Zaladoba qalze?!16)/anzor totadze.pdf · araferi gvxvdeba. qarTuli feodaluri samarTlis Zeglebis...
Transcript of Zaladoba qalze?!16)/anzor totadze.pdf · araferi gvxvdeba. qarTuli feodaluri samarTlis Zeglebis...
anzor ToTaZeanzor ToTaZe
Zaladoba qalze?!
mamakacisa da qalis Tanasworuflebianoba sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis procesis aucilebeli pirobaa. gaerTianebuli
erebis organizacia genderul Tanasworobas Semdegnairad
ganmartavs: `Tanasworoba qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris (gend-
eruli Tanasworoba) niSnavs qalisa da kacis, gogonasa da va-
Jis Tanabar uflebebs, pasuxismgeblobasa da SesaZleblobebs.
Tanasworoba ar gulisxmobs, rom qali da mamakaci identurni
unda gaxdnen, aramed is gulisxmobs, rom adamianis dabadeba
mamakacad an qalad ar gansazRvravs mis uflebebs, pasuxismge-
blobasa da SesaZleblobebs. genderuli Tanasworobis mixed-
viT rogorc qalebis, aseve mamakacebis interesebi, saWiroe-
bebi da prioritetebi ganixileba qalebisa da mamakacebis
jgufebis mravalferovnebis da arsebuli gansxvavebebis gaT-
valiswinebiT. ufro metic, genderuli Tanasworoba ar aris
mxolod `qalTa sakiTxi~, igi srulad moicavs mamakacebsac
da qalebsac, radgan Tanasworoba qalebsa da mamakacebs So-
ris ganixileba rogorc adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxi da, aseve, rogorc mdgradi da adamianze orientire-
buli ganviTarebis winapiroba da maCvenebeli~.1
saqarTveloSi genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxi metad aq-
tualurad miaCniaT, radgan TiTqos arsebobs ojaxSi qalis
mimarT Zaladobis, adreul asakSi qorwinebis SemaSfoTebeli
monacemebi da sxv.2 ojaxSi qalis mimarT Zaladobis faqtebi
msoflios yvela qveyanaSi da maT Soris, metad ganviTarebul,
1 genderuli Tanasworobis Sefaseba saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2012, gv. 12.
2 iqve.
41Zaladoba qalze
civilizebul qveynebSic arsebobs da, SeiZleba iTqvas, ufro
metad, vidre saqarTveloSi. rac Seexeba adreul asakSi qor-
winebis faqtebs, es maCvenebeli marTlac gaizarda, magram ara
SemaSfoTeblad. SemaSfoTebeli is aris, rom dasavleTis qvey-
nebSi 13-15 wlis gogonebis sakmod didi nawili seqsualur
cxovrebas eweva da gogonebi uamrav problemas awydebian, maT
Soris janmrTelobisa da ganaTlebis miRebis uflebis real-
izaciis TvalsazrisiT. cnobilia, rom sqesobrivi cxovrebis
mxriv didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu rogor iRebs pirvel
sqesobriv gancdebs vaJi da gansakuTrebiT gogona. rodesac
gogona seqsualur kontaqts iRebs rogorc ZiriTads, ro-
gorc adamianis arsebobis umTavres mizans, maSin gogonebi
mTel axalgazrdul energias ver iyeneben TavianTi pirovnebis
srulyofisaTvis, viwrovdeba maTi interesebis sfero, isi-
ni interess kargaven cxovrebiseuli movlenebis mimarT da
yvelaferi adamianuri mxolod sqesobrivi cxovrebis garSemo
iyris Tavs. xSirad swored am movlenas aqvs adgili da amdenad
gamarTlebulia f. bukonis sityvebic: `TavaSvebuli axalgazr-
doba _ SeTqmulebaa siberis winaaRmdeg. Cven Zvirad vzRavT
saRamoTi diliT Cadenili celqobisaTvis~.3 SemaSfoTebeli
swored es aris, rac mTel dasavleT samyaros emuqreba. rac
Seexeba adreul asakSi gogonebis qorwinebis faqtebs, igi Cvens
qveyanaSi politikur, sulier da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi momx-
dari kataklizmebis Sedegia da garkveulwilad ukanasknel
wlebSi kidec Semcirda. albaT, isic saWiroa iTqvas, rom am
sakiTxSi vaJebisa da qalebis Tanasworoba kargs arafers moi-
tans. am mxriv Seqspiris, romlis epoqas 400 weli gvaSorebs
da am xnis ganmavlobaSi adamianis cxovrebis adaT-wesebSi bev-
ri ram dadebiTad Seicvala, gamonaTqvami `Tavisufleba kacs
meti aqvs, vidremde qalsa~, udaod yuradsaRebia. adreul
asakSi gogonebis mier sqesobrivi cxovrebis dawyeba uamrav
uaryofiT movlenas ukavSirdeba da es, zogierT faqtTan er-
Tad, kargad unda gaiTavison sruli genderuli Tanasworobis
apologetebma.
am sakiTxebs Cven qvemoT farTod SevexebiT, amJamad ki cota
ram istoriidanac gavixsenoT.
3 citirebulia: r. avaliani. ojaxis anatomia. Tb., 1989, gv. 34.
42 anzor ToTaZe
Tanamedrove epoqaSi qalze Zaladobis formebi zogierT
SemTxvevaSi ar Secvlila da dResac isini didad arafriT gan-
sxvavdeba, Tu ufro mZimec ar gaxda, Zvel samyaroSi Tu Sua
saukuneebSi arsebul formebTan SedarebiT. Zvel droSi samar-
Tali da morali gansakuTrebiT mkacri iyo qalebis mimarT. qa-
lis qmris daukiTxavad saxlidan gasvla sakmarisi mizezi iyo
ganqorwinebisaTvis. aseTi dromoWmuli zneobrivi normebis
Secvlis aucileblobas maSinac kargad grZnobdnen. yovelive
es kidev ufro Soreul warsulSi iRebda saTaves, rodesac
qali sruliad uuflebo, qmris mona-morCili da misi yove-
li survilis uyoymano Semsrulebeli iyo. Semdeg saojaxo da
sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa sferoSi qalis autaneli md-
gomareoba mniSvnelovanwilad tradiciuli wes-CveulebiTi
normebis farglebSi moeqca, Rrmad gajda sazogadoebis gon-
ebaSi da xSirad adamianebs dResac uWirT aTeuli saukuneebis
winaT Camoyalibebuli qalze Seuracxmyofeli Sexedulebebi-
sagan Tavis ganTavisufleba.
Zvel romSi komediografi plavte erT-erT komediaSi mona
qals, romelic TanaugrZnobs Tavis qalbatons, romelsac
qmari Ralatobs, aTqmevinebs: kanonebi usamarTloa qalebis
mimarT. Tu qali saxlidan qmris daukiTxavad gava, qmrisaT-
vis es sakmarisi mizezia ganqorwinebisaTvis, mas ki SeuZlia
saxlSi sayvareli moiyvanos. marTlac, bevr romaels Seura-
cxyofilad miaCnda Tavi, Tu coli misi nebarTvis gareSe sax-
lidan gavidoda. cnobilia, rom Cvens welTaRricxvamde 304
wels konsuli sova cols imis gamo gaSorda, rom igi TeatrSi
misi nebarTvis gareSe wavida.4 ase iyo Zvel saqarTveloSic.
`SuSanikis wamebis~ mixedviT qals ar SeuZlia ojaxidan qm-
ris daukiTxavad wavides sadme da amiT qmris `xati daamxos~.
axlac, Tanamedrove civilizebul msoflioSi, bevr qveyanaSi
saxlidan qalis daukiTxavad gasvla miuReblad da ojaxis
Rirsebis Selaxvad miaCniaT. iordaniaSi mamam qaliSvili rki-
nis jaWvis cemiT mxolod imis gamo mokla, rom igi daukiTxa-
vad megobrebTan erTad saseirnod gavida quCaSi. amJamad yovel-
wliurad `ojaxis Rirsebis~ dacvis mizeziT msoflioSi 4
aTas qals uspoben sicocxles.
4 Л. Винничук. Люди, нрави и обычай древней Греции и Рима. М.,1988, с. 164.
