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Introduction To OOP1.0
Fundamentals Of JavaProgramming Language2.0
Exception Handling3.0 Classes, Inheritance And
Polymorphism4.0
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Define OOP1
Describe the History Of OOP
2 List the Advantages Of Using OOP3
Illustrate the Basic Terminologies Of OOP4 Distinguish between Abstraction &
Encapsulation5 Differentiate between Structured
Programming & OOP Approach6
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According to Wikipedia, Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programmingtechnique that uses objects to design the applications and computer programs.
It also can be define as a type of programming where the programmer can define datatypes and types of operations, which will be performed on the data structure.
Example:
Data data types
Data Structu re Student No. Integer
Mark float
Types of o perat ion:Student No. :
Sort student list based on
Student No.
Mark :
Calculate mark.
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By using this method, data structure will become an object such as Student object,
which consists of data and functions.
The programmer can create relationship between one object with another object such
as an object inherits characteristics from another object
Object-oriented programming is a method used to write programs where data and
behaviours are packaged together in one class. Object is a member of a class.
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In the 1960s, Simula language were developed by Norwegian Computing Center.
It became the first OOP language which applies the OOP concepts.
It was designed for the purpose of creating simulations, and was developed by Kristen
Nygaard and Ole-Johan Dahl in Norway.
In the 1970s, Alan Kay developed Smalltalk language at Xerox Parc (Palo Alto
Research Center).
Targeted to be understandable to people with no prior training in computer use.
Demonstrated by experiments conducted using children as programmers
In the 1980s, Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Lab who had learned Simula during his PHDstudies develop C++ as an extension of C.
Later many other OOP languages were developed: Eiffel, Objective-C, Actor,Object
Pascal and etc.
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Code extensibility / kod boleh ditambah
Ability to add codes, which are already existing and consistent with needs.
Code reusability / kod boleh diguna berulangkali Existing code can be tested first before it is inherited from previous module.
This will save cost and time needed to develop software.
With this method, it will help to increase programmers productivity.
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Represent real world / menggambarkan dunia sebenar
Using object-oriented concept, it will assist the programmer in creating a module because
data used represents real situations.
Data security / keselamatan data
The use of encapsulation concept has made data to be protected from misuse by an
unauthorized person.
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1. Object
Object is the term used to explain many things.
Example: student, chair and circle. An Object consists of data and method
Properties of an object are called data. In the real world, characteristics of an object can be
divided into two types:
Data that can be seen such as a human with two hands.
Data that cannot be seen such as a human with a name.
Method is a set of function that manipulates data, such as method DetermineStatus() candetermine exam result for object student.
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Object : Student
Data : name, address, icno, sid, marks, status
Method : DetermineStatus()
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2. Class A set of objects that have similar attributes(characteristics, which can be seen.) and methods.
Attributes and methods of a class can be used by each object from that class.
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class Student
{ String name, address, status;int icno, sid;
double marks;
char DetermineStatus()
{ if marks >= 40
status = Pass;
else
status = Fail;
}
} Class
Example 1 : Definition of Class Student
data
method
Example 2 : Definition of Class Box
class Box
{ double width, height, depth;
double ComputeVolume()
{ return( width * height * depth ); }
double ComputeArea()
{ return( width * height ); }
}
data
method
Class
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3. Encapsulation Encapsulation is a process of tying together all data and methods that form a class and
control the access to data by hiding its information.
It enables access to object just by using methods of that object.
It is one of the security features in object-oriented programming (OOP).
Attributes and methods of a class can be used by each object from that class.
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Class Student
Name, Student ID, Address,
IC No
Calculate_result()
Determine_grade()
Print_result()
Figure above Explains the concept of encapsulation in OOP for class Student
Based from the example given, data and methods are combined in one class. If the college management wants to
get the status whether a student pass or fail, they only have to know the status without knowing how to
determine or calculate the grade. So, this is a way of implementing encapsulation where the code in the program
is hidden thus to prevent from being modified.
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4. Data Abstraction Data abstraction is a process to delete all unnecessary attributes and remain the necessary
attributes to describe an object
Attributes and methods of a class can be used by each object from that class.
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StudentObject
AbstractionName, Student ID,
Address, IC No
Attribute
Calculate_mark (),Determine_grsde (),
Print_result ()
Behaviors
Student Class
Figure Explain about abstraction
concept
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5. Inheritance Create a new class from an existing class together with new attributes and behaviours.
The new class will have the same ability as the base class.
Use the concept of code reusability.
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Class A
Class B
Class C
Base class to class B
Derived class to class A
Base class to C, D and E
Derived class to class B
Class EClass D
Figure : Relationship between one class with
another class. Derived class can be inherits
characteristic from a base class.
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6. Polymorphism Polymorphism is a process of giving the same message to two or more different objects and
produce different behaviours depending on how the objects receive the message.
It is said to be One interface, many methods.
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Example 1:Message: Withdraw a money from bank
Action Object
Student1 : Using ATM machine from Bank account.
Student2 : Using ATM Machine from other Bank (MEPS)
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Abstraction Encapsulation
Delete all unnecessary data and remainthe necessary data only
control the access to data by hiding its
information
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Structured Programming Object Oriented Programming
1 Based on programmer definition functionSplit a big program to several functions. Each
function will perform the task more specific.
Object Oriented Programming Technique
The use of encapsulation concept
combined data and function in one
component ( class).
2 Program code cannot be reused
Each function assign to do specific task only.
We must accept the function as it is. Tomodify it, the code need to copy and modify it
based on it requirement
Allowed code reusability
It can be done through inheritance
technique. This technique allowed object toinherits characteristic (function and data)
other object.
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3 Data manipulation function
Data will be send to specific function to be
manipulate where the function is notdetermine first.
Using encapsulation to react on data
Encapsulation is used to package data with
function that will take an action over the data.It define which function will be perform to each
object. Class will control any operation done to
data and function inside it.
4 No data control access.
Main function will access all data and
function in the program.
Restriction in retrieving data.
Access control exist for each data in the
class.
5 Not supported polymorphism
Each data must be declared before do
any operation on it.
Used polymorphism
Allowed one function to be executed with
various method.
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