[(d"qyz) r dpy ,l`xyi zeclez xwgl oerax ± oeiv]

zilrd ly dcnrna zexenzde aeh`te` dcedi

h"id d`na dplieea zicedid dlidwa

z`noiwlf ikcxn

,h"id d`nd jldna dtexi` gxfn icedi ly mnlera elgy zeizeaxzde zeizxagd zexenzd

d`nk df ixeaiv giye ixwgn oiipr mixxern ,df jildz lr mnzeg z` erahy minxebde

Îzipaxd zilrd z` xikfdl ozip jk lr zifkxn drtyd ilrak eqtzpy minxebd oia .dpy

dzrted z` ;miizpicnde miinewnd oehlyd inxeb z` ;zicbpznd od ziciqgd od ,zipcnld

znbec miycgd miibele`ci`de miizeaxzd minxfd z` ;dycg zicedi zihilet zilr ly

mavwe miite` ,iepiyd ikildz z` oegal ywap oldl eppeica .cere ,mfil`iveqde zexe`pd

did elld iepiyd ikildzay ze`xdl dqpp .zinewnd dlidwd ly ef ± dpey dii`x zieefn

lelknl mb `l` ,miizeaxzde miihiletd ,'milecb'd minxebl wx `l xzeia ax lwyn

zewinpicl ,zeinewn zeienc ly ozelirt ikxcle oiite`l ,zinewn dlidw mipiit`nd miaikxnd

.da elrty zeifkxnd zeiencd oia miqgid zekxrnle dlidwd ly zeicegiid zeizxagd

zelerd zepwqnd z` ligdl zexyt`d z` dxe`kl znvnvn zinewnd daihwtqxta dxigad

miigd ze`ivn ly xzei daeh dpad zxyt`n `id ,z`f mr .xzei milecb miagxn lr dpnn

Îixwgnd oeicd ileyl ewgcpy zel`yl miixyt` mixaqd drivne mipecipd onfae agxna

znieqn dlidwa recn oiadl zexyt`n df oirn oeicn zelerd zepaezd ,lynl ,jk .ixehqidd

avwa ipeyl rwxd edn ,zxg` dlidwa xy`n xzei xdn zexe`pd ly mlerd zqitz dhlwp

mewna miv`en yeriz ikildzl mxb dne ,dzxagl zg` dlidw oia mil xarn l` dxibdd

,cg` 'ogan dxwn' zervn`a dizeklydae dipiit`na ,ef drteza oecp oldl .xg` e` df

dycgd zizlidwd zilrd ly diite`a ifkxn ot ,ezeldpzda od eiaikxna od ,bviind

.h"id d`nd jldna dtexi` gxfna zeicedid zelidwa

ibega ifkxn mewn dnvrl zxvand dycg zenca oigadl ozip h"id d`nd ziy`xn

Îd `ed `ld ,zexg` zelidwae `hilay dplieea zicedid dlidwd ly zilrdSelf-made-

man,zicedid dxagd ly zekenpd zeakya e` miipiad zeakya e`veny icedil dpeekd .

*zinewnd zicedid zilklkde zihiletd zilrd ly dnler lr siwn xwgn jezn wxt `ed df xn`n

zecdi xwgl oilfap fkxna xwgn zinrk izedy zra azkp `ede ,h"id d`na ziqexd dixtni`a

,fkxnd zeevl zecedl ipevxa .d"qyz zpya milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a dtexi` gxfne diqex

lk .zelirend mdizevr lr oltw iniw x"cle qqxe l`eny xeqtextl oke xwgnd zveawl izinrl

.ip`ixebxbd dpyd gel it lr md xn`na miritend mikix`zd

42o iwlf ikcxn]2[

.zinewnd zihiletde zilklkd zxnvl qthle ilklkdÎizxagd meqgnd z` uextl gilvdy1

ziqexd dixtni`a dbdpedy ,dycgd zizxagdÎzihiletd zxbqnd lya dxyt`zd ef dvixt

s`e mixgeqd zeclib yelyn zg`l jiizydl micedil dxizdy ,g"id d`nd idlya xak

) 'cakp gxf`' x`ezd z` lawl¸ÜÕÝØâëÙ ÓàÐÖÔÐÝØÝozna dzeel ef zekiizyd .(

zeiytega hrnk repl xzide seb iyperne `avl qeibn xeht oebk ,ilklkd mfil miax mivixnz

.zizcdÎzipz`d ezekiizyda e` e`vena aygzdl `la ,dixtni`d iagxa2dtewzd ziy`xa

zizxeqnd dxaga laewnd dfn dpey zelirt lcen avrl eqipy miyp`a xaecn did `l

,zihwxt e` zibele`ci` ,dkexkd zeiliaen zervn`a izcdÎipz`d lbrnd z` uextl e`

dlidwd ly zxkende dpyid zxbqnd jeza elrt dl` 'miycg mixiyr' .divliniq` ikildza

zizxeqnd zicedid,zinewndeid `l .zeinipt dbdpde dhily zecnrl ribdl oeiqip jezn

icedid agxna dbdpdle zihilet zeaxernl ,oey`xd alya `l zegtl ,zeti`y mdl

.iqexÎllkd3ernyn axe wenr mzeg driahd ef dveaw ,z`f mricedi ly mnler lr z

.ollka dplie zlidwe ,zepeyd zelidwd4

l` ozwigc jez ,izlidwd jxrna zeifkxn zecnr dxdn cr eqtz miycgd mixiyrd

jyna mizrl ,zeax mipy dl` zecnra owifgdy zegtynd ly miixeaivd miigd iley

,obeaplpvw zegtyn oebk ,dplieea dycgd zilrd zegtynn zeaxy `l` cala ef `l .zexec

.zexe`pd znbec ,zeycg zeizeaxz mler zeqitz zvtdl cwen eyniy oite oefpzp ,oey`xhy5

,zilklkdÎzihiletde zipaxdÎzil`ehwlhpi`d ,zizxeqnd zilrd dqgiizd mixacd rahn

Îizeaxzd mnler m`z mday mixwna xwira ,mizrl .zepcyg ly dax dcina ef drtezl

zizxagd dakya mipexg`d dl` ealzyd ,laewnd z` 'e`a aexwn miycg'd ly izcd

1yabzd oday ,bxeaxht hpqe dqce` ,dyxe znbec ,ziqgi 'zexirv' zelidwa wqer epi` oldl oeicd

.h"id d`nd jldna wx icedid ilklkdÎizxagd jxrnd

2W.M. Pintner, Russian Economic Policy under Nicholas I, New York 1967, pp. 63–66;

R. Pipes, ‘Catherine II and the Jews’, Soviet Jewish Affairs, V (1975), pp. 3–20; E.K.

Wirtschafter, Structures of Society, Illinois 1994, pp. 32, 168

3ivx`d xeyina dlrty ef ,'ddeab'd zilklkÎzihiletd zilrd ly dzelirt ikxce dciwtz lr

,'cp`lqex oi` hx`Rqp`xh oe` hicrxw oEt bpelwieehp` ic oe` ocii' ,iecp`l 'd :e`x ,ine`lpiade©©©¨©,'l`xyi mr ly zilklkd ezegztzd lr' ,iwqpi'vyl 'i ;105±93 'nr ,(1932) 2 ,ohtixy ryin`p`wr¨¨

zenfid' ,od`w '` ;jli`e 243 'nr ,1954 milyexi ,mixg`e xepic 'a zkixra ,l`xyi llkzicedid

;410±391 'nr ,d"nyz milyexi ,qexb 'p zkixra ,dlklka micedi ,'zix`vd diqexaE.

Lederhendler, The Road to Modern Jewish Politics, Oxford 1991, pp. 111–157; B. Nathans,

Beyond the Pale: The Jewish Encounter with Late Imperial Russia, Berkeley 2002, pp.

165–198

4'f :e`x divfipxcend zenbn mr dzeccenzd ikxcae 'dpyi'd zilrd ly dnlera miivelg mipeicl

'nr ,g"lyz aia`Îlz ,ezkixra ,` ,wqpit ,'oilx`we wqpit ixiab ly zexec dyiy' ,uiaepiax

;466±409G.D. Hundert, The Jews of a Polish Private Town, Baltimore–London 1992, pp.

116–133; D.E. Fishman, Russia’s First Modern Jews, New York–London 1995, pp. 46–63

5,q"yz milyexi,dxyrÎryzd d`na ziqexd dixtni`a zicedid dlkydd ,xgyd zelra ,oiwlf 'n

.107±92 'nr

]3[aeh`te` dcedi43

Îd dqip mday ,oldl oeciiy df enk ,mixg` mixwna .zniiwdSelf-made-manz` qltl

,laewnd on mipey zebdpzd cewe mler zeqitz un`n `edy jez dcinxitd y`x l` ekxc

mixwnd ziaxnay `wr `c .ekxc z` meqgl zepeiqipa s`e zepier ly dax dcina lwzp `ed

dneiw lr riavdl ozipy ,ef drtezl .'sq`n axw' zpigaa eide dl` zepeiqip eglv `l

ly eaevir lr zernyn zelra zeklyd xzei mixge`n mialya ercep ,zepey zelidwa

oeilrde deabdÎipepiad micaxa izxagd akxda jynznde iawrd iepiyd .'ycg'd icedid mlerd

zicedid dlidwd lyzinewndznbec onfd ipa zexewn oeebna eiehia z` `vn dtexi` gxfna

,zepexkifd zextqe dtid zextqd6.ixwgn oeirl hrnk dkf `l df `yep ok it lr s`e7

?aeh`t` dcedi did in .`

.dplie ly micedi `lde micedid diayez ly mnlera izxby `l mei did 1868 ipeia 30

:diayezn cg` ly ezhin ixg` mirqet ,miiy`xd dizeaegxa ettehvd xird iayezn miax

lecb cre ohwn xird ipa lke ,ezena mb el dyrp lecb ceake ,zexawd zial edeliaeie

eizewcv dyrne eigay ezhn ixg` mixtqne eixg` ekld dlwp cre cakpn owf cre xrpn

dpa xy` zqpkd ziad cr xird lk jxc edeliaed zn my xy` uiwd zian .iec aal lke

ceaka edeliaed myne .xekad lr xndk mixexnz ctqn eilr e`yp mipctq ipye ,etqkn

idp lew enixd md mb mixvepdn micakpe miaxe ,ctqnd lcb my mbe ,enler zia l` lecb

oia dkex` jxca znd jiledl dev ...xird zecewt xy .mal wner axwn mi`veid mixaca

.c`n xzi lecb miwl` dpgnk dpgnd did ik lired `ll z`f lkae .zeagxd zeaegxd8

ly epex` zeawra `l mb ,recie aeyg ax ly eizeawra crv `l df lecb 'miwl` dpgn'

zial eeil ,micedi `le micedi ,dplie iayez .drtyd ax ihilet bidpn ly e` mqxetn xteq

,ederci h"id d`nd rvn`a xird iayez ziaxny yi` ,aeh`te` (lcei) dcedi z` enler

miax ezay recn ?aeh`te` lcei did in .wegxn ine aexwn in ,erny z` erny zegtl e`

xetiqn zbxeg ef dl`yl daeyzd oi` ,dxe`kl ?dpexg`d ekxca ezeell e`vie dk`lnn

aeh`te` gkyp ezen xg`l mipy laeiy dcaerd lya wx ele ,didiy lkk oiiprn ,inewn

zlidwa xzeia daxd drtydd ilrae mixiyrd micedid cg` ezeid lya mle`e .lek aln

6.25±23 'nr ,g"vxz lyinyt ,mipewi`e ze`pweic ,`pdk '` :lynl e`x

7`eeii ,'ldw xreerw`xw oet x`h`hwic xrc yeaiit 'x' ,o`A`l`A 'n :e`x ef dl`ya ipey`x oeicl©©©©¨¨¦¨milyexi ,a ,1868±1304 ,'fiini'f`wae aew`xwa micedid zeclez ,l"pd ;234±223 ,(1935) 8 ,xrhrlA

"ldw"d lehia mr diqex zelidwa dbdpdd' ,hgey 'r ;902±889 ,783±757 'nr ,b"qyzan ,oeiv ,'

;233±143 'nr ,(f"lyz)E. Lederhendler, ‘The Decline of the Polish-Lithuanian KAHAL’,

Polin, II (1987), pp. 150–162:e`x ziqexd dxaga dycgd zepbxead ly dnler lr .V.T. Bill,

The Forgotten Class, New York 1959

8oiin oet xrhrlA ,o`d`w '` :e`x di`x cr ly xe`izl ;(1868 ileia 8) g"kxz fenza g"i ,oepald©©©.80 'nr ,1926 wx`i eip ,1 ,oArl¨

44o iwlf ikcxn]4[

iepiyl enxby 'miycgd mixiyrd' mze` ly zbviin zencl aygidl aeh`te` leki ,dplie

dcaerl zcgein zernyn yi .dplie zlidw ly zihiletde zilklkd ,zizxagd dtna izedn

Îizxagd bxcna iepiy llegl iekiqd oky ,`weec dplieea ygxzd oldl x`eziy jildzdy

dniynk hrnk d`xp zeraewn zexeqn zlrae mipy ze`n za dlidwa mipyd ax ilklkd

.zixyt` izla

ziy`xad zepy oky ,xwir lk heyt epi` aeh`te` lcei ly ditxbeiad z` xfgyl oeiqipd

zicedid dxagd ly dzebiizqd rwx lr ,dinzdl jixv epi` df xac .ltxra zehel eiig ly

izc jxr ilrak eqtzpy mixwn hrnl ,ditxbeiaae ditxbeixehqida ,dixehqida weqird on

zeiecrd z` yhyhl un`n dyr envr aeh`te`y gipdl xiaq izla `l z`f mr .ixqen e`

zilrd ibega zeiekf deey xagk lawzdl epeiqip zxbqna ,ezexrp ztewz lre e`ven lr

dplieea zicedidlya j` ,epicia zeievn opi` aeh`te` ly ditxbeiae ditxbeiaehe` ok`e .

onfd ipa ,zexewn ly agx oeebna ezenc lr zerici exnzyp ixeaivd ecnrne cgeind eite`

mixeaig znbec ,iqgi ote`a ddeab zepin` qgiil ozip zexewnd zvwnl .mdl mixge`ne

,dplieea zicedid dlidwd zecleza miwqerd9,dycgd zixard zextqd zecleza10oke

,zepexkifd zextq11,zipeikx` divhpnewec12zexewnd .onfd za zepezira zeazke miazkn

znbec ,`yepd ly xzei 'ziperav' dpenz zlawe xzei daeh dpad mixyt`n mixg`d

,dfextd13,`xwnd zepyxt14,mictqdd zextq15,zefgn16xelwlet zextq17zexnl .cere

9;237 'nr ,q"xz dplie ,` ,`pliee xir ,xciipypiihyÎcibn p"dI. Cohen, Vilna, Philadelphia

1943, pp. 448–449aia`Îlz ,1881±1495 mipey`x zexec ,`hilc milyexi dplie ,xpfielw 'i ;

.173±171 'nr ,(7 dxrd ,lirl) hgey ;gztna ,h"nyz

10.gztna ,b"iyz milyexi ,b ,dycgd zixard zextqd ly dixehqid ,xpfelw 'i

11mdxa` iig ,o`lt`w '` ;211 'nr ,f"pxz dyxe ,iwqlewehp` edizzn oa ikcxn xeqitextd ,cibn 'c

,yhiee`nipea 'c ;45±42 'nr ,q"xz aewxhrit ,et`n mdxa` ,oipiixa 'x ;17 'nr ,l"xz oriee ,et`n

'nr ,(g"rxz) ` ,zenyx ,'zegkypl xkf' ,uiaepiax f"` ;61±59 'nr ,a"qxz dplie ,edil`n azkn

c milyexi ,ipal 'c ;78±74 'nr ,(l"yz) ci ,mrÎrci ,'iqwpt jezn mitc' ,iwqxiaq '` ;187±178,`hil

,oixeyi 'i zkixra ,rpliee ,'(ee`h`t` lcei) "siwz" xrc' ,oieehil '` ;`t 'nr ,a ,u"xz aia` lz

oiin ,oxrtl`d 'a ;12±11 'nr ,b"kyz aia` lz ,zepexkf ,uk v"a ;864±859 'nr ,1935 wxei eip

;11±5 'nr ,1978 dawqen ,qrkiiH. Abramowicz, Profiles of a Lost World, Detroit 1999, pp.