43Zaladoba qalze
gamodis, rom qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareobis mxriv Taname-
drove msoflioSi araferi Secvlila? Seicvala da Tanac bev-
ri ram. qali sul ufro damoukidebeli xdeba, igi eswrafvis
srulad gamoiyenos Tavisi inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi,
zrunavs Tavis karieraze, TandaTanobiT qreba diskriminacia
ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis sferoSi. yovelive amis ganxor-
cielebaSi qals mraval qveyanaSi kanonmdeblobiT miniWebu-
li uflebebic exmareba. miuxedavad amisa, qalis mdgomareoba
mainc mZimea, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebSi. zogierT
SemTxvevaSi qalze Zaladoba aranaklebi uxeSi formebiT xor-
cieldeba, vidre es iyo kacobriobis gariJraJze, bevri kul-
tura uSvebs Zaladobas qalze da, raoden paradoqsuladac ar
unda mogveCvenos, amas TviT qalebic amarTleben. saukuneebis
manZilze wes-Cveulebas Sesisxlxorcebuli qalis mdgomareo-
bis damamcirebeli da Semlaxveli faqtebi dResac gvaxseneben
Tavs. esec rom ar iyos, TviT bunebam Sromis sqesobrivi dan-
awilebis Sedegad qals, rogorc dedas, diasaxliss garkveul-
wilad Seucvleli da auracxeli saqmianoba daakisra.
rogori iyo qalis uflebrivi mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi?
qarTuli sazogadoebrivi yofa, ra Tqma unda, ar viTarde-
boda Caketilad, mezobeli Tu Soreuli qveynebis kanonmde-
blobisagan damoukideblad. Zveli samyaros qveynebis kanon-
mdeblobaSi urTierTgavlenis uamrav magaliTs vxvdebiT. da es
arc aris gasakviri, radgan sazogadoebis ganviTarebis saerTo
kanonzomierebebi qveynis kanonmdeblobis msgavsebaSic pou-
lobda asaxvas, Tumca sxvadasxva kulturas maTSi Tavisi ko-
reqtivebi Sehqonda. es, upirveles yovlisa, iTqmis adaTobriv
normebze, romlebic warmoadgendnen ama Tu im gvarSi an TemSi
damkvidrebul qcevis saerTo wess. SemdegSi adaTobrivi norme-
bi Secvala adaTobrivma samarTalma da igi gamoxatavda ara
mTeli sazogadoebis, aramed misi gabatonebuli nawilis in-
teresebs. adaTobrivi samarTali moqmedebda kanonTa parale-
lurad da igi kanonmdeblobas ufro srulyofils xdida. bev-
ri Zveli adaTi sakanonmdeblo ZeglebSic iqna gamoyenebuli.
kanonmdeblebi sargeblobdnen mezobeli qveynebis samarT-
lebrivi ZeglebiT. uZvelesma Sumerulma da aqadurma kanon-
mdeblobam didi gavlena moaxdina babilonis mefis xamuri-
44 anzor ToTaZe
bis samarTalze, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, xeTebisa da ebraelTa
samefos kanonmdeblobaze iqonia gavlena. rogorc miuTiTe-
ben, aqaduri, Sumeruli, babilonuri da asiriuli kanone-
bi adastureben saerTo mesopotamur samarTlis arsebobas
III aTaswleulSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde, radgan yvela maTi
ZiriTadi principi zogadi azriT erTi da igivea. migvaCnia, rom
amas sazogadoebis ganviTarebis saerTo principebic uwyobda
xels, rac garkveulwilad sazogadoebis mier samarTlebrivi
moTxovnebis identurobasac ganapirobebda da, amdenad, erTi
qveynis kanonmdeblebis mier meore qveynis kanonebis gamoy-
enebis farTo SesaZleblobebs qmnida.
ojaxis metad myari da yovelmxriv Camoyalibebuli insti-
tuti gvqonda Zvel saqarTveloSic. amas naTlad mowmobs Cve-
namde moRweuli pirveli literaturuli Zegli `SuSanikis
wameba~. nawarmoebSi warmodgenilia saojaxo cxovrebis cocx-
ali suraTebi. marTalia, qalTa sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba
Zalian SezRudulia, magram, rogorc vnaxeT, es saerTod dam-
axasiaTebelia maSindeli civilizebuli samyarosaTvis. qmari
ojaxis ufrosia da qali uflebrivad mas emorCileba.
`SuSanikis wamebis~ mixedviT qals neba ar hqonda mamakacTan
erTad eWama puri. amave dros nawarmoebidan mainc ar Cans, rom
qali mTlianad qmris mona-morCili iyos, rogorc es zogjer
Cvens literaturul kritikaSia miCneuli. am mxriv isaa say-
uradRebo, rom SuSaniki arasodes ar uTmobs arafers Tavis
qmars da sakmaod uxeSad da gamomwvevadac iqceva masTan. gavix-
senoT Tundac is scena, rodesac SuSanikma qmris TandaswrebiT
sruliad mourideblad mazlis cols `Wiqa... pirsa Sealewa~.
nurc is dagvaviwydeba, rom misi Rrma rwmeniT, iq, saiqioSi
moeReba bolo mamakacisa da qalis uTanasworobas, sadac `ara
ars rCevaÁ mamakacisaÁ da dedakacisaÁ~. es ki imas niSnavs, rom
SuSaniks gaTviTcnobierebuli aqvs am uTanasworobis mTeli
arsi, am uTanasworobas amqveyniur cxovrebaSic ebrZvis da,
maSasadame, zogadad aseTi qali arc qmris mona-morCilad Sei-
Zleba gamovacxadoT. am mxriv aranakleb mniSvnelovania `qarT-
lis cxovrebaSi~ naTqvami sityvebi, romelic uflisagan mois-
mina qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebelma nino kabadokielma mcxeTaSi
wasvlis win: `arca dedakacebaÁ ars, arca mamakacebaÁ, aramed
45Zaladoba qalze
Tqven yovelni erT xarT~.5 es ambavi qronologiurad IV sau-
kunis pirvel meoTxedSi xdeba.
Cveni winaprebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen
ojaxis siwmindes da aseT ojaxs erisa da qveynis safuZvlad
miiCnevdnen. amitom ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom qalis, rogorc
dedis, meojaxis, siwmindisa da namusis, rogorc sicocxlis
mudmivi da ganaxlebadi wyaros kulti agrerigad gamoikveTa
mTel qarTul mwerlobaSi. ZvelqarTul saero apofTegmur
literaturaSi SemTxveviT rodia naTqvami: `qalisa mziTevi
ars siwminde da namusi~. arc axalgazrdobisadmi Semdegi
darigebaa SemTxveviTi: ̀ coli Rirsi irCie... da mziTvad buneba
ikiTxe misi~.6
ojaxuri cxovrebis siwmindis aseTi morali damaxasiaTebe-
lia mTeli qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis. magaliTad, TvalsaCino
saxelmwifo moRvawisa da mweral-mwignobris ioane batoniS-
vilis `xumarswavlaSi~, romelic dawerilia XIX saukunis
pirvel mesamedSi, vkiTxulobT: `unda pirvelad SemrTvelman
colisaman gamoarCios da gamoikiTxos patiosnobaÁ da aRzr-
dilobaÁ, simSvide da gulmarTlobaÁ misi. da odes cnas yove-
live namdvilad, maSin miiyvanos igi Semwed Tvisad, vinaidan
gamorCevasa zeda missa ars damokidebul momavali bednierobaÁ
misi da ara kmara mxolod mSvenierebisa gamo miyuanebad coli-
sa Tvisisa da SerTvad... vinaidgan dRe yovel igi uwesobaTa
TvisiTa awuxebdes qmarsa Tvissa... gaZulebs ZmaTa da sxuaTa
keTilsmyofelTa SenTa... ganvals saxliT TvisiT da ara niadag
myofs mas Sina, arca iRwvis saxlis meurneobisaTvis~... amave
dros mamakacsac marTebs colisadmi pativiscema da patios-
nebis dacva: ̀ nu wina aRudgebi nebasa missa umizezod, vinaidgan
igi moziare ars SenTana mwuxarebisa da Seqcevisa Senisa. Seco-
debai misi ganmarTe myudroebiT da nu iTxov misgan, viTomc
rom Tanamdeb iyos igi pativiscemad Senisa uTavazobisaTvis...
iyav sarwmuno sawolisa qorwinebisasa, rameTu igi ars deda
SvilTa SenTa~.7 amdenad, ojaxur siwmindesa da erTgulebas
meuRleebi yovelTvis unda ufrTxildebodnen da icavdnen.
Zvel saqarTveloSi qalis uflebrivi mdgomareobis Ses-
5 qarTlis cxovreba, Tb., 2008, gv. 99.
6 swavlani da sibrZneni filosofosTani. Tb., 1969, gv. 74, 79.
7 ioane batoniSvili. xumarswavla, Tb., wigni I, 1990, gv. 506-507.
