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Horse
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The Horse is a single-hooved (ungulate) mammal belonging to thetaxonomic family Equidae. The horse has evolved over the past 45to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature into the large,single-toed animal of today. Horses in the subspecies caballus aredomesticated, although some domesticated populations live inthe wild as feral horses. These feral populations are not true wildhorses, as this term is used to describe horses that have neverbeen domesticated, such as the endangered Przewalski’s Horse, aseparate subspecies, and the only remaining true wild horse.
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia
Subclass: Theria Infraclass: Eutheria
Order: Perissodactyla Family: Equidae Genus: Equus
Species: E. ferus Subspecies: E. f. caballus
Classification
The horses' anatomy enables them to make use of speed to escape predators and they have a well-
developed sense of balance and a strong fight or flight instinct. Related to this need to flee from
predators in the wild is an unusual trait: horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down.
gestation lasts for approximately 335 –340 days and usually results in one foal, twins are rare in
horses. Horses are a precocial species, and foals are capable of standing and running within a short
time following birth.
Horses are herbivores with a digestive system adapted to a forage diet of grasses and other plant
material, consumed steadily throughout the day. Therefore they have a relatively small stomach but
very long intestines to facilitate a steady flow of nutrients.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse
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Skull and mandible of a horse, lateral view
1. Facial crest
2. Fossa for lacrimal soc
3.Zygomatic arch
4. Zygomatic process of frontal bone
5.Articular tubercle
6. Mandibular fossa
7. External sagittal crest
8. Nuchal crest
1.
10.
9.
8.
7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2.
11.
21.
22.
14.
15.
16.
17.
13.12.
19.18.20.
9. Temporal fossa
10. Coronoid process
11. External acoustic meatus
12. Mastoid process
13. Condyloid fossa
14. Occipital condyle
15. Jugular process
16. Condylar process
17. Mandibular notch
18. Ramus of mandible
19. Angle of mandible
20. Retroarticular process
21. Mental foramen
22. Nasal process of incisive bone
23. Infraorbital foramen
24. Nasoincisive notch
23.
24.
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2.
3.
1.
4.
Skull and mandible of a horse, lateral view
1. Body of incisive bone
2. Incisor teeth
3. Interalveolar border
4. Premolar teeth
5. Molar teeth
5.
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1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
4.
13.
12.
11.
10.
15.
14.
16.
1. External occipital
protuberance
2. Nuchal crest3. Coronoid process
4. Mandibular fossa
5. Condylar process
6. Jugular process
7. Caudal alar
foramen
8. Hamulus of
pterygoid
9. Body of mandible10. Angle of mandible
11. Mandible foramen
12. Ramus of
mandible
13. Choanae
14. Foramen magnum
15. Occipital condyle
16. Zygomatic arch
Skull and mandible, caudal view
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1.Interincisive canal
2. Body of incisive bone3. Nasal process of incisive bone
4. Infraorbital foramen
5. Facial crest
6. Orbit
7. Zygomatic process of frontal
bone
8. Zygomatic arch
9.Temporal line
10. Nuchal crest11. External saggital crest
12. Temporal fossa
13. Supraorbital foramen
14. Rostral lacrimal process
15. Nasoincisive notch
1.
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
11.
10.
12.
13.14.15.
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