Body-related loanwords in Šóka Romani
Viktor Elšík (Charles University)
Austria
Czechia
Ukr
aine
Poland
Hungary
SCSC
NCNC
Šóka Romani
RR
R
R
R
R
R
VV
V
V
V
V
SlovakHungarian
Šóka Romani
village of Selice / Sók / Šóka 3,500 inhabitants
2,200 Roma “Rumungri” (Central dialect) 300 Roma “Pojáki” (Vlax dialect) 2,000 Hungarians
multilingualism “Rumungri”: Central R, Hungarian, Slovak, (Czech) “Pojáki”: Vlax R, Central R, Slovak, (Czech), (Hungarian) Hungarians: Hungarian, (Slovak), ((Central R))
high ecological and social integration
Attitudes towards loanwords
GLOSS LATVIAN ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI
‘policeman’ džukel ‘dog’ čendéri
‘physician’ sasčakiribnaskiro ‘heal GEN’ orvoši
‘teacher’ sikľakiribnaskiro ‘teaching GEN’ tanító
‘butcher’ masengiro ‘meat PL.GEN’ henteši
‘fisherman’ mačhengiro ‘fish PL.GEN’ halási
‘dancer’ khelibnaskiro ‘dancing GEN’ táncoši
Lexical layers in Romani
a) indigenous = Indo-Aryan
b) inherited borrowings = borrowed before the split of Early Romani into dialects
c) dialect-specific borrowings = borrowed after the split of Early Romani into dialects
INHERITED
Lexical layers in Šóka Romani
Indo-AryanWest Iranian
Armenian, Ossetic, Georgian10th c. Greek
South Slavic
Croatian16/17th c. – current Hungarian1920 – current Slovak1950 – current Czech
Brown’s listNo. GLOSS EARLY ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI
4.150 blood rat = OIA rakta- rat
4.160 bone kokalo < G kokkalo kokal
4.180 tail pori = MIA pora- farka < H farok
4.210 eye jakh = OIA akṣi- jakh
4.220 ear kan = OIA karṇa- kan
4.230 nose nakh = MIA nakka- nakh
4.270 tooth dand = OIA danta- dand
4.360 knee koč < G kotsi térďa < H térd
4.530 cough xasa- = OIA kāsa- keheg- < H köhög
4.610 sleep sov- = OIA svapa- sov-
Brown’s list: statistics
BODY 60% indigenous [< 80% in ER] 40% loans [< 10-20% in ER] 30% Hungarian loans (= 75% of all loans)
TOTAL 47.8% indigenous 47.4% loans, 49.6% incl. loan derivations 37.8% Hungarian loans (= 79.8% of all loans)
relatively high percentage of indigenous words in body-related vocabulary
IDS4: Pre-Hungarian loanwordsNO. GLOSS WORD ETYMOLOGY TYPE OF LOAN
4.120 skin, hide cipa G tsipa ‘membrane, skin’ shifted loan
4.144=145 body/ pubic hair zár P zehar loan
4.160 bone kokal G kokkalo loan
4.205 forehead čekat P čakād or A čakat loan
4.212 eyebrow cimbla G cimbla ‘eye mucus’ shifted loan
4.331 palm burňik A burr-nə ‘a handful’ shifted loan
4.340=380 finger, toe angušť IA anguṣṭha- or P angušt possible loan
4.660 defecate hin- IA or G (unclear) possible loan
4.680 shiver rezd- P larzī- possible loan
4.810 strong zorálo P zōr ‘strength’ + IA -āla- loan derivation
4.970 blind koro P kōr loan
“Shifted” loanwords
talpa ‘sole’ & ‘heel’ < H talp standard H: ‘sole’ (cf. sarok ‘heel’) local H: ‘sole’ & ‘heel’
jelo ‘scar’ < H jel standard & local “Hungarian” H: ‘mark, sign’ (cf. sebhely ‘scar’) local “Rom” H: ‘mark, sign; scar’
ňakčiga ‘nape of neck’ < H nyak ‘neck’ + csiga ‘snail’ standard H tarkó ‘nape of neck’ but cf. csigolya ‘vertebra’ local? ethnolectal?