46 anzor ToTaZe
axeb mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom sacolis yidva `sruliad
ucxo iyo qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis, Tumc mezobel somxeTSi
sacole iyideboda da bizantiis imperators iustinianes sa-
gangebo novelis gamocemac ki dasWirda somxeTSi am Cveulebis
aRmosafxvrelad. somxeTisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac gasaTxovari
qali memkvidreobiT uflebebs moklebuli iyo da mSoblebis
qonebaSi wili ar edo, saqarTveloSi qals gaTxovebisas mSo-
blebis ojaxidan mziTvi mihqonda. mziTvis institutis gaCe-
nasTan erTad ojaxis saerTo qonebaSi qalis wili gamoikveTa,
rasac misi mdgomareoba qmris ojaxSi sruliad Secvala~.8
1881 wels akaki wereTeli werda: `am ramdenime wlis wi-
neT erTs qarTvel TavadisSvils Seswames, rom colsa scemso,
Caagdes samarTalSi da sul vai aZaxes. bevri iyvira damna-
Savem... magram ara eSvela-ra: aukres bargi da gaistumres iq-
iTken, sadac colebis cema-tyepa cxovrebis kanonia~.9 am mov-
lenam mTel saqarTveloSi didi vnebaTaRelva gamoiwvia da igi
sazogadoebis farTo msjelobis sagani gaxda. isev akakis Tu
davesesxebiT, yvela aRniSnavda: `axia magazed... Seuracxyo qa-
rTvelobao! rogor Tu deda-kacs, im saTuTsa da sust-qmnile-
bas, scemso?! amiT eg mTels qarTvelobas arcxvens da saxels
utexso!..~
zemoT motanili faqti imaze metyvelebs, rom me-19 sau-
kuneSi saqarTveloSi qalis cema da, rogorc Cans, ojaxSi
Zaladobis sxva formebi, sazogadoebis problema naklebad
iyo. ufro adre adaT-wesebi, Cveulebebi, tradiciebi mkacrad
gansazRvravda qalis adgils sazogadoebasa da ojaxSi, misi
roli da Tavisufleba mniSvnelovnad SezRuduli iyo, Tum-
ca qarTuli samarTali qalis uflebrivi mdgomareobis Ses-
axeb bevrad ufro loialuri iyo, vidre mezobel da evropis
qveynebSi. maSin, rodesac evropaSi me-16 saukuneSi kudianebis
devnam apogeas miaRwia da zogierTi gaangariSebiT milionze
meti `kudiani~ sicocxles saSineli wamebiT gamoasalmes da,
amasTan, msxverplTa 85 procents qalebi Seadgenden, saqarT-
veloSi arc erTi qali sikvdiliT ar dausjiaT da amas arc
samarTali iTvaliswinebda. amasTan, sazogadoebis ganviTa-
8 saqarTvelos istoria, t. I, Tb., 2006, gv. 335.
9 a. wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, TxuTmet tomad, t. XII, Tb., 1960, gv. 30.
47Zaladoba qalze
rebis sxvadasxva periodSi saberZneTSi, somxeTsa da sxva qveya-
naSi qmars SeeZlo moekla coli, Svilic ki da igi amisTvis
pasuxs ar agebda. somxeTSi axali welTaRricxvis meore sau-
kuneSi patriarqaluri ojaxis ufross ojaxuri koleqtivis
wevrebis mimarT sikvdil-sicocxlis ufleba gaaCnda. ojaxis
ufross, mamakacs, SeeZlo colis, Svilisa da uSvilo Zmis an
dis mokvlac ki. amis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs sirieli gnostiko-
si _ vardesani.10 qalis mdgomareoba imdenad dakninebuli Cans,
rom sankristSi qalisa da saqonlis aRmniSvneli sityva erTi
da igivea _ daragavam.11 zemoT aRniSnulis msgavsi qarTul
enasa da qarTul literaturul da samarTlebriv ZeglebSi
araferi gvxvdeba. qarTuli feodaluri samarTlis Zeglebis
mixedviT qalis pativi da Rirseba Tu ufro metad ara, aranak-
leb daculia, vidre Tundac ruseTsa da evropis qveynebSi,
miuxedavad imisa, rom feodalizmis arsebobis mTeli isto-
riis ganmavlobaSi es sakiTxi uSualod ukavSirdeba adamianis
wodebriv kuTvnilebas, rodesac wodebrivi kuTvnilebis ier-
arqiis Sesabamisad sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifosagan miniWe-
buli pativi da Rirsebac matulobda. miuxedavad amisa, rig
SemTxvevaSi qalis Rirsebisa da pativis dasacavad qarTuli
samarTali wodebriv kuTvnilebas mxedvelobaSi TiTqmis ar
iRebs. batoniSvili vaxtangis samarTalSi aRniSnulia: `Tu
batonma ymis cols uaSiyos, an RamiT da an dRisiT, da colTan
sawolad daaxelos, da man kacman moklas, didi iyos Tu mcire,
sisxli ar gauCndebis~,12 e. i. faqtobrivad pasuxs ar agebso.
samarTlis normebiT ikrZaleboda adamianis sityvieri Seura-
cxyofac _ gineba, lanZRva da a. S.
beqa mandaturTuxucesis samarTali, romelic Sedgenilia
XIII saukunis bolos an XIV saukunis damdegs, icavs qalis
Rirsebas. beqas samarTlis 23-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu col-
Svilianma kacma qmar-Sviliani qali Searcxvinos da pativic
axados nebiT Tu uneburad da gamJRavndes, colis qmars sru-
li sisxlis safasuri unda gadauxados, xolo mTavarma da pa-
10 g. nadareiSvili. adamianis pativsa da Rirsebis dacva qarTveli feodaluri samar-
Tlis Zeglebisa da sasamarTlo praqtikis masalebis mixedviT. qarTuli samarTlis
istoriis sakiTxebi, almanaxi, 14, Tb., 2000, gv. 54.
11 Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria. Tb., 1971, gv. 573.
12 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, Tb., 1963, gv. 493.
48 anzor ToTaZe
tronma es kaci nifxvis amara da yelze Tokmobmuli ubanSi
unda Camoataros. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli samarTali qa-
lis mimarT bevrad ufro lmobieria im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu
mruSoba qalis nebiT moxda. kanonmdebloba colSvilian kacs
met pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs qmarSvilian qalTan Sedare-
biT. cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneebSi evropis zogierT qveyanaSi
mruS qals sruliad gaaSiSvlebdnen da aiZulebdnen mruSo-
baSi Tanamonawile SiSveli mamakaci sasqeso organoze Tokmob-
muli quCaSi Camoetarebina. magaliTad, aseTi sasjeli dauwe-
sebia lui IX-s (XIII saukune) mruSi qalisa da mruSobaSi
Tanamonawile raindisTvis. igive Cveuleba cnobili iyo daniis
qalaqebSi XIII-XV saukuneebSi.13 kidev kargi, rom es Cveuleba
istorias Cabarda, Torem Tbilisis quCebi aivseboda SiSveli
mamakacebis sasqeso organoze Tokmobmuli aseve SiSveli qa-
lebiT, gansakuTrebiT `rusTavi 2~-is, `imedis~, `maestros~,
`tabulasa~ da maTi msgavsi sxva televiziebis saeWvo reputa-
ciis mqone Jurnalisti gogo-biWebis sakmao nawiliTa da maTi
stumrebiT, romlebmac Tavze wamoicves saqarTvelos zneoba.
feodalur saqarTveloSi samarTlis normebis meSveobiT
ikrZaleboda qalis Seuracxyofa, qalze fizikuri Zaladoba,
misi lanZRva da gineba. vaxtang batoniSvilis samarTlis 64-e
muxli swored am faqtebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas: `kaci rom
cols stanjvides da upatiurad epyrobodes, da urigos uSu-
rebodes, mefem is kaci daabas, datuqsos, avad moepyras. da kaTa-
likozmac asre iyos~.14 samagierod, `Tu colman qmars an sces,
an daWras, didi gvema da tanjva uyos kaTalikozman~.15 saerTod,
`diacis ginebisaTvis~ mkacri sasjeli iyo dawesebuli.
feodaluri urTierTobebis epoqisaTvis, vfiqrobT, metis-
metad liberalurad Cans qalis mruSobisaTvis dawesebuli
qarTuli samarTlebrivi normebi. am SemTxvevaSic ki kanonmde-
beli cdilobs qalis Rirseba da pativi ar Selaxos. aseTi
samarTlebrivi normebis mqone qveyanaSi Znelia, visaubroT qa-
lebis mimarT raime masobriv Zaladobaze. am mxriv metad sagu-
lisxmoa vaxtang batoniSvilis samarTlis 67-e muxli: qmars,
`Tu qals bozoba SeemTxvios, Tu unda, gauSvebs, rome arcara
13 g. nadareiSvili. dasax. naSromi, gv. 127.
14 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, Tb., 1963, gv. 498.
15 iqve, gv. 499.
