
morepolicyareasaresubjecttocodecision(ordinarylegislative)procedure
SharespowerwiththeCouncilofMinistersforapprovingandadoptingEUbudget
RighttoconfirmorrejectnomineesforpresidentofEuropeanCommissionandHigh
Representative
for
Foreign
Affairs
and
Security
RighttoapproveorrejectappointmentstotheCollegeofCommissioners,themanagementteamoftheEuropeanCentralBank,andtheCourtofAuditors
MayforceresignationofCollegeofCommissionersthrougha motionof
censure ManagestheofficeofEuropeanOmbudsman
EU Co ecision Or inary Legis ative Proce ure
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EUCo
ecision
Or inary
Legis ative
Proce ure
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European
Court
of
Justice(CourtofJusticeoftheEuropeanUnion) Consistsof27judges,appointedbymemberstates;assistedby8
advocatesgeneral;
assisted
by
lower
27
member
General
Court
and
7memberEUCivilServiceTribunal
LocatedinLuxembourg
ThecourtisthesupremelegalbodyoftheEUandthefinalcourtof
appealon
all
matters
of
EU
law
Procedures: PreliminaryRulings
DirectActions
Importantprinciples:
Directeffect
Supremacy
Mutualrecognition
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OtherInstitutions,Agencies,and
BodiesEuropeanCentralBank
EuropeanCourtofAuditors
EuropeanEconomicandSocialCommittee
Committeeof
the
Regions
EuropeanInvestmentBank
EuropeanPoliceOffice(Europol)
ExecutiveAgencyforHealthandConsumers
Eurocorps
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JeanieBukowski