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G"#H6,4*0I%6/#7-(#546#(6&0*6('.0/'50-*#-7#+6/'.0*'56+#8'56(/#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""G=

F"#C(-,6+%(6#7-(#546#/'&;.0*EJ#,-*/6(<'50-*#'*+#'*'.)/0/#-7#+6/'.0*'56+#'*+#(6&0*6('.0/6+#8'56(/#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""K!

K"#L0M6/#-7#(6&0*6('.0/6+#'*+#+6/.0*'56+#8'56(/#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""K=

ÍNDICE

INDEX

Adequate levels of remineralisation

Niveles adecuados de remineralización

!

!"#$%"!&'$(")* +&,"!(* +$,-* !"(."/,* ,0* )"(&'$%&,")* +&1,"!(2*+$,-*&*3$"+*04*)"3"'0.$%5*&*.!0/")6!"*40!*$%)$!"/,*/&'/6'&,$0%* 04* ,-"* 789* &%)* 0,-"!* $%)$/"(* 0%* ,-"* :&($(*04*,-"*$%/!"&("(*$%*"'"/,!$/&'*/0%)6/,$3$,;*<=>?*&%)*.@*/&6(")*:;*!"#$%"!&'$(&,$0%A

B-"*C6$)"* $%/'6)"(* &* (6##&!;* 04* !"#$%"!&'$(&,$0%* ,"/-1%$D6"(2*+$,-*(."/$&'*"#.-&($(*0%*,-"*/&'/$,"*:")(*&%)*'$#"*('6!!;*)0($%5*,"/-%$D6"(2*$%/'6)$%5*$%40!#&,$0%*,0*/0%($)"!*+-"%*)0($%5*>EFA*

B-"*C6$)"*$%/'6)"(*&*("/,$0%*+$,-*$%(,!6/,$0%(*40!*(&#.'$%5*&%)*&%&';($(*04*)"(&'$%&,")*&%)*!"#$%"!&'$(")*+&,"!*/0%1($)"!$%5*,-"$!*'0+*&'G&'$%$,;*&%)*,-"*"&("*+$,-*+-$/-*,-"$!*>EF*/0%,"%,*/&%*/-&%5"*$%*/0%,&/,*+$,-*,-"*&,#0(.-"!"A*H$%&'';2*,-"*C6$)"*$%/'6)"(*&*(,6);*+$,-*:'"%)$%5*($#6'&,$0%*.!05!&#(*&%)*,-"$!*6("46'%"((*40!*&%&';($%5*,-"*."!/"%,&5"*04*)"(&'$%&,")*+&,"!*,-&,*/&%*:"*#$I")*+$,-*!"#$%"!&'$(")*0!*-&!)*$%'&%)*+&,"!(A

CONCLUSIONS

B-"*C6$)"*/0%($(,*04* ("3"%*/-&.,"!(A*B-"* 40''0+$%5* (6#1#&!$J"(*,-"*#&K0!*!*%)$%5(*04*"&/-*04*,-"#A*

1. Characteristics of desalinated water

L"(&'$%&,")*+&,"!(*&!"*&*(0'6,$0%*+$,-*&*#"&%*/0%,"%,*04*FMN*#5*BL8O7*&%)*&..!0I$#&,"';*PFQ*04*>'R&A**B-";*-&3"*&*3"!;*'0+*/0%,"%,*04*@>ES

1*<T*U*#5*@>ES*1O7?*&%)*>&FV*<T*

FAW*#5*>&FVO7?*&%)*X5FV*<T*U*#5*X5FVO7?A**

B-"*X5FV*/0%,"%,*$(*&..!0I$#&,"';*,+$/"*,-&,*04*>&FV2*:0,-*"I.!"((")*$%*#5O7A

B-"*.@*&,* ,-"*06,'",*04* ,-"* !"3"!("*0(#0($(* !&/G(* !&%5"(*4!0#*WAS*,0*YAP2*)"."%)$%5*0%*,-"*.'&%,A**>EF*/0%,"%,*3&!$"(*:",+""%*N2M*&%)*ZY*#5*>EFO7A*

>"!,&$%*+&,"!(*#&;*#03"*06,($)"*,-$(*!&%5"*&(*&*!"(6',*04*(."/$!*/*,!"&,#"%,(A*B-"*."!#"&,"(*+$,-*-$5-*.@*&!"*!"'&,")*,0*,-"*%"")*,0*$%/!"&("*:0!0%*!"K"/,$0%A**

B-"*)&,&*0:,&$%")*/0!!0:0!&,"*,-"*'05&!$,-#$/*!&,$0*"(,&:1'$(-")*$%*,-"*'$,"!&,6!"*:",+""%*,-"*.@*04*)"(&'$%&,")*+&,"!*&%)*$,(*>EF*/0%,"%,A

L"(&'$%&,")*+&,"!*-&(*&%*789*04*'"((*,-&%*1U2*&(*&*!"(6',*04*+-$/-*$,*,"%)(*,0*)$((0'3"*/&'/$6#*/&!:0%&,"A**9,*&'(0*$#.'$"(*,-"*!$(G*04*.!0:'"#(*04*/0!!0($0%*)6"*,0*$,(*-$5-"!*/-'0!$%"*<YN1FNN* #5* >'1O7?* &%)* (6'.-&,"* /0%,"%,* <F1WAP* #5* 8EU

[?2*/0#.&!")*,0*$,(*/0%,"%,*04*:$/&!:0%&,"(*<F1U*#5*@>ES

17?A

NA*8\XX]^_*]RL*>ER>7\89ER8

OBJECTIVES

B-"*03"!&''* 0:K"/,$3"*04* ,-$(*C6$)"* $(* ,0* $''6(,!&,"2* :&(")*.!$#&!$';*0%*!*"')*)&,&2*,-"*/!$,"!$&*6(")*,0*&(("((*.!0."!';*,-"*D6&'$,;*04*)"(&'$%&,")*&%)*!"#$%"!&'$(")*+&,"!2*,-6(*4&1/$'$,&,$%5*/0#.'$&%/"*+$,-*!"56'&,$0%(*40!*+&,"!*(6..';*04*,-"*=\*<8.&%$(-*^L*ZUNOFNNS?A

9%*.&!,$/6'&!2*,-"*(."/$!*/*0:K"/,$3"(*04*,-"*C6$)"*&!"`

"*=(,&:'$(-*,-"*/!$,"!$&*40!*(&#.'$%5*&%)*/&'/6'&,$0%*04*&%&';,$/&'*!"(6',(*,0*)"!*%"*/0!!"/,';*,-"*D6&'$,;*04*)"(&'$%&,")*&%)*!"#$%"!&'$J")*+&,"!a"*=(,&:'$(-*+-&,*(-06')*:"*,-"*0.,$#&'*'"3"'(*04*!"#$%"!&'$J&,$0%*+$,-$%*&*!"&(0%&:'"*/0(,a"*=(,&:'$(-*&%*$%)$!"/,*#",-0)*40!*"3&'6&,$%5*,-"*)"5!""*04*!"#$%"!&'$J&,$0%*,-!065-*$%/!"&("(*$%*.@*&%)*=>A

SUMMARY OF WORK PERFORMED

9%* ,-$(*C6$)"2* b)"(&'$%&,")*+&,"!c* $(* )"!*%")* &(* ,-"*+&1,"!*,-&,*/0#"(*)$!"/,';*4!0#*,-"*!"3"!("*0(#0($(A*B-"!"40!"*b)"(&'$%&,")*+&,"!c*!"4"!(*&'+&;(* ,0*b%0%*!"#$%"!&'$(")*+&,"!cA*L"(&'$%&,")*+&,"!*$(*&'(0*/&''")*."!#"&,"A*9,*$(*$#1.0!,&%,*,0*%0,"*,-&,*,-"*)&,&*-&%)'")*40!*,-"*.!".&!&,$0%*04*,-$(*C6$)"*/0#"*&''*4!0#*("&+&,"!*)"(&'$%&,$0%*.'&%,(A

d0!G*$%/'6)"(2*!*!(,2*&%*"I,"%($3"*:$:'$05!&.-$/&'*(6!3";*0%*,-"("* $((6"(2*+$,-* (."/$&'*&,,"%,$0%*.&$)* ,0*D6&'$,;* (,&%)1&!)(*&%)*&%&';,$/&'*#",-0)(A