49Zaladoba qalze
am sofels ekiTxvis da arcara im sofelsa; da Tu unda, ar
gauSvebs, orive kacis xeliT aris. magrame, Tu gauSva, rac mz-
iTevi mohyolia, isica da bozobiT Seqmnili Svilica Tan unda
gaatanos.
magram, Tu am marTals qmarTan Svili hyavs, ziTevi mTlac
ar miecemis, amitom rom Svilsac wili aqus, naxevari anu um-
crosi; an ara, ramdenic Svili yuandes, Svilebsa da dedas
TviTo-TviTo wilad miscen yvelas swored.
romelic ziTevi avis qnamdis TviTon dauxarjavs Tavisis
nebiT, imas veRar iTxovs~.16
vaxtang batoniSvilis samarTali aseve, SeiZleba iTq-
vas, uzadoa samarTlebrivi normebis mowesrigebis Tvalsaz-
risiT im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mamakacisa da qalis ojaxuri
Tanacxovrebis pirobebSi ojaxs Svili ar uCndeba an kidev kaci
cvedani amoCndeba. vaxtangis samarTlis 67-e muxlis mixed-
viT, `uSvilobisaTvis kaci Zalad da mis uneburad cols ver
daagdebs, da Tu daagdebs, sruli sisxli unda misces.
iqnebis kaci asre Wani (kaci, romelsac Svilis Seqmna ar
SeuZlia _ a. T.) iyos, rome colTan wola ki SeeZlos da Svi-
lis Seqna ki ar SeeZlos, amisTvinac ar gaiyrebian. da Tu sul
asre mcvedani aris, rom qalTan wola ar SeuZlia, unda kacman
cols dasturi misces sxvis qmris SerTvisa.
Tu, vin icis, qorwilzed kaci yofila, da an qorwilis
uwinac, da merme qorwilzed damcvednebula, ar gaiyrebian~.17
motanili samarTlebrivi norma meti sicxadisaTvis komen-
tars saWiroebs. danaSaulisaTvis sasjelad ZiriTadad sisx-
lis sxvadasxva raodenobiT gadaxda iyo dawesebuli. Cvens
SemTxvevaSi Tu kaci qals gaSordeboda (ubralod daagdebda)
qalisaTvis sruli sisxli unda gadaexada. amdenad sisxlis
fasSi aisaxeboda adamianis pativi da Rirseba. sisxlis fasi an
samarTlis wignSi an saTanado sigelSi iyo dafiqsirebuli. ro-
gorc profesori giorgi nadareiSvili ganmartavs, es pativi da
Rirseba miT ufro maRali iyo, rac ufro didi `sisxli sdio-
da~ ama Tu im feodaluri sagvareulos warmomadgenels. `sisx-
lis fasze~ gavlenas axdenda qoneba, Tanamdeboba, moyvarul-
16 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, Tb., 1963, gv. 499.
17 iqve, gv. 523.
50 anzor ToTaZe
naTesauri kavSirebi da sxv. vaxtang batoniSvilis samarTlis
(Sedgenilia XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi) zemoT aRniS-
nul muxlSi colis ubralo dagdebaze bevrad ufro mkacri
sasjelia gaTvaliswinebuli (`sruli sisxlis micema~), vidre
gacilebiT adre Sedgenili beqa mandaturTuxucesisa (XIII sau-
kunis dasasruli _ XIV saukunis dasawyisi) da giorgi brwy-
invalis (1335 weli) samarTlis ZeglebSi, romlebSidac colis
ubralod dagdebisaTvis sisxlis naxevris gadaxdaa dadgenili.
kanonmdeblebi qalis pativisa da Rirsebis dacvisaTvis sul
ufro liberalur samarTlis normebs awesebdnen.
zemoT motanili faqtebis analizis Sedegad, ra Tqma unda,
iseTi daskvna ar SeiZleba gamovitanoT, rom genderuli Tanas-
woroba saqarTveloSi idealuri iyo. qalis uflebrivi mdgo-
mareoba, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, damcirebulad ganixileboda
da sazogadoebrivi Segneba jer kidev ar iyo mzad Tamamad em-
sjela am metad mtkivneul problemaze. miuxedavad amisa, ver
vityviT, rom saqarTveloSi qali qmris mona-morCili, misi
yovelgvari survilis usityvo aRmsrulebeli iyo. samarT-
lebrivi normebis garda, amis Tqmis uflebas gvaZlevs hagio-
grafiuli da saero literatura, italieli misionerebisa da
evropeli mogzaurebis naSromebi. magaliTad, frangi konsuli
gamba, romelmac 1820-ian wlebSi imogzaura saqarTveloSi,
aRniSnavs: `Cveni maspinZlis gvari iyo jorjikia. man Tavisi
meuRle warmogvidgina _ maRali, tanwerweta da metad mS-
venieri qali... ocdaeqvsi wlisa Zlivs iqneboda... igi Zalze
Tavazianad mogvesalma da mTeli im xnis ganmavlobaSi, rac maT-
Tan davrCiT, Tamamad eWira Tavi, ramac metismetad gagvaoca~.18
aseTive azrisaa qarTveli qalebis Sesaxeb italieli misio-
neri kasteli da sxv. rusTavelma ki dagvixata `uTvalavi fer-
iT~ Semkuli mSvenieri samyaro, sadac qali yovelmxriv sru-
lyofil adamianad aris miCneuli, rac uprecedento SemTxveva
iyo Sua saukuneebis istoriaSi.
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, amJamad, erTxel kidev, arasamTav-
robo organizaciebma, `rusTavma 2~-ma da misma msgavsma tele-
viziebma erTi ambavi atexes _ saqarTveloSi qalTa mimarT
Zaladoba mZvinvarebs, samarTaldamcavi organoebi ki am mZime
18 Jak fransua gamba. mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi. Tb., 1987. gv. 120.
51Zaladoba qalze
problemis mosagvareblad arafers akeTebeno. isini gansa-
kuTrebiT tragikuli SemTxvevebis Semdeg aqtiurdebian. ram-
denime Tvis winaT yofilma qmarma ilias universitetSi le-
qtor meuRles miakiTxa, leqciidan gamoiyvana, iqve iaraRis
gasroliT mokla da TviTonac Tavi moikla. axlaxan kidev
TelavSi Semzaravi faqti moxda: mamakacma qali sasikvdilod
daWra, xolo Semdeg Tavi moikla. orive SemTxvevaSi fsiqi-
kur darRvevasTan gvaqvs saqme da samarTaldamcavi orga-
noebi arafer SuaSia. arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da maTi
xelmZRvanelebi, gansakuTrebiT eka gigauri, nino lomjaria
da kaxa koJoriZe, rodesac mZime erovnuli problemebia gada-
sawyveti, xmas ar iReben, aseT SemTxvevaSi ki kakans mohyvebian
da yvelafers mTavrobas abraleben. da rodesac Cven jiutad
vnergavT genderuli sruli Tanasworobis ideas, imazec unda
davfiqrdeT, es yvelaferi ojaxis kriziss xom ar gamoiwvevs,
romlis niSnebi Tanamedrove ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi sul
ufro aSkarad ikveTeba. bunebam qals sicocxlis gagrZelebis
yvelaze didi misia daakisra. bavSvis dabadeba, `bunebis umS-
venieresi aqti~, rogorc mas osi xalxis didma Svilma kosta
xeTagurovma uwoda, arsTa gamrigem qals daakisra da Cvilis
movlis prioritetic masve arguna wilad. goeTes sityvebi _
`marad qaluri gvizidavs Cven~, _ sulac ar niSnavs qalis
mTavar daniSnulebasa da funqciebSi uceremoniod SeWras.
Cvens winaprebs ojaxi eris, qveynis burjad, xolo qalebi Cve-
ni cxovrebis Waxrakebad, erovnuli sulieri cxovrebis dam-
cvelebad, axalgazrdebis erovnuli suliskveTebiT aRzrdis
mTavar Zalad miaCndaT da maTdami udides pativiscemas gamox-
atavdnen, magram amavdroulad isini arc ase uTavbolo gend-
eruli Tanasworobis momxreni iyvnen.
cxovreba ise rodia mowyobili, rom meuRleTa SesaZle-
blobebi idealurad daemTxves erTmaneTs. bunebam meti Ses-
aZleblobebi mamakacebs uboZa da isic unda SevZloT, rom
am upiratesobebisadmi pativiscema viswavloT, upirvelesad
ojaxSi, raTa ojaxuri cxovrebis harmonia disharmoniad ar
gadagveqces. ufalma RmerTma am cxovrebaSi qalsa da mamakacs
Tav-Tavisi roli daakisra da nu vecdebiT am rolebis Ses-
rulebaSi xelovnurad Carevas. Tavis droze cnobili rusi
52 anzor ToTaZe
mecnieri ivane miCurini ambobda: Cvem ar unda davelodoT wya-
lobas bunebisagan, Cven unda wavarTvaT igi mas. am warTmevam ra
Sedegic moitana, araerTxel davinaxeT da vigemeT.
mamakacisa da qalis Sromas Soris didi gansxvavebaa. mamaka-
cis fsiqika isea moywobili, rom igi ufro metad SemoqmedebiTi
SromisaTvis aris mowodebuli, xolo qali monotonur Sroma-
sac siamovnebiT asrulebs. mamakacisa da qalis damokidebule-
ba sxvadasxvaa sxvadasxva Sromisadmi. xSirad mkveTrad gami-
jnulia profesiebi sqesis mixedviT. versad naxavT konveierze
momuSave mamakacs, sadac Sroma erTferovania da monotonuri.