253–254

12;l"l`=) dplieea i`hild ine`ld oeikx`a exnzyp aeh`te` dcedia zewqerd zeax zecerzLietuvos

centrinis valstybinis istorijos archyvasine`ld mixtqd ziaa ;wxeiÎeipa `"eeii oeikx`a ;(¦¨:zexewnd uaewa oke ;bxeafpib sqe` ,milyexia i`hiqxaipe`deÁ.£. »ÞíØÝáÚØÙ, ºÐ×ÕÝÝëÕ

ÕÒàÕÙáÚØÕ ãæØÛØéÐ, ¿ÕâÕàÑãàó 1920

13». »ÕÒÐÝÔÐ ‘´ÕßÞ ±ÐÚÐÛÕÙÝëå âÞÒÐàÞÒê'zrd azka mikynda dpey`xl mqxet df xetiq .

ziqexd dtya icedid²ÞáåÞÔceaire mebxz .(45±34 zepeilib) 1861Îe (32±10 zepeilib) 1860 mipya

oEt (oif`b`n) `Rrc xrc xrc` ...'p dldw xrc oEt xrR xrc rlrnely 'x ,wic n"` :yiciil§¦¨¨¨©©;1874 dqce` ,zlkxnd ,od`fqiviix 'i :zixarl ceaire mebxz .l"xz `pliee ,(minya) oriil`w`a©©xewna rited df xetiq .vz±frz 'nr ,h"vxz aia` lz ,et`n mdxa` iazk lk ,'opg zia' ,et`n '`

ezenc mr ,iagp ,xetiqd ixeaibn cg` ly eiedif lr .f"kxz bxaqbipw ,bebct oen` xtqdn wlgk

]5[aeh`te` dcedi45

epvni` ,ixehqidd xwgnd ikxevl zexewn ly dfk beqa yeniy ly ibeleceznd iyewd

xwga winrn xwgndy lkk' ik orhy ,jela wx`n oeixehqidd ly ezqitz z` df dxwna

.'dfn df c`n mipey zexewnn qpkzi zeiecrd xe`y se`yl eilr lhip ok zecaerd18,ok`e

mzrceza aeh`te` ly ifkxnd enewn lr cirn zexewn ly agx dke ax dk oeebn ly eneiw

l` ekxcn lgd ,eiiga miagxp miwxt ly xefgy xyt`n mbe ,onfd ipa dplie icedi ly

.zixeaivde zizxagd ezelirt xg` awrna dlke ziyi`d ezeldpzd ipte` jxc ,zxnvd

,xciipypiihyÎcibn gp lld ,dplie zlidw ly xzeia onidnd sxbeixehqidd ineyix it lr

) o`x` dxiira 1797 zpya aeh`te` dcedi clepVarenaeixerpa cer .`hil mexcay ( ç

xeexta dayiizde ,zexg` zeax zegtynk ,dplieel dixebn mewn z` ezgtyn dwizrd

.lewehp` xird19on drap `hila milecbd miipexird mifekixl miixtkd mixef`d on dxibdd

oehlyl xarnde 1795 zpya oilet ly dzwelg jildz meiq :zeihiletde zeilklkd zexenzd

zengln ;h"id d`nd ly oey`xd xeyra gztzdy sixgd ilklkd xaynd ;ifekix iqex

micedid ly yexiba mei`d ;`hil icedi ly izxagde ilklkd jxrnd z` erfrfy oe`iletp

dxibd lbl enxb dl` lk .ifkxnd oehlyd ly zpeekn zeipicn oke ,iaxrnd leabd ixef`n

.dplie jlta zeipexird zeicedid zelidwd ly xkip itxbenc lecibl `iady ,swid agx20

ei`eyip enk ,dplieea aeh`te` dcedi ly dpey`xd eiig ztewza miiyi` mihaid lr

oigadl ozip dl` mipya xak mle`e .dry itl zexexa zeiecr epicia oi` ,mipey`xd

miax oiit`n df oirn jldn .zizxagÎzilklk dpigan mcwzdl miwqet izlad eizepeiqipa

.inewnd ilklkde ihiletd ,izxagd mwxna alzydl eqipe df dxibd lba xirl eribdy

inewnd ihiletÎeiveqd jxrnl idylk zeaiegn eyg `l dl` 'e`a aexwn miycg' mle`e

,uilnd ,'zrca axernd' ,oecxeb l"i ;355 ,286 'nr ,b ,(10 dxrd ,lirl) xpfelw :e`x ,aeh`te` ly

elqka 'e ,(1880 xaehwe`a 19) `"nxz oeeygxna c"i ,(1880 xaehwe`a 12) `"nxz oeeygxna 'f

23) `"nxz elqka 'k ,(1880 xanaepa 16) `"nxz elqka b"i ,(1880 xanaepa 9) `"nxzxanaepa

.nw±ekw 'nr ,j"yz aia`Îlz ,dfext ± oecxeb ail dcedi iazk lk :jeza efkex dl` miwxt ;(1880

14.`k ,al ,mixac ,d"rxz milyexi ,l`ixab zxez ,zeilbxn f"b

15.52±49 'nr ,h"kxz dplie ,xin` y`x xtq ,diaeh oa 'n

16.1940 dbix ,c`a`k rwh`n ,ipnef`x 'n¨©©17eip±aia` lz ,` ,xc xcn ,oeqtil 'n ;gztna ,g"vxz aia` lz ,cecgde dgicad xtq ,aep`iexc '`

xelwlet' ,oiihyxtheb 'i ;198 'nr ,1938 dplie ,x`lwl`t xryicii ,odk l"i ;88 'nr ,1937 wxei¦¨¨,oxrhy 'n ;627±583 'nr ,1950 aia` lz ,` ,mixg`e oxeb 'p zkixra ,`hil zecdi ,'`hil icedi

.88 'nr ,b"iyz aia` lz ,mifeb` zxrw ,ocq 'c ;64±3 'nr ,q"xz wxeiÎeip ,c"ag rwh`n¨18.103 'nr ,a"qyz milyexi ,dixehqidd lr dibelet` ,jela 'n

19.211 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) iwqlewehp` ,cibn ;237 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) cibn

20zeklydd lr .138 'nr ,` ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) xpfielw :e`x df lecib lr micirnd miixtqn mipezp

' ,oiwlf 'n :e`x df jildz ly zeilklkde zeizxagdzenbne mipiit`n :"ler ewxt dtc miavwd"

sq` 'c zkixra ,milyexil dplieen ,'dxyrÎryzd d`nd ziy`xa dplie zlidwa dgeexd zkxrna

;jli`e 34 'nr ,a"qyz milyexi ,mixg`eA. Kahan, Essays in Jewish Social and Economic

History, Chicago–London 1986, pp. 70–81.56±55 'nr ,(2 dxrd ,lirl) xphpit :mb e`xe ;

46o iwlf ikcxn]6[

z` ebtqe ef dlidwa eclepy inn dpeya ,zizxeqnd zilrd ibeg ipta ceak z`xi `l s`e

ote`a xidne sevx jildzl micr ep` ,lynl ,jk .da geexy zercde zepen`de mikxrd mler

jeze 1812 zpya dplieel dribdy ,oey`xhy zgtyn ly zihilete zizxag zeciip ly iqgi

.zinewnd zilrd ibeg ala dcnrn z` dqqia ax `l onf21zxnvd l` ef dgtyn ly dkxc

zgtyn z`f znerl .cec ,dgtynd ia` ly axd eped reiqa dllqp zihiletde zizxagd

Îzizxag zeciip ly jldn exyt`y mi`pzd zyelyn cg` s` dnr d`iad `l aeh`te`

Îizxagd avnl cd .zepcnl e` izgtyn qegii ,oed :zizxeqnd zicedid dxaga zilklk

okn xg`l zeax mipy eazky mixaca rnyp dplieea dini ziy`xa ef dgtyn ly ilklkd

.(oldl e`x) aeh`te` dcedi ly xzeia mixnd eixwanne eiaixin micg`

zixe`hn diilr lre zihilete zilklk dglvd lr zexexa zeiecribegl aeh`te` ly

zepya ,h"id d`nd ly miyelyd zepy rvn`n xak zeniiw zinewnd zicedid zilrd

dpin ,aeh`te` ly diipyd ezy` .oi`eyipd megza lynl xkip df xac .eiigl miyelyd

.dplieea zeqgeind zegtynd zg`l za dziid ,dl` mipya dl `yip `edy ,qrwtiv dpg22

zg` `id mb ,obeaplpvw zgtynl `lkin z` dyi`l `yp ,1843 zpya ,dzen xg`l

.zinewnd zicedid zilrd zegtynn23cqend ixag mr dl` mipya xak dpnp `ed jka `veik

j` akxed izxeqn ote`ay ,'ldw'd ,dplieea zicedid dlidwd ly xzeia izxweide oeilrd

.zinewnd zilklkd zilrd zegtyn ibivpn wxe24,1836 zpya xak df xywda riten eny

.oecxeb l`xyi axd ly iepind azk lr i`plieed 'ldw'd mya minzegd cg`k25df wxtn

ixeaiv cqen lka aeh`te` dcedi ly ezegkep dybxed ,1868 zpya ezxiht cr ,jli`e

zeiqppit zeielirt ly agx oeebna oaenke zernyn lra ixeaiv rexi` lka ,dplieea icedi

erahy h"id d`nd ly zi`plieed zicedid dxaga zeiencd od zehrn ,dyrnl .zeilklke

?z`f dyr cvik .diayeze xird iiga wenr dk mzeg

21:e`xM. Zalkin, ‘Samuel and Mattityahu Strashun: Between Tradition and Innovation’,

Mattityahu (Matias) Strashun (1817–1885): Scholar, Leader and Book Collector, ed. A.

Astrinsky, New York 2001, pp. 1–28

22mxtqn ik m` micli eid befly dler digÎdpin ly dzavn gqepn ;237 'nr ,` ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) cibn

xq seypi ayei mdipiae rcbp eitprn cg`y deab ur zenca davery ,zx`etnd davnd .xexa epi`

,lekn xzei ,dcirne dplieea icedid zexawd zia ly zeavnd sepa zipiite` `l ce`n dziid ,mipt

lr dzexg dziidy dpiwd oeylk ,'oa`d ef xwia jxiwedl' ef zicegii jxca xga aeh`te`y jk lr

.281 'nr ,d"pxz `pliee ,a ,ycw zty ixiy ,od`fprarl miigÎoa c"` :e`x .urd rfb

23.233 'nr ,l"yz milyexi ,et`n mdxa` iazkn ,xepic v"a

24xrpliee' ,o`w 't :e`x dpecipd dtewza i`plieed 'ldw'd lr .195 'nr ,` ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) cibn¨.156±152 'nr ,(1934) 7 ,xrhrla `"eeii ,'1831±1820 ox`i ic oi` ldwdÎiy`x¨¨¦¨

25.6 dxrd ,195 'nr ,my ,cibn

]7[aeh`te` dcedi47

zilklk zeci i p .a

.zilklkd eziilr ikxc mb jk ,oeekn e` ixwn ,ltxra mihel aeh`te` ly ezexrp iniy myk

m`e jka oiipr el did `ly meyn m` ,df megza xceqn ceriz xized `l envr aeh`te`

gilvn dxaga zekenpd zeakyd on mc` eay ,df oirn bixg jldn .zexg` zeaiq lya

mpeinc z` zivd ,miyxn swida miqkpe oed xeavle ilklkd ceaixd ilbrn lk z` uextl

iehia df oeincl ozpy mipey`xd cg` .eicde` mr epnp `ly in llk jxca ,onfd ipa ly

.ely oey`xd sxbeiade et`n mdxa` xteqd ly ecici ,oltw mdxa` did miaezka26ex`za

,gilvnd xgeqde miwqrd yi` ,aeh`te` oia dgztzdy zakxende dywd miqgid zkxrn z`

zepyn gth `xewd iptl oltw syg ,(oldl e`x) gexd yi`e dxend ,xteqd ,et`n oial

:aeh`te` ly ezecli

`yp `ede ,mrd zlcn my ila oa did xrp epcer ?eiig ini lka dfd ee`h`t` did dne in

zeaegxa mixaerd ilrp zewpl ecia zexry zeiwpne ,xird zeveg ipt lr milrp xegy ci lqa

el `a oi`n rci `l yi`e ,xyrie lblbd eilr jtdp minid uexna .dlwp xkya mdilbx lr

.axd exyr27

sqep icedi xxeyne xteq ly ezaizka mb iehia d`vn xirvd aeh`te` dcedi ly ezenc

oltw ly exeaig meqxt xg`l mipy xyrk .(b"li) oecxeb aiil dcedi `ed `ld ,dplie oa

dqip ,oltwk ,b"li mb .'zrca axernd' exetiq cwena aeh`te` ly ezenc z` b"li aivd

:xge`nd eienic z` m`ezd ote`a aeh`te` ly zilklkd ditxbeiad z` ei`xewl bivdl

zeclez dl`ehi igdiciwtl micba xtez did hiigd licei .dfd ziad z` cqi xy` dxvwa

mb `eaie `avd iyp` e`vie ux`a dngln zeida idie ,ligd icecbn cg`a `avdhiigd

dkd eitl`a cecbd dkd xy` zrae ;ehgna `vi hiigde mzywae maxga e`vi dl` ;mkeza

sqka cak ezia l` ayie ,'ziax' ici lr seqale 'xezi' ici lr dligza ,eizeaaxa hiigd

.adfae28

jez iqexd `avd iliigl micn zwtq`a e` miilrp gevgva xirvd aeh`te` wqr m` oia

lr cenrl ozip dl` zxewia ixacn `weecy dnec ,e`l m` oiae ,diinx irvn`a yeniy

ly mdipira d`xpy dn .aeh`te` ly ef oial mdiazek ly mlerd zqitz oiay xrtd

,dbxc izegpl die`xd zeldpzd jxcke miiefa miweqirk oecxeb aiil dcedie oltw mdxa`

26dplieea xxebzd miyingd zepy ly diipyd zivgna .1839 zpya dpaew xira clep oltw mdxa`

zal ihxt dxen yniy oltw .iyi` ote`a exikd s`y okziie ,aeh`te` lr zeax rny wtq `lle

dxrd ,lirl) et`n :e`x miipyd oia mixywd lr .miaexwd eicicin cg`l did s`e et`n ly eig`

.gztna ,(23

27d ,xrpd ly dnec xe`izl .859 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) oieehil ;17 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) oltwqpxtzn

.448 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) odk :e`x ,dplieea lecbd zqpkd zia xvga miilrp gevgvn

28.xewna zeybcdd ;`lw 'nr ,(13 dxrd ,lirl) zrca axernd ,b"li

48o iwlf ikcxn]8[

.ipey`x oed zxiav myl zeiepncfd levip ly wdaen jldnk uexgde xirvd mfid ipira qtzp29

dtewza zilklkd ezelirt lr dplie icedi ly innrd oexkifa exnzypy ze`qxbd ziaxn mb

.zilklk zelirt ly df mbc zen`ez ef30

mipya xak dyabzdy ,xbaznd aeh`te` ly zilklkd mlerd zqitz z` hhxyl ozip

mipey miwlga iciip `lc iqkp zxiav lr dqqazd `id .onfd zepa zecerz it lr ,dl`

,`qib cgn ,miaipn miqkpl mzkitde xird ly31,mipey miletepen zxikga zecwnzd lre

riwyd ,ipey`x oed xavy xg`l ,h"id d`nd ly miyelyd zepy ziy`x onl .`qib jci`n

zexikga axern did xak dfd xeyrd rvn`a .dxikgd megza eivn`n ziaxn z` aeh`te`

.mixgeqd ly ziyilyd dclibl ezekiizyd lya xyt`zd xacde ,ce`n lecb itqkd otwidy32

,mixg` miaxk ,aeh`te` .da lrt aeh`te`y 'ziwqrd daiaq'l mb drcep zcgein zeaiyg

,izxeqnd xkegd ly ezlert jxc enk `ly ,zifekix zilklk zkxrn ly zxbqna lrt

inewnd ipletd liv`d oial icedid oedd lra oiay akxend miqgid jxrn lr dzzyedy

.df liv` ly ezfeg` inegza dldpzde33erawp zifekixd zkxrnd ly zeillkd dizenbn

29jli`e g"id d`nd rvn`n ziqexd dixtni`d zlklka `av icnl yewiad `liny ifkxnd ciwtzd lr

:e`xP. Gatrell, The Tsarist Economy 1850–1917, New York 1986, pp. 146–150lr .