in practice, difficult to distinguish internal semantic shifts in the recipient language from dialectal (incl. ethnolectal) input from the source language
IDS4: statistics
SOURCE LOANWORDS % OF LOANWORDS % OF WORDS
West Iranian 4 5.3%
Armenian 1 1.3%
Greek 3 3.9%
Slavic 1 1.3%
Hungarian 63 82.9% 42.3%
unclear source 4 5.3%
all loanwords 76 100% 51.0%
possible loan 4 –
* counts on entries, not individual words
Taboo wordsEARLY ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI
vagina mindž = OIA madya- mindž
penis kar = MIA kāṭa- kár
testicle pelo = OIA pela- pélo
h. intercourse
kur- = OIA kuṭṭaya- kúr-
buttocks bul = OIA buli- bul
excrement khul = OIA gūtha- khul
defecate xin- < G or IA (unclear) hin-
urine muter = OIA mūtra- muter
urinate muter- muter-
fart ṛil < P rī-dan khaň (< khand ‘smell’)
fart d- ṛil ‘give fart’ khaňar-
Bones etc.
4.160 bone kokal < G kokkalo
4.162 ribpašvároódalborda
= OIA *paṛśu-pātaka-< H oldalborda
4.170 horn sarva < H szarv
4.191 spine hátgerinci < H hátgerinc
4.202 skull kopoňa < H koponya
4.301 shoulderblade lapocka < H lapocka
4.302 collarbone ---
šing = IA
Bodily handicapsGLOSS EARLY ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI
blind koṛo < P kōr koro
deaf ka-šuko kan = OIA karṇa-šuko = OIA śuṣka- kašuko
mute lal(oṛ)o = OIA lall(ar)a- nímavo < H néma
lame langalo = OIA laṅga-bangobénavo
= OIA vaṅka-< H béna
bald ? kopasno < H kopasz
naked nango = OIA nagna- nango
drunk mato = OIA matta- máto
tired khino = OIA kṣīṇa- fárotno < H fáradt
lazy ? luštavo < H lusta
Upper limbs and their partsGLOSS EARLY ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI
hand vast = OIA hasta- va
arm musi = IA (unclear)
upper arm ? musi
forearm ? (‘lower upper arm’)
palm muštik = OIA muṣṭi- burňik < A burrnə
fist dumukh (unclear) dumuk
finger angušt = OIA anguṣṭha- angušť
shoulder phiko = OIA spiya- vállo < H váll
elbow kuni = OIA koṇā- keňeka < H könyök
wrist ? čukló < H csukló
Lower limbs and their partsGLOSS EARLY ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI
foot pinṛo = OIA piṇḍa- pro
leg heroj = OIA haḍḍa-
thigh čang = OIA janghā- čang
calf ? (‘lower thigh’)
sole ? talpa < H talp
heel khur = OIA ghuṭa-
toe (‘finger’) (‘finger’)
hip ? forgó < H forgó
knee ? térďa < H térd
ankle koč < G kotsi boka < H boka
Parts of limbs
H
H
H
H
H
H
IA
IA
IA
IA
A
H
x
x
Limbs and their parts
borrowability ‘hand’ & ‘arm’ and ‘foot’ & ‘leg’ never borrowed all other parts of limbs borrowable
borrowing asymmetries whole < part parts: ‘hand’/‘foot’ < other < joints widespread parallelism (upper ≈ lower)
diversity asymmetries ‘hand’ < ‘arm’ [‘hand’ extended] ‘foot’ < ‘leg’ [‘foot’, ‘thigh’, *‘bone’ extended]
Parts of head/face
IA
IAIA
IA
IA
IA
GH
IA
A
IA
H
H
H
H
H
mouth, lip, tooth, tongue gum
Internal organs
4.130 flesh mas = OIA māṁsa-
4.150 blood rat = OIA rakta-
4.151 vein, artery era < H ér
4.440 heart jílo = OIA hṛdaya-
4.441 lung tidó < H tüdő
4.450 liverbúkomájo
= OIA vṛkka-< H máj
4.451 kidney vešó < H vese
4.452 spleen šlézinka < Slavic slezinka
4.460 stomach ďomra < H gyomor
4.461 intestines gój = OIA guḍa-
parno buko ‘lung’kalo buko ‘liver’
Explanations?
Society and culture integration > more loanwords taboo domains > less loanwords (!) cultural saliency: e.g. food > body parts
Cognition semantic levels: e.g. wholes vs. parts,
general vs. specific cognitive vs. cultural saliency cognitive parallelism
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