9%*.&!&''"'*+$,-*,-"*&:03"2*&*("!$"(*04*&%&';("(*-&3"*:""%*/&!!$")*06,*0%*)"(&'$%&,")*&%)*!"#$%"!&'$(")*+&,"!(*4!0#*)$44"!"%,*)"(&'$%&,$0%*.'&%,(2*$%*0!)"!*,0*(,6);*,-"$!*:"-&31$06!*$%*/0%,&/,*+$,-*,-"*&,#0(.-"!"A**

H0''0+$%52*,-"*#0!"*4!"D6"%,*"3&'6&,$0%*/!$,"!$&2*&%)*"(."1/$&'';*,-"*7&%5"'$"!*(&,6!&,$0%*$%)"I*<789?*&%)*(&,6!&,$0%*.@*/&'/6'&,$0%*.!0/")6!"*<.@(&,?2*+-"!"*&%&';(")A

8."/$!*/*)&,&*&!"*&'(0*6(")*,0*"I&#$%"*,-"*/-&!&/,"!$(,$/(*04*!"#$%"!&'$(")*+&,"!(*&%)*,-"$!*:"-&3$06!*$%*/0%,&/,*+$,-*,-"*&,#0(.-"!"2*,-"*&$#*:"$%5*,0*)"!*%"*0.,$#6#*'"3"'(*04*!"#$%"!&'$(&,$0%*56&!&%,""$%5*&*(,&:'"*789*&%)*&*#$%$#6#*/0%(6#.,$0%*04*>EFA

9%*0!)"!*,0*"%(6!"*0.,$#6#*"3&'6&,$0%*04*,-"*!"(6',(2*(."1/$!*/* #&,-"#&,$/&'* ($#6'&,$0%(* +"!"* ."!40!#")* 0%* +&,"!*!"#$%"!&'$(&,$0%*&%)*#$I"(2*6($%5*(/$"%,$!*/&'';*(06%)*/&'1/6'&,$0%*.!05!&##"(A*

]%* $#.0!,&%,* .&!,* 04* ,-"* +0!G* -&(* :""%* 0!$"%,")* ,01+&!)(* $%3"(,$5&,$%5* /-&%5"(* $%* ,-"* /0#.0($,$0%* 04*

0. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

!

!""#$%&'()*#)*+&,),*-%./)&*)&,)"#',&%0$0%)*+1*)&')#$%0$)2#$)%03,14&'1*0%)51*0$)*#)60)1%07-1*04.)$08&'0$14&,0%/)2#$)1)$1'(0)#2)*0890$1*-$0,)#2)60*500'):;<=)1'%)>?<=)&*),+#-4%)9$0,0'*)*+0)"+1$1"*0$&,*&",),+#5')&')@1640)AB:B)!"#$%&'()*&CD=EFFDGHDH)=I!C!=@DCJK@J=K)LEC)HDK!MJG!@DH) N!@DCK) NJ@I) !G) EO@JFPF) MDQDM)EL)CDFJGDC!MJK!@JEGB

!,)&'%&"1*0%)&')K0"*&#'):/)1*)8#,*)%0,14&'1*&#')941'*,/)=E>)'00%,)*#)60)1%%0%)2#44#5&'()&'R0$,0)#,8#,&,)1'%)9$&#$)*#)$08&'0$14&,1*&#')*#)1**1&')*+0)R14-0,)#2)@1640)AB:B

@+0)"#'"0'*$1*&#')#2)=E>)&')#,8#*&,0%)51*0$)'0"0,,1$.)*#)$01"+)*+0)40R04,)#2)$08&'0$14&,1*&#')9$#9#,0%)&')@1640)AB:)%090'%,)#')*+0)90$801*0)14S14&'&*.)9$&#$)$08&'0$14&,1*&#'B))L&(-$0)AB:),+#5,)*+0)%#,0)$07-&$0%)2#$)01"+)51*0$)1""#$%3&'()*#)9I)1'%)14S14&'&*.)#2)*+0)90$801*0)9$&#$)*#)$08&'0$314&,1*&#'B

+,-./0&'()*&10234,5678,9&:04;006&32<32,6,4=&5>&480&90/?0@340& 36A& 480& A570& 5>&BCD& /0E.,/0A& 45& 5:43,6&;,48& F32F,40&F5643F45/7&3&/0?,60/32,70A&;340/&;,48&9G&5>&H(D&36A&'(I&?-&BCDJ$()

@+0)%#,1(0)#2)L&(-$0)AB:)$020$,)*#)*+0)$08&'0$14&,1*&#')5&*+)"14"&*0)60%,B)J')"1,0)#2)-,&'()=1TEIU>/)*+0)%#,1(0)#2)=E>),+#-4%) 60) %#-640%B)H#,0,) #2) L&(-$0) AB:) 1$0) 2#$) 1) :AAV)02!)"&0'"./) ,#) &*) 8-,*) 60) "#$$0"*0%) -951$%) &2) 02!)"&0'"&0,)4#50$)T-,-144.)WA3X?VUB

P'%0$%#,&'()#2)=E>)9$#%-"0,)51*0$)5&*+)4#5)14S14&'&*.B)@+&,)&894&0,)1)4#5)6-220$&'()"191"&*.)1'%)*+0$02#$0/)1)*0'%0'".)*#)01,&4.)1"&%&!)0%)6.)-9*1S0)#2)=E>)2$#8)*+0)1*8#,9+0$0B)@+&,)21"*/)"#-940%)5&*+)*+0)4#5)"14"&-8)"#'*0'*/)81S0,)*+&,)*.90)#2)51*0$)-',*1640/)5&*+)1)*0'%0'".)*#)60)"#$$#,&R0B

AB)KPFF!CY)!GH)=EG=MPKJEGK

K3/3?040/ 136-0

9I) WB>)Z)AB:

!4S/)8()=1=E[\M) ?])Z)[

I=E[3/)8(\M) ]W)Z)[

=1>^/)8(\M) >:)Z)>

=E>/)8(\M) AB_)Z)AB:

MKJ)TKF>[[AU) Z)AB:?

@+0)9I)#2)%0,14&'1*0%)51*0$)7-&"S4.)6141'"0,)5&*+)*+0)=E>)"#'*0'*)#2) *+0)1*8#,9+0$0/) 2#$)5+&"+) $01,#') &*) ,+#-4%)60)1'14.,0%)"1$02-44.)1'%)9$020$164.)`&'),&*-aB

J') 07-&4&6$&-8)5&*+) *+0) 1*8#,9+0$0/) *+0) 9I)#2) #,8#*&,0%)51*0$) &,)60*500')]BX)1'%)_BA)1'%)&*,)=E>)"#'*0'*)1$#-'%)AB[)8()=E>\MB))@+0)MKJ)$081&',)1*)1$#-'%)3;B

@+0)*-$6&%&*.)#2)#,8#*&,0%)51*0$) &,)1$#-'%)AB>)G@P/)1'%)+&(+0$)R14-0,)81.)60)1')&'%&"1*&#')#2)9$#6408,)&')*+0)&'3,*1441*&#',B

@+0)K!C)#2)#,8#*&,0%)51*0$)&,)07-14)*#)#$)+&(+0$)*+1')X/)*+&,) &'%&"1*&'() *+1*) &*)81.) 60) +1$82-4) *#) *+0) ,*$-"*-$0) #2)1($&"-4*-$14),#&4,)1'%)"1-,0)9$#6408,)#2)*#b&"&*.)2#$)"0$*1&')"$#9,) %-0) *#) *+0) 0b"0,,) #2)G1^)5&*+) $0,90"*) *#)=1>^) 1'%)F(>^B

L&'144./)*+0)$0,-4*,),-((0,*)*+1*)*+0)%0,14&'1*0%)51*0$)(0'30$144.)%#0,)'#*)"#'*1&'),-2!)"&0'*)=E>) *#)90$8&*)1%07-1*0)$08&'0$14&,1*&#')5&*+#-*)0b*$1)&'9-*)#2)=E>B

2. Desalinated and remineralised water evaluation criteria

!4*+#-(+) *+0$0) &,)1) ,&894&!)0%)80*+#%/)14,#)"1440%)!c=H)80*+#%/)2#$)*+0)"14"-41*&#')#2)9I,1*)*+1*)&,)2$07-0'*4.)-,0%)1,)1')&'%&"1*#$)#2)*+0)*0'%0'".)#2)51*0$)*#)%&,,#4R0)#$)9$03"&9&*1*0) "14"&-8) "1$6#'1*0/) &*) ,+#-4%) 60) 9#&'*0%) #-*) *+1*)*+&,)&,)1')089&$&"14)80*+#%)*+1*)%#0,)'#*)"#',&%0$)1),0$&0,)#2)51*0$) "+08&,*$.) 1,90"*,) *+1*) ,+#-4%) 60) *1S0') &'*#) 1"3"#-'*)&')#$%0$)*#)1%07-1*04.)1,,0,,)*+#,0)21"*#$,)*+1*)&'*0$3R0'0)&')*+0)61,&"),1*-$1*&#')$01"*&#'B))