:e`x df megza micedi minfi ly zxkipd mzeaxernA.J. Rieber, Merchants and Entrepreneurs

in Imperial Russia, Chapel Hill 1982, pp. 56–62

30.42 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) oipiixa :e`x 'iprd lkexd' zqxb lr

31jiiyd oiipaa xgqn zia zgiztl oeiyix zlawl dywad mb e`xe .237 'nr ,` ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) cibn

iiqae` ,dywad yibn lr .5916 wiz ,567 sqe` ,(12 dxrd ,lirl) l"l` :iwvipcex aegxa aeh`te`l

.145±144 'nr ,` ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) cibn :e`x ,oeqpiwlf uiaewilf

32zipzen dziid mixgeqd zeclib yelyl zekiizydd .(1864 x`epia 1) c"kxz zaha a"k ,lnxkd

millkd erawp 1807 zpya .dlecbd dpixzwi ly dpehly ztewza wega rawpy ilnipin oed zxiava

,000 ± dpey`x dclib ;laex 20,000 ± diipy dclib ;laex 8,000 ± ziyily dclib :mi`ad.laex 50

ewtzqd zepehlyde ,ely oedd swidl zegked bivdl yxcp `l znieqn dclibl jiizydl ywand

:e`x .miycg beeiq illk erawp 1863 zpya .oedd on 5.225% jqa izpyd qnd z` mlyl ezlekia

`ed mb rawpy ,zicedid dxaga iniptd icnrnd beeiqd .85 ,39±31 'nr ,(29 dxrd ,lirl) xaix

mix`ez dyelya' :cx`pic mixt` x`zny itk ,zvwna dpey did ,mc`d ly ilklkd eavn it lr

"cibp" ,laex sl` drax` e` dyely cr dlr exyr xy` yi`d .mdd minia eixiyr z` mrd x`z

'` :e`x .'`xwp "xiab" mya sl` miyly cr ribd m`e ,"xiyr" did mitl` zxyrae .el e`xw

ze`ivnl qgiizn cx`pic ly exe`iz .79 'nr g"rxz oehbpilx` ,` ,inr za zepexkf ,cx`piic

cenll ozip zephw zelidwa inepew`Îeiveqd beeiqd illk lr .zelecbd mixra zilklkdÎzizxagd

,mixteqe minkg zlleyne ,dyxe dlc xir `id uipnxw xird' :oefpzp xra cec ly eixacn§d`eelda e` zepga mdn qpxtzne sqk miz`n jxr el xy` .xrvn xir lk bdpnk diayei bdpne

,od`fp`h`p a"c :e`x .'dpeki xiab ± adf ixpic sl`k el xy` yi` oncfi m`e .`xwi cibp ± dnecke

.39 'nr ,1878 `yx`ee ,zepexkfd xtq

33:e`xM.J. Rosman, The Lords’ Jews, Cambridge 1990, pp. 106–142gek ,sqk ,xlh '` ;

;240±182 'nr ,e"qyz milyexi ,g"id d`na `hila lieei'fcx zia zefeg`a micedid ± drtyde

J. Kalik, ‘Szlachta Attitudes towards Jewish Arenda in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth

Centuries’, Gal-Ed, XIV (1995), pp. 15–26

]9[aeh`te` dcedi49

oiipr xqeg ly dax dcin did dly ixwird oiit`nd z`f mre ,ifkxnd oehlyd ici lr

.mitheyd miinewnd miilklkd mikildza oehlyd inxeb ly zeaxrzd xqege34mixac avna

mixgznd xtqnl rbepd lka lynl ,epnn dpdp 'oyi'd icedid xkegdy iqgid oexzid mlrp df

.zehlgdd lawn lr dxgznd ly ezrtyd zcinle zitivtq dxikg lr35

fxkna wqerd inyx cerizn dler df megza aeh`te` ly ezlert jxcl zipiite` dnbec

.h"id d`nl miyelyd zepy ly diipyd zivgna dplieea gnw zpgh zxikgl36idlya

oext` cec mixt` xgeqde aeh`te` eyibd 1837 zpy37zizpy zlz dxikgl fxknl drvd

,dpyl laex mitl` zyely ly mekq lr dcnr miipyd zrvd .zipexir gnw zpgh ly

miqnd lk z` xicq ote`a mlyle zetheyd dwfg`d zelert z` rval zeaiigzd mb dllke

aeh`te`l careyy ,xpii lxw ,dplie ayez ly ezia yniy mzrvdl zeaxrk .miihpeelxd

zervdd lk oian xzeia daehde ddeabd drvdd d`xpd lkk dziid ef .1837 xaehwe` ycega

i`lewip ,`hil ly xehpxaeb lxpbd ipta uilnd dplie ly igxf`d lyende ,eybedy

zeqpkdl mxeze xzeia obed igkepd xignd' ik epiiva ,dlawl ,aewexeblec 'uiaiixcp`

.'xird38xeyi`de ,xzei deab bxc ly exeyi` z` dziid dperh deab dk mekqa dxikg

dxikga wqerd oexg`d g"ecay oiivl oiiprn .dpy dze` ly xanvca 31Îa wx lawzd

lry oeeikn ,oext` mixt` ziyilyd dclibdn i`plieed xgeqd mr wx mzgp dfegd' ik oiev

.'cala oext` ly eny lr didz dxikgdy aeh`te` xgeqd ywia zipexird dnEcd g"ec it39

dwqra ezetzzydn beqp `l aeh`te`y jkl al miyl yi ik m` ,dxexa dpi` jkl daiqd

.da szeyk ilnxet meyixn wx `l`

odn witdl zlekie zeiwqr zeiepncfd iedif ellky ,otecd i`vei miiwqrd eixeyik lya

exwpy miiwqr mileykn lr xabzdl aeh`te` gilvd ,cgeind eite` lyae ,iaxn geex

miilklk milewiy it lr dazkedy ,ziwqrd ezelirt .ea exgzdy in z` qiadle ekxca

zelirt lcen dxikfn ,zizeaxz e` zizc mler ztwyda mxewny milewiy aexir `ll ,`cxb¥

oeikifd z` i`plieed 'ldw'd icin `ivedl zeqpl qqid `l ,dnbecl ,jk .ilwicx ihqilhitw

ly xzeia miaeygd dqpkdd zexewnn cg` ,sxy oii xevii lr miqnd ziiab ly dxikgl

34.250 'nr ,(2 dxrd ,lirl) xphpit :e`x dl` zenbn lr

35:e`x h"id d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgna iqexd oehlyd ly zifekixd zeipicnd lrN.V. Riasanovsky,

A History of Russia, New York 1963, pp. 358–365

36gnw zepgh zxikg lr .1301 wiz ,378 sqe` ,(12 dxrd ,lirl) l"l`a ievn oldl hhevnd cerizd

,48 'nr ,h"lxz `pliee ,oeyny oexkf ,oeyny oa l"i :lynl e`x h"id d`na `hila micedi icia

.52

37225 'nr ,` ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) cibn :e`x ,dycgd zilrl `id mb dkiizydy ,oext` zgtyn lr

.jli`e

38dipxaebd ly illk lyen yniy aewexeblec i`lewip .1838 xanhtqa 28 mein aewexeblecl xikfz

.1840±1831 mipya `hil ly

39lyend ,'uiaewxin 'uialaew`i xeceit l` dplie ly igxf`d lyend ly 1841 qxna 8 mein xikfz

.36 dxrd ,lirl e`x ;1850±1840 mipya `hil ly illkd

50o iwlf ikcxn]10[

.df seb40zilklkde zihiletd zilrd mr dzpnpy ,lhpfex zgtyn mr znrzd jka `veik

,diqkpn cakp wlg ca`l dl mxb s`e ,dplieea41icedil aygpy ,(qrkibei) b`i awri mr oke

.mirax`de miyelyd zepya dplieea xzeia xiyrd42

zpya xake ,dxidnd zilklkd eziilra iehia icil e`a ziwqrd ekxc ly dize`vez

.mixgeqd ly dpey`xd dclibd mr dpnp 183943iagx lka ef dcliba eid dpyd dze`a

,mixgeq dray lekd jqa (meik `hil ly dghy ziaxn z` dllky) dplie ly dipxaebd

.micedi `l miipye micedi dying44micedid zyngn cg` did aeh`te`y `id xacd zernyn

yi aeh`te` ly dniyxnd zilklkd dglvdd z` .dzaiaqae dplieea xzeia mixiyrd

ziwqrd dibhxhq`l mbe ,(oldl e`x) oehly inxeb mr deehy mixywd zkxrnl mb qgiil

minxeb mr dlert seziy lre drwydd inegz xefit ly oexwird lr dqqazdy ,ely

.micedi `l miixgqn45sqep icedi xgeq mr cgi ,1841 zpya aeh`te` laiw ,lynl ,jk

.dplieea d`etxl dincw`d xe`l d`ivedy cenil ixtq zvtdl oeikifd z` ,oilbp` miig mya

miipyd etziy `hil ly dipxaebd zeleabl uegn mixtqd zxikne oeikifd yenin myl

.xgq oeiyix ilra eidy miinewn mixgeq mr dlert46eiwqr eagxzd mipey zexewn it lr

40.88 'nr ,` ,(17 dxrd ,lirl) oeqtil ;180 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) uiaepiax

41z` ez`n gwl xia`d ee`h`t` ik ,mdilr jytp dzka `l m` lhprf`xd zgtyn z` zi`x el'

oeqlcpn qewxn ly azkn .'xard sxegn jl recid xrid xear lhprf`xn eznwp `ed mwep ik ...lkd

1845 lixt`a 24 ,17/4 wiz ,(12 dxrd ,lirl) bxeafpib sqe` ,oeqlpvw awri l`

42lr .er 'nr ,(`"yz) ` ,dpeaz ,'l"wevf hplqn l`xyi xe` oxn ly eizelerte eikxcn' ,oiwtil 'i

awri ly ixeaivd ecnrnilklkd eavnl dcin dpwl .307 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) xpfielw :e`x b`i

:e`x´.£. ¼ÐÓÓØÔê, ‘µÒàÕÙáÚÞÕ ÔÞÜÞÒÛÐÔÒÝöÕ Òì ²ØÛìÝì 30-åê ÓÓ. ¿àÞèÛÐÓÞ ÒêÚÐ',

¿ÕàÕÖØâÞÒ, IV (1913), p. 193

43dzgtd lr .208 'nr ,(29 dxrd ,lirl) lxhb :mb e`xe .(1864 x`epia 1) c"kxz zaha a"k ,lnxkd

:e`x dpey`xd dclibd on micedi mixgeql xgqd oeiyix zxb` ly 1835 zpyaKuryer Litewski,

9.5.1835

44oe` win`p`wr x`t ohtixy ,'cp`lqex oi` oci` ic oEt rhkiyrb xryin`p`wr xrc ev' ,ee`pAec 'ee¨¨¨©©¨¨,xrhrla `"eeii ,'rpliee oi` mixgeqÎrclib ryicii' ,o`w 't ;96 'nr ,1928 oilxa ,1 ,wihqih`hq©¨¦¦¨oxeb 'p zkixra ,`hil zecdi ,'`hil icedi ly dlklkd' ,oiihylwpit '` ;85±81 'nr ,(1935) 8

on mixgeq 33 dplie ly dipxaebd inegza eid 1851 zpya .169 'nr ,h"iyz aia`Îlz ,` ,mixg`e

enyxp 1861 zpya .58 'nr ,(29 dxrd ,lirl) xaix :e`x ;(73%Îk) micedi 24 mdn ,dpey`xd dclibd

:e`x .(95%) micedi 19 mkezn ,dpey`xd dclibdn mixgeq 20 ef dipxaeba¼ÐâÕàØÐÛë ÔÛï

ÓÕÞÓàÐäØÙ Ø áâÐâØáâØÚØ ÀÞááØØ, ²ØÛÕÝáÚÐï ÓãÑÕàÝØï, II, ÁÐÝÚâ ßÕâÕàÑãàâê 1861,

pp. 384, 418

45'nr ,(3 dxrd ,lirl) od`w :e`x onfd za zicedid zilrd ly ixwird oedd xewnk miptdÎxgqn lr

.395

46cbp zizxhyn dxiwg dgztp aiiw xirl mixtq ly znieqn zenk gelyna erxi`y zelwz lya

eyibdy dpelz zeawra ,etzeye aeh`te`,mippelznd .aeniqip`e aexetiwip ,miinewnd mixgeqd ipy

dcaerd lya itqk wfp mdl mxbpy eprh ,mzeyxa didy xgqd oeiyix lya dwqrl etxevy

,(12 dxrd ,lirl) l"l` :e`x dlek dyxtd lr .crena zelbrd ilral enliy `l etzeye aeh`te`y

.4846 wiz ,567 sqe`

]11[aeh`te` dcedi51

mivr zzixkl oeikifd zxikgl ,x`ec izexiy wtql oeikifd zxikgl mb zenieqn zetewza

,mipeyd dibeql zeplawl ,zexria47.dplieel uegn mitqep zenewna zelirtl oke48

ziy`x ly ilklkd xaynd znbec ,miilklk xayn iavna oekiqd z` dnvnv ef dyib

.xiip zexhya yeniyl sqk laexa yeniyn xarnde mirax`d zepy49oday ,dl` mipya

ilklkd eavn rbtp `l ,dplieea zicedid zilklkd zilrd zegtynn zeax odiqkpn ecxi

.xkip ote`a aeh`te` ly50dplieey dcaera mb ,xzid oia ,ef zilklk dglvd zelzl yi

ziwqrd ezglvd lr .ziqexd dixtni`a milecbd micixid one xgqnd ifkxnn zwgexn dziid

wpredy xzeia deabd x`ezd ,'eizexecl cakp gxf`' x`ezd 1864 zpya aeh`te`l wpred

xag ezeid lya x`eza dkf aeh`te` .dlev`d cnrn mr dpnp `ly inl ziqexd dixtni`a

,zebiltn zeahd el dpwd x`ezde ,zetivxa mipy ynge mixyr jyna dpey`xd dcliba

.miqn melyzne seb iypern ,`avl qeibn xeht oebk51

ibega dycg ziwqr mler zqitz ly dzegztzda oigadl ozip h"id d`nd rvn`a

miizxeqn weqir inegzn xarn dxwiry ,cg`k zicedide zillkd ,dplieea zilklkd zilrd

.ef dnbna alzyd `l aeh`te` mle`e .ziziiyrzd zenfid megzl52uni` `ed ,ekxck `ly

zilrd ibeg z` dpiit`y zilklkd dqitzd on dbxg `l ezelirte ,zipxny dyib `weec

did `l ezlertay yecigdy o`kn .'dpyi'd zicedidinegza`weec zilklkd ezelirt

`l`swidazcinae zelirtdzeiaiqphpi`d`edy dcaerl zeaiyg zrcep s` .dly

.dplie zlidwa 'dpyi'd zilklkd zilrd zegtyn ly zhlgend dipenbdd lr xbiz `xw

lecbe jeld exyr jlie' :oltw mdxa` ly epeylae ,xzeia xidn avwa dpiit`zd ezelirt

.'c`n lcbie yi`d uextie mei l` mein53uiwa aeh`te` ly ezen cr epira xzep df avn

.1868

zilrd ibega bedpk ,eiig gxe`a mb iehia icil d`a aeh`te` ly zilklkd ezglvd

47dxrd lirl) iwqxiaq ;80 'nr ,(8 dxrd ,lirl) od`w ;17/4 wiz ,(12 dxrd ,lirl) bxeafpib sqe`

z` dxikga lawl aeh`te` ly eizepeiqip lr .253 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) uiaenxa` ;76 'nr ,(11

;180 'nr ,my ,uiaepiax :e`x jk lr milhend miqnd ziiable miiledekl` ze`wyn xeviil oeikifd

.88 'nr ,` ,(17 dxrd ,lirl) oeqtil

48.21 wiz ,my ,bxeafpib sqe` :e`x wcexbeaepe hplq zexiira aeh`te` ly eiwqr lr zeiecr

49.215 'nr ,(29 dxrd ,lirl) lxhb ;127 'nr ,(2 dxrd ,lirl) xphpit

50.1845 lixt`a 24 mein azkn ,17/4 wiz ,(12 dxrd ,lirl) bxeafpib sqe`

51ÁÒÞÔì ×ÐÚÞÝÞÒê ÀÞááöÙáÚÞÙ ØÜßÕàöØ,Á.-¿ÕâÕàÑãàóê 1912, vol. ix, pp. 126–136xaix ;

.66±63 'nr ,(2 dxrd ,lirl) xphpit ;87±85 ,36 'nr ,(29 dxrd ,lirl)

52'n :mb e`xe .81±78 'nr ,(1935) 8 ,xrhrlA `eeii ,'rpliee oi` wixA`t ryicii rhyxr ic' ,o`w 't¨¦©¦¦¨pit ly ilklkd beybyd ly eize`veze einegz ,eaih' ,acp:extqa ,'19Îd d`nd ly ipyd yilya wq

dlecbd zepbxead ly oziilr' ,iwqpi'vyl 'i ;122±111 'nr ,b"qyz aia`Îlz ,gezt qwpt

milyexi ,mieapixb 'i zkixra ,dyxe :zeielb ly dictelwivp` ,'zicedid zirevwnd divpbilhpi`de

'nr ,(2 dxrd ,lirl) xphpit ;170±169 'nr ,(44 dxrd ,lirl) oiihylwpit ;174±157 'nr ,b"iyz

.232±221

53.17 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) oltw

52o iwlf ikcxn]12[

Îzilklkd zilrd ly dayen mewn ,dplie alay iwvipcex aegxa dxxebzd ezgtyn .onfd za

qhpFnlA zeraba ,ezelraay uiwd ziaa zedyl bdp uiwd iycegae ,zicedid zizxagd¤©

.xirl gxfnny54`l` 'xcg'a ecnl `l eiclie ,zx`etn dakxn ezeyxa dziid dfa `veik

.dl` mibega bedpk ,eziaa mcnll xky mze`y ,miihxtd mixend iaeh lv`55mb aeh`te`

dd lr .ef zizxag dakya laewnk ,ihxt zqpk zia miwdoiipaa ddeabd zitqkd drwy

!ezx`tze elcb ziad zipaz z` ze`xl dee`p dn' :oldlc xe`izd on cenll ozip zqpkd zia

xy` mixacd lka hrn ycwnd zetil sqkd lr lng `l dfd aicpd ji` egibyi ei`ex lk

oia eitei qqepzi xfp oa`ke ezrti zcng c`n lledne lecb ok lr ,'c ziaa xcde ced eeyi

