1. , (C=O). . : : ( = ); ( = R, R' ); ( = ) ( = R, NH2, NHR,
Hal ..). , . , , .
2.
3.
4. - ( ) ( ). . , () ( ) .
5. CH3 - CH - C CH3 3 2 1 2- CH2 = CH - C O H O H CH3 - CH - C
C6H5 - CH2CHO CH3 O H CH3 - C - CH2 - CH3 1 2 3 4 - 2 O CH3 - C -
CH3 ( - ) C6H5 - C - CH3 () O O
6. 12.1
7. 12.2
8. >C=O. sp2-. 3 - ( . sp2- - , . = . = , . . , - , +.
9. , . , . () , 2-C5 3-4 , . , . .
10. 1. . 2. , ,
11. 3. ( ) (II) : : 4. ( - Pd Cu) 5. ( )
12. (AN) =. : .. = ; +I- , .
13. 1. () HCN: 2. - , (- OR) : - , (-OR) .
14. 3. ( ) , , 4. NH2X . , . -. :
15. 5. (II) (II). (II) (II) . (I) 5. , , . . . 2 1
16. 1. : 2. , . 3.
17. HCl,
18. . , 40% (), -
19. - , . 1. 2. . ( - ):
20. Ni- , - :
21. 1. " " ( ): (II): [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2, - (I) ( " ", ):
22. ; ; . ; . , , ; .
23. , (-), .
24. () ()
25. -, - .. : HOOC-COOH - () ; HOOC-CH2-COOH - () .
26. , . . , , , ..
27. 1. , 2.
28. 3.
29. COOH , . sp2- OCO. . , . , , . , , , .
30. , , .. , , . . - , . . . : 1-3 . . , , C15H31COOH
C17H35COOH , . 1 2
31. . , , .. , .
32. 1. 3. 5 3 4 6
33. : RCOOR': : ( ) ():
34. 3 + 22 = 2H2 + 22 7 8 9 10 = H2 + CO 11 12 + []= H2 +
CO2
35.
36.
37. R COOR', R R' . C ( ). 1
38. . , -C(O)R. () ( C15H31COOH, C17H35COOH .) () ( C17H33COOH,
C17H31COOH, C15H29COOH .).
39. . . : , ; (), , . , - (), . , , , . 3 (2)7 = (2)7 + r2 = 3
(2)7 Br Br (2)7 1
40.
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