=#',07-0'*4./)*+&,)d-&%0)$0"#880'%,)*+0)-,0)#2)*+0)K*1'%31$%)F0*+#%) >[[A) TKF>[[AU/) 61,0%) #') 1)8#$0) $&(#-$#-,)"14"-41*&#')#2)*+0)&'*0$R0'&'()$01"*&#',B

@+0) *5#) 80*+#%,) (&R0) %&220$0'*) 9I,1*) R14-0,B) @+0) R14-0)#6*1&'0%)-,&'()*+0),&894&!)0%)80*+#%)&,)199$#b&81*04.)AB>)-'&*,)4#50$)*+1')*+1*)#6*1&'0%)6.)KF>[[AB

=#$$0,9#'%&'(4./)*+0)MKJ)&,)14,#)AB>)-'&*,)4#50$)*+1')*+1*)#6*1&'0%)6.)801',)#2)KF>[[AB

c01$&'()&')8&'%)*+1*)KF>[[A)&,)*+0)&'*0$'1*&#'144.)1%#9*30%)80*+#%/)&*)&,)"#',&%0$0%)*+1*)"#894&1'"0)5&*+)DP)'#$8),+#-4%)60)%08#',*$1*0%) &')1""#$%1'"0)5&*+) *+&,),*1'%1$%)80*+#%)1'%)'#*)*+0),&894&!)0%)80*+#%B

3. Optimum remineralisation levels

@+0) 9-$9#,0) #2) $08&'0$14&,1*&#') &,) (0'0$144.) *#) 9$#%-"0)51*0$)5&*+)1)M1'(04&0$)&'%0b)R0$.)"4#,0)*#)e0$#)*+1*)$081&',),*1640)&')"#'*1"*)5&*+)*+0)1*8#,9+0$0B)F#$0#R0$/) &*) &,) &839#$*1'*) 1""#894&,+) *+&,) 5&*+) 1)8&'&8-8) "#',-89*&#') #2)=E>)&')#$%0$)*#)8&'&8&,0)#90$1*&'()"#,*B

ADEQUATE

with calcite beds.

Adequate levels of remineralisation

!

!"#$%&' ()*+,-' .(%/' 012' 3%' 415' /+' 6)6789:' .%(' ;)"<,-' %.'=642$%&'%.'>,3?,,*'420' @9A/')*B'C00' @9A/'(,-D,A3E;,"F1

GH,'6)$(&';)"<,'%.'(,/E*,()"E-,B'?)3,('/)F'>,'A)"A<")3,B'.(%/'3H,'()3E%'6)$(&'I'!"#$(&94121

GH,';)"<,-'%.'DJ$(&')*B'G$(&'?E""'>,'3H%-,')AK<E(,B'LE*'-E3<M'?E3H'3H,'/,)-<(E*+',K<ED/,*3'D")A,B'E*'"E*,1

7*A,')""'3H,'D)()/,3,(-'H);,'>,,*'%>3)E*,BN'3H,':@O$(&'A)"PA<")3E%*'/,3H%B'-H%<"B'>,'@Q48801

GHE-'D(%A,B<(,')""%?-':@O$(&'3%'>,',-3E/)3,B'?E3H')*')AA<P()AF'%.'R01021

!AA%(BE*+'3%'3H,'-3<BF'D,(.%(/,B')*B'E*'%(B,('3%')AHE,;,'3H,'%D3E/</'",;,"-'E*BEA)3,B'E*'G)>",'SN'3H,'E*A(,)-,'E*')"P#)"E*E3F' -H%<"B' >,' )3' ",)-3' 22'/+'6)6789:1' GHE-' E/D"E,-'3H)3'3H,'E*A(,)-,'E*'=6'-H%<"B'>,'?E3HE*'3H,'()*+,T'=642'I'52'P'UC' @9A/

GH,'.%""%?E*+'/)F'>,')--</,B'3%'A)"A<")3,'3H,'@!V$(&T

6)$(&'I'!"#9412Q+$(&'I'412'/+9:W)$(&'$/+9:&'I'01S2XU'Y'=642$0&'Z'014S8C1

GH,' -)/D"E*+' A%*BE3E%*-' -H%<"B' >,' %D3E/E[,B' 3%' D(,;,*3'"%--'%.'674')*B'%>3)E*' ;)"<,-'%.' DJ')*B' 3,/D,()3<(,')-'A"%-,'3%'%D,()3E*+'A%*BE3E%*-'>,.%(,')*B').3,('(,/E*,()"EP[)3E%*'-F-3,/1

5. Remineralisation techniques

!*)"F-E-' %.' 3H,' (,/E*,()"E-)3E%*' 3,AH*EK<,-' -H%?-' 3H)3'3H,'A)"AE3,'>,B')*B'"E/,'-"<((F'3,AH*EK<,-')(,'>%3H'HE+H"F'B,;,"%D,B1' ' GH,' "%?,(' 674' A%*-</D3E%*' %.' 3H,' A)"AE3,'>,B' 3,AH*EK<,')*B' 3H,' "%?,('B,+(,,'%.'A%/D",YE3F'%.' 3HE-'D(%A,--'D%E*3'3%'E3-'>,E*+')'/%(,'-3)>",'3,AH*EK<,'.%('3H,'(,/E*,()"E-)3E%*' %.' B,-)"E*)3,B' ?)3,(-' 3H)*' B%-E*+' ?E3H'"E/,'-"<((F1

674' B%-)+,' -H%<"B' >,' E*' B%?*' !'%?' ?E3H' )' B,-A,*BE*+'-D,,B'%.')>%<3'010C'R'0104'/9-'E*'%(B,('3%');%EB'B()++E*+'3H,'><>>",-'%('%;,('B%-)+,1'GH,'E*\,A3E%*'D(,--<(,'-H%<"B'>,')>%<3'0142'>)(-'+(,)3,('3H)*'3H)3'%.'?)3,(1

GH,'3E/,'(,K<E(,B'.%('3H,'BE--%"<3E%*'%.'674'A)*'>,'(,B<A,B'A%*-EB,()>"F'?H,*'<-E*+'3H,'A(E3,(E)'%<3"E*,B'E*'3H,'D(,A,BPE*+'D)()+()DH1']-<)""F')>%<3'2' -,A%*B-')(,'(,K<E(,B' .%(')'BE--%"<3E%*'%.'674'.(%/'S0'3%'X0'/+'9':'<-E*+'3H,')>%;,'A(E3,(E)1

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4. Indirect calculation of LSI and SAR on the basis of EC and pH data prior to and following remineralisation

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6. Sampling techniques

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7. Simulation of water blending

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1.1 Introduction

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1.2 Materials and methods

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1. CHARACTERISTICS OF DESALINATED WATERS

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1.3 Results and discussion

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1.3.4 Behaviour of desalinated water in con-tact with the atmosphere

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9:$BE?F?B!GFHI!HBI$C8$JGI?KHL?!GJ$M?!GFI

1.3.1 Relationship between CO2 and pH in desalinated waters

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!"'%$1.('+$31.@('@.//*$@+11#%3+&-%$(+$("#$,+126/.$31#%#&(#-$7*$!'//2.&%>$.&-$367/'%"#-$'&$9Q9D$.&-$0"#1#$("#$@+&@#&A(1.('+&$+,$BCD$.&-$./R./'&'(*$.1#$#P31#%%#-$'&$24OK:$

1.3.2 Relationship between EC and the presence of Cl and Na

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1.3.3 Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents

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E+0#)#1<$0'("$("#$-.(.$.).'/.7/#$&+$@/#.1$1#/.('+&%"'3$".%$7##&$,+6&-$7#(0##&$GB$.&-$B.DT$.&-$U4DT$@+&(#&(%:

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$V[BCD,1##\$3EGZ>A/+4$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$N<=9[?/@\$$$.($9>]B$[Alk]

Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents

Relationship between EC and the presence of Cl and Na

!"