.'awri iza56zitqkd drwydl xarn zeitqk ze`veda dkexk dziid ihxt zqpk zia znwd

,mewnd ly ztheyd dwfg`a od dlidwd zecqenn diipad xeyi` zlaw alya od ,zipey`xd

.ofgl dreaw zxekyn melyz mb dllky57

zicnrn zeci i p .b

icnl geex ,zihilet dnvrl zilklk dnvr ly dnebxz exwiry ,oehlyl oed oia xywd

lra oial zicedid dlidwd oia miqgid zkxrny dcaerd .dtexi` gxfna zeicedid zelidwa

Îmiilklk zeceqi lr dziy`xn dzzyed zeicedi `ld zeipexird zehil`de ipletd dfeg`d

.zicedid dlidwa ddeabd zilklkd zlekid zelra zegtynl ifkxn cnrn dzpwd miixgqn58

qgiiy ,icnrn dpana zinewnd zitexi` gxfnd zicedid dlidwd dpiit`zd df rwx lr

54dipecpd .(1868 ileia 8) g"kxz fenza g"i ,oepald ;5916 wiz ,567 sqe` ,(12 dxrd ,lirl) l"l`

uiaenxa` :e`x .dplieeay d'vx`f zpekya mixebn zia mb dllk di`eyip lbxl dipd ezal wiprdy

.253 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl)

55.17 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) oltw

56elqka g"k ,cibnd :e`x df zqpk zia lr .(1864 xanaepa 30) d"kxz elqk yceg y`x ,cibnd

,` ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) cibn ;(1868 ileia 10) g"kxz fenza g"i ,oepald ;(1867 xanvca 25) g"kxz

dplie zlidw oaxeg cr sevx ote`a lrt df zqpk zia .76 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) iwqxiaq ;237 'nr

.d`eyd ztewza

57' ,oiwlf 'n :e`x ihxt dlitz zia ceqii ly miiqppitd mihaidd lroiicr d`vn `ly zenewn"

qwh` 'r zkixra ,miciqg ilbrna ,'19Îd d`na `hila micbpznl miciqg oia ?"llk dl ow zeciqgd

oezira dnqxtzd (1863 xanhtqa 21) c"kxz ixyza 'ga .30±28 'nr ,q"yz milyexi ,mixg`e

z` ebivdy mipfgd lk ,drcena oievnk .aeh`te` ly zqpkd ziaa ofg zxynl yetig zrcen cibnd

minqxetnd on didiy xeaivÎgily zepnl eaala ik epevx ewitd `l' drcend meqxt cr mzecnren

mirax` ly ireay xky ± mirvend dwqrdd i`pz .'`ltp obp rcei didiye ux`a xy` milecbd

.onfd ipa migpena xzeia mideab eid ± mixebne sqkÎlaex

58:e`x h"id d`nd ziy`xa dplie zlidwa ihilet cnrn oial zilklk dnvr oia xywd lrD. Blazyte,ï ç‘The Vilnius Magistracy and the Jewish Community in the 18

thCentury’, The Gaon of

Vilnius and the Annals of Jewish Culture, ed. I. Lempertas, Vilnius 1998, pp. 305–312.

dpey`xd zivgna opfet ly icedid raexd ± `zeeva miig ,xlh '` :e`x opfet zlidwa dnec drtez lr

.63±49 'nr ,c"qyz milyexi ,dxyr rayd d`nd ly

]13[aeh`te` dcedi53

.hxtd ly izxagd enewn zriawa ilklkd oeixhixwl daexn zeaiyg59icil `a xacd

ifkxnd ihiletd ocnrn z` xnyl dnbna davery ,zeizlidwd zepwzd zkxrna mb iehia

xgaidle xegal zekfd ilra zriaw zervn`a lynl ,zilklkd dhil`d zegtyn ly

miicqnnd miteba zealzydd zcin drawp eit lry ifkxnd oeixhixwd .dlidwd zecqenl

xyt` df oeixhixwa yeniyd .hxtd ly ilklkd ecnrn did ,'ldw'a xwirae ,dlidwd ly¦

zeiexyt` lr gewit oke ,miizlidwd miteba zkynzne dtevx dhily zenieqn zegtynl

.miievx `l minxeb ly mzqipk zripne mda zealzydd60zihiletd ze`ivna elgy miiepiyd

,dl` zepwzl zernynÎdpyn ewiprd h"id d`nd ziy`x onl ziqexd dixtni`a zilklkde

z`e dcnrn z` xnyl dxhna 'dpyi'd zilrd icia xzepy cigi hrnkd irvn`d eid ode

dylgdd cva ,zeycgd zeilklkd zeiexyt`d mle`e .miizxeqnd gekd icwena dzhily

jxrn ektd ,1844 zpya wega mlehia ick cr ,miizlidwd mitebd ly mcnrna zizhiyd

.zernyn xqgl df zepwz61

zicedid dlidwd ly dzeknq zexrxrzd lr u"k awri riavd 'xayne zxeqn' extqa

mziilrl `iade g"id d`na xak lgdy jildz ,mipeyd dizecqen zcixie dtexi` fkxna

.zlaben dziid dlidwl mzeaiegn zciny ,miycg zegek ly62z` zzl dlgd ef dxenz

dnbn zpnzqn ef d`n jldna .h"id d`nd ziy`xa wx ziqexd dixtni`d inegza dizeze`

zehlzyd s`e zealzyd znerl zizxeqnd zilrd zegtyn ly ocnrn xerxr ly dxexa

.zeizlidwd dbdpdd zekxrn lr 'miycgd mixiyrd' ly63

dpecipd dtewza dplieea zicedid dlidwa izlidwd cqnnd dpan ly zipey`x dpiga

d`nd ly mixyrd zepy rvn` cr m` .dl` iepiy ikildzl zhlea dnbec ynyl leki

hlgen ote`a ,'dlecbd dwcvd' znbec ,ely dpynd itebe i`plieed 'ldw'd ehlyp h"id

59,iwqpivyrl 'i :e`x h"id d`nd rvn`a ziqetih zitexi`Îgxfn dlidwa df dpan ly hxetn xe`izl

wihqih`hq ,rit`xb`nrc ryici` x`t xrhrlA ,'1917 fia 1789 oet dldw ryici` xreeryhicx`a'©©¨©©.43±39 'nr ,(1923) 2 ,win`p`wr oe`¨¨

60I. Levitats, The Jewish Community in Russia 1772–1844, New York 1943, Ch. VII; M.

Jucas, ‘Jewish Kahals in 18thCentury Lithuania’, The Gaon of Vilnius and the Annals ofï

Jewish Culture, ed. I. Lempertas, Vilnius 1998, pp. 313–320; M. Zalkin, ‘Who Wields

the Power? The Kahal and Chevrot in Vilna in the 19thCentury’, ibid., pp. 354–360e`xe ;

.13 'nr ,c"yz aia` lz ,iig zepexkfn ,oiel 'y :mb

61I. Levitats, The Jewish Community in Russia 1844–1917, Jerusalem 1981, pp. 7–8

62.289 'nr ,g"iyz milyexi ,xayne zxeqn ,u"k 'i

63oke ;4 'nr ,1877 dyxe ,dcedi zgpn ,oiihytr ield 'i :e`x wqixa zlidwa dl` zexenzl dnbec

:eza ly dizepexkifaP. Wengeroff, Rememberings: The World of a Russian-Jewish Woman

in the Nineteenth Century, Bethesda 2000dxiira zicedid zilrd zegtyn axwa wa`n lr .

:e`x ,mixkege mitiwz ,bxapiit zgtyn ly dziilr lre h"id d`nd ly miyiyd zepya ic`il

.181±178 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) uiaepiax

54o iwlf ikcxn]14[

,qkiice ew'v`lw ,`fiinxb ,lhf ,uxt ± 'dpyi'd zilrd zegtyn icia64mipy xyry ixd

zizxag zilr od ,'dycg'd zilrd zegtynl df seba dhilyd dxar xak okn xg`l

zilklk zilr od ,oefpzpe obeaplpvw ,iakxd ,mex ,oey`xhy zegtyn znbec ,zizeaxze

dlidwd z` ebviiy zeiencd zxigaa ,lynl ,iehia icil `a df jldn .aeh`te` znbec

ibivp zcireea m` ,jke .zeicedid zelidwd ibivp ly zeieqpkzda e` miaeyg mirexi`a

,ew'v`lw l`eny icia dplie zlidw dbvei 1816 zpya wqpin xira dniiwzdy zelidwd

,'dpyi'd zilrd yi`65hpqa ixeitihpen dynl dkxrpy miptd zlawa dlidwd ibivpy ixd

eid 1846 zpya bxeaxhtdtewzd ixwegn micg` .(oldl e`x) aeh`te` dcedie obeaplpvw iav

zilrd zegtyn ly ozeaxern z` `weec eyibcdzilikynddrtezd j` ,ef zegztzda

.aeh`te` znbec ,ef oirn mler zqitz evni` `ly zegtyn mb dyrnl dtiwd66lehia mr

,miitelgd oehlyde dbdpdd iciwtz z` einece aeh`te` eqtz 1844 zpya 'ldw'd cqen

.(bivp) h`heRcde (xeaiv owqr) wipahq'vyaF`d ,(qn daeb) wi'vyxFAqd oebk67

ly miyelyd zepy rvn`n xak i`plieed 'ldw'a xag aeh`te` did ,lirl xkfpy itk

zilnxetd zxbqna od ,dplie icedi ly miixeaivd miigd jxrna ezeaxern .h"id d`nd

zelirta mb iehia icil d`a ,mirax`d zepy rvn`a df seb ly elehia xg`l od 'ldw'd ly

aeh`te` ly ewlga xywp oey`xd rexi`d .mdn miipy oiivpe ,mibixg mirexi`a mbe ztheyd

myiil aex`ae` iibxq iqexd jepigd xy icia dpnzpy ,l`hpiilil qwn ly xira eixewiaa

.(oldl e`x) dixtni`d icedi axwa 'mrhn dlkydd' zipkez z`68

diqexa ixeitihpen dyn ly exewia `ed ifkxn ciwtz aeh`te` `lin eay ipyd rexi`d

,mkeza dplie icedie ,ayend megz icedi ly mnler lr fr mzeg xizedy rexi` ,1846 zpya

.mdly iaihwlewd ixehqidd oexkifd lr mb enk69bxeaxht hpql ixeitihpen ly e`ea mr

zilklkdÎzihiletd zilrd ibivpn dakxedy ,micedi micakp ly zglyn eipt z` dlaiw

dziidy ,dplie zlidw z` .dplieE wqiexaea ,aelwy ,aliden ,wqpin ,dyxe zelidw ly

iave oiwhep xa ,aeh`te` dcedi :dlidwa mihlead miyi`d on dyely ebvii ,oday dlecbd

inyxd dkxad azkn lr ,mixg` dyely mr cgi ,mzg s` aeh`te` .obeaplpvw yxid

64x`a ,` ,dplie ifpbn ,(xicdn) oiwlf 'n :'xird ipt' mipeknd zniyxa mb e`xe ;(24 dxrd ,lirl) o`w

.34±31 'nr ,`"qyz ray

65.137 'nr ,` ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) xpfielw

6617) a"lxz oqipa 'h ,oepald :e`x 'xird qpxte y`x' ciwtzl oey`xhy l`eny ly eiepin lr

,lirl) bxeafpib sqe` :e`x dplieea 'ldwd y`x' ciwtzl oefpzp ikcxn iepin lr .(1872 lixt`a

oeic .dxrda 181 'nr ,(c"xz) a ,oetv igxt ,(mikxer) oit i"ye uieexed l"` ;17/4 wiz ,(12 dxrd

dxenzde "mrhn dlkydd" zyxt' ,qwh` 'r :e`x zilikynd zilrd ly ihiletd dcnrn zl`ya

.313±264 'nr ,(g"lyz) bn ,oeiv ,'diqexa dlkydd zrepz cnrna

67;172±171 'nr ,(7 dxrd ,lirl) hgeyM. Stanislawski, Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews,

Philadelphia 1983, pp. 122–123

68.(66 dxrd ,lirl) qwh` :e`x ef dyxta mipiiprd zelylzyd lr

69;e"xz `pliee ,gxe`d ,wic n"` :e`x xewiad lrL. Loewe (ed.), Diaries of Sir Moses and

Lady Montefiore, London 1983, pp. 326–350

]15[aeh`te` dcedi55

.ixeitihpenl ybedy70ly ecnrn cegiiae ,dplie zlidw ibivp ly mcnrn did dnk cr

qexd dixtni`d icedi ly illkd ihiletd jxrna mb zernyn lra ,aeh`te`cenll ozip zi

zicedid zilrd ly dybtn z` x`zn `ed eae epzgl obeaplpvw yxid iav glyy azknn

:ixeitihpen mr

,ee`prlv iav 'x ,ee`h`t` xiabd epicicie ip` eil` epkld [ixeitih]p`n dyn xyd `a dtl71

xrph`x licprn 'x72c"ndial epig` ix`y jeza epgp` ep`a ...ipy h"eiae ...hx`n 26 b meia

x`hw`cd erxe xyd `a ryz dryae ,(yxcnd zial=)73zigxfna cnr ...ely hgeyde

did iel ...xrph`x ,ee`prlv ,ikp`e ee`h`t` ,x`hw`cd epinine ,ycwd oex`l jenq zinexc

,lneb dyr iyily xyd xg`e ,x`hw`cd74,oiwh`p xra 'x did iying ,ee`h`t` did iriax75

.eil` `eapy dyn xyd mya ee`h`t`l x`hw`cd xn` dltzd xg`e ...hgeyd did xihtn76

s`,zeicedid zelidwd icakp ly mitqep zeny oia ef dcerza xkfp aeh`te` ly enyy

dxaga milaewn eidy miizxagd micewd it lr ,mirexi`d jldn ly wcwecn gezip ixd

:zihiletd dcinxitd y`xa avip `ed iyi`d ecnrn zpigany cirn ,zitexi` gxfnd zicedid

diilrd (a) ;ixeitihpenl xzeia jenqd ayena enewn rawp zqpkd ziaa dlitzd zrya (`)

yniy `ed (b) ;envr ixeitihpen ly ef ixg` xzeia zcaeknl daygp exear dxgapy dxezl

wqerd ceriza z`f mr .zelidwd ibivp oial ixeitihpen ly exikfn oia xikad xywd yi`

xkfp oi` ,miinewn milikyn icia lecbd eaexa azkpy ,dplieea ixeitihpen ly exewiaa

aeh`te` oia ef dtewza xxyy axd gznd on raep xacdy gipdl yi .aeh`te` ly eny

ixeitihpen ly e`ea mr ,lynl ,jk .inewnd milikynd beg mdae ,xira mipey mibeg oial

h`te` ly mixnd eicbpznn miipy ,b`i awrie lhpfex oqip eil` eelp xirl.ae

mipiit`n mze` z` dlwp lr zedfl ozip izxagd mleqa zelrl aeh`te` ly eizepeiqipa

cnrn qqal oeiqipa igxkd mxeb dziid zilklk dnvr .zilklkd eziilr jildz z` eaviry

zilrd ibeg axwa dkinz yeaiba jxev did mb jk myl .ic da did `l j` ,liawn izxag

oi`eyipd cqena yeniy aeh`te` dyr okl .zicedi `ld zihiletd zkxrna s`e zinewnd

70.305 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) xpfielw

71lr .h"id d`nd ly mirax`d zepya wqpin zlidwa zehlead zeiencd on did aepl'v yxid iav

:e`x 1843±1840 mipya ef dlidwa xyad qn ziiabl fxkna eziikfMinsk vedomosti, September

1839

72,(9 dxrd ,lirl) cibn :e`x ef dgtyn lr .aliden zlidwa zihiletdÎzilklkd zilrd zegtynn

.4 dxrd ,273 'nr ,`

73.ixeitihpen ly iyi`d exikfn ,ield xfril` x"cl dpeekd

74.'lnebd' zkxa jxa

75.xirl oetvny xinewlie dxiira ixeitihpenl miptd zlawa dplie zlidw z` bvii,lirl) cibn :e`x

.244±242 'nr ,` ,(9 dxrd

76lr .98 'nr ,a"pxz dplie ,a ,xiac ,bxeavpib `"n :e`x .21 wiz ,(12 dxrd ,lirl) bxeafpib sqe`

,lirl) edil`n azkn :e`x dplie xef`l uegn micedi oed ilra mr aeh`te` ly miilklkd eixyw

