Knowledge about Gastric Carcinoma in North of Iran, A High
Prevalent Region for GastricCarcinoma: A Population-Based Telephone
Survey. Mansour-Ghanaei F, Joukar F, Soati F, Mansour-Ghanaei A,
Naserani SB. Mansour-Ghanaei FJoukar FSoati FMansour-Ghanaei
ANaserani SB Totally the mean knowledge level of the respondents
toward gastric carcinoma would be 17.13.97 from the maximum grade
of 29. The age group of 45-55 y/o, bachelor degree and higher,
physicians and nurses There is a general lack of awareness of
cancer risk factors, symptoms and signs, methods of prevention, and
importance of early diagnosis and treatment.
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Esophagus cancer
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Most esophageal tumors are malignant, fewer than 1% are
benign
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Esophagus cancer Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma
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Squamous cell carcinoma 95% of esophageal cancer worldwide
Commonly 7 th decade of life, 1.5-3 times more common in men
Thought to occur from prolonged exposure of esophageal mucosa to
noxious stimuli in persons with a genetic predisposition to the
disease.
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Squamous cell carcinoma The incidence of esophageal SCC varies
considerably among geographic regions. The highest rates are found
in Asia, Africa, and Iran
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ETIOLOGIC FACTORS
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Squamous cell carcinoma Demographic and socioeconomic factors
Smoking and alcohol Dietary factors Underlying esophageal disease
Prior gastrectomy Atrophic gastritis Human papilloma virus Tylosis
Bisphosphonates Upper aerodigestive tract cancer
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Risk Factors CONSUMPTION OF: Tobacco, Alcohol
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Risk Factors smoking (5-fold) and alcohol (5-fold)abuse. Heavy
smoking and heavy drinking combine to increase the risk 25- to
100-fold.
Risk Factors PREDISPOSING CONDITIONS: Caustic injury,
Esophageal webs, Achalasia, Esophageal diverticula OTHER EXPOSURE:
Asbestos, Ionizing radiation, Exceptionally hot beverages (tea)
Location: Middle East, South Africa, northern China, southern
Russia, India
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Adenocarcinoma
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EPIDEMIOLOGY Incidence rates for adenocarcinoma of the
esophagus have been increasing in several Western countries, in
part due to increases in known risk factors such as overweight and
obesity.
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Risk Factors Gastroesophageal reflux disease Smoking Alcohol
Obesity Increased esophageal acid exposure Use of drugs that
decrease lower esophageal sphincter pressure Cholecystectomy
Nitrosative stress
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Risk Factors Possible protective effect of cereal fiber and
other nutrients Diets high in fiber, beta-carotene, folate, and
vitamins C and B6 were protective while diets high in dietary
cholesterol, animal protein and vitamin B12 were associated with an
increased risk.beta-carotene
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Clinical Findings Both adenocarcinoma and SCC have similar
clinical presentations except that adenocarcinoma arises much more
commonly in the distal esophagus/GEJ.
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Clinical Findings SymptomPercent Dysphagia87-95 Weight
loss42-71 Vomiting or regurgitation29-45 Pain20-46 Cough or
hoarseness7-26 Dyspnea5
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Clinical Findings Dysphagia is the most common presenting
symptom. Dysphagia is initially experienced for solids, but
eventually it progresses to include liquids. Weight loss is the
second most common symptom and occurs in more than 50% Pain can be
felt in the epigastric or retrosternal area. Hoarseness caused by
invasion of the recurrent laryngeal nerve is a sign of
unresectability. Patients may have a persisting cough. Respiratory
symptoms can be caused by aspiration of undigested food or by
direct invasion of the tracheobronchial tree by the tumor.
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Clinical finding The examination findings are often normal.
Hepatomegaly may result from hepatic metastases. Lymphadenopathy in
the laterocervical or supraclavicular areas represents
metastasis.
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Differential Diagnoses Achalasia Esophageal Stricture Gastric
Cancer
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DIAGNOSTIC TESTING Barium studies may suggest the presence of
esophageal cancer Barium It is now rarely used. It may be useful to
study the distal anatomy in obstructive tumors inaccessible by
endoscopy.
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screening
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Barrett's esophagus People with Barrett's esophagus should be
treated to decrease reflux symptoms. The first follow-up endoscopy
should be done one year after Barrett's is diagnosed. Endoscopy may
then be done every 3 years People with low grade dysplasia
generally are advised to have repeat endoscopy at 6 and 12 months,
followed by annual endoscopy if the lesion does not appear to
progress.
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Gastric neoplasms
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Polyps are common but usually not neoplastic (hyperplastic
polyps. Hamartomas, ectopic pancreas) Adenomas occur but are
rare
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Carcinoma of the stomach The second most common fatal
malignancy in the world Commonest in Far East (Japan) High
mortality unless disease detected early
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Trend analysis of gastric cancer incidence in iran and its six
geographical areas during 2000-2005. Haidari M, Nikbakht MR, Pasdar
Y, Najaf F. Haidari MNikbakht MRPasdar YNajaf F The overall
incidence rate increased from 2.8 in 2000 to 9.1 per 100,000
persons per year in 2005. The average six-year incidence of gastric
cancer in the central and northwestern border of Caspian Sea was
7.8 per 100,000 persons per year, while it was 0.9 per 100,000
persons per year in the border of the Persian Gulf. Generally the
incidence rate in men was higher than in women. Iran is one of the
high-risk areas for gastric cancer. Increase in incidence might
continue in the future.