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1.3.5 Total dissolved solids (TDS)

&2# 32# 24567# 37#(89:;#!"!<# =4;#>8:?;2#5@#(.+#>8AB# 2:3C4=:B#D;E;7D37C#57# =4;#F;=45D#?2;D# =5#59=837# =4;F"#&2#G87#9;#2;;7#=4;#D3@@;A;7G;#9;=6;;7#=4;#8>;A8C;#>8:?;2#59=837;D#9B#95=4#F;=45D2#32#57:B#!#FCH/#87D<#=4;A;@5A;<#:;22#=487#!I"#*=#32#G5723D;A;D<#456;>;A<#=48=#=4;#2?F#F;=45D#5@#873572#87D#G8=3572#32#G5723D;A;D#F5A;#8GG?A8=;#9;G8?2;#=4;#F;=45D#9B#DAB37C#8=#!JK#L#$#G87#G8?2;#2F8::#;AA5A;2"M#

*7#87B#G82;<#=4;#>8:?;#5@#=4;#+(.#482#:3==:;#;@@;G=#57#=4;#G8:NG?:8=357#5@#=4;#/+*NOPPK#Q2;;#$48E=;A#O<#+;G=357#O"R"ST#87D#2;:;G=37C#8#>8:?;#9;=6;;7#K"RU#87D#K"RV#D5;2#75=#EA5D?G;#87B#23C73!#G87=#D3@@;A;7G;"

1.3.6 Turbidity of desalinated water

(4;#=?A93D3=B#5@#52F5=32;D#68=;A2#32#:56<#8A5?7D#K"O#0(W"##%3C4;A# >8:?;2# 5@# =?A93D3=B# 8A;# ?2?8::B# 37D3G8=3>;# 5@# G5ANA52357# EA59:;F2# 37# =4;# 372=8::8=3572# 5A# 5@# D;@;G=3>;#F;FN9A87;2"

1.3.7 Larson-Skold index

(4;# /8A257N+X5:D# 37D;Y!P# 5@# D;28:378=;D# 68=;A# 24562# 87#8>;A8C;#>8:?;#5@#!S!"##(432#32#37D3G8=3>;#5@#8#68=;A#G:;8A:B#

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1.3.8 SAR

(4;#8>;A8C;#>8:?;#5@#=4;#+&'!R#5A#25D3?F#8D25AE=357#A8=35#32#8A5?7D#M"##(432#E537=2#=5#8#68=;A#=48=#F8B#G8?2;#3FE5AN=87=#D8F8C;#75=#57:B#=5#=4;#253:#9?=#8:25#=5#G;A=837#GA5E2<#D?;# =5# 87# ;YG;22# 5@# 25D3?F# 63=4# A;2E;G=# =5# G8:G3?F# 87D#F8C7;23?F"#-5A#=432#A;8257#3=#32#G57>;73;7=#=5#A;F37;A8:32;#5A# =5# 8DD#$8#87D#[C#D3A;G=:B#63=4# @;A=3:32;A2"# #-5A#F5A;#37@5AF8=357#57#=4;#+&'<#A;@;A#=5#$48E=;A#O#5@#=432#Z?3D;"

1.3.9 pH in equilibrium with calcite

-378::B<# (89:;# !"!# 24562# 8:25# =4;# E%# 37# ;\?3:39A3?F#63=4#G8:G3=;"# &GG5AD37C# =5# =4;2;# D8=8# 87D# 82# D32G?22;D# 9;:56#8:57C#=432#Z?3D;<#757;#5@#=4;#D;28:=;D#68=;A2#5@#(89:;#!"!#G57=837#;75?C4#$,O#8=#=4;#A8GX2#5?=:;=#=5#G5FE:;=;#8#A;FN37;A8:3]8=357#EA5G;22#EA5E;A:B"#*7#87B#G82;<#=4;#$,O#G57=;7=#5@#52F5=3G#68=;A#D;E;7D2#57#=4;#EA;=A;8=F;7=#5@#=4;#'","!<O

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1.5 References

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S"# ')R)'+)# ,+6,+*+# &0.# 0&0,-*/('&(*,0"#6ABOAC#>L#NAD9;#<OKKCF#K;AID?I9<@#&11&"#VSTTUW"

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1.4 Conclusions

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!!

2.1 Introduction

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2.3 Hardness

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2. CRITERIA FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DESALINATED AND REMINERALISED WATERS

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2.4 Alkalinity

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2.5. Saturation or Langelier index

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2.5.2 SM2330 method for the calculation of pHsat

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2.5.1 Simplifi ed method for the calculation of pHsat

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2.5.5 Value of TDS

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!"#$%.'$34$20&30%$20*$B21&30%$"2%$;##0$.%#*$&0%1#2*$34$1"#$*D<&0I$21$LG?M$(D3B#*.D#$13$3;12&0$1"#$H2).#%$34$!/,A$%&0B#$1"&%$'#1"3*$'2<$;#$B30%&*#D#*$'3D#$D#)&2;)#FLL

N.D1"#D'3D#A$+,-$202)<%&%$.%&0I$1"#$%&'()&!$#*$'#1"3*$:&1"$!/,$H2).#%$34$?FOP$3D$?F8K$%"3:%$1"21$+,-$*3#%$031$H2D<A$3D$*3#%$%3$;<$30)<$?F?L$.0&1%F$

!"#$%& '()*$ QJ+R5,$ SN$ !T5$ URS!-5V!$ !/,W5678$

NSX$/-NN5X5V!$/5,J+-VJ!-SV$Y+JV!,

2.6 pHsat and pHeq

!"#$(T#C$B3DD#%(30*%$13$1"#$(T$34$1"#$2B&*E;2%#$B"#'&B2)$#C.&)&;D&.'$34$1"#$D#2B1&30Z

626S>9%@$[$6S

792C@$[$T

7S$ $627[92C@$[$7T6S

>E92C@

!"#$#C.&)&;D&.'$(T$&%$3;12&0#*$4D3'$202)<%&%$34$1"#$2B&*E;2%#$ B"#'&%1D<$ 20*$ &0$ 2BB3D*20B#$ :&1"$ 1"#$ T#0*#D%30ET2%%#);2)B"$43D'.)2FL7

630%#C.#01)<A$(T#C$*3#%$031$*#(#0*$30$:"#1"#D$3D$031$1"#$%3).1&30$&%$%21.D21#*$:&1"$B2)B&1#F

\"#0$ 1"#$ %3).1&30$ &%$ %21.D21#*$:&1"$ B2)B&1#$ 20*$ &%$ 21$ 1"#$2B&*E;2%#$#C.&)&;D&.'$(TA$(T#C$B3&0B&*#%$:&1"$(T%21

$20*$

+,-$&%$#C.2)$13$]#D3F

N&I.D#%$>F>A$>FO$20*$>F8$&0$6"2(1#D$>$&)).%1D21#$1"#$*&44#DE#0B#$;#1:##0$(T#C$20*$(T%21F

2.7 Effect of temperature on LSI

!"#$ +,-$ &%$ 244#B1#*$ ;<$ :21#D$ 1#'(#D21.D#$ 2%$ %"3:0$ &0$N&I.D#$ >FL7$ 34$ 6"2(1#D$ L>$ 43D$ D#'&0#D2)&%#*$ :21#D$ :&1"$*&44#D#01$)#H#)%$34$2)^2)&0&1<F

7F$6X-!5X-J$NSX$!T5$J,,5,,=5V!$SN$/5,J+-VJ!5/$JV/$X5=-V5XJ+-,5/$\J!5X,

2.5.3 Calculation factor for ionic strength (I)

-0$ 2BB3D*20B#$ :&1"$ ,=7>>?A$ B2)B.)21&30$ 34$ 1"#$ &30&B$%1D#0I1"$_-`$'2<$;#$(#D43D'#*$30$1"#$;2%&%$34$B30*.B1&HE&1<$ 20*$ &0$2BB3D*20B#$:&1"$ #'(&D&B2)$ *212$3;12&0#*$ 4D3'$B301&0#012)$:21#D%F

-0$ H&#:$ 34$ 1"#$ %(#B&!$B$ B"2D2B1#D&%1&B%$ 34$ *#%2)&021#*$ 20*$D#'&0#D2)&%#*$:21#D%A$1"&%$B3#4!$B&#01$"2%$;##0$D#H&%#*$.%E&0I$1"#$'#1"3*$43D$1"#$B2)B.)21&30$34$2B1&H&1<$_J`$4D3'$1"#$&30$B30*.B120B#$34$#2B"$34$1"#$B21&30%$20*$20&30%A$1"&%$;#E&0I$1"#$%<%1#'$(D3(3%#*$2%$20$2)1#D021&H#$&0$,=7>>?FL