.61 'nr ,(11 dxrd

56o iwlf ikcxn]16[

.eiclil xy`a oke envr el xy`a jk .lirl ep`xdy itk ,df bega alzydl ick77,mle`e

dziid ef dglvdy ixd ,idylk zizxag dxkda jk lya zekfl aeh`te` gilvd m` mb

:dl` oi`eyip ixyway cxeqa`d z` `weec yibcn i`plieed iaihwlewd oexkifd .mini zxvw

dcaerd z`e ,jczyd onry zegtynd ly dywd ilklkd oavn rwx lr enwxpy dcaerd z`

minkgd icinlz ly `le ely df did ei`v`v ly miite`ae mzenca ihppinecd ceqidy

.eizepa epzgzd mnry78zicedid zilrd axwa zizxag dkinz zbydy xnel ozip ,llkk

dipenbdd lr sixgd wa`nd cva oky ,zixyt` izla dniyn zpigaa exeara dziid zinewnd

.inewnd izeaxzd qez`d on ax wgxn zewegx aeh`te` ly ezeldpzd ikxc eid ,zilklkd

zilrd mr mixyw ici lr drtyd zlekie gek zcnr biydl aeh`te` dqip ok lr xy`

oqipe ew'v`lw yxid iav znbec ,mixg` oed ilrak `ly mle`e .zicedi `ld zinewnd

,dplieea ziqexde zipletd zehil`d ibeg mr zeizxag miqgi zekxrn mb egzity ,lhpfex79

zcin lr eqqazd dl` mixyw .cala zipehlyd zkxrna ezelirt z` aeh`te` cwin

elld mixywd egztzd mixacd rahne ,mdn witdl miccvd ipy elkiy ziccdd zlrezd

zkxrn iaihwlewd oexkifae onfd oa inewnd giya dnwxp df rwx lr .ilnxetd `ld xeyina

.miccvd ipy ly miqgid zkxrn z`e miripnd z` ex`izy ,mixetiqe zecb` ly dagx

ipyy ,zetiwrde zexiyid ,zeitqkd d`pdd zeaeh did ef zkxrna xzeia ihppinecd aikxnd

aeh`te` xkg day dtewza ik uiaenxa` yxid xtqn ,dnbecl ,jk .dfl df ewiprd miccvd

irvn` gihadl ick ezxfrl oehlyd iciwt ewwfp dzaiaqae dplieea x`ecd zexiy z`

.zeira `lle dxidn driqp mdl exyt`iy dxeagz80xe`iza innrd oeincd biltd okid cr

:`ad xetiqd on cenll ozip dl` mixyw enwxp day jxcd

lbxl zepehlyd izaa qpkpe `vei dide ,mday milecbdn ,zexri xgeq did aeh`te` lcei 'x

zricba '`xvn xac `pic' eprhy mixki`d mr mikeqkq llbae ,zepeiyx ipipra ,eiwqr

`pey ± ycg (jlt xy) 'xeh`pxaeb' dplieel ribde zexnynd etlgzd dpde .a"eike zexrid

z` geztle jltd xy ly eal z` jkxl mikxc aeh`te` lcei 'x ytig .micedi `peye rva

ze`ik ,zxcedn dakxn ,dxiad xir ,bxeaxhta lcei oinfd .`vne rbi .ciÎzpzn lawl eci

,min zetih izyk dfl df minec ,iliv` rfbn miqeq cnv miqeq lcbn lv` dpw ,diilr ipal

reqpl eilr deeive akx ly raek mr miycg cxyÎicba eyialde d`p zefg lra aMx biyd©

77axd ly epzg ,'uixfnn bxeavpib ixe` axd ly ezckp z` dyi`l `yp ,yxid iav ,xekad epa

,ipyd epa .20 'nr ,`"rxz oehbpiyee ,b ,xi`n zia ,o`hqxreeliq 'b :e`x .`bpihi` a`f ikcxn

zg`l oa ,qpxt awril d`yip lhib eza .xbpih` lld awri axd ly ezckp mr ozgzd ,l`ipc

(aeh`te` ly ezen xg`l) d`yip ,`prd ,ziriaxd zad .dplieea xzeia zeqgeinde zexiyrd zegtynd

:e`x .wqahieen wqieewliee cpenbif x"cl d`yip ,`pea ,ziyingd zad .iwqlewehp` ikcxn lqtl

;11 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) uk ;237 'nr ,` ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) cibn ;87 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) cibn

.253 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) uiaenxa`

78.1506 'qn ,a ,(17 dxrd ,lirl) aep`iexc ;11 'nr ,my ,uk ;20 'nr ,my ,oehqxaliq

79.98 'nr ,(5 dxrd ,lirl) oiwlf

80.253 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) uiaenxa` ;17 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) oltw

]17[aeh`te` dcedi57

dide .dkgie my cenri .ecxynl dqipkd cil ezakxn mr my cenrle xeh`pxaebd zia cil

liaya aeh`te` lcei xgeqd ici lr izglyp :dpri ,epevx dne `ed inl eze` el`yi m`

ly miciwtd e`x .did jke .izcear mewn didi o`ky il xn`e xeh`pxaebd ezlrn ced

extiqe ekld ,dler e` cxei yi` oi`e dkgne zcnerd dxecdd dakxnd z` jltd xy cxyn

mr uriizd .eipira og e`vn miqeqd mr dakxnde oelgd jxc xyd lkzqd .jltd xyl

ly miaxewnd cg` lcei 'x did f`n ...deexe`l miqeqde dakxnd z` qipkdl deeive eiciwt

.xeh`pxaebd81

ewwfpy micedi oed ilra md `ld ,aeh`te` ly ezenc ipa ipirn dnlrp `l ef miqgi zkxrn

ilral aeh`te` hiyedy reiqd .ihiletd mcnrn e` mdiwqr meciw myl zihilet zeplczyl

dvegn ode dplieea od ,ilklkde ihiletd ecnrn wefigl mxz dl` oirn mirbxa micedid oedd

.dl82

ia mizrllr `l miinewnd zepehlyd mr ely zcgeind miqgid zkxrn z` aeh`te` qq

,dnbecl ,jk .zicedi `ld dxagl dnexz ly mipey mibeq lr `l` zexiyi d`pd zeaeh ozn

i`av mileg zia znwdl mxz83erbtpy dixeqa mixvepd zaehl dlecb dnexz wiprd oke

.xef`d iayez mifexcd mr jynznd wa`na84xe`iza dwtzqd `l zinnrd dcb`d mle`e

lr ciri .xzei 'mideab' zefegnl mb dbiltde miinewnd zepehlyd mr aeh`te` ly eixyw

aeh`te` .zizeklnd dakxnl dlwz drxi` dplieea xar x`vdy zra .`ad xe`izd jk

lr dxenza .dkenqd dpgzd cr dakxna envra bdpe x`vd zeyxl eiqeq iaeh z` cinrd

.'cakp gxf`' ly cnrn x`vd el wiprd dl` eizexiy85odylk zeiecr epicia oi` ,z`f mr

zelirtde zebdpzdd qetcn dpeya ,enr ipa zaehl aeh`te` ly ziplczy zelirt lr

eay ,epl recid ccead dxwna mb .zihilete zilklk dnvr exavy micedid ly izxeqnd

ewledy zeicedi zexega ly oceake zecdid ly dceak xnyn lr cnery ink aeh`te` bven

.lretd l` eizepeek z` `ivedy ink xkfp `ed oi` ,inewn liv` icia86

did zixeaivd ezelirt ialy lka iehia icil `ae aeh`te` dcedi z` dgpdy oexwird

zixeaiv zernyn lra `yep lka zeaxern ,xnel dvex .'jci z` gpz l` dfn mbe dfa feg`'

ef dlert jxcl zwdaen dnbec .ixeaivd ecnrnl `iadl leki xacdy zlrezd zcin it lr

81dpnzdy ,aewiaia 'uiaelixab dili` lxpba d`xpd lkk xaecn ;76 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) iwqxiaq

,edil`n azkn :e`x aeh`te` mr eixyw lr .1850 zpya dplie jlt ly illkd lyend ciwtzl

.60 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl)

82dpaewn bxapiit dnly i`wpad oial xbpihxw edil` xiabd oia wa`na aeh`te` `liny ciwtzd lr

.59 'nr ,my ,edil`n azkn :e`x zepehlyd iptl diqex icedi z` bviil zekfd lr

83.17 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) oltw

84nxkd.(1860 xanaepa 9) `"kxz oeeyga c"k ,l

85miixehqid mirexi` ipy o`k xyiw innrd xetiqdy gipdl yi .253 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) uiaenxa`

,1860 zpya dplieea ipyd xcpqkl` x`vd ly exewia :(onfd ipa migpena) mipnf zekinqa eygxzdy

.1864 zpya aeh`te`l 'cakp gxf`' x`ezd zwprde

86.11 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) uk

58o iwlf ikcxn]18[

xevia lr aeh`te` wa`p day onfd zcewpa .dlkydd ly izxagdÎipeirxd mxfl eqgi `id

wqr ,h"id d`nd ly mirax`d zepye miyelyd zepy seq ixw ,ihiletde izxagd ecnrn

zicedid dxaga inihibl mxfk dlkydd ly dzelawzd zl`ya dplie zlidwa ixeaivd giyd

zepeirxl qgia zi`ci`d ezqitz lr odylk zexiyi zeiecr xized `l aeh`te` .zinewnd

,ziaeig dyib lr micirn mirax`d zepy ziy`xa dlkydl mixeywd eikldn j` ,dlkydd

.ixeaivd haida dpey`xae y`xae ,ezelirt ly mipey mihaida iehia icil `a xacde

,'mrhn dlkydd' zipkz ly dziigc e` dzlaw zl`ya dplie zlidw dxrq mday minia

dybedy dywa lr ,jk .zipkezd iccvn cva ianeta aeh`te` aviizd ,l`hpiilil qwn bviiy

mzg ,dplieea l`hpiilil qwn ly ezedy z` jix`dl 1842 x`epi ycega dlkydd xyl

.'dplie ixgeq ly divhetcd' xagk aeh`te`87dznwd oiipra l`hpiilil oikdy oeayge oicae

mixagk odkl mivlnend dcrd icakp oia aeh`te` ly eny riten 'mrd zlkydl dcre' ly

.ef daeyg dcreea88aeh`te` wwfpyk .iyi`d ota mb iehia icil d`a ziaeigd ezyib

et`n mdxa` xteqd z` jk myl oinfd `ed eiclil ihxt dxenl mirax`d zepy rvn`a

.zewdaend zeilikynd eizeihpa reci did xaky ,dpaewn89

.dlkydd ikxr ly mznptdl zecr aeh`te` ly dl` eikldna ze`xl dyw ,z`f mr

zeihiletde zeizeaxzd zenbna jnezy ink envr z` bivdl dqip `edy gipdl xzei xiaq

.ely jepigd xye iqexd x`vd ixw ,xzeia mideabd mibxcd df dxwnae ,zeieyxd eaizkdy

,drtyd xave dplie zlidwa ilikynd mxfd qqazdyn ,okn xg`l hren mipy xtqn mle`e

.aeh`te` ly ezyiba iepiy onzqn

,milikynd itlk ecvn dyw qgi lr zeiecrd zeaxzne zekled mirax`d zepy rvn` onl

zqpkd ziae mipaxle mixenl yxcnd zia ,miilikynd xtqd iza :mdizecqen itlk cgeinae

aex`ae` iibxq jepigd xy icil dribd 1847 zpy seqa ,dnbecl .dplieea oey`xd ilikynd

oixtliid edil` ,aeh`te` lcei :dplie zlidw ly mih`hetcd ly mzeldpzd ikxc lr dpelz

icedid ly mdicli zqitza eixag z`e aeh`te` z` miy`d dpelzd xagn .bxay`il` sqeie

,qeibl mzxiqne cpiwl`f onlf dnly likynd dxend lye oecxebz` wiqtdl oeiqipa oke

.miizlynnd xtqd izaa cpiwlf onlf dnlye oit sqei l`eny micedid mixend ly mzcear

micinlzd xtqna zcnzn dcixil enxb mih`hetcd ly dl` zelert ,azekd ly ezprh it lr

mih`hetcdy ,'zih`ptd dveawd y`x'k df jnqna bved aeh`te` .miicedid xtqd izaa

dax drtyd lra ezeid lyae dipxaebd zepehlyn dl dkfy zeqgd lya mbivpk ea exga

ixiyrn cg` `ed aeh`te`y s` ik ,azeke siqen dpelzd xagn .zicedid dlidwd lr

87.247 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) xpfielw

88.20 'nr ,1846 `pliee ,mikea lew ,cledcpbeh 'i :mb e`xe.270 'nr ,my

89dxrd ,lirl) oipiixa ;17 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) oltw :e`x miipyd oia zakxend miqgid zkxrn lr

.285 'nr ,b ,(10 dxrd ,lirl) xpfelw ;44±42 'nr ,(11

]19[aeh`te` dcedi59

mitqep mixiyr mixag ea `veike ,'zexpd qn'a ewlg z` mliy mxhy ixd ,dplieea mixgeqd

.dlidwa90.ceqi zlleyn dziid `l ef dpelz

x`izy itk ,xzeia sixgd mcbpznk aeh`te` z` dl` mipya edif dplie ilikyn ,ok`

:1849 zpya dcpal aiil ly eipfe`a dplieea mipaxle mixenl yxcnd zia icinlzn cg`

zhlgda xird on miglyn e` `avl mixqen .`xt zeig enk mitcex 'mipilxa'd epze`

y`x zeidl mi`zn xy` ,mbivp `l` md `l ...zexyt`d dvw cr mitcex ,xeviwa .dlidwd

eiykr dpd la` ...mipaend lka oihelgl xea ,xenb ux`d mr `ed df yi` ...mihqil zitepk

mdizegtyne mdiza z` eafr mixirv zexyr .scex `ede ± 'mipilxa'd z` secxl ezrca dlr

.eicia letil `ly ick xar lkl egxae91

zilikyn ihp`d ezelirta dxhnl el my aeh`te`z` lekn xzei lniqy cqend z` mb

ilikynd zqpkd zia `ed `ld ,i`plieed aegxa dl dzkf dlkyddy divnihibld zcin

ly ezxibql `iadl dqipy cigid did `l aeh`te` .1847 zpya jpgpy ,'ycwd zxdh'

dlery itk ,ilikynd iaihwlewd oexkifa ehxgpy od ezelirte ezenc `weec j` ,zqpkd zia

:mirexi`d zeygxzd xg`l dpy mixyrk eazkpy mixacn

'miax f` .l"f `wv`lw `cedi 'n gepnd cia ...g"xz zpya `plieea cqep 'ycewd zxdh

z` .aexl sqk exftie dfd ziad z` qexdl exn`ie (aeh`te` lcei=) `"i my`xae eilr enw

ixxeynddpw wifgdl ecia gk xy`e ,xq`na eaiyed ea milltzndn miaxe `avl epzp m

uin` gexa mcbp eavizie dkxrndn eqp `l milikynd mb j` .`avl eglyl evxg daex

mixxeynd z` etilgd ik mikeygd sxera dzid mixe`pd cie mitcxpl ektdp mditcex ik cr

.`ype oekp meid cner dltzd ziae mixg`a92

minxeba uerp milikynle dlkydl aeh`te` ly eqgia lgy iahewd iepiydy dnec

xrta z`f milez ,miizextqd xwira ,miilikynd zexewnd .cgi mb miihilete miizeaxz

z`f x`zny itk ,mil`ehwlhpi`d milikynd ly iniptd lbrnd oial epia xxyy izeaxzd

:oltw mdxa`

,wixe xea eze` mze`xa md j` ,milikynd zxag l` xagzdl li`ed ezlecb ini ziy`xa

gtzqdn edewigxie mdipia ekldn likdl elki `le ecia aezkl rci `l eny z` mb ik

lk ezai` mdl xehpl et`a rayie ,edenilkd ik dfd xacd lr ee`h`t`l xgie .mzceb`a

90xpfielw ;253 'nr ,(12 dxrd ,lirl) iwqpifel :mb e`xe .2 wiz ,567 sqe` ,(12 dxrd ,lirl) l"l`

Îqbpexibrx ic oE` ht`ylrfrb xrc oEt bpeiv`A ic' ,iwqp`ieerxrc c"i ;331 'nr ,` ,(9 dxrd ,lirl)

.16 'nr ,(1936) 10 ,xrhrlA `"eeii ,'lEy xrpiA`x xrc ev orfiixw¦¨91». »ÕÒÐÝÔÐ ‘ÂØßë Ø áØÛãíâë', ²ÞáåÞÔì, I (1881), p. 53:jezn mebxzd .ziqexa xewnd ;

.171 'nr ,(7 dxrd ,lirl) hgey

9231) f"kxz haya d"k ,uilnd ,'`plieea ycwd zxdh' ,iwqee`pil a"iililyd eqgi lr .(1867 x`epia