sabavSvo baga-baRSic mxolod qalebia dasaqmebuli, medicinis
debadac mxolod qalebi muSaoben, magram samagierod versad
naxavT televizoris, sxvadasxva teqnikis SekeTebaze dasaqme-
bul qals, Tumca es samuSaoebi kargad anazRaurebadia da arc
maincdamainc mZime. qirurgebis didi umravlesobac mamakacebi
arian da a. S.
amasTan, arsebobs sxvadasxva profesia, sxvadasxva xasiaTis
Sroma, romlebic moiTxoven did fizikur Zalas da amtanobas.
aseT profesiebs, rogorc wesi, mxolod mamakacebi euflebi-
an, mZime fizikur Sromasac mamakacebi asruleben. samagierod,
SedarebiT monotonuri, magaliTad, operatoris da molaris,
Sroma, romelsac gansakuTrebiT farTod iyeneben sabanko seq-
torSi, ase vTqvaT, qalebis mieraa dajavSnuli. istoriulad
qsovac mxolod qalebis saqme iyo. SemTxveviT ar uTqvams did
rusTavels: `kaci jabani riTa sjobs diacsa qslisa mbeWvel-
sa~. aseTi magaliTebis moyvana Sors wagviyvans, magram is ki
unda aRvniSnoT, rom mamakaci bunebis mier ufro Semoqmedeb-
iTi, axlis Ziebis unariT aris dajildoebuli. msoflioSi
cnobili konstruqtorebi, romlebmac gadatrialeba moax-
dines teqnikaSi, mamakacebia. aq imis aRniSvnac Rirs, rom
moazrovne adamianis formirebidan moyolebuli, rac sulieri
cxovrebis saganZuri Seiqmna, mamakacis Wkuisa da gonebis nayo-
fia. didi teqnikuri miRwevebi, kacobriobis mier sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli literaturis, musikis, mxatvrobis nawarmoebebi,
xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi, uklebliv mamakacebis Seqmnilia,
maTi damsaxurebaa da iq uSualod qalis xeli saerTod ar
urevia, Tumca qalis Tanadgomis, maTi rogorc STagonebis wy-
53Zaladoba qalze
aros gareSec, Rirebuli araferi Seqmnila.
rac zemoT aRvniSneT, amiT sulac ar gvinda imis Tqma, rom
genderuli Tanasworobis momxre ar viyoT, sqesTa Tanasworu-
flebianobas pativs ar vcemdeT. Cven migvaCnia, rom Tanasworo-
ba yoveldRiuri sadilis damzadebaze, WurWlis recxvaze,
saxlis dalagebaze, produqtebis yidvaze, CvilisaTvis pam-
persis gamocvlaze ar unda daviyvanoT. ganaTlebuli sazoga-
doeba am sferoSi meuRleTa urTierTobas xmauris gareSec
miaRwevs. is rom, magaliTad, gamokvlevis Sedegad safrangeT-
Tan SedarebiT saqarTveloSi kvlav bevria iseTi ojaxi, sadac
met-naklebad SenarCunebulia tradiciuli genderuli urT-
ierTobebi yoveldRiur ojaxur cxovrebaSi (saqarTveloSi
yovel mexuTe SinameurneobaSi mamakaci dominirebs saojaxo
sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, maSin, rodesac
safrangeTSi aseTi ojaxebis wili ar aRemateba 7 procents19),
amiT qveyana ar iqceva. aq, albaT, Rirs gavixsenoT Zveli sa-
berZneTis filosofos-moralistis, istorikosis plutarqes
mier dawerili sparteli kanonmdeblis likurges biografi-
idan erTi adgili: `erTi kaci likurges urCevda, spartaSi
demokratia daamyareo~. likurgem am kacs upasuxa: `jer Sen
scade, Sens ojaxSi daamyaro demokratiao~.20 Tu saojaxo
sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi umetesad mamakaci dominirebs, miT
umetes meuRleTa Soris asakobrivi sxvaobisa da ganaTlebis
donis pirobebSi (rodesac mamakaci meuRleze asakiT SesamCne-
vad ufrosia da ganaTlebis doniT maRali), es ojaxis norm-
aluri formirebis, ganviTarebisa da sazogadoebisaTvisac
ukeTesia.
Cven davaxasiaTeT da gavaanalizeT qalebze meuRlis mxri-
dan ganxorcielebuli Zaladobis faqtebi. magram Zaladobas
mamakacebic ganicdian qalebis mxridan da amis momswrenic
varT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, Tumca am problemas aravin
ikvlevs. Cven mier zemoT aRniSnul gamokvlevebSi mamakacebze
Zaladobis faqtebs gverdi aqvs avlili, arada SeiZleba zo-
gierTi Zaladobis saxeoba, kerZod, fsiqologiuri Zalado-
ba, romelic moicavs lanZRva-ginebas, muqaras, fsiqologiur
19 ojaxuri urTierTobebi da TaobaTa urTierTdamokidebuleba saqarTveloSi, Tb.,
2010, gv. 28.
20 plutarqe. rCeuli paraleluri biografiebi, t. I, Tb., 1957, gv. 33.
54 anzor ToTaZe
daSinebas da fizikuri angariSsworebis mimaniSnebel Jesti-
kulacias, aranakleb gavrcelebuli iyos. es gansakuTrebiT
Seexeba bolo wlebs, rodesac bevri ojaxi siduxWireSi cxov-
robs da, amasTan, ojaxSi ZiriTadi Semomtani qali gaxda,
romelsac qangamcleli Sroma uxdeba dilidan saRamomde.
amasTan, televiziis arxebi xSirad aCveneben iseT filmebsa da
programebs, romelSic qalebi ewevian aRviraxsnil cxovrebas
da qmrebisa Tu partniorebis mimarT araviTar uSver ginebasa
da lanZRvas ar eridebian fizikuri Zaladobis CaTvliTac ki.
zogjer ojaxSi qalis dabali ganaTlebis donec sakmarisia
aseTi scenebis mosawyobad, kerZod, maSin rodesac, vaJa-fSave-
las Tqmisa ar iyos, `diacs Wkva enaze akravs, fiqri TmebSia
wasuli~.
ukanasknel xans beWdviTi da gansakuTrebiT eleqtronuli
mediasaSualebebi erTxmad aRniSnaven saqarTveloSi gender-
uli uTanasworobisa da saerTod qalebis mimarT gazrdili
Zaladobis Sesaxeb. gansakurebiT am mimarTulebiT, rogorc
aRvniSneT, aqtiuroben arasamTarobo organizaciebi, radgan
Tu maT problema mwvaved ar warmoaCines, ise arasamTavrobo
organizaciebs aravin daafinansebs. amis Sedegad Cven gviqmnian
araswor, xSirad metad uaRresad mZime warmodgenas qveyanaSi
qalebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb _ TiTqos msoflioSi qalebis
mdgomareoba CvenTan yvela qveyanaze warmoudgenlad mZime
iyos. am sakiTxSi Znelia, ar daveTanxmoT baton levan vasaZes:
`ojaxuri Zaladobis Tematikis pedalireba arasamTavroebisa
da mediis mier aris winapiroba imisaTvis, rom gaaZlieron
faSisturi iuvenaluri iusticia da socsamsaxuris roli
da daasuston ojaxebi. ojaxuri Zaladoba xdeba, magram misi
pedalireba da propagandis rolSi ayvana da amis Sedegad soc-
muSakebis rolis gaZliereba, aris Zalian cbieri saerTaSori-
so programis nawili~.21 aRsaniSnavia, rom CvenTan Catarebuli
fundamenturi gamokvlevebi arasamTavrebo organizaciebis
mier jiutad ganzrax daCemebuli mosazrebebis sawinaaRmdego
viTarebas gviCvenebs. kerZod, 2006 wels mosaxleobis kvle-
vis erovnulma centrma safrangeTis demografiuli kvlevis
erovnuli institutis da gaeros mosaxleobis fondis saqa-
21 gaz. `asaval-dasavali~, #8, 2015.
