AP Physics B Formula Study SheetNEWTONIAN MECHANICS
Kinematics Δx = area under v-t graph
Δv = area under a-t graph
displacement is a change in position; velocity is the rate of change of displacement, acceleration is the rate of
change of velocity
Net Force Fnet = mathe sum of all forces is proportional to mass x
acceleration
Friction force Ff = μFN
the friction force is proportional to the coefficient of friction x the normal force
centripetal accelerationthe acceleration of an object
experiencing UCM is equal to the speed2 / the radius
torque τ = rFtorque is equal to the
perpendicular distance x the force
momentum p = mvmomentum is equal to mass x
velocity
impulse J = FΔt = mΔvimpulse is equal to the change
in momentum
kinetic energyK = mv2 kinetic energy is ½ mass x
velocity2
gravitational potential energy
Ug = mghgravitational potential energy is mass x gravitational field x
height
mechanical work W = FΔxwork is the energy done by an
external force moving through a displacement
power (general definition)
P = power is the rate of energy
transfer
power in terms of velocity
P = Fvpower is the rate at which an external force moves through
a displacement
spring force Fs = kΔxthe force in a spring is equal to the spring constant x the
amount of stretch or compression of the spring
spring potential energy Us = kΔx2the energy stored in a spring = ½ x spring constant x the
stretch or compression
period of a spring Ts = the period of a spring depends on mass and spring constant
(not amplitude)
period of a pendulum Tp = the period of a pendulum
depends on length and gravitational field
relationship between period and frequency T =
period and frequency are reciprocals of each other
gravitational force between any two objects with mass FG =
any two masses exert a gravitational force on each
othergravitational potential energy between any two objects with
massUG =
any 2-mass system near has potential energy
FLUID MECHANICS AND THERMAL PHYSICS
absolute pressure in a fluid
P = P0 + ρgh
gage pressure P = ρgh
buoyant force Fbouy = ρVg
fluid flow continuity A1v1 = A2v2
volume flow rate A1v1
Bernoulli’s principleP + ρgy + ρv2 =
constantpressure (general
definition)P =
ideal gas law PV = nRT = NkBT
internal energy in a gas Kavg = kBT
velocity of a gas molecule
vrms = =
thermal workW = PΔV or area under
graphchange in internal
energyΔU = Q + W
efficiency (general) e =
ideal (Carnot) efficiency ec =
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
Electrostatic force Fe =
Electrostatic field E =
Electrostatic potential energy
Ue =
Electrostatic potential V =
Charge on a capacitor Q = VC
Capacitance C =
Energy stored in a capacitor
UC = ½ QV = ½ CV2
Current (definition)
I =
Resistance of a wire R =
Ohm’s Law V = IR
Power in a circuit
P = IV = =
I2REquivalent resistor for
seriesReq = R1 + R2 + …
Equivalent resistor for parallel
Req =
Equivalent capacitance for series
Ceq =
Equivalent capacitance for parallel
Ceq = C1 + C2 +…
Magnetic force on a moving charge in a
magnetic fieldFB = qvBsinθ
Magnetic force on a current carrying wire in
a magnetic fieldFB = BIlsinθ
Magnetic field around a current carrying wire
B =
Magnetic flux Φm = BAcosθ
Average EMF generated by a changing magnetic
fieldεavg =
EMF generated by a loop moving into or out
of a magnetic fieldε = Blv
Force BIl’s qvB
Take εast Blvd when the flux is changing.
WAVES AND OPTICS
Velocity of a wave v = fλ
Index of refraction n =
Snell’s Law n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2
Critical anglen1sinθ1 = n2sin90 or
sinθc =
Mirror & lens equation
Magnification M =
Focal length in terms of radius of curvature
f =
Diffraction pattern path difference
mλ = dsinθ
Diffraction pattern spacing
xm =
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Energy of a photon E = hf = pc
Maximum kinetic energy of an emitted electron
-φ + hf = Kmax
deBroglie wavelength of an emitted electron
λ =
Rest energy of a mass ΔE = (Δm)c2
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