.clw±`lw 'nr ,(13 dxrd ,lirl) zrca axernd ,b"li :e`x dlkydd zextql

60o iwlf ikcxn]20[

mrd z` cinz xv ik ,dyr oke .lcgi `le eci `vnz xy` zr lka mdl rxi rxde minid

.c`n c`n mwivie mx`ev lr mtcxie mdilr93

n mb rap iepiyd mle`ezpya ,ziqexd dixtni`a 'ldw'd cqen lehia mr .miihilet minxeb

df jildzn wlgk .dplieea zizlidwd zebidpnd ly ihiletd akxda miiepiy elg ,1844

lrae aeygd sebd ± 'mih`hetc'd mr ,miinewnd milikynd on micg` enk ,aeh`te` dpnp

.dlidwa xzeia daxd dnvrd94milikyna sixg wa`nl aeh`te` `vi df alya `weec dpde

gekd icwen lk lr hlgen ote`a hlzydl oeiqip lr cirn xacd .mdly jepigd zkxrnae

zexnl .ecnrn lr xrxrl ecia did lekiaky mxeb lk wegcl oeiqip jez ,dlidwa miixwird

dlkydd ibegn zegtyn mr miiwqr mixyw miiwl dl` mipya mb aeh`te` jiynd z`f

,obeaplpvw zgtyn znbec ,dplieea95yxcnd zia ly eneiwl dfrd zecbpzddy oiadyne

ceive mitqk mxz s`e exer z` jtd zipehlyd zkxrnd mr eixywa rebtl dlelr mipaxl

.df cqenl s`96mb dkynp ef zihqipehxete` dnbnidlya ezenl cre miyingd zepya

.miyiyd zepy97

miilklkd mdibyid ab` ekfy' ink u"k awri x`izy zizxagd dveawd mr dpnp aeh`te`

dcrd iig l` mtwez ly il`iveqd lwynd z` miptne ,drtydle swezl icediÎ`ld mlera

.'d'fihqxte dkxrd ly ,dbdpd ly mewn qetzl eywia o`k .dnipt zicedid98zilrd mle`e

,dizexeya inihibl xagk mlern eze` dlaiw `l dyrnle ,epnn dbiizqd zinewnd zicedid

ick da did `l ef dlaw i` .zilklkd eznvre oehlyd ibeg mr mitreqnd eixyw zexnl

xzei dziid `ide ,dplie zlidwa lreta ygxznd lr ezrtyd zcinae ihiletd egeka rebtl

.iyi` oealr zpigaa

df leykn sewrl hilgd ,dl` mibega zixeaiv dxkda zekfl eizepeiqip dti elr `lyn

ibeg mr epnpy dl`n miax eyry itk ,oendd axwa dxiyi zitexzplit zelirtl dpte

zekxrna mzeaxernle mzkinzl liawna .dtexi` gxfna zeicedid zelidwa zinewnd zilrd

93`l ,xenb ux`d mre heyt mc` did hiigd licei' :mb e`xe ;dxrda ,17 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) oltw

zepeyld lkn ;ixvn xeaca `le ixar oeyla `le ixey` azka `l aezke `exw rci `l .epilr

idie ...xyad zxikg z` ± zexiwgd lkn ,lcxga zlk`pd oeyld z` wx rci ux`a zekldznd

oia gznd lr .`lw 'nr ,my ,b"li ;'zilkz lkl mixwegd al ixwgae xtq ircei minkga airln

.210 'nr ,(7 dxrd ,lirl) lia :e`x dycgd zepbxead oial ziqexd divpbilhpi`d

94.172±171 'nr ,(7 dxrd ,lirl) hgey

95fenza h"k ,21 wiz ,(12 dxrd ,lirl) bxeafpib sqe` ,oeqlpvw awri epzgl obeaplpvw iav azkn

.(1849 ileia 19) h"xz

96zenye wiecnd dtwid ,ef dnexz lr .wic n"` azkn ,251 dcerz ,21 wiz ,my ,bxeafpib sqe`

.6139 wiz ,567 sqe` ,(12 dxrd ,lirl) l"l` :e`x dpnn epdpy mixrpd

97.61±60 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) edil`n azkn

98,'ux`d mr iy`x' oecxeb l"i ly exiya e`x dl` zepeiqipl cd .289 'nr ,(62 dxrd ,lirl) u"k

.(1866 hqebe`a 22) e"kxz lel`a `"i ,lnxkd

]21[aeh`te` dcedi61

,zeizlidwd dgeexd99zeakyl dkinze reiq zelert ly agx oeebn dl` oed ilra epbx`

znwd mtqkn epnin md .dngln zezrae zetbn zevxtzda ,zxeva zepya xwira ± zeylgd

,mileg iza100,jepigd zkxrn ly zelirtd oenina eriiqe101zlrtda ,min zex`a zxitga

`aiwr ,zecitl yxid iav z` xikfdl ozip mday mihlead oian .jka `veike iegnz iza

;dplieen qpit sqei l`xyie oextr lyd ryedi ,bivpc `iig ,iwqaeqew102wgvi z` ok

;wqiexaean uiaepiax103;wehqil`ian iwqiaewlee ac l`igi z`104oilebxn oerny z`

,uiaenilwn105.dawqenn bxapfex qgpt z`e106

rvn`n xak zeniiw aeh`te` ly ziaiqphpi`e dxiyi zitexzplit zelirt lr zeiecr

zepy idlya diayezae dplieea drbty rxilegd ztbn zra ,lynl ,jk .mirax`d zepy

milegd zia ly dxe`zde oefnd ze`ved lk z` eqikn onnl aeh`te` acpzd mirax`d

.dtbnd irbtpl riiql ick mwedy107

,ziqexd dixtni`d iagx lka ilklkd avna zexcxczd dlg miyiyd zepy ziy`xa

`ll diiqelke`a xidn lecibn rap df xeqgn .miiqiqa oefn ixvena jynzn xeqgn xvepe

ziciin dcixil mxby ,1861 zpya mixki`d xexgyn ,iziiyrzd xeviid ly dliawn dagxd

xaynd sxged ihlad xef`a .zetekzd zxevad zepyn oke ,mileaide lecibd ighy swida

lynnd zekxrn ly ziaiqphpi` divwitiqexl zepeiqipde 1863 zpy ly ipletd cxnd awr

.zeixef`d108zeiecrde ,diiqelke`a zewwfpd zeakyl reiqd jxrn zagxda jxev `et` did

.xzeia zeax jk lr109mipya xwira ,zitexzplitd ezelirt z` aeh`te` aigxd df rwx lr

oghyay ,zeiaxrnÎoetvd zeipxaeba dl` mipya xxyy cakd arxd lya .1868±1867

ipta dplieea zeizlidwd dgeexd zekxrn ecnr ,'ayend megz' ly mixkip miwlg ellkp

ociwtz z` `lnl dl` zekxrnl riiql ,zg`d .zeiexyt` izy ecnr aeh`te` iptl .dqixw

99edizzn ,qpxt mdxa` ly mgevipa ,miiprl gqt gnw zwtq`l dplieea 'dlecbd dwcvd' zelirt lr

.(1866 lixt`a 25) e"kxz xii`a 'i ,lnxkd :e`x ,oefpal dix`e oey`xhy

100'nr ,f"lxz oriee ,` ,crenl oefg ,m`hylcpn 'a :e`x oefpzp oinipa dplieea cqiy milegd zia lr

.15

101zinewnd zicedid jepigd zkxrnl zi`plieed zilklkd dhil`dn zegtyn zveaw ly dnexz lr

:e`x²ØÛÕÝáÚØÙ ²ÕáâÝØÚ, XIII (1864)

102.gztna ,` ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) cibn :e`x

103.33±32 'nr ,f"kyz aia` lz ,ezkixra ,` ,wqiexa`a ,'wqiexaea zlidw' ,iwvelq 'i

104.(1864 xaehwe`a 6) d"kxz ixyza 'e ,lnxkd

105.(1867 xanhtqa 1) f"kxz lel` g"x ,oepald

106.(1868 x`epia 29) g"kxz haya 'd ,oepald

107.149 'nr ,e"pyz milyexi ,` ,xqend zrepz ,uk 'c ;er 'nr ,(42 dxrd ,lirl) oiwtil

108E.C. Thaden, Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855–1914, New Jersey

1981, pp. 33–53.347±341 'nr ,(35 dxrd ,lirl) iwqaepf`ix ;

109'nr ,1924 dpaew ,` ,awri oexkf ,uiytil 'i :e`x miyiyd zepyae mirax`d zepya cakd arxd lr

.131±129

62o iwlf ikcxn]22[

dgeex zkxrn znwd dziid xga day zxg`d zexyt`d .zitqk dkinz zervn`a izxeqnd

:onfd oa azek z`f x`iz jke .eci lr icrla ote`a dlrtede dpneny ,zihxt ,ziaihpxhl`

epaxe epxen ceak=) d"enk eizexecl cakpd gxf`d mqxetnd xiabd ceak my xkfi aeh lre

iper mgl ixkk eziaa zet`l mite` xekyie eqikn ax adf lifd ik ...ee`h`t` dcedi (axd

lecbd axd `ed cg`d :dnd `ld ,mipeape minkg miyp` ywaie .ivge migxi dray jyn lr

el ipye ,epzcrl wcv dxen e"id ikcxn oinipa x"xdk mqxetnd mkgd (iwae mkg=) a"eg

lr gwtl mcia ozie .e"id zecitl yxid iav d"enk cakpd yiyid 'eke bltend axd `ed

dlrpd oiprd ikxv lkmgl cet miyelye d`n jq dfn exkni ik ,aehd maal zacpa dfd

,lef xzeid gwna ,dpen` zc lcad ilan mixvepk mixark .epxir ilcl reaye reay lka

,dfd cqgd xacl eqikn ze`lnl eilr dlrz xy` sqkd zqkne .zia `iadl micexn miipre

sqk znexz mcewn mixd xy` caln ?xzei ile`e .(sqk laex=) k"ex 1800 jxrl dlrz

.zelecbe zeax zeacp mipeia`l wlgie dacp110

zitexzplitd dibhxhq`l m`zdae ,zleki iherna zthey dkinza wx wtzqd `l aeh`te`

miwwfpl dnc` igetze zevn wlig ,dnbecl ,jk .eizelert inegz z` aigxd ,ely zllekd

,gqtd bg z`xwl111:cqii mb j`

oe`ba odkle cenlzd iycwa zxyl ea aiyed xy` dxyr micnelle minkgl yxcn zia

xvg crl eyicwda sqkd lva opk dnkgd lve dlild lke meid lk eygi `l cinz miwqetd

el xy` reayl zexiky (sqk laex=) k"aex mirax` zqpkda `lnl zeitlzl iepa lecb

.diyez licbd ornl dvr `iltd ,l"pd micneld zekxhvde exeqgn lk z`112

yxw mb mda d`x aeh`te`y wtq oi` ,miitexzplitd eilrtn zeaiyga hirndl ilan

reiqd zekxrn y`xa aivdy daiqd mb ef .zizxag divnihibl zlawl ixyt` dvitw

.my ilra miinewn mipax ,ely yxcnd zia zldpda s`e ,miwwfpl zexiyid113aly ,xen`k

110elqka c"i ,cibnd :mb e`xe ;(1867 xanvca 5) g"kxz elqka 'g ,uilnd ,'dcez zkxa' ,xyei uiln

nvca 25) g"kxz elqka g"k ,my ;(1867 xanvca 11) g"kxzg"kxz xii`a a"k ,uilnd ;(1867 xa

lr .448 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) odk ;(1880 xanvca 21) `"nxz zaha h"i ,my ;(1868 i`na 14)

milyexi ,xpiit 'y zkixra ,sxvnd xtq ,xpaew `"i :e`x dl` mipya dplie zlidw iipr zwevn

.119 'nr ,g"pyz

111iiyw lr .(1868 lixt`a 24) g"kxz xii`a 'a ,lnxkd ;(1868 qxna 25) g"kxz oqipa 'a ,oepald

ipeia 30) f"kxz oeeiqa f"k ,lnxkd :e`x miwwfpd ikxev zwtq`a cenrl dplieea 'dlecbd dwcvd'

.(1867

112.(1867 xanvca 25) g"kxz elqka g"k ,cibnd

113ikcxn oinipa axd lr .alw 'nr ,(13 dxrd ,lirl) zrca axernd ,b"li ly ipexi`d exe`iz e`x

,lirl) cibn :e`x ,aeh`te` ly yxcnd zia ldpn yniye miwwfpl oefnd zwelg lr gwity ,qrllih

'nr ,`"qxz dplie ,` ,l`eny zler xtq ,'xac gzt' ,ybii` d"g ;76 'nr ,` ,(9 dxrdviav lr .

,g"txz aia` lz ,zepexkfd xtq ,oncixt '` ;1 dxrd ,211 'nr ,` ,my ,cibn :e`x zecitl yxid

.22 'nr

]23[aeh`te` dcedi63

dxkdae divnihibla zekfl oeiqip :zizxagd ezqitza ziptz onqn aeh`te` ly ezelirta df

axwa `l` ,zecqennd dgeexd zekxrn y`xa ecnr odiyp`y ,zeinewnd zehil`d ibega `l

ly dgeka did oiicr ,oendd zkinzl dkef aeh`te` did m` mby `wr `c .`weec oendd

xg`l mipy laei mb .zlaewnd mikxrd zkxrn lr dax dcina ritydl 'dpyi'd zilrd

zlra dlidwa zernyn zlra dnvr xeavl 'mipendd ly dwihiletd' dzywzd oiicr okn

.dplie zlidwk zeraewne zeipxny zexeqn

'?aeh`te` mr oici in' :s iwzd .c

oaenk df oi` .'siwzd' mb dpnp dtexi` gxfna zicedid dlidwd ly 'miqetihd ziixlb' mr

ebdpy ,ddeab zihilete zilklk dcnr ilra miyp`l cnvedy x`ez my `l` ,inyx x`ez

dziid `l ef drtez .xzei jenpd cnrnd ipa mr epnpy ina (dyw cia s` mizrle) dnx cia

dxary iepiyd jildzn wlgk zgeex drtezl dziid 'zetiwz'de ,dplie zlidwl zicegii

.jli`e g"id d`nd idlyn dtexi` gxfna zizlidwd zebidpnd114ezenc dxnzyp llk jxca

ink x`ezn `ed mizrl ik m` ,`weec miililyd dihaida iaihwlewd oexkifa 'siwz'd ly

.ezeyxl ecnry mirvn`ae eite`a iaeig yeniy dyry115

`le ,eienicne ezencn cxtp izla aikxnl df x`ez my jtd aeh`te`a xaecny lkk

.aeh`te` lr ely dxvwd ditxbepenl zxzeka df x`eza oieehil xga icka116eznvr

eixyw mb enk ,'cakp gxf`'ke 'dpey`xd dclibd on xgeq'k ilnxetd ecnrn ,zilklkd

od ,ezla oi`e `edy ink invrd eienicl ynn ly dnexz enxz 'mideabd zepelg'a miaehd

.dl dvegn od zicedid dxaga117sevx eiig jldn did ,cgeind eite` lya oke ,df rwx lr

mizenir z`f mr .zinewnd zicedid dxaga drtyde cnrn lra mxeb lk mr hrnk mizenir

,ielbae ,znrzdl qqid `l `ed .ezrtyd zcinne zihiletd eznvrn dfÎ`edk erxb `l dl`

mihxt ihxta zx`zn zinnrd dcb`d .dizeaiaqae dplieea miicedi `l minxeb mr mb

,zipexird diqpniba mixend cg` oebk ,zicedi `ld dxaga zecaekn zeienc mr mizenir118

i`av qcpdn119oexkifd a`y epnny xewndy d`xp .uieewyih dlev`d zgtyn ipan cg` s`e

114,oala :e`x inewn 'siwz' ly ezlert ikxc zervn`a dznbcde 'zetiwz'd zrteza ipey`x oeicl

oilet zecdi' ,q`eeley `"n :e`x xzei agx xywda ef drtez mwnl oeiqip .(7 dxrd ,lirl) siwz

.14 'nr ,(g"kyz) a ,xree`w`hx`h '` zkixra ,dpyd xtq ,'dxezd cenila dkxce

115jlnil`) inrpÎyi` ;152±137 'nr ,(f"vxz) a ,oeiv ,'(c"eqid) `piice `xtq dcedi' ,xpfielw 'i

`w`xwa micedid zeclez' ,xbpine`a '` ;169±167 'nr ,(g"rxz) ` ,zenyx ,'diypdÎmedzn' ,(xlqkree

,h"iyz milyexi ,xalb n"pe w`qea 'n ,xbpine`a '` zkixra ,`w`xw xtq ,'d"rwz±c"q'd zepya

.59 'nr ,f"pxz `w`xw ,epin epi`ya oin ,oiiy 'y ;27 'nr

116d ,lirl) odk ;(11 dxrd ,lirl) oieehil.285 'nr ,b ,(10 dxrd ,lirl) xpfelw ;449±448 'nr ,(9 dxr

117.366 'nr ,` ,(17 dxrd ,lirl) aep`iexc ;69 'nr ,a ,(17 dxrd ,lirl) oeqtil

118.42 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) oipiixa ;17 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) oltw

