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Berlin
Erin Maryse C. Aralar
2007-42570
Arch 162
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Fast FactsLocation: 52 32 N, 13 25 E
Area: 883 km2
Altitude: 30m above sea levelPopulation: City- 3, 440, 441
Metro- 5, 000, 000
Capital and largest city of Germa
Rich cultural and historical backg
The municipal area has more treParis, more bridges than Venice,3 opera houses, 2 zoos, 150 conand theaters, and 170+ museumexhibitions
In 2006 the German capital was
the title UNESCO City of Design
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Berlin (view from Google Earth)
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TIMELINE OF BERLINEarly Stages (1237-1701)
1200 1300 1400 1500
1237
Official founding of Berlin
Emerged from the 2merchant settlements of
Berlin and Clln
1389
Berlin and Clln formed a
union, joined the Hanseatic
Legue and prospered as a
trading and fishing town
1411
Hohenzollern family
awarded the Margrave
of Brandenburg
1432
Berlin and Clln merged to
form a single municipality
1539
Reformation in
Brandenburg
An avenue is
between Cit
and Tiergart
Unter den
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1700 1800
TIMELINE OF BERLINKingdom of Prussia (1701-1871)
1701
Brandenburg and
Prussia unite to
from the Kingdom
of Prussia
1726
Conversion of
plague house to
Charite, Berlins
oldest hospital and
medical school
1740
Berlin develops into
a center of
enlightenment
1791
Brandenburg Gate is
officially opened
1792
First paved
highway openedconnecting to
Potsdam
1806
French
occupies
Berlin
1809
Prussia grants
Berlin self-
government
1838
First railroad
connecting
to Potsdam
1856
First waterworks
goes into
operation
1861
Expansion
Berlin by
incorporat
suburbs
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1800 1900
TIMELINE OF BERLINGerman Empire (1871-1918) and Weimar Republic (1919-1933)
1874
Berlin City Planner James
Hobrecht Starts work on
extensive drainage system
1879
Siemens & Halske
present the worlds first
electric railway
1902
Berlins U-Bahn
(underground railway
goes into operation)
1911-12
Berlin expands to
form Greater
Berlin
1914-18
World War I
1920
Greater Berlin Act
Expansion of Berlin
1923
Tempelhuf
Airport goes into
operation
1929
Great Depression
1933
Adolf Hitle
End of dem
Germany
TIMELINE OF BERLIN
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1900
TIMELINE OF BERLINNazi Regime (1933-1945) , Cold War, Division and Unification of Berlin (1945-2001)
1933
Opened the first
concentration camp
1938
Annexation of Austria
Start of Jewish genocide
in concentration camps
1945
End of World War II
Berlin and Germanydivided into 4 sectors
(France, Britain, US,
Soviet Union)
1946-49
Berlin becomes a
Cold War hotspot
1950
Demolishing of
Old City Palace in
East Berlin
1955-59
Construction
boom: Schonefeld
Airport (East),
expressways
(West), restoration
of Brandenburg
gate
1961
Construction
of Berlin Wall
1976
Housing boom
(East)
Cultural centers
(West)
1989
Fall of Berlin Wall
1990
Reun
East
Germ
Berli
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FORMATION OF BERLINFounding. Growth. Evolution.
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GeographySituated on the northeastern side ofGermany
Mainly built on sandy glacial soil,
surrounded by forest-rimmed lakes
Marshy terrain
Located at the wide glacial valley ofthe Spree River
Although located 180km from theBaltic Sea, Berlin still prospered
because it provided a network ofoverland trade routes to Meissen,Dresden, Baltic coast, Magdeburg,Cracow (Poland), and some Russianterritories
Map of Germany showing location of Be
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Early yearsStarted as a merchant and fishing
settlement in the 1200s (Berlin
and Clln)
Prospered as an agricultural and
merchant village
Interconnections between the
old villages became the major
highways of Berlin today
Photo: Plan of Berlin, 1237
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Old Berlin and Clln today (view from Google Earth)
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Berlin, 1652
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Berlin, 1688
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Baroque PeriodFortifications were put up
during the 16th and 17th
centuries due to the
advancement in artillery
techniques
Surrounding areas are still
agricultural and evidence of grid
formations
Photo: Berlin surrounded by
fortifications and moats, 1740
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BerlinChurchesand Royalresidence,
1740
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Industrial PeriodPeter Joseph Lenne- architect
and landscape architect
designed Tiergarten Park and
the Sanssouci Gardens, mostly
open spaces and canals
attempted to layout Berlin in
1840, but was not successful
Photo: Tiergarten Park 1793,
Berlin
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Industrial PeriodPeter Joseph Lenne- architect
and landscape architect
designed Tiergarten Park and
the Sanssouci Gardens, mostly
open spaces and canals
attempted to layout Berlin in
1840, but was not successful
Photo: Tiergarten Park today,
Berlin
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Industrial PeriodJames Hobrecht- city planner,created a zoning ordinance for
Berlin, no building regulations,just transportation and drainagesystems
Plan included housing blocks ofapproximately the same size,distributor roads to connect tomain radial roads
plan led to very densedevelopment especially in thecity's core and provided regularopen spaces and public squares.