JBB3D*&0I$ 13$ 1"#%#$ #%1&'21#%$ 1"#$ B3DD#B1$ H2).#$ :3.)*$ ;#$LF?P$a$L?E8$a$65

78$&0%1#2*$34$LFK$a$L?E8$a$65

78F

!"&%$*&44#D#0B#$&'()&#%$1"21$1"#$,=7>>?$B2)B.)21#*$:&1"$1"#$H2).#$34$-$b$LFK$a$L?E8$a$65

78$&%$;#1:##0$?F?>$20*$?F?O$'3D#$0#I21&H#$

1"20$1"21$3;12&0#*$:&1"$1"#$H2).#$-$b$LF?P$a$L?E8$a$6578F

T3:#H#DA$B30%&*#D&0I$1"&%$*&44#D#0B#$&%$%'2))$20*$&0$3D*#D$031$13$"&0*#D$1"#$.%#$34$#a&%1&0I$B2)B.)21&30$(D3ID2'%$1"#$H2).#$43D$-$I&H#0$&0$1"#$,=7>>?$&%$.%#*$2)30I$1"&%$c.&*#F$

2.5.4 Comparison of calculation of LSI using the simplifi ed method and SM2330

-0$H&#:$34$1"#$42B1$1"21$;31"$'#1"3*%$2D#$.%#*$&0$(D2B1&B#A$&1$:3.)*$;#$2*H&%2;)#$13$)33^$21$1"#$*&44#D#0B#$;#1:##0$1"#$%&'()&!$#*$+,-$20*$1"#$+,-$I&H#0$;<$,=7>>?F$$!"#$202)<%&%$34$1"#%#$*&44#D#0B#%$43D$*#%2)&021#*$20*$D#'&0#D2)&%#*$:2E1#D%$&%$%"3:0$&0$!2;)#%$7FK$20*$7FP$D#%(#B1&H#)<F$$JBB3D*&0I$13$1"#%#$*212$1"#D#$&%$2$*&44#D#0B#$34$?F7$(3&01%$;#1:##0$1"#$1:3$B2)B.)21&30$'#1"3*%A$D#I2D*)#%%$34$:"#1"#D$ 1"#$D#4#DE#0B#$&%$13$*#%2)&021#*$3D$D#'&0#D2)&%#*$:21#D%F

!"#$%&'()*&6S=YJXJ!-Q5$JVJ+d,-,$e5!\55V$6J+E6R+J!-SV$SN$+,-$ed$!T5$,-=Y+-N-5/$=5!TS/$JV/$ed$,=7>>?$NSX$/5,J+-VJ!5/$\J!5X,F

!Je+5$7FPZ$6S=YJXJ!-Q5$JVJ+d,-,$e5!\55V$6J+E6R+J!-SV$SN$+,-$ed$!T5$,-=Y+-N-5/$=5!TS/$JV/$ed$,=7>>?$NSX$X5=-V5XJ+-,5/$\J!5X,F

Y)201L

Y)201$7J

Y)201$7e

Y)201$>J

Y)201$>e

Y)201O

+,-$9%&'()&!$#*@ EOF>8 E8F?P E8F>K8 E8F>7 E8F8f EOFPL

+,-$9,=7>>?@ EOFLP EOFGK E8FL>8 E8FLO E8F>P EOF8>

/&44#D#0B# E?FLG E?F7L E?F7> E?FLG E?F77 E?FLG

Y)201L

Y)201$7J

Y)201$7e

Y)201$>J

Y)201$>e

Y)201O

+,-$9%&'()&!$#*@ E?F>? E?FG? E?F>7 E?FK? E?FO7 E?FK7

+,-$9,=7>>?@ E?FL> E?FK? E?F?f E?FO? E?F7? E?FO8

/&44#D#0B# E?FLP E?F7? E?F7> E?F7? E?F77 E?FLP

Y)201$7J

Y)201$7e

Y)201$>J

Y)201$>e

JHIF

,!/W6578$*#%2)&021#* ?FOP ?FOf ?FOP ?FOP ?FOP

,!/W6578$D#'&0#D2)&%#* ?F8O ?FKL ?F8? ?F8P ?F8K

2.6 PHsat and pHeq

TABLE 2.8: VALUE OF THE QUOTIENT TDS/EC25 FOR DIFFERENT DESALINATION PLANTS

!"

!"#$%&'(%&)#*+%#',(#)--(--.(/'#+*#0(-)1&/)'(0#)/0#%(.&/(%)1&-(0#2)'(%-

2.12 Puckorius index

'345#45#67#89:4;4<6=#47>8?@A#BCD6478>#E;B9#<B7D4787D6=#F6G

D8;5H# 5494=6;# DB# D38#%IJ76;# 47>8?H# CKD# 47#F34<3# :,# 45# ;8G

:=6<8>#F4D3#6#:,#;8=6D8>#DB#6=L6=474DI"##&D#>B85#7BD#:;BM4>8#

67I#6>>4D4B76=#47EB;96D4B7#47#D38#<658#BE#>856=476D8>#67>#

;89478;6=458>#F6D8;5"

N-&#O#!P:,56DQ#G#:,:K<LB;4K5

238;8R

:,:K<LB;4K5#O#@"STA#?#1BU#V)=L6=474DIW#X#S"AS

'38#655855987D#<;4D8;46#6;8#65#EB==BF5R

N-&#Y#T"A# # '87>87<I#DB#<B;;B54B7

S"A#Z#N-&#Z#T"A# ###+:D49K9#;67U8

N-&#Z#S"A# # '87>87<I#DB#5<6=47U

2.13 SAR

'38#-)%#P-B>4K9#)>5B;:D4B7#%6D4BQ@T#BE#D38#F6D8;#45#65#;8G

!#8<D8>#47#D38#EB==BF47U#EB;9K=6R

-)%O/6X[PP$6

!XX.U

!XQ[!Q

\"A

238;8#/6XH#$6

!X#67>#.U

!X#6;8#8?:;8558>#47#98][1"

)7>#F38;8#D38#655855987D#<;4D8;46#6;8#65#EB==BF5R

-)%#Y#@!# 8̂;I#49:B;D67D#>696U8

_#Z#-)%#Z#@!# &9:B;D67D#>696U8

T#Z#-)%#Z#_# `;BF47U#:;BC=895

A#Z#-)%#Z#T# &74D46=#:;BC=895

a#Z#-)%#Z#A# 1BF#;45L

@#Z#-)%#Z#a# /B#;45L

)9:=8#47EB;96D4B7#B7#D38#-)%#96I#C8#EBK7>#47#D38#5:8<46=G

45D#=4D8;6DK;8"@@

2.14 References

@"# -')/0)%0# .(',+0-# *+%# ',(# (b).&/)'&+/#

+*# 2)'(%# )/0# 2)-'(2)'(%"# # .8D3B># !aa\R#

$6=<4K9#$6;CB76D8# -6DK;6D4B7"# !@5D# 8>"# !\\A"# &-c/#

\GdeAAaG\SeGd"

!"# $,(.&-'%f#+*#2)'(%#'%()'.(/'H#!7>#8>4D4B7R#

-69K8=#0"#*6K5D#67>#+5967#."#)=IR#@__d#$%$#N;855#

11$H#&-c/R#@GAeA\SG\@@GA

a"# 1)/`(1&(%H#2"*"#'38#676=ID4<6=# <B7D;B=# BE# 67D4<B;G

;B54B7#F6D8;#D;86D987D#g"#)9"#26D8;#2B;L5#)55B<"H#!dR#

@A\\#P@_aTQ"

S"# 1)/`(1&(%H#2"*"#(EE8<D#BE#D89:8;6DK;8#B7#D38#:,#BE#76DG

K;6=#F6D8;5"#g"#)9"#26D8;#2B;L5#)55B<"H#adR#@e_#P@_STQ"

A"# )1h)1&/&'f# %(1)'&+/-,&N-# &/# 2)'(%# $,(.G

&-'%f#47#3DD:R[[FFF"B7=478F6D8;D;86D987D"<B9[=4D8;6G

DK;8[/6=<B[>B<5['EG\dS":>E

2.8 LSI in the Spanish legislation

%BI6=# 08<;88# @S\[!\\aH# )778?# @H# '6C=8# $R# 045D;4CKD4B7#

78DFB;L#&7>4<6D47U#N6;698D8;5H#85D6C=45385#D36D#i6D#7B#D498#

96I#D38#F6D8;#C8#6UU;8554M8#B;#5<6=8GEB;947U#67>#D38#;85K=D#

BE#<6=<K=6D47U#D38#167U8=48;#47>8?#53BK=>#C8#X[G#\"Aj"