55Zaladoba qalze
rTvelos ofisis mxardaWeriT Caatara gamokvlevis `ojaxuri
urTierTobebi da TaobaTa urTierTdamokidebuleba~ pirveli
talRa. saqarTvelos yvela administraciul regionSi gamok-
iTxul iqna 18-79 wlis aTi aTasi respodenti, maT Soris 4405
mamakaci da 5595 qali. 2009 wels Catarda gamokvlevis meore
talRa. 2006 wels gamokiTxuli aTi aTasi respondentidan
moiZebna da ganmeorebiT gamoikiTxa 8303 respondenti. es imas
niSnavs, rom gamokvleva paneluri xasiaTis iyo _ msgavsi pro-
gramiT gamoikiTxa erTi da igive respondentebi.
gamokvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT ver vityviT, rom saqarT-
veloSi genderuli Tanasworobis mxriv katastrofuli an
ramdenadme mZime viTarebaa, rogorc es surT warmoaCinon na-
cionaluri moZraobis liderebma, maTi jibis televiziebma
da nacionalebis mxardamWerma arasamTavrobo organizacieb-
ma, romelTa mizania arev-dareva gamoiwvion da gaurkvevloba
daTeson sazogadoebaSi.
ojaxSi genderuli Tanasworobis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTe-
belia mamakacisa da qalis Tanabari monawileoba biujetis
marTvaSi. aRniSnuli gamokvlevis mixedviT, Tanabari ufle-
bebiT sargebloben saqarTveloSi naxevarze met ojaxebSi
meuRleebi ojaxis biujetis xarjvaSi, Tumca qveynis yoveli
mexuTe ojaxSi mTel fulad Semosavals qmari ganagebs.
genderuli Tanasworobis xasrisxs SesamCnevad gansazRvravs,
agreTve, saojaxo sakiTxebSi mamakacisa da qalis monawileoba.
am SemTxvevaSic ver vityviT, rom genderuli uTanasworobis
problemebi SesamCnevad iCens Tavs gansakuTrebiT saojaxo say-
idlebis, bavSvebis aRzrdisa da Tavisufali drois gatarebis
sferoebSi. magaliTad, saojaxo sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebis
miRebis procesSi, gamokiTxul respodentTa 36,4 procentis
azriT, qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris sruli Tanasworuflebi-
anobaa, analogiuri gamokvlevis mixedviT, safrangeTSi igive
mdgomareobaa (36,6 procenti). amasTan saqarTveloSi ojaxSi
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas dominirebs qalebi _ 41,3 procen-
ti, xolo safrangeTSi _ 56,0 procenti, mamakacebis domini-
reba saojaxo sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi
Sesabamisad 22,3 da 7,4 procentiT gamoixateba.22 amrigad, 22 ojaxuri urTierTobebi da TaobaTa urTierTdamokidebuleba saqarTveloSi Tb.,
2010, gv. 6, 27.
56 anzor ToTaZe
gamokvlevis mixedviT, `gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi qa-
lis rolis TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo didad ar CamorCeba
safrangeTs. orive qveyanaSi yvelaze metad aris gavrcelebu-
li iseTi ojaxebi, sadac qali dominirebs saojaxo sakiTxe-
bze gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, an partniorebi erTo-
blivad iReben gadawyvetilebas yvela saojaxo sakiTxze~.23
saqarTvelosa da safrangeTSi SedarebiT sagrZnobia gansx-
vaveba saojaxo saqmianobis SesrulebaSi qalisa da mamakacis
monawileobis mixedviT. kerZod, saqarTveloSi yoveldRiur
sadils amzadebs gamokiTxul respodent qalTa 97,9 procenti,
WurWels recxavs 98,7 procenti, xolo saxls alagebs 98,0
procenti. analogiuri maCveneblebi safrangeTSi Sesabamisad
71,0; 43,0 da 54,0 procents udris. samagierod, saqarTveloSi
produqtebs yidulobs qalebis 43,4 procenti, safrangeTSi
_ 53,0 procenti, gadasaxadebs ixdis saqarTveloSi qalebis
22,5 procenti, safrangeTSi _ 45,0 procenti, ojaxis gar-
Toba-dasvenebas organizacias ukeTebs saqarTveloSi qalebis
13,4 procenti da safrangeTSi _ 27,0 procenti.24 miuxedavad
amisa, ara gvgonia zemoT aRniSnuli uTanasworobebi did cod-
vad iTvlebodes saqarTvelosa da safrangeTSi.
genderuli Tanasworobis xarisxze mniSvnelovan gavlenas
axdens meuRleTa da, an rogorc amJamad amboben, partniorTa
(rac ojaxis krizisis momaswavebelia) Soris asakobrivi gan-
sxvaveba. rodesac mamakaci gacilebiT ufrosia qalze, maSin
igi ufro xSirad erTpirovnulad wyvets saojaxo biujetis
marTvis sakiTxebs da iRebs ojaxis yoveldRiur sakiTxe-
bze gadawyvetilebebs, rac, Cveni azriT, sruliad bunebrivi
da marTebulia. cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba ufro swori
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis saSualebas iZleva. aseT SemTx-
vevaSi ar SeiZleba genderul uTanasworobaze visaubroT. aq
iqneb molieris sityvebis gaxsenebac Rirdes: `qalebs Zalian
uyvarT, roca maT bevrs axarjaven~. meuRleTa sxvadasxva gana-
Tlebis donis pirobebSic SeiZleba igive iTqvas. ase rom, gen-
deruli uTanasworoba zogierT SemTxvevaSi ufro misaRebic
aris. amdenad, yovelTvis rodia mosaxerxebeli da misaRebi
23 iqve, gv. 27.
24 iqve, gv. 31,33.
57Zaladoba qalze
sruli genderuli Tanasworoba. aseTi sxva faqtebic sakmaod
arsebobs. meuRleebsa da saerTod, ojaxis wevrebs Soris ga-
naTlebis donisa da inteleqtis sagrZnobi gansxvavebis piro-
bebSi genderuli Tanasworuflebianobaze, saojaxo saqmiano-
bis SesrulebaSi qalisa da mamakacis Tanabrad monawileobaze
SeiZleba absurdamdec migviyvanos. mtkiceba ar sWirdeba im
faqts, rom, rodesac qmari sakmaod ufrosia colze, rac arc
ise iSviaTi movlenaa, ojaxuri Sromis mTeli simZime qals
awveba kiserze.
qalTa Zaladobaze dabali maCveneblebi gamoavlina qalTa
reproduqciuli janmrTelobis fundamenturma kvlevam, ro-
melic Catarda saqarTveloSi 2010 wels 15-44 wlis asako-
brivi jgufis qalebSi. interviu aRebul iqna 6292 qalisagan
qveynis yvela regionSi. kvleva Caatara saqarTvelos Sromis,
janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministrom daavade-
baTa kontrolisa da sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis erovnul
centrTan erTad. kvlevisas teqnikuri daxmareba kvlevis
dizainis, SerCevis, kiTxvaris SemuSavebis, treningis, monace-
mebis damuSavebisa da analizis sakiTxebSi amerikis SeerTebu-
li Statebis davadebaTa kontrolisa da prevenciis centrma
gawia. `kvlevam gamoavlina fizikuri da sqesobrivi Zaladobis
dabali maCveneblebi... ukanaskneli 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi~.25
kerZod, gamokiTxuli qalebis mxolod 1,4 procentma aRniSna
partniorisagan fizikuri Zaladobis, xolo 0,5 procentma sqe-
sobrivi Zaladobis SemTxvevebi. sityvieri Zaladobis maCvene-
beli 8,4 procents udrida, qarTvelebSi ki _ 7,7 procents,
rac genderuli Tanasworobis statusis mixedviT maRali gen-
deruli Tanasworobis maCvenebelia.26
2010 wlis qalTa reproduqciuli janmrTelobis kvlevam
gamoavlina, agreTve, colisa da qmris roli da pasuxismge-
bloba ojaxSi. respondentTa didma umravlesobam _ 71,5 pro-
centma aRniSna, rom meuRleebi erTad inawileben ojaxur mov-
aleobebs (eTnikuri kuTvnilebis mixedviT: qarTveli _ 73,5
procenti), gamokiTxul qalebis naxevarma _ 49,6 procentma ki
ganacxada, rom ojaxSi saboloo gadawvetilebas qmari iRebs
25 qalTa reproduqciuli janmrTelobis kvleva saqarTveloSi, 2000. Tb., 2012, gv.
357.
26 iqve, gv. 362, 365.
58 anzor ToTaZe
(qarTveli _ 47,8 procenti, sxva _ 60,3 procenti), qmars
surs yovelTvis icodes sad aris misi meuRle _ 31,8 procen-
ti (qarTveli _ 30,0 procenti, sxva _ 43,0 procenti), qmari
eWvianobs, rom coli sxvasTan Ralatobs _ 4,2 procenti (qa-
rTveli _ 3,5 procenti, sxva _ 8,1 procenti).
qalTa mimarT Zaladobis sakiTxebi TiTqmis yvela kvl-
evaSi ganxilulia metad dawvrilebiT. uamravi da xSirad
TviT statistikosebisaTvisac ki Znelad gasagebi cxrilebi
abrkoleben mis gamoyenebas. amitom aris, rom kvlevis Sede-
gad miRebul monacemebs TiTqmis aravin iyenebs. analizic ar
aris srulyofili. erT-erT kvlevaSi aRniSnulia, rom saqa-
rTveloSi `7-17 wlis asakis bavSvebis 59 procenti swavlasa
da muSaobas erTmaneTs uTavsebs. maTi umravlesoba miCveulia
sakuTar saxlSi yovelgvari anazRaurebis gareSe muSaobas~.27
gaugebaria, ras niSnavs sakuTar saxlSi anazRaurebis gareSe
muSaoba. Tu bavSvi soflad mSoblebs exmareba, vTqvaT, bost-
neulis dargvasa da moyvanaSi, es Cveulebrivi movlenaa, bavSvis
moTxovnilebacaa, igi iZens SromiT Cvevebs da gaugebaria, ra
miCvevaze da anazRaurebazea saubari. rac mTavaria, es imasac
niSnavs, rom qveyanaSi 7-17 wlis asakis bavSvebis 59 procenti
sulac ar uTavsebs erTmaneTs swavlasa da muSaobas.