119.17 'nr ,my ,oltw

64o iwlf ikcxn]24[

xacd sl`n .einia dplieea miigd ze`ivn mb `l` ,`cxb oeincd epi` dl` mirexi` innrd¥

k ,rbt `la aeh`te` `vi elld mirexi`d aexny:oltw mdxa` z`f x`izy it

iaewpl ax oed xft odd micia ,miiwp miyp` dkd ,ryx ici ,eicia xy` ,ee`h`t` dpde

lr ,etqk zpwn eid mlecb cre mphwnl ux`d ihtey lke ,mipenly itcex ,htynd iciwt

eytp zeed lk dnx cia zeyrl el dlyn erexfe eipir cbpl `xen lke cgt lk did `l ok

.mihty ea dzyr `l htynd cie eci dzgp ,`avae mra ,zecewt iyp`a mb ik ,rpen oi`a120

ixeaivd ecnrna dxidnd diilrde zxxgqnd zilklkd ezglvd cvailnxetdmixiivn ,

z`veid ezetiwz .`ypzne dyw ,xw ite` lra mc` ly zenc aeh`te`a miwqerd zexewnd

zenlbzd z` ea e`x mde ,onfd ipa milikynd mixteqd ly mal zneyz z` dkyn otec

ze`xk oenda bedpl dxxyd lra i`yx eit lry ,oyid izxagd xcqd ly xreknd otd

,jk .dl` mixteqn dnk ly zepexkifa od dfexta od iehia icil d`a ef zenyxzd .eipir

itk ,aeh`te` ly ezenc z` dplieea mipaxl yxcnd zia icinlzn cg` x`iz ,lynl

eici jezl lhp `ede .sevg ,frep ,uxn lra ,c`n xiyr `ed' :dcpal l"i xteqd hhvny

dlnd .dt eznerl zevtl frn epi` yi` meyy cr ,zeiceqiae dwfga jk lk dlidwd lk z`

.'weg `id ely121:'zrca axernd' exetiqa ex`zl b"li xga jke

lr ;ryx sexb`a zekdle ci sipdl et`a rbxae eizea` xec cr yi` sxgl el lwpd idie

riyxi dpti xy` lka ik mze`xa mrd oende ...c`n dxryp eiaiaqe miax eiptn e`xi ok

yi` ik mala exn` ,ecin epealr reazl eipta cenri `l yi`e gilvi riyxi xy` lkae

.uixr iptk eipt z` e`xie ,dyri uetgi xy` lke `ed siwz122

zepa zeiecrd ziaxna aeh`te` x`ezn day jxcd mr cg` dpwa miler dl` mixe`iz

odae ,ef 'zetiwz'l dl eid zeax mipt .iaihwlewd oexkifa ezenc dxnzyp eay ote`ae onfd

miaaeqd mr eiqgi ly mipeebnde mipeyd mihaida exkip ode ,zifit zenil`e zilelin zenil`

.zixeaivde zilklkd ezelirtae xzeia eil` miaexwde eze`123,yi`l mipt `yp `l aeh`te`

ezenil` .edylk irvn`a lga `l eizexhn zbyd myle ,icedi `le icedi ,ohwk lecbk

`ed od' :oltw mdxa` ly epeylae ,ely xkidd oniql dax dcina eid zifitde zilelind

zeigd ivixt zng e` ,oerby gex eilr dgp et` zexga ik dixexry licbd eal rexae epecfa

.'oer lk `yp `l `ede ,dwp `l ecin ohwk lecbk ,zeixfk` zekn ecia `ad yi` lk dkie124

.epzeyxl micnerd zexewnd oeebn lka miriten dnil`d ezebdpzd lr mihxetn mixe`iz

120.my

121²ÞáåÞÔ, I (1881), pp. 53–54.171 'nr ,(7 dxrd ,lirl) hgey it lr mebxzd .ziqexa xewnd ;

122.`lw 'nr ,(13 dxrd ,lirl) zrca axernd ,b"li

123.80 'nr ,(8 dxrd ,lirl) od`w :lynl e`x

124,lirl) edil`n azkn ;43 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) oipiixa :mb e`xe ;17 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) oltw

.448 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) odk ;`lw 'nr ,(13 dxrd ,lirl) zrca axernd ,b"li ;61 'nr ,(11 dxrd

]25[aeh`te` dcedi65

ihxt dxen xen`k yniyy ,et`n mdxa` oial aeh`te` oia gztzdy zenir x`zn oltw

,dpaewl aeyle aeh`te` ziaa ezcear z` wiqtdl et`n ul`p zepehlyd z`xeda .eiclil

aeh`te`l riced et`ny drya ygxzdy z` .xiray icedid izlynnd xtqd ziaa cnll ick

:oltw x`zn ezcearn xhtzdl ezpeek lr

xtqd ziaa my ik ,`pee`wl izaye jnrn `v` dlynnd mrhn !ee`h`t` ipec` :el xn`ie

la` :ee`h`t` orie !jnrn cxtdle melya jkxal dzr iz`a okae ,dxenl zeidl `exw ip`

aefrl jpz` `le ,il jizxky xky ik inrn `vz `l !ip` mb izaygn dz` jzaygnk `l

,epiyr `l dfeg `ld ,ipec` la` :eal znza xn`ie... !z`vie `v jl xne` xy` cr izia z`

z` aefrl aeygn il dlilg ,ip`e ,jl xeky did` dn cr epazk `le dpn` epzxk `l mbe

jl ax :ee`h`t` el brlie !izxn` xy`k zeyrl ilr dwfg dlynnd zevn `l m` ,jzia

oi` ik zrci dz`e ,icia dxeny `id dpde dpn` zxb` epnzg mbe epazk ik ,xac sqez l`

`l dl`d ytpd fr ixacl !htynd iweg it lr dyrp xy` xac lhal dlynnd ci l`l

ztifn z`fd zxb`d `ld ,xacd `ed ok m` :orie eznz ixac z` elky qlta et`n lwy

et` mrfa aaezyd ,mda ywpi ik dl`d eixacl dkgie et`n itl xny enk ,ee`h`t` !`id

dfap alk dz` dn :elew gka eilr mrxiez` rcz dzr !dpn`d z` iztif ikp` !il` xne`

lgie ,xiwa eci lr cinz dielz dzid xy` dpeny zletk xt xer dwln gwie !ztxg in

hrnke ,eci d`vn xy` eixa` lk lre eitzk lr ,et`n y`x lr xtqn oi` zekn xihndl

gvexde qp `ed la` ,eytp z` livdle eiptn qepl dknd un`zd `lel ,eryx zgz ezindª

gztd `evnl egk zix`ya gilvd xy` cr ,cxi xy` zelrnd lka cer edkie eixg` scx

aegxd jx` lkl eytp lr qp et`a dnyp oi`a hrnke ugnp ,dkn ,y`x ielb .dvegd hlnieª

xy` lk cibdl el did `l gke ,mn`hylrcp`n oxd` 'x cakpd zia l` (rqq`bxrpliee)

!dne`n `l s` ?did dne !ipbxd gvexd :wx ,edxw125

cirnd ,minec mipiit`n lra rexi` mle`e .mitqep zexewnn yeyi` df alya oi` xetiql

jenzl ick ea yie ,mirax`d zepy idlya dplieea ygxzd ,aeh`te` ly dnil`d ekxc lr

ly dipxaeba xtqd iza lr gwtnd ,ui'few laiw 1848 xaehwe`a 12Îa .oltw ly exe`iza

:d`ad diiptd z` ,dplie

aeh`te` oial ly dxend oia jeqkqd zxiwgl bivp iepin :oecpd

wizd z` dxifgd dipxaebd zldpdy ...il riced diqexelia ly micenild fegn lr gwtnd

dbxcn izlynnd icedid xtqd ziaa dxend ly ezpelz zeawra gztpyIIxgeqd lr ,ly ,

Îd dclibdnIz` ywa` dxiwgd mez xg`l ...oexg`d ici lr dkedy zeknd lr ,aeh`te`

.ilaexewq ldpnd :mezgd lr .il geecl jzlrn ced126

125did fbx lewae dnevr zeybxzda' ik siqen s` oipiixa .44 'nr ,my ,oipiixa ;17 'nr ,my ,oltw

.'aeh`te` siwzd ly eizeneldn jezn xhtzpy dnei`d dxihtd xac lr xtqn et`n

126,(12 dxrd ,lirl) `"eeii oeikx`RG 52.ily mebxz ,ziqexa xewnd ;7 'qn wiz ,

66o iwlf ikcxn]26[

dletihn wizd z` xifgdl hlged mteqae mipeic xtqn eniiwzd dpelzd zybd zeawra

.melk `la oiiprd miizqd ,ietvk ,o`k .dipxaebd zepehly letihl zinewnd dxhynd ly127

aeh`te` ly eziaa ygxzdy rexi` i`plieed iaihwlewd oexkifa xnzyd jka `veik

lawl ick aeh`te` ly ezial ribd ,xbpifpiit ryedi ,dlidwd ofg :dkepgd bg inin cg`a

.ea alr aeh`te`y xg`l mipt zyeaa `vi j` ,laewnk ,'dkepg inc'128aeh`te` ly 'ezetiwz'

mihrn j` .ea dghedy ± dtiwr e` dienq llk jxca ± daxd zxewial rwxd dziid mb

mc` ly ilklkd eavny dgpdd mvr lr exrxry in eid .ielba aeh`te` z` xwal efrd

wx e` fnexna dazkp ef zxewia mb j` ,izxagdÎihiletd ecnrnl ixwird oeixhixwd `ed

.aeh`te` ly ezen xg`l129azkna my melr azek hhxy df avnl izxewiaÎixih`q iehia

zepy jyna aeh`te` ykxy drtydde dhilyd zcin z` x`iz `ed .'uilnd' oezirl

:dplie zlidwa zixeaivd ezelirt

(dlidwd iy`xn=) mda cg` yiei p enc`lre ,zeapf mr xry zxc` ilr ,mipir ililkg ,

`ed zg` dpya :dnad lrn cxi `l cer ,dzr cre ezeid mein ...dlidwd xcq lk wyi eit

itl xy` ixg` ,zipyd dpya ,(zn` ly cqg zelinb `yicw dxagc=) `"ygb w"gc i`ab

ze`abd zxyn xak ziyilya ,i`ab mewna idi ,z`f ezxnyn lr x`yidl lkei `l dpwzd

s` ezcr z` ldpn edpde ,eci gipi `l ldwd zecewtn mb dfd oibexiql i`abd .eiptl dpekp

.da jli jxcd z` zrcn wegx epcer ecal `ed mb ,iytp ig ,ik130

s`,oeekzn `ed inl oihelgl xexay ixd ,aeh`te` ly eny z` yxetna xikfn azekd oi`y

ililkg' byena yeniyd mb .aeh`te`l jk lk ipiite`d zixeaivd dlertd ote` lya wx ele

daex zwqerd dkxa ,(ai ,hn ziy`xa) epa dcedil epia` awri zkxaa xn`py ,'miipir

.z`f dgpd yy`n ,dcedi ly icizrd epehly xe`iza dlekk

127htynd zkxrn mr aeh`te` ly 'eixyw'l fnx .5 'qn dcerz ,myaxernd' b"li ly exetiqa ievn

yxcnd ziaa micneld cg` oial aeh`te` oia gztzdy zenir x`zn b"li .(13 dxrd ,lirl) 'zrca

ezcnk zeng iwcei 'x yal f`' :l`xyia dcerz oefpieel a"i ly extqa `xew `vnp xy` ,miwdy

!lkida cinrn dz` mlv !iyxcn zia l` `iaz darez !xwten" :`xwie mdcpd dinxi 'x lr ltpzie

zeawra ."[didy dyrn ± dxrd] yxcndÎzian edtcdie etxra fg`e aeye dkd igl edkd exacae

zian epic `vi xy` cr xird z` z`vl exq` iwcei 'x lr dteqae zizxhyn dxiwg dgztp z`f

exbq eyxcnÎzia z`e miycg ipy xq`na zayl iwcei 'x ly epic `vi mini dray uwn ...htynd

.dlw 'nr ,my ,b"li ;'cer gzti `le zezinvl

128.`t 'nr ,a ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) ipal

129dirny 'x ,'xneyd dwqexea' ,wic n"` :e`x ,onfd ilikyn axwa xwira drnypy ,ef oirn zxewial

.69 'nr ,f"kyz milyexi ,ocq 'c mbxz ,zecrend jxan

130.762 'nr ,(7 dxrd ,lirl) aewxw ,oala :eeyde .(1868 qxna 12) g"kxz xc`a g"i ,uilnd

]27[aeh`te` dcedi67

i egcd .d

izlidw miptd ihiletd ecnrne oehlyd inxeb mr miaehd eixyw ,zilklkd eznvr zexnl

zicedid zilrd ibega 'zeiekf deey' xagk lawzdl mlern aeh`te` xen`k dkf `l ,mxd

,onfd oa ineineid giyd lr zeiecr epl oi`y s` .dplieeait lr ef dgpd yy`l ozip

inewnd icedid oezira ezelirtl mixekf`d xzeia mihrn ,lynl ,jk .mixg` mipiit`n

daxd ,zinewnd zicedid zilrd mr dpnpy ,oit sqei l`eny ,ekxere eilray ,'lnxkd'¦

ly ezyib .ef zizxag dakyn miyi` ly zitexhplitde zixeaivd mzelirtl mieew hhxyl

zepezira enqxtzdy zeazk oeebna aeh`te` lr etrxedy migayl hlea cebipa zcner oit

iaxn zxag' zniyxn aeh`te` ly eny cwtp jka `veik .ayend megz iagxa zicedid

.deab ihilete ilklk cnrn lr dcird eil` zekiizyddy sebd ,'`iqex ux`a dlkyd131

.ezlert ikxcne dywd eite`n xwira ,xen`k ,erap dl` diigc e` zenlrzd

xxery mfipebhp`dy dnec .zihilet e` zilklk dyleg lr cirdl ick jka oi` mle`e

dgeexd zkxrnl daxd eznexzl dkxrdd lr s` xab dplie icedin miax lv` aeh`te`

xwiry ,texzplit ly zenc envrl avrl miiawrd eizepeiqip eglv `l ok lr .zinewnd

.mewnd iiprl reiqa eipiirn132itlk zeplaeq dzlib `l onfd za zicedid zi`plieed zilrd

xaecn m` dnke dnk zg` lr .xyere qegii ecnr mzekfly dl`k mb ,'mlza ekld `ly' in

iqetc z` evni` `le 'e`a aexwn df'y ina e` ,laewnd on ynn ly dbixg ebxgy ina

z` xifgdl zeknqd `le gekd `l dcia eid `l ,xarak `ly mle`e .milaewnd zebdpzdd

,miiaiqt miizxag dwgxd irvn`a ynzydl did xzepy lk .ezecpl e` mlzd l` bixgd

dyn xiabd zi`plieed zicedid dxagd iley l` dgcp jk .diigc e` zenlrzd xnelk

.otec z`vei zigiynÎzizc mler zqitz avrl dqipy ,oeqpfex133

cecigde dgicad mlera ifkxn ciwtz `lnn aeh`te` envr `vn recn xexa df rwx lr

mvrn ,ef dbeqa .ezen xg`l dheae ielb ote`ae ,eiiga xak d`xpd lkk ,dplie icedi ly

aeh`te` bven jke .dxehwixwd dyrnk ,mitzzynd ly mdizepekz zeccegne zenvren ,daih

;envrae eceaka `ed jexa yecwl deey cnrna envr d`exy ink brlp ote`a134`iyy ink

;zinewnd zilrd ibeg mr zepnidl `id zxzqen izlad ezti`y135ziivg'l aexwy ink

;zepehlyd mr eixyw lya zicediÎ`ld dxagd l` 'mieewd136,enler lk `ed sqkdy ink137

131.(1864 x`exata 18) c"kxz '` xc`a `"i ,lnxkd

132.11 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) uk :lynl e`x

133'nr ,(1937) ` ,xar ohpr`p oet ,'davn oe` d`eev ,mixeaig rpöf ,o`qprf`x dyn' ,hil`y 'n :e`x¨¨¨.181±179 'nr ,a ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) cibn ;123±113

134.364 ,229 'qn ,` ,(17 dxrd ,lirl) aep`iexc

135.1506 'qn ,a ,my

136.2171 'qn ,b ,my

137.600 'nr ,(17 dxrd ,lirl) oiihyxtheb

68o iwlf ikcxn]28[

.zepiylne zepxwy od zehlead eizepekzy inke138oexkifd cinvd ,ef dpenz ly daevir myl

,cag dwhen z` aeh`te`l i`plieed iaihwlewd139miipyd z` jtde ,mqxetnd inewnd uld

dcg oeyl lrae lek xqg ,iprd ovild .df ly ecin df miff mpi`y miinewÎibxh bef ipal

mitiwrd e` mixiyid miybtna .o`kn ,iegcde brlpd j` ,bltend xiyrde ,o`kn ,zlblbzne

wix ilkk ebivn cag dwhen xy`k ,dpezgzd lr ecie aeh`te` cinz `vei miipyd oia

.zepepyde zeheytd eizexn`a140dae innrd oexkifd aivdy d`xnk dyrnl ynyn dwhen¨

lya eipta seygl eyyg dlidwd ipay ef ,zizin`d ezenc z` ze`xl aeh`te` did leki

ynyn s` inewnd xelwleta minqxetn xzeid 'miybtn'd cg`a .ihiletde ilklkd ecnrn

:dlidwd 'gily' cag

oi` jli`e o`kny ,el dricede ,aeh`te` lceia ,siwzd dqpxta dcxn dpliee dyrn did

'!mewn eze`a dlek dplie il wyiz' :`xwe ogleyd lr etexb`a dkid ,lcei fbx .dilr ezexn

ziad ipa lk eldap ,lcei ldap '!gzt ,dcedi iax' :ezlca wtec lew ,zevg ixg` ,dlilae

melk' :lcei qrk .'dcedi iax jil` il xac .cag ikcxn ,o`k ip`' ?'o`k in' :zlcd l` ecxge