)=D3BKU3#%0#@S\[!\\a#>B85#7BD#5:8<4EI#F38D38;# D38#549G

:=4"#8>#98D3B>#B;#-.!aa\#53BK=>#C8#K58>H#4D#45#K7>8;5DBB>#D36D#D38#BE"#<46=#98D3B>#53BK=>#C8#-.!aa\"

2.9 Larson-Skold index

'345#45#5494=6;#DB#D38#0&/#A\_a\#5D67>6;>#P588#C8=BFQ#67>#45#

6=5B#47>4<6D4M8#BE#D38#:4DD47U#:BD87D46="##'38#16;5B7G-LB=>@a#

47>8?#45#<6=<K=6D8>#65#EB==BF5R

16&#O#PV$=GW#X#V-+

S

!GWQ[PV,$+

a

GW#X#V$+

a

!GWQ

238;8#D38#655855987D#<;4D8;46#6;8#65#EB==BF5R

16&#Y#@"!# ,4U3#>8U;88#BE#<B;;B54B7

\"d#Z#16&#Z#@"!# -4U74"#<67D#>8U;88#BE#<B;;B54B716&#Z#\"d# /B#;45L#BE#<B;;B54B7

2.10 DIN standards

'38;8#6;8#6#7K9C8;#BE#`8;967# 47>K5D;46=#0&/#5D67>6;>5#

D36D# >8M8=B:# <;4D8;46# 5494=6;# DB# -.!aa\# 67># D38#16;5B7G

-LB=># 47>8?"# # '3858# 6;8# 0&/# S\ST# 67># 0&/# (/# @!A\!H#

F34<3#;8E8;#DB#D38#<6:6<4DI#BE#F6D8;#DB#>455B=M8#<6=<4D8#67>#

DB#D38#;45L5#BE#<B;;B54B7#EB;#>4EE8;87D#96D8;46=5"#+7#D38#BD38;#

367>H#0&/#A\_a\H#F34<3#;8E8;5#DB#D38#;45L#BE#<B;;B54B7#>K8#

DB# :4DD47U# 67># 45# 5494=6;# DB# D38# 16;5B7G-LB=># 47>8?"# # )D#

47D8;76D4B76=#=8M8=#0&/#A\_a\#45#6::=48>#47#<8;D647#<6585"##

'345#5D67>6;>#85D6C=45385#D38#M6=K8#BE#i-j#65#EB==BF5R

-#O#PV$=GW#X!V-+

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a

GW

67>#;8<B9987>5#-Z@#DB#94749458#D38#;45L#BE#<B;;B54B7#>K8#

DB#:4DD47U"

2.11 Ryznar index

'345#45#67#89:4;4<6=#47>8?@S#D36D#F65#>8M8=B:8>#EB;#<B7D4G

787D6=#F6D8;5#67>#D36D#>B85#7BD#;86==I#:;BM4>8#67I#6>>4D4B7G

6=#47EB;96D4B7#EB;#>856=476D8>#B;#;89478;6=458>#F6D8;5"@S

%-&#O#!P:,56DQ#G#:,

'38#655855987D#<;4D8;46#6;8#65#EB==BF5R

%-&#Y#_"\# k76<<8:D6C=I#<B;;B54M8

e"A#Z#%-&#Z#_"\# -D;B7U=I#<B;;B54M8

e"\#Z#%-&#Z#e"A# -4U74"#<67D=I#<B;;B54M8T"\#Z#%-&#Z#e"\# -=4U3D=I#5<6=8GEB;947U#B;#<B;;B54M8

A"\#Z#%-&#Z#T"\# -=4U3D=I#5<6=8GEB;947U

S"\#Z#%-&#Z#A"\# -D;B7U=I#5<6=8GEB;947U

!"

!"#$ %#&#'$()*+,-$)-.$*#$/#$+0,(.'$(123415346$+5789:;$

*:<159=>$ ?9=:41<$ @71<956$ 3A$ B15:4$ 53$ C3443;93=$ 3A$

+5::<$1=8$C1;5$D43='$!EFG$D<<9=39;$+515:$B15:4$+74H:6'$

CI1JK19>='$D($KK#$LM"N$O$MPQ$9<<#$D+B+$COR!#

!M#$$S#$B#$*TU-)*'$)$=:V$9=8:W$A34$8:5:4J9=9=>$1J37=5$3A$

;X1<:$A34J:8$9=$V15:4'$S374=1<$3A$5I:$)J:49X1=$B15:4$

B34Y;$);;3X91593='$/"P$Z['$KK$MR[OMGP'$!EME#$

!F#$$*#$\]C0,*D]+$)-.$S#$?#$̂ *,,0&'$)$=:V$K41X59X1<$

9=8:W$A34$X1<X97J$X1423=15:$;X1<:$K4:89X593=$9=$X33<9=>$

;6;5:J;'$C3443;93='$KK$[G_O[GM'$)K49<$!EE!'

!P#$ I55KQ``VVV#9=A31>43#X3J`49:>3;`891>=3;59X3a1>71;#

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!R#$ +%)-.)*.$ ?&%b,.+$ c,*$ %b&$ &d)?D-)%D,-$

,c$ B)%&*$ )-.$ B)+%&B)%&*#$ ?:5I38$ ["[_^'$

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P#$ %#$&#$()*+,-$)-.$)#$?#$̂ ]+B&((#$C1<X97J$X1423=15:$

;15741593=$9=8:W$1=8$1<Y1<9=956$9=5:4K4:51593=;'$!EM[#$S#$

)J#$B15:4$B34Y;$);;3X'$/3<#$"MQ$!!'$-3H:J2:4$!EM[

R#$ B&^^&*'$B#S#'$S*#'$)-.$+%]??'$B#$?:XI1=9;J$3A$

I6843>:=$93=$27AA:49=>$9=$=15741<$V15:4;#$S#$)J#$B15:4$

B34Y;$);;3X#'$FFQ$!FF"$e!EP"f#

G#$ b)-.^,,0$ ,c$ )D*$ C,-.D%D,-D-g$ +T+%&?$

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!!#$ )(^)().&S,'$g,-U)(,#$(1234153493$ 8:$ <1$?1=O

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495#:87`K1XGP![`V:293=:W`V:2;95:`I5J<`93=:GEV7#

I5J<$eX3=;7<5181$:<$!R`!!`_Ef#

!"

3.1 Introduction

!"#$%"&'($)'*$+%, $), -%."&)*++., '), /"$%0, *1", )"*, +2, *"314%$5-"),*1'*,$%3&"')",*1",1'&.%")),'%.,'(6'($%$*7,+2,8'*"&,*+,9'(-"),:&+.-3$%0,'%,$%.";,+2,)'*-&'*$+%<,'()+,6%+8%,'),*1",='%0"($"&,)'*-&'*$+%,$%.";,>=?@A<,"5-'(,+&,3(+)",*+,B"&+,'%.,$%,"5-$($/&$-#,8$*1,*1",'*#+):1"&"C

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3.3 Results and discussion

3.3.1 Equilibrium with atmospheric CO2

D1",.'*', $%,R$0-&"),NCI,'%.,NCG, )1+8, *1'*, &"#$%"&'($)".,8'*"&, *"%.), *+, &"'31, "5-$($/&$-#, 8$*1, ', EFG, 3+%*"%*,+2, '&+-%., WCXY, WCI, #0, EFGZ=C, @*, $), :+$%*"., +-*, *1'*, *1",3+%3"%*&'*$+%, +2, EFG, $%, *1", '*#+):1"&", $), "5-$9'("%*, *+,'::&+;$#'*"(7,WCVO,#0,EFGZ=

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NC,F[D@P\P,=U]U=?,FR,!UP@^U!Q=@?QD@F^

3. OPTIMUM LEVELS OF REMINERALISATION

ADEQUATE LEVELS OF REMINERALISATION

ADEQUATE LEVELS OF REMINERALIZATION

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3.3.2 Mathematical simulation of remineralisation

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4,5 mg CaCO3/L;20ºC) and the pH

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3.3.4 Evolution of the pH and LSI of remineralised waters according to fi eld data

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3.3.3 Obtaining pH in equilibrium with CO2

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3.3.5 Relationship between alkalinity and CO2 dosing

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3.4 Conclusions

3.4.1 Optimum levels of remineralisation

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3.3.6 Effect of temperature on LSI

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40ºC

30ºC

20ºC

10ºC

Adequate levels of remineralization

!!