ojaxSi qalTa mimarT Zaladobis sakiTxebis Seswavlis Sede-
gad, yvela mkvlevari aRiarebs, rom `saqarTveloSi SedarebiT
dabali raodenoba aRiarebs maT mimarT fizikuri an sqeso-
brivi Zaladobis ganxorcielebis faqts~,28 es imasac niSnavs,
rom sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT Zaladobis maCveneblebi qveyana-
Si dabalia, radgan imave gamokvlevebSi sworadaa miTiTebuli,
rom `msoflios masStabiT ganxorcielebuli mravali kvleva
adasturebs, rom Zaladobis msxverpli adamianebi informa-
ciis gamJRavnebas eridebian~,29 e. i. informaciis srulad mop-
oveba sqesobrivi Zaladobis Sesaxeb SeuZlebelia. saerTod
adamians, da miT umetes qals, ar epitnaveba mis cxovrebaSi
vinmes Caxedva (Tundac es anonimurad xdebodes), yvelafris
gamomzeureba da gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac saqme intimuri
cxovrebis sferos, an Ralats Seexeba. colqmruli cxovreba
27 qalebi da bavSvebi saqarTveloSi: situaciuri analizi. Tb., 2000, gv. 109.
28 qalTa mimarT ojaxSi Zaladobis... gv. 39.
29 iqve, gv. 48.
59Zaladoba qalze
da, miT umetes, intimuri iseTi faqizi sferoa, rom saCoTiroa
yvelafris Tqma da yvelaferze laparaki, rac zogjer piradi
Tavmoyvareobis Selaxvasac gulisxmobs. aq, albaT, Rirs Zveli
berZeni istorikosis plutarqes monaTxrobic gavixsenoT erTi
romaelis Sesaxeb, romelic sayvedurebiT aavses yovelgvari
RirsebiT Semkul, ganaTlebul, lamaz da mdidar meuRles-
Tan gayris gamo. romaelma amis sapasuxod fexi, romelzedac
lamazi da moxdenili fexsacmeli ecva, gamoswia da garSemo
myofT mimarTa: es fexsacmelic axali da kargia, magram aravin
icis sad miWerso.
qalTa mimarT Zaladobis sakiTxebis Seswavlis dros zogi-
erTi kiTxva sruliad uadgilod da arafris momcemad migvaC-
nia. erT-erTi kiTxva iTvaliswinebda im mizezebis Seswavlas,
romelTa gamoc qals SeuZlia meuRles uari uTxras sqeso-
briv kavSirze, magaliTad, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu cols ar surs.
gavbedav da vityvi, rom saqme swored isea, rogorc daviT gu-
ramiSvili aRniSnavs `qacvia mwyemsSi~: `qmars rom undodes
masTan mideba, etyvis: damexsen, me ar mindeba~.30 magram daviT
guramiSvilTan iseT colzea saubari, romelic `malviTa,
farviTa, qurdulad parviTa ucxos ki misces~, mTavari aq isaa,
Tu ratom uvardebiT respondents loginSi. qarTuli sibrZne
ambobs: `col-qmris ambavi mxolod loginma unda icodeso~.
da Tu qmarma mravlismomswre loginSi meuRle mravaljer nac-
nob sakiTxze cota daJinebiTac Seawuxa, miT umetes, `roca
sisxli duRs, ena ficiT ar iRleba~ da Tundac survilis ga-
reSe daiTanxma, es ukve colis gaupatiurebad iTvleba. sain-
teresoa, ras daarqmeven am gamokvlevis avtorebi sapirispiro
SemTxvevas.
`colis gaupatiurebasTan~ dakavSirebiT sainteresoa erTi
faqti, romelic dakavSirebulia kosmonavt nil armstrong-
Tan, romelmac msoflioSi pirvelma daadga fexi mTvareze.
didi xnis winaT wakiTxuli es faqti Cems mexsierebas dRemde
SemorCa. nil armstrongis axlo nacnobi SemTxveviT farulad
Seeswro misi mezobeli volskis colTan saubars. volski cdi-
lobda coli sqesobriv kavSirze daeyolebina, magram meuRlis
mxridan mtkice uari miiRo: sanam kacs fexi mTvareze ar daud-
30 qarTuli mwerloba. ocdaaT tomad, t. VII, Tb., 1989, gv. 556.
60 anzor ToTaZe
gams, amaze arc ki iocneboo. nil armstrongma es ambavi nac-
nobis mxridan icoda da rodesac igi mTvaridan dedamiwaze
dabrunda, misi pirveli sityvebi iyo: warmatebas gisurvebT,
batono volski!
is, ris Sesaxebac zemoT vismjeleT, uSualod ukavSirdeba
sqessa da seqsualurobas. mamakaci da saerTod mamri ufro me-
tad avlens iniciativas seqsSi. cnobil amerikel fsiqologs
devid maiers moyavs amis damadasturebeli faqtebi. 177 gamokv-
levaSi, romelmac moicva 130 000 kaci, gairkva, rom mamakacebs,
qalebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT xSirad aqvT SemTxveviTi sqe-
sobrivi kavSirebi da aseve xSirad ewevian masturbacias.
amerikaSi 1996 wels Catarebuli gamokvlevis mixedviT 251
000 pirvelkurselidan vaJebis 54 da gogonebis mxolod 32
procentis azriT, `Tu or adamians erTmaneTi namdvilad mo-
swonT, maSin maTTvis ar aris problema daamyaron sqesobrivi
urTierToba, Tundac isini erTmaneTs Zalian cota xani ic-
nobdnen~. amasTan, 18-59 wlebis asakis 3432 amerikelis gamok-
iTxvam aCvena, rom qalebis 19 procenti da mamakacebis 54 pro-
centi ̀ yovel dRe~ an ̀ ramdenjerme dReSi~ fiqrobs sqesobriv
urTierTobebze.31
genderuli sxvaoba seqsualur ganwyobaSi gavlenas axdens
maT qcevazec. mamakacebi, maT Soris daojaxebulebic, gacile-
biT xSirad arian sqesobrivi urTierTobebis iniciatorebi,
vidre qalebi. rogorc miuTiTeben, cxovelTa samyaroSic
mamri ufro aqtiuria seqsualuri planiT da naklebad mom-
Txovni partnioris arCevaSi.32 saerTod, seqsualur ganwyobaze
uamravi faqtori moqmedebs da mamakacebisa da qalebis seqsua-
luri ganwyoba SeuZlebelia yovelTvis idealurad daemTxves
erTmaneTs. Tavi rom davaneboT mamakacisaTvis bunebiT miniWe-
bul seqsualur aqtiurobas, sul ufro daZabuli cxovrebis
ritmic aRar iZleva amis saSualebas. amitomaa, rom seqsolo-
gebs seqsualuri urTierTobebisaTvis drois yvelaze ukeTes
monakveTad dila miaCniaT.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom istoriulad
saqarTveloSi samarTlebrivi normebi, adaTebi, tradiciebi
31 Давид Майерс. Психология, Минск, 2001,с. 512.32 Давид Майерс. Социальная психология, Санкт-Петербург, 2001, с. 237.
61Zaladoba qalze
da TviT cxovrebis wesi bevrad ufro icavda qalis Rirsebasa
da pativs, vidre rig mezobel Tu evropis qveynebSi, ra Tqma
unda, imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis farglebSi.
ukanasknel periodSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebic gviCvenebs,
rom qalebze Zaladobis maCveneblebi dabalia. miuxedavad ami-
sa saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi ar cxrebian da
movlenas ise warmoaCenen, TiTqos qalebis Cagvrisa da maTze
Zaladobis meti saqarTveloSi araferi xdeba, raTa problema
Seqmnan da msuye dafinansebac miiRon. marTlac, asiaTasobiT
Rirebulebis, Tu milionobiT ara, grantebs Rebuloben da sa-
magierod isini damfinanseblebis interesebs kbilebiT icaven
erovnuli interesebis sazianod. amitom aris, rom aseTi or-
ganizaciebis xelmZRvanelebi, magaliTad, gigaurebi, lomja-
riebi, koJoriZeebi, erovnuli satkivaris Sesaxeb krints ar
Zraven, pirSi wyals igubeben da mxolod gareSe Zalis intere-
sebis yurmokrul damcvelebad gvevlinebian. isini yovel-
dRiurad televiziis erTi arxidan meore arxze darbian da
cdiloben, yuri gauxednon mayurebels qarTuli sulierebis,
qarTuli cxovrebis wesis dakninebis mizniT. maTi aseTi sir-
bili waagavs erT ambavs, romelic gamoCenil inglisel mec-
niers ernesT rezerfords gadaxda Tavs. igi ̀ saRamo xans Tavis
laboratoriaSi mibrunda da iq erTi mowafe daxvda.