Photo: Hobrechts plan, 1862
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Berlin1884
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Mid 19th century, eight private
railway companies built rail lines
between Berlin and other Germancities, the tracks and facilities often
crossing over existing building
structures and road networks
tied to a long distance rail system by
a railway ring only when it became
necessary for military reasons
The city grew into the rural areas
alongside the new suburban road
and rail routes at the end of the 19th
century when concentric growth was
replaced by radial growth.
Photo: Berlins railway system, 1902
Industrial Period
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20th CenturyThe moat and fortifications of
the 17th century are now
occupied by the S-Bahn (tookplace in 1922)
Photo: Inner city of Berlin, early
20th century
G B li
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Greater BerlinAct
Greater Berlin Act- law passed
by the Prussian government in
1920 that greatly expanded thesize of Berlin into 20 boroughs
Berlin acquired 7 towns:
Charlottenburg, Kpenick, Lichte
nberg,Neuklln, Schneberg,
Spandau and Wilmersdorf, in
effect, acquiring also green areas
Photo: Map showing new merged
territories to Berlin, 1920 (Old
Berlin indicated in purple)
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Nazi and WW IIAdolf Hitler wanted a new cityplan for Berlin to create a world
capital called GermaniaHitler wanted a north-south axis
Planning themes: garden cities,town extension plans
Not much construction has beenmade due to World War II
A lot of buildings in Berlin weredestroyed including theBrandenburg Gate
Photo: Devastation of Berlin,1945
P t W d
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Post War andDivision
Germany and Berlin were
divided into four sectors (French,
British, American, and Soviet)
Soviet sector became East Berlin
(GDR), while the other 3 became
West Berlin (FRG). The rest of
Germany was divided the same
way due to the Cold War
Resulted to the creation of 2Germanies
Photo: Four sectors of Germany
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Devils Mountain
(Teufelsberg)- one of
the hills constructed
from the rubble left by
WW II
P t W d
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Post War andDivision
West Berlin became an enclave toEast Germany and Bonn becamethe capital of west Germany
East Berlin became the capital ofEast Germany
1961- Berlin Wall was constructed,physically separating East and WestBerlin. Even roads and railwayswere blocked.
The Berlin Wall was 155km (96miles) long and 3.6m (11.86 ft) high
with 302 watchtowers. More than170 people were killed trying toescape
Photo: Four sectors of Berlin
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West BerlinThought was given to a reunifiedurban layout, continuing thediscussion on much the same lines as
before and after World War IIGreen space policy, based largely onthe early open space plan and thepost-war concept of the car-friendlycity
Urban development concentrated onthe inner-urban situation, providingspecific working concepts for theredevelopment of both buildings and
districtsDetailed concepts were displayed atthe International Building Exhibitionof 1987
Photo: Land Use and Zoning of WestBerlin, 1972
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East BerlinEastern half always had to struggle
with the demographic problems
associated with the GDR generalhousing policy, concentrating as it did
on industrial locations and the inner
cities
The development centered on
industrial mass production of flats and
buildings on the urban fringe.
Hellersdorf Largest prefabricatedhousing estate with 150, 000 flats
West Berlin obviously had better
economy and less chaotic than the
East, as a result, West Berlin had
better city form
Photo: East Berlin
Fall of Berlin
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Fall of BerlinWall
After the fall of the Berlin Wall
in 1989, the Planwerk
Innenstadt (inner city planning)concept proposed urban design
principles which were
conservative and idealistically
orientated towards a historic
Berlin. The diversity of the
current urban shape was to be
changed by a homogeneous
urban design of the Berlin-
Prussian" style
Photo: Berlin Wall
Fall of Berlin
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Fall of BerlinWall
Federal Republic: First the idea
of green space and wedges, still
alive today; the idea of an axiswhich arose during the baroque
period and was actively pursued
during the Third Reich and the
GDR; and finally a concept for
the urban space as
redevelopment of the inner city
blocks.
Photo: Demolishing the Berlin
Wall
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Recent YearsThe German Parliament voted to
move the capital back to Berlin
Important development projectsduring the 1990's were adjacent
new government district on the
bank of the Spree river
Most of the existing buildings
were restored or renovated
In 1999, the restored Reichstag
building was used for the
parliaments first meeting
Photo: Restored Reichstag Building
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Recent YearsRedevelopment of Potsdamer
Platz was another major project
that bridged the eastern andwestern parts of the city and
showcased new ideas in
architecture and urban design.
Reduced the number of
boroughs from 23 to 12 to make
the city more cost effective
Photo: Postdamer Platz
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23 Boroughs ofBerlin (2000)
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12 Boroughs ofBerlin (2005)
C l i
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Conclusion Geography played a major role in the founding of Berlin. The e
Spree river provided water for the agricultural land as well as sincome by means of fishing. Its location was ideal because it prnetwork of overland trade routes for its neighboring towns andcountries.
History, culture, economy and politics are the main factors thathe urban shape and the city function of Berlin.
Development of the city function of Berlin was affected mainlytechnology present at a certain time. Berlin evolved from an agtrade settlement, to a defense/military town, to an industrial atransportation city, to Germanys present day cultural, politicamedia and science capital.
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LAND USE AND ZONING M
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Hobrecht Plan
1862
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Zoning Plan
1925
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Speer Plan
1939
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Land Use Plan
1950
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Building and Land
Use Plan
1961
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General
Development Plan
1969
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General
Development Plan
1989
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General
Development Plan
1994
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General
Development Plan
2004
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Open Space Plan
Sources
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