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3.5 References

O"# &'**(10-W#X"#10Y#L+)Z*+'0W#$"#':I3675><758:#8;#723#@<4F8:#Y58J5=3#[25B2#177<BD6#@<CB5G?#@<4F8:<73# 5:#0<7G4<C#[<7346"#\36G:=2"#':>"#R\34"VW#!Q]^^_#O_OAV"

A"# `+,'0#/1..+/&aW#-B<C5:>#5:#>387234?<C#23<7#9G?9#6E6S73?6"#\38SL3<7#@3:734W#\L@#Z)**+&'0W#(1/@L#ANNN

!"# /$Z+/&#/"#@1,10$#b#-B4<:78:#1668B5<736W#':B8498S4<73=W#-<7G4<758:W#-7<F5C57E#<:=#-B<C5:>#':=5B36W#@8448S658:#RANNQV#%<934#08"#NQN^!#5:#HHH":<B3"84>

T"# [1&+/S%/$#-B2877#-8;7H<43W#%GFC5623=#FE#@23?-[cW#':B"W#2779]UUHHH"B23?6H"B8?"

Q"# X1(+-# 0"# Z)&*+/W# \"# RANN!V"# '8:5B# +KG5C5F45G?]#-8CGF5C57E# <:=# 9L# B<CBGC<758:6W# O__dW# X82:#[5C3E# e#-8:6#':B"

!"

4.1 Introduction

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4.3 Results

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4. INDIRECT CALCULATION OF THE LSI AND SAR OF REMINERALISED WATER FROM DATA ON EC AND PH PRIOR TO AND FOLLOWING REMINERALISATION

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4.3.3 Sampling and analytical considerations

+2#342#5667#85269:6;#<7#=96:<8>2#?34=@692A#<@#<2#<B=89@47@#<7#24B=C<7D#@8#=96:67@#@36#C822#8E#).F"##)8726G>67@CHA#<@#<2#4;:<245C6# @8#8=@<B<26# @36# 24B=C<7D#5H#4:8<;<7D#4694@<87"##*36#24B=C62#8E#=0#47;#@6B=694@>96A#<7#=49@<?>C49A#238>C;#=96E6945CH#56#@4I67#<7#C<76"##.@369J<26#<@#<2#96?8BB67;6;#@34@#@36#=98@8?8C#2=6?<!#6;#<7#)34=@69#K#8E#@3<2#L><;6#47;#2=6?<!#?#96E6967?62FA!#56#4;3696;#@8"##

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4.4 Conclusions

*36#962>C@2#85@4<76;#<7;<?4@6#@34@#@36#,1$#8E#96B<7694C<26;#J4@69#S,1$S9TT#B4H#56#?4C?>C4@6;#E98B#@36#<7?96426#<7#()FK#=98;>?6;#5H#96B<7694C<24@<87A#>2<7D#@36#G>8@<67@U

+CIV ()FKW#X"KK##@8#X"YY#S;6=67;<7D#87#=69B64@6#()T

Z3696U

+CI#W#+CIS9T#N#+CIS8T()FK#W#()FKS9T#N#()FKS8T

+CIS8T#:49<62#E98B#P#@8#K#BD#)4).PV,#E89#:4C>62#8E#()FKS8T#56@J667#FKQ# 1V?B#47;#YQQ# 1V?B#962=6?@<:6CH"

*36#:4C>6#8E#)4S9T#8E#96B<7694C<26;#J4@69#B4H#56#?4C?>C4@6;#87#@36#542<2#8E#@36#94@<8#)4S9T#W#+CIS9TVF"K"

*36#:4C>62#8E#=0S9T#47;#*S9T#J<CC#56#@3826#4?G><96;#[<7#2<@>\#E98B#@36#B642>9<7D#6G><=B67@#<72@4CC6;#<7#C<76"

.7?6#4CC# @36#=494B6@692#34:6#5667#85@4<76;A# @36#B6@38;#>26;#@8#?4C?>C4@6#,1$S9T#238>C;#56#1OFPPQ"

P

*3<2#=98?6;>96#4CC8J2#,1$S9T#@8#56#62@<B4@6;#J<@3<7#]Q"QK#<7#@36#947D6#8E#8=694@<87#8E#;624C<74@<87#=C47@2#S,1$#]#Q"KT"$7# 4??89;47?6#J<@3# @36# 2@>;H#=69E89B6;A# 47;# <7# 89;69# @8#4?3<6:6#@36#8=@B#C6:6C2#96E6996;#@8#<7#*45C6#!"XA#@36#<7N?96426#<7#4CI4C<7<@H#238>C;#56#4@#C642@#KK#BD#)4).PV,"##

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)(FKW#^K#N#_Y# 1V?B

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*36# 24B=C<7D# ?87;<@<872# 238>C;#56#8=@<B<26;# <7#89;69# @8#=96:67@#@36#C822#8E#).F#47;#@8#85@4<7#=0#47;#@6B=694@>96#

4.3.1 Indirect calculation of LSI from the quotient EC25/ Alk

+??89;<7D#@8#/<D>96#!"FU

)(V +CI#W#FA_Yb(NY#`#c)(FKS8TdFNQAQQQb#`#)(FKS8TaXA^!#cPd

/8CC8J<7DA# ?4C?<>B# 8E# @36# 96B<7694C<26;# J4@69# 342# 5667#62@<B4@6;#42#)4FaS9T#W#+CIS9TVFAK"#

/89#<@2#=49@#@36#=0#>26;#342#5667#@34@#B642>96;#[<7#2<@>\A#4C87D#J<@3#@34@#?89962=87;<7D#@8#@6B=694@>96"

*36#962>C@2#496#238J7#<7#*45C6#!"X#47;#@36#96C4@<8723<=#56N@J667#@36#?4C?>C4@6;#47;#4?@>4C#,1$#:4C>62#<2#<7?C>;6;#<7#/<D>96#!"P

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4.3.2 Indirect calculation of SAR

*36# ?8996C4@<87# 62@45C<236;# E89# ;624C<74@6;#J4@69# 238>C;#56#>26;# E89# @36#?4C?>C4@<87#8E# @36#1+'#S266#/<D>96#X"F# <7#)34=@69#XT"

%4S9TSBDV,T#W#%4SQTSBDV,TW#Q"XK!_#`#()FKSQT#a#Q"FXPY

*36#E8CC8J<7D#B4H#56#422>B6;#<7#@36#?426#8E#B4D762<>BU

ODS9TFa#W#ODSQT

Fa#W#X"^#`#BD#eaV,#

89#

ODS9TFa#W#ODSQT

Fa#W#F"K#BD#ODFaV,"

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)4FaS9T#W#+CIS9TVF"K#

≈ 1.6

0.5 and 2.8 mg CaCO3/L for values of EC25(0)

∆EC25/∆Alk ≈ 1,65 (or use the relationship of Fig. 4.2)

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4.5 References

G"# H+*('CI'.#18>9==#19D=J3?6K#I5<4;7>6B#<F#)>6E1HLK#$@8"M#>==:NOOJJJ"8>6E7J"89E"

P"# 1*+%&+'&#Q(*0.&1# /.'# *0(# (R+Q$%+*$.%#./#H+*('#+%&#H+1*(H+*('"#Q6=>9B#PSGTN#)9@CB58=;2;=F"#PG7=#6B"#PTTS"#$1U%#TCVWSSXCT!WCV"

X"# 1*+%&+'&#Q(*0.&1# /.'# *0(# (R+Q$%+*$.%#./# H+*('# +%&# H+1*(H+*('"# Q6=>9B# PXXTN#)348;5E#)3?<9@3=6# 13=5?3=;9@"# PG7=# 6B"# PTTS"# $1U%#TCVWSSXCT!WCV"

!"# 1*+%&+'&#Q(*0.&1# /.'# *0(# (R+Q$%+*$.%#./#H+*('#+%&#H+1*(H+*('"#Q6=>9B# !STTC0YK#:0#Z3456"#PG7=#6B"#PTTS"#$1U%#TCVWSSXCT!WCV"

S"# 1*+%&+'&#Q(*0.&1# /.'# *0(# (R+Q$%+*$.%#./# H+*('# +%&# H+1*(H+*('"# Q6=>9B# PXPTUK#+4[34;@;=FK# *;=?3=;9@# Q6=>9B"# PG7=# 6B"# PTTS"# $1U%#TCVWSSXCT!WCV"

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5.1 Introduction

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BA$!]OT^<_`];$NPD$!T]$D]a<^]DZ:<;Z!<P^$PN$E];Z:<^Z!]E$bZ!]D;

5. TECHNIQUES FOR THE REMINERALISATION OF DESALINATED WATERS

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5.2 Remineralisation with CaCO3 + CO2