,xeaivd jxev ;dcedi iax ,uegp xac' :zlcd ixeg`n ikcn aiyd ?'eiykr `id dgiy zry

n jita dn' .el gzte lcei shrzp cin .'ezegcl oi`yweyitipy' :xn`e ikcxn dprp ?'ikcx

m` :zl`ey `id dl`ye ,dcedi iax ,jil` ipzgly (dilieed xdpl xarn ,dplieea xaxt=)

?'dxifb llkae dplie llka `id mb141

'xiab'l zeidl aeh`te` lcei ly epevx did irah j` ,eixyw zkxrne ecnrn rwx lr

,dlind ly izxagd oaena mb142oi`y ilklk cnrny el xeegzp .ecia dlr `l xacd j`

mda ic oi` zhlgen hrnk zipehly zeqg s`e swid zagx zitexzplit zelirt ,epnid deab

wxe j` xacd z` zelzl oi`y dnec .zinewnd zilrd ly zizxag dxkda zekfl ick

zilklke zizxag diilr ly mixwn oky ,onfd za zinepew`Îeiveqde zihiletd ze`ivna

i`pzd ,z`f mr .ixyt` izla zpigaa eid `l ,mzexicp zexnl ,zizxeqnd zicedid dlidwa

ibeg lr laewnd izeaxzd cewd ly ,zegtl iwlg ,ueni` did zizxag zelawzdl iqiqad

138.365 'qn ,` ,(17 dxrd ,lirl) aep`iexc

139did df xtq .a"pxz `pliee ,rvhiee xrai` rvhiee xrc` ,c"ag rwh`n ,(jxer) o`hieerl i"n :e`x¨e`x .e"txze `"rxz ,a"qxz ,`"qxz ,f"pxz mipya eqtcp ely zetqep zexecdne xzeia ixletet

,ohw` xit oi` ricrn`w rkrlnihqwl`t :c`a`k rwh`n ,ipnef`x 'n ;(17 drd ,lirl) oxhy :mb¨©©¨¨©mipvild ly oe`izpt'a cag dwhen ly enewn lr .gztna ,(17 dxrd ,lirl) aep`iexc ;1940 dbix

.199±197 'nr ,(17 dxrd ,lirl) odk :e`x ,xletexhqe` dlyxd znbec ,'miinewnd micedid

140.`k ,al mixac ,(14 dxrd ,lirl) l`ixab zxez ;88 'nr ,(17 dxrd ,lirl) ocq

141.363 'qn ,` ,(17 dxrd ,lirl) aep`iexc

142xrieyx`ee ,'cibp xryihrhypiilw xrc lhiixh ax' ,wic n"` :e`x ef zenc ly mipey mipeit`l©uiaedexc ,b ,micbea slq e` dgtyna dgtyn ,oiiy 'y ;40±34 zepeilib ,(1867) ` ,bpehöv ryicei

.121 ,46 'nr ,1896±1895

]29[aeh`te` dcedi69

,zicegii zernyn df izeaxz cewl drcep ,zxg` dlidw lkan xzei ,dplieea .'dpyid' zilrd

:xpfelw sqei x`izy itk

`ed 'h`hy'd .i`hild oebx'fa 'h`hy' dnye dreci 'ux` jxc' zcina dceqi z`fd dpekzd

xy`n m` ik ,zinipt dxkdn gxken `edy iptn `l ea xdfidl jixvy ipevig qenep oin

dn llk gibyd ilan ze`ik bdpzdl yi` lk z` aiign 'h`hy'd .xzei geexne d`i `ed

ibdpnn zepyl ilal ,miax da miycy jxca zkll aiign 'h`hy'd .drpvae xzqd ezbdpd

miax jxc ot wtq zlhde zxewa ,gezip lk ilan ,bedpde laewnd lkl carzydl ,mewnd

lkl ,'y`xa dvitw' lkl ,'zevxtzd' lkl ytpa `pey `ed 'h`hy'd .miaeh jxc cer dppi`

.ze`ide bedpd l` mi`zn izla oewize xkip iepiy143

,ok`,mifielw ipy ,dfn df lecb `l wgxna ,dplieea elrt d`eyd ztewza dlidwd oaxeg cr

lr `xwpy ,'c"eqid fielw' :dycgd zra dizecleza mihlead 'mitiwz'd ipy icia enwedy

miig exkfe eny' miipyd oian oey`xd ,dpde .'aeh`te` fielw'e ,`piice `xtq dcedi ly eny

l`xyi azky itk ,'mipn`pd diy`xe dixneyne dlidwd iniiwnn cg`k eiykr cr miniiwe

.1937 zpya xpfielw144dgicad xtq'a xwira exkf z` `vn ipyd fielwd ly ecqiin eli`e

dcnrna dlgy zexrxrzdd sxgy gikedl ick da yi ef ze`ivn .aep`iexc ly 'cecigde

.iaihwlewd oexkifd ly eaevir lr drtyd zleki dcia dxzep oiicr ,'dpyi'd zilrd ly

ly ziciind mzrtyd zcine ziaiqphpi`d mzeaxern oia dpeyd qgia swzyn df xac

mzelawzd zcine mienic oial ,miiniptd miilklkde miihiletd mikildzd lr einece aeh`te`¨

.iaihwlewd oexkifae onfd za zixeaivd drceza

did ,lynl ,jk .miiegcay miiegcd ly mpexht aeh`te` envr `vn jk lya ile`e

,eini seqay ,oiihypieel cec l`ei xirvd ofgd `ed `ld ,'lqrarl`a xrpliee'd ly epexht

,zinewn zipwgy mr miad` zyxt ldipe dxte`d zna lr rited day dyxeen eaey ixg`

qgy xird ipaa cigid d`xpd lkk did aeh`te` .exir ipa iptn dgcpe aefr envr `vn

.ezen mei cr ea jnze ezeqg zgz eze` lhp ,eilr145eribd mdipyy mday deeyd cvd

dglvdd l` mkxca .ilklkd megza dfe izepn`d megza df ± mdizeti`y zbqt yeninl

.'mixg`'l eide zelaewnd zeizxagd zenxepd on ,ekxca cg` lk ,mdipy ebxg ztqkpd

,mle`e .ef 'zExg`' mdilrn liydl egilvd `l dxagd wig l` aeyl eqip xy`k ,dpde

drya mb ecnr aeh`te`l ixd ,ef diigc lya eilr dtxhp ezrcy ,xirvd ofgd enk `ly

.ozi`d ilklkd ecnrne cgeind eite` ef

eay ote`d lr mb rityd exir ipa cvn divnihibla zekfl aeh`te` ly ezglvd xqeg

zbltend ezeaicp lr miaxd mixe`izd .zi`plie uegd zicedid zepezira ezenc zxiihvn

143.(1896 x`epia 20) e"pxz haya 'd ,uilnd ,'mixteq zxfr' ,xpfielw 'i

144.152 'nr ,(115 dxrd ,lirl) xpfielw

145"lqrarl`a xrpliee" xrc' ,oieehil '`,oixeyi 'i zkixra ,rpliee ,'iwqxiaq ;854 'nr ,1935 wxei eip ©.(11 dxrd ,lirl)

70o iwlf ikcxn]30[

'uilnd' ,'oepald' oebk mipezirl mkxc z` e`vn minkg icinlzae miipra ezkinz lre

day dtewza ,`weec itexzplitd ota miazekd zecwnzd .dplieen wgxd eqtcpy ,'cibnd'e

rnr ,reiqle dkinzl ayend megz icedin miax ewwfp,ezenca miililyd mihaidd z` dn

gipdl ozip .zinewnd zicedid dlidwd zeleabl xarn l` mkxc z` e`vn md m` wtqe

l`ivphetd z` dliby ,envr aeh`te` avip dl` zeazk ixeg`ny ze`ce ly dax dcina

.oir cge dqitz xidn miwqr yi`l d`ik ,i`pezird meicna oenhd axd146dqip df ote`a

zekfle i`plieed izxagd fkxnd ly diigcd z` sewrl ,gilvd s`y xryl yie ,aeh`te`

i`xew ly mipeyd milbrna zegtl if` dplie exira `l m` ,jk lk dl sqkpy divnihibla

.dl` mipezir

xy`n xzei aeh`te` ly etqka oiipr e`vn dplie icediy jkl xzeia dxexad dgkedd

etzzyd ,xekfk ,eziieelda .ezenl zeianetd zeaebzd oeebna ,d`xpd lkk ,dievn envr yi`a

,'oepald' oezira rited (lirl `aedy) dieeldd xe`izy xekfl yi mle`e .xird icedin miax

,edecitqdy miaxd mipezird oia ,dpde .aeh`te`l ze`ingn zeazk mqxt iawr ote`ay

,ztxvae dtexi` gxfna147dwizy' .'lnxkd' ,inewnd icedid oezira ctqd excrda hlea

cgeina zhlea `ide ,aeh`te` ly eiiga cer df oezir hwpy ewl xiyi jynd `id ef 'znrex

miinewn mitexzplite mixgeq lr mikex` mibelexwp mqxtl df oezir ly ebdep rwx lr

mxyei ,ziztend mzenc zybcd `ed dl` oexkif zeniyxa reaw aihen .mnlerl ekldy

xyeiae meza' :oebk ,dl` oirn mihqwha milaewn miiehiaa yeniy .mictqpd ly mzeripve

;'drx edrxl dyr `le egex dab `l ,jld148lk zkl rpvde lkyda eikxc lk eidie' e`

,'minid149mipiwz miqgi exxy el mb ,aeh`te` ly xywda ,aehd dxwna ,ihz`t d`xp

xidan ,'oepald' oezira ritedy ,oldlc ctqdd gqepa xidf oeir .'lnxkd' jxer oial epia

:ef dcewp

!eced ied oec` ied ± `pliee iiprl mgl dhn xayp !zn eeh`t` dcedi ± `plieea cak la`

eply dlecbd xira cegiiae l`xyi zia iza lk e`ln xy` ,uw oi` oeavrle oebid daxnl

dpd ± `xepd arxd ini dl`d mirxd minia ik s`e ,daxwn miax mipeia` elcgi `l xy`

dcedi 'den dpicnd lka mqxetne rcep reye aicp cakpd xiabd epilr zn xard 'a meia

,xex`t evaw mipt lk ,`pliee xir iny dqk jygde ,xard a mei xwad xe`k idie .ee`h`t`

146mdxa` icia eazkp iaeig xe`a aeh`te` z` ex`ize oepald oezira enqxety mixn`nd on micg`

"dlecb dwcv" zxag on`pe dpenn did' obeaplpvw .dplieea oezird okeqe qetc lra ,obeaplpvw iav

,dipleta ixard qetcd zeclez ,bxacixt c"g ly exe`izk ,'xirfn hrn wx oiad qetcd zk`lnae

dgtynd zaxwn ,xzid oia ,rap aeh`te`l cgeind eqgiy gipdl mewn yi .131 'nr ,1950 aia`Îlz

.miipyd oiay

147oeziray il reciMoniteur Universalle.exz`l izglvd `l la` ,aeh`te` lr ctqd qtcp

14823) c"kxz oeeyga 'i ,lnxkd ,'`cexa dpei x"a yxid iav xwide cakpd x`etnd xiabd' lr ctqd

.(1863 xaehwe`a

149.(1864 x`epia 29) c"kxz haya `"k ,my ,'epzpicna mixgeqd ilecbn' hpieexiy xfril` lr ctqd

]31[aeh`te` dcedi71

`iltd `ed mpn` ik !zn ee`h`t` xiabd !mgl dhn xayp ,dd` lilii oeyl lke dt lk

xeknie ax mgl dt` `ed dl`d arx inia cegiae ,eiig inia eicqge eizewcva zeyrl licbde

wca `le ,sqk oi` mpg engln ozp miaxle ,mite`d weyay exign ivga yi`e yi` lkl

ee`h`t` xiabd zn ik epzcrl rnyk okle .aeh oira ozp mlkl ixvepl icedi oia zepefnl

ee`h`t` dcedi mgl zia ikxc ,dd` ,dip`e dip`z `pliee xira axze ctqn zeaegx lka

mlyie ,mixwid erxfe ezia ceak lke ee`h`t` xiabd ila` z` mgpie 'd l`ei... !zela`

epilrn lwi j`e ,dgexl dxvn ep`iveie epnr ipa xay `txie `pliee dlecbd xirl minegip

!laqd gk lyk ik lecbd xweide arxd150

dplie icedi ly mxrvl zixwird daiql xy`a wtq xizen epi` df ctqda ighy oeir elit`

ezewlzqdy `ed lawznd myexd ,ok lr xzi !mgl dhn xayp ± aeh`te` ly ezen lr

myex .eilr dziid mzqpxty yxcnd ziaa micneld lye miaxd xird iipr ly mpiipr `id

.epicia miievnd aeh`te` lr mictqdd ziaxn z` oiit`n df151

mr od zkll oeiqip lr `et` driavn ,lirl dx`ezy itk ,aeh`te` ly zllekd ezelirt

izeaxz cew it lr j` zicedid dxagd ly agxnd jeza lertl epiidc ,eicrla od mxfd

dnvr z` dgikedy ,ef oirn zizxagÎzikxr jxc .'h`hy'dn ,laewnd on dpey ,icegii

zxagae ,dqce`e dyxe znbec ,dtexi` gxfna ziqgi 'zeycg' zeicedi zelidw ly mi`pza

.h"id d`nd rvn` ly dplieea oelyikl dligzkln dpecp ,dwixn`a zicedid mixbdnd152

ly dpehlyy jkl zecrk df oelyik yxtl oi` z`f mr`ll ,didyk xzep 'dpyi'd zilrd

lr aeh`te` dcedi ly daxd ezrtyd zciny ,dler dk cr dhhxeyy dpenzd on .xerxr

dziid onfd ipa dplie icedi ly miipebx`de miihiletd ,miilklkd mdiiga mipey mihaid

edizzn znbec ,iaihwlewd oexkifa drawzd mzency epnf ipa ly efn ,dax `l m` ,deey

.oit sqei l`enye oey`xhy

zicedid zilrd dxary iepiyd jildza miipiad aly z` dax dcina ztwyn eiig zyxt

dcnrn zexrxrzd z` cgeinae ,h"id d`nd ly oey`xd yilya xak dplieea zinewnd

ilbrn z` uextl ezglvd .onfd za ze`ivnd aevir lr icrla ote`a ritydl dzlekie

dpnny zizxagd dakya m`veny mixg` miaxl dnbec dyniy miizxeqnd ilklkd ceaixd

.ibele`ci` `le izxagÎilklk did ezelirt ly ripnd gekd .oktdn did `l aeh`te` lcei .`a

150.(1868 ileia 8) g"kxz fenza g"i ,oepald

151zi`plieed zilrd ibeg mr ,oreeil xi`n ,citqnd ly eixyw lr .50 'nr ,(15 dxrd ,lirl) diaeh oa

.135 'nr ,h"qxz `pliee ,zea` icqg ,oreeil 'n :e`x

152ezpekz l` eppeazd `le ezeixfk`e ezevixr z` wx aeh`te`a e`x o`lt`w .` ecici oke et`n' :e`xe

l` ,ipehlyd epexyk l`e eizexhnl eizeti`y un` l` ,eay d`ltpd dibxp`d l` ,dpina dpievnd

`aeie dyexcd dcna epnn gwei m` df xneg .ziyrnd ezevixg l`e eay `ixad ze`ivnd yeg

,lirl) oipiixa :e`x .'wxnqiak e` oeiletpk xeab ± !`p ecxgz l` ± epnn `xai mize`p mi`pza

.45 'nr ,(11 dxrd

72o iwlf ikcxn]32[

zewigxn zeiernyn ercep ,zexg` zelidwa ezenc ipa ly mzelirtl enk ,ezelirtl mle`e

`ll xrxrzd 'dpyi'd zinewnd zilrd zegtyn ly ocnrn .jkl oeekzd `l m` mb ,zkl

eay jildza oigadl ozip liawna .elek 'oyi'd izxagd xcqd mb dax dcina ez`e dpwz

ly zizeaxzd dzenc aevira mb zicrlad dzeknq z` 'dpyi'd zi`plieed zilrd dcai`

milikynd ly mgek ziilrl jxcd z` ellqy minxebd oia did df izxag iepiy .dlidwd

zeihqil`iveqd zerepzd ly s` minile ,'ziqexdÎzicedid divpbilhpi`d' ly ,miinewnd

.zizxeqnd dbdpdd ly dzeknq lr ielba exrxry ,zeine`lde153

153.36±13 'nr ,`"lyz milyexi ,dxyrÎryzd d`na ziqexÎzicedid zepezird ,iwvelq 'i