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CLINICAL FEATURES Abdominal pain A feeling of fullness in the
stomach area Dark stools Nausea Vomiting Loss of appetite Excessive
belching Feeling bloated after eating Indigestion Unintentional
weight loss Fatigue Weakness
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CLINICAL FEATURES Weight loss and persistent abdominal pain are
the most common symptoms at initial diagnosis Dysphagia is a common
presenting symptom in patients with cancers arising in the proximal
stomach or at the esophagogastric junction. They may also present
with a GOO from an advanced distal tumor. pseudoachalasia syndrome
Approximately 25 percent of patients have a history of gastric
ulcer. All gastric ulcers should be followed to complete healing,
and those that do not heal should undergo resection
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Paraneoplastic manifestations Dermatologic findings The sudden
appearance of diffuse seborrheic keratoses Acanthosis nigricans
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia Membranous nephropathy
Hypercoagulable states (Trousseau's syndrome) Polyarteritis
nodosa
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Risk factors Some of the risk factors for stomach cancer are
related to lifestyle choices, such as: Eating a diet high in salty
or smoked foods Eating a diet low in fruits and vegetables Eating
foods contaminated with aflatoxin fungus Smoking
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Risk factors family history of stomach cancer Stomach polyps
Infection with Helicobacter pylori long-term stomach inflammation
pernicious anemia
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DIAGNOSIS Barium studies Barium studies can identify both
malignant gastric ulcers and infiltrating lesions and some early
gastric cancersBarium false-negative barium studies can occur in as
many as 50 percent of cases. In early gastric cancer where the
sensitivity of barium meals may be as low as 14 percent. Upper
endoscopy is the preferred initial diagnostic test for patients in
whom gastric cancer is suspected. The barium study may be superior
to upper endoscopy is in patients with linitis plastica.barium
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Screening Consensus has not been achieved on screening
recommendations for many conditions that predispose to gastric
cancer. Optimal methods and intervals for screening and the risks
and benefits of screening in these populations have not been
clearly established.
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Screening Screening recommendations for specific groups of
patients
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Screening Elderly patients with atrophic gastritis or
pernicious anemia Partial gastrectomy Sporadic gastric adenoma
Immigrant ethnic populations from countries with high rates of
gastric cancer Familial adenomatous polyposis or hereditary
nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (particularly if gastric cancer has
occurred in the kindred)
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Colorectal cancer
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CRC is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in males and
the second in females Rates are substantially higher in males than
in females
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Colorectal cancer Trends in incidence of gastrointestinal tract
cancers in Western iran, 1993-2007. Najafi F, Mozaffari HR, Karami
M, Izadi B, Tavvafzadeh R, Pasdar Y. Najafi FMozaffari HRKarami
MIzadi BTavvafzadeh RPasdar Y An increase in the incidence of
colorectal cancer are in line with reports from other developing
countries in epidemiologic transition
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Risk factors
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Gender Overall age-standardized incidence rates were 65.1 per
100,000 for men and 47.6 per 100,000 for women Male-female
ratio=1.37 Mortality rates were also higher in men than women 25.4
versus 18.0 per 100,000
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Screening One in four patients with colorectal cancer has a
family history of colorectal cancer. 3 to 4 percent of patients
with CRC have one of two genetic syndromes (HNPCC) and (FAP).
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Screening Clinicians can screen for a family history of
colorectal cancer by asking a simple set of three questions: Have
any blood relatives had colorectal cancer or a precancerous polyp?
How many, and were these first-degree relatives (parent, sibling,
or child) or second-degree relatives)? At what age were the cancers
or polyps diagnosed?
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Screening If the patient is at risk for earlier onset CRC (eg,
first- degree relative with onset of CRC before age 50), screening
should begin earlier. If the patient is at risk for more rapid
progression of disease (eg, HNPCC or FAP), screening should be
performed more frequently. If the patient is at substantially
increased risk (eg, HNPCC or FAP), screening should be with the
best available test, colonoscopy.
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Screening Screen with colonoscopy. If a single first-degree
relative was diagnosed at age 60 years or older with CRC or an
advanced adenoma (1 cm, or high-grade dysplasia, or villous
elements), screening with colonoscopy is recommended every 10 years
beginning at age 50 If a single first-degree relative was diagnosed
before 60 years with CRC or an advanced adenoma, or two or more
first-degree relatives had colorectal cancer or advanced adenomas
at any age, screening with colonoscopy is recommended at age 40 or
10 years before the youngest relative's diagnosis, to be repeated
every five years.
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Screening Individuals at highest risk with familial syndromes
(HNPCC, FAP) should be screened for CRC with colonoscopy at
frequent specified intervals.