_ ase gvian aq ras akeTebT? _ gaikvirva mecnierma.
_ vmuSaob.
_ dRisiT riTa xarT dakavebuli?
_ vmuSaob.
_ diliTac muSaobT?
_ rasakvirvelia!
_ erTi es miTxariT, ymawvilo, _ hkiTxa profesorma, _
rodisRa fiqrobT?~33
gigaurebi, lomjariebi, koJoriZeebi da maTi msgavsnic
ar fiqroben, isini mxolod televiziis erTi arxidan meore
arxze darbian da TavianTi qveynis interesebis sawinaaRmde-
god moqmedeben _ TuTiyuSiviT TavianTi patronebis azrebs
imeoreben, ris Sesaxebac araerTxel daiwera qarTul presaSi.
isini amisTvis sakmaod did gasamrjelos iReben. sul axlaxan
33 Rimili. Tb., 2013, gv. 92.
62 anzor ToTaZe
eka gigaurs televiziaSi kidevac wamocda _ ucxoelebi ori
milioniT gvafinansebeno, oRond ar dauzustebia. _ lariT
Tu dolariT. am dros Cveni erisaTvis, marTlac, sasicocx-
lo fondebs erTi TeTriTac aravin afinansebs _ arc Sinauri
da arc gareuli (magaliTad, demografiuli aRorZinebisa da
demografiuli ganviTarebis fondebs. maT mxolod sakuTari
ZalebiT uwevT muSaoba). Sors rom ar wavideT, rusTavelis
fondSi metad saWiro Temis _ `Tanamedrove demografiuli
viTareba saqarTveloSi da misi gaumjobesebis gzebi~ _ da-
finanseba wlebia ar moxerxda, kategoriulad ar afinanseben.
dasasrul, migvaCnia, rom saqarTveloSi qalTa Zaladobis
SemaSfoTebel viTarebaze saubari zedmetia. Cveni es mosazreba
gamyarebulia statistikuri monacemebiTac. alisa deltu-
vis wignSi `ojaxuri Zaladoba~ moyvanilia qalebis mimarT
Cadenili, marTlac, SemaSfoTebeli monacemebi. jer kidev
1967-1973 wlebSi moZalade mamakacebis mier mokluli iyo 17
500 amerikeli qali da bavSvi. aSS-Si moklul qalTa samoci
procenti moklulia sakuTari qmris an megobari mamakacis
mier. ramdenime wlis winaT rusuli gazeTi `argumentebi da
faqtebi~ ityobineboda: `ruseTSi yovelwliurad qmris mier
cemis Sedegad 12 aTasi qali iRupeba, xolo 54 aTasi sxeu-
lis dazianebas iRebs~. SvedeTSi partnioris msxverplia 16
qali, rac wlis ganmavlobaSi Cadenili mkvlelobis erT me-
eqvseds Seadgens. am monacemebis mixedviT qalebze Zaladobis
done (magaliTad, mosaxleobis yovel 100 aTas kacze moZalade
mamakacebis mier mokluli qalebis raodenoba) Seudareblad
ufro maRalia dasavleTis qveynebsa da ruseTSi, vidre saqa-
rTveloSi. amave dros qalze Zaladoba ukanasknel wlebSi
saqarTveloSi ramdenadme gaizarda, magram am movlenaSi, ze-
moT aRniSnul faqtorebTan erTad, gadamwyvet rols asru-
lebs satelevizio arxebi `rusTavi-2~-is meTaurobiT. tele-
vizia wlebia ganagrZobs uSinaarso, mxatvruli da SemecnebiT
Rirebulebas moklebuli filmebis Cvenebas, romlebSidac wina
planzea wamoweuli aRviraxsnili da gaukuRmarTebuli seqsi,
uazro mkvlelobebi da sxva saSineleba. ̀ rusTavi-2~-is Zmacua
(Zveli qarTuli sityvaa, verags niSnavs) ufrosma da umrav-
lesma TanamSromelma msuqani jamagiris gamo kuWs zeviT veRar
63Zaladoba qalze
aixedes, yofil prezidents saflavSi yvebian da mosaxleoba
fsiqikurad daavades. vano javaxiSvilisa da komedi Sous ms-
gavsma gadacemebma, iqs faqtorma da aseve sxva gadacemebis Ji-
uris wevrebis uaRresad provinciulma donem axalgazrdoba
xelidan gamogvacala. Zveli berZeni filosofosi demokrite
seqss droebiT gabruebas uwodebda, Cveni televiziebis ekrane-
bidan ki sul gabruebulebi imzirebian. nuTu gaSiSvlebuli
seqsis Semdeg Cvens msaxiobebs ar rcxveniaT, ar hyavT deda,
mama, debi, Zmebi, Svilebi, megobrebi, mezoblebi... ase xom namd-
vilad ar moiqceodnen wina Taobis msaxiobebi. cnobili fran-
gi msaxiobi lino ventura filmSi kocnasac ki erideboda,
radgan, rogorc TviTon ambobda, mas ojaxi, coli da Svilebi
hyavda. jer kidev leonardo da vinCi aRniSnavda: adamians rom
SeeZlos Tavisi Tavis danaxva udidesi aRtyinebis Jams, adami-
anTa modgma daiRupebodao. bevri Cveni viTom msaxiobi kidev,
romelTa ekranze gamoCenac ki samarcxvinoa, qarTuli suli-
erebis, qarTuli ojaxis daRupvas emsaxureba. swored erovnu-
li gadagvarebis asacileblad batonma levan vasaZem mimarTa
badri patarkaciSvilis ojaxs: `mivmarTav badri patarkaciS-
vilis ojaxis wevrebs, mis meuRles, qalbaton ina gudavaZes,
mis das, qalbaton nana patarkaciSvils, aseve badris ojaxis
qonebis mmarTvel mouravebs, _ Tqveni ojaxis mier kontro-
lirebulma televizia `imedma~ am bolo dros yvela rekor-
di moxsna uzneobisa da umsgavsobis qadagebaSi. am saqmeSi man
saakaSvilis `rusTavi-2~-sac ajoba, Cveni sazogadoebis bevri
wevri gaognebuli usmens im bakqanalias, romelic teleimedis
eTerSi mimdinareobs. rCeba STabeWdileba, rom Tqven ar gesmiT
da am formiT arcxvenT badri patarkaciSvilis saxels.
imedi gvaqvs, rom SeismenT Cveni sazogadoebis wevrebis da,
maT Soris, Cems araerT Segonebas da gamoasworebT mdgomareo-
bas Tqvens televiziaSi~.34 am cota xnis winaT mis uwmindeso-
basTan, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqTan ilia
II-sTan mqonda saubari qveyanaSi Seqmnil umZimes demografiul
problemebze. es problemebi misive iniciativiT wminda sinod-
sac moxsenda. patriarqis mosazrebiT, umZimesi demografi-
uli viTarebis gamo saWiroa Seiqmnas mTavrobasTan mudmiv-
34 gaz. `asaval-dasavali~, #21, 2015.
64 anzor ToTaZe
moqmedi sabWo, xolo axalgazrdobis sulieri da zneobrivi
aRzrdisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, unda izrunon mTavrobam,
eklesiam da ojaxma. Cveni brZeni patriarqis am did erovnul
mowodebas saWiroa televiziebmac realurad auban mxari. pa-
triarqTan saubarSi gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa, agreTve, mt-
kice ojaxebis Seqmnis mniSvneloba qarTveli xalxis cxovre-
baSi. amasTan, qalis rolze ojaxsa da saerTod sazogadoebaSi,
saWirod miviCnieT mogvetana akademikos paata guguSvilis Ta-
visTavad saintereso citata, romelic mkiTxvelis mier erT-
mniSvnelovnad SeiZleba arc iqnes aRqmuli: `qali, rogorc
qali yovelTvis darCeba ara mxolod rogorc meuRle da deda,
aramed rogorc diasaxlisi, da ara mxolod Svilebis, aramed
saerTod saxlis deda _ rogorc ojaxis siTbos, sitkboebis,
mSvenierebis, myudroebis, meuRlis (qmris) yoveldRiuri simS-
vidis, kmayofilebis, imedis, humanurobis da davanebis dRe-
niadag ganaxlebadi wyaro. am uaRresad aucilebeli, umaRle-
si, udidesi da marad naTeli movaleobisagan, rac qals Sromis
sqesobrivi danawilebis ZaliT TviT bunebam da sazogadoebam
daakisra, misi emansipacia imavdroulad adamianTa suliT da
xorciT jansaRi modgmis aRwarmoebis degradaciis momaswave-
beli iqneboda~.35 am fonze SeiZleba mkiTxvels inglisuri
xalxuri sibrZnec SevaxsenoT: `saxli, romelSic mamali dums
da dedali yivis, ubeduri saxlia~.
35 p. guguSvili. saqarTvelos ssr mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1973,
gv. 73.