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!"#$%&'()*+',&-./"0123"4'5&/6&&1'47'.18'901/.9/'/":&'"1':"1$/&2';0%'.1'$4!'06'9.-9"/&'5&8'P?>>#<>U<#D67#8><@9G?#6:#<=>#?9CFG@<96:S

!"#$%&'()<+',&-./"0123"4'5&/6&&1'.-=.-"1"/>'.18'901/.9/'/":&'"1':"1$/&2';0%'.1'$4!'06'9.-9"/&'5&8'P?>>#<>U<#D67#8>M<@9G?#6:#<=>#?9CFG@<96:S#

!"#$%&'()(+',&-./"0123"4'5&/6&&1'9.-9"$:'9019&1/%./"01'.18'901/.9/'/":&'"1':"1$/&2';0%'.1'$4!'06'9.-9"/&'5&8'P?>>#<>U<#D67#8><@9G?#6:#<=>#?9CFG@<96:S

)<#9?#7>56CC>:8>8#<=@<#<=>#=>9;=<#6D#<=>#"#G<>79:;#G@H>7#J>#J>>:#E"!#@:8#[#C"#'9;=>?<#J>8?#A7>?>:<#A76JG>C?#I9<=#5G>@:9:;#6A>7@<96:?"#-9G<>79:;#Z>G659<H#6D#J>>:#EO#@:8#E\#CW=#@7>#56CC6:GH#F?>8"

$=>#C@9:# 8>?9;:# 579<>79@# D67# :67C@G# FA!#6I# 5@G59<># J>8?#@:8#56:?<@:<GH#D>8#FA!#6I#5@G59<>#J>8?#@7>#8>?579J>8#9:#8>M<@9G#J>G6I"

5.2.1 Rate of upfl ow

):#56:?<@:<GH#D>8#FA!#6I#5@G59<>#J>8?#P-9;"#!"E"KSB#<=>#7@<>#6D#@?5>:<#8><>7C9:>?#<=>#<F7J989<H#6D#<=>#I@<>7#@<#<=>#6F<G><"##-9;F7>#!"N#9GGF?<7@<>?#<=9?#7>G@<96:?=9A#D67#J>8?#I9<=#A@7<9M5G>?#6D#EM[#CC"##$=>#<>?<?#I>7>#A>7D67C>8#@D<>7#<=>#AG@:<#=@8#J>>:#9:#6A>7@<96:#D67#?>Z>7@G#C6:<=?"##$=>?>#8@<@#I>7>#?FJ?>YF>:<GH#56776J67@<>8#I9<=#6<=>7#AG@:<?"

!"#$%&'()?+',&-./"0123"4'5&/6&&1'/3&'%./&'0;'.29&1/'.18'/$%5"8"/>'0;'0$/-&/'6./&%';0%'9.-9"/&2'6"/3'8";;&%&1/'4&%9&1/@.#&2'0;'"'1&2)

$=># 8@<@# ?=6I# <=@<# <=># Z@GF># 6D# E# ($+# 9?# ;>:>7@GGH# >UM5>>8>8#@?#D76C#NO#CW="##):#A7@5<95>#?A>>8?#6D#J>>:#EO#@:8#E!#CW=#@7>#?>G>5<>8"#):#A7@5<95>B#5@G59<>#56:<@5<67?#I9<=#I9<=6F<# 56:?<@:<# D>>89:;# ?H?<>C# Z>G659<9>?# @7># @G?6# 6A>7M@<>8#@<#<=>?>#Z>G659<9>?"##

5.2.2 Empty bed contact time

&@G5FG@<96:# 6D# <=># %CA<H# X>8#&6:<@5<# $9C># P%X&$S# 9?# A>7MD67C>8#JH#C>@:?#6D#@#C@<=>C@<95@G#?9CFG@<96:#6D#<=>#A765>??#6D#5@G59<>#J>8#?@<F7@<96:"EK##$=9?#?9CFG@<96:#=@?#J>>:#56:<7@?<>8#I9<=#@#G@7;>#Z6GFC>#6D#"#>G8#8@<@"##)<#9?#@??FC>8#<=@<#<=>#5@G59<>#I9GG#=@Z>#@#AF79<H#6D#RR]#@:8#@#;7@:FG6C><7H#6D#EM[#CC"##$=>#?9CFG@<96:#7>?FG<?#?=6I:#9:#-9;F7>?#!"[#<6#!"V#7>D>7#<6#@#:67MC@G#A>7C>@<>^#A'#_#\"N`#K#C;#'&.[W2`#E"!#C;#&@NaW2`#[#C;#&.NW2`#NOO#C;#$3,W2#@:8#$#_#NNL&"B#@:8#<6#@#86?9:;#6D#N[#C;#&.NW2"

16

!"

!"#$%&'()*+%,#-./#$'%#/%0)(%/12),1$).(#.-#3%,12)(1$%3#41$%/,

-56789#!":#5;;7<=8>=9<#=?9#89;>=5@A<?5B#C9=D99A#=9EB98>=789#>AF#G@A=>G=#=5E9#=@#89>G?#>#B'#@H#I"J#5A#F9<>;5A>=9F#D>=98<"##$?5<#G78K9#?><#C99A#G@A=8><=9F#D5=?#F>=>#H8@E#=?9#;5=98>=789#>AF#B8>G=5G>;#9LB9859AG9#H8@E#=?5<#>7=?@8"M:

!"#$%&'()*+',&-./"0123"4'5&/6&&1'789:'.1;'/&<4&%./$%&'=0%'$4!'06'>.->"/&'5&;2'NO#!PQ"

5.2.4. Head loss of calcite bed and fl uidisation

-;75F5<>=5@A#@H#=?9#C9F#5<#<@E9=5E9<#A9G9<<>8R#H@8#=?9#89SE@K>;#@H#!#A9<"##-56789#!"MT#<?@D<#=?9#89;>=5@A<?5B#C9=D99A#;@<<# @H# ?9>F# >AF# 8>=9# @H# ><G9A=# H@8# ># C9F# D5=?# B>8=5G;9<#E9><785A6#MSU#EE#5A#F5>E9=98"# #1GG@8F5A6# =@# =?9<9#F>=>V#9LB>A<5@A#@H#=?9#C9F#C965A<#>=#UT#EW?#>AF#G@EB;9=9#"#75F5S<>=5@A#5<#>G?59K9F#><#H8@E#!T#EW?"

!"#$%&'()?@+',&-./"0123"4'5&/6&&1'3&.;'-022'.1;'$4!'06'A&-0>"/B'=0%'>.->"/&'5&;2)'C.%/">-&2'<&.2$%"1#'?DE'<<'"1';".<&/&%

)A#@8F98# =@#@C=>5A#>#D>=98#D5=?#># =78C5F5=R#@H# ;9<<# =?>A#M#($+#>H=98#C>GXD><?5A6V#=?9#7B"#@D#K9;@G5=R#@H#NMTSM!#EW?Q#<?@7;F#C9#E>5A=>5A9F#H@8#<@E9#UTSY!#E5A7=9<"##$?5<#5<#=?9#<>E9# =5E9#><# 5<# 89Z7589F# =@# 89=78A# =@#A@8E>;5=R#D?9A# =?9#"#@D#@H#D>=98#5<#<7FF9A;R#5AG89><9F#><#>#89<7;=#@H#=?9#9A=8R#5A=@#@B98>=5@A#@H#>#A9D#89K98<9#@<E@<5<#8>GX"##-56789#!"MM#5;;7<=8>=9<#=?5<#9K@;7=5@A"

!"#$%&' ()F+'7A0-$/"01' 0='9GH' >012$<4/"01' .1;' >01/.>/'/"<&'"1'<"1$/&2'=0%'.1'$4!'06'>.->"/&'5&;'N<99#=9L=#H@8#F9S=>5;<#@A#=?9#<5E7;>=5@AQ

!"#$%&' ()I+' 7A0-$/"01' 0=' JKL' .1;' >01/.>/' /"<&' "1'<"1D$/&2'=0%'.1'$4!'06'>.->"/&'5&;'N<99#=9L=#H@8#F9=>5;<#@A#=?9#<5E7;>=5@AQ

5.2.3 Effect of temperature

)A#G98=>5A#G><9<# 5=# 5<#>FK5<>C;9# =@#>F[7<=# =?9#G@A=>G=# =5E9#=@#E@89#9L=89E9#=9EB98>=789#G@AF5=5@A<"##$?9#F8@B#5A#=9ESB98>=789#G>7<9<# =?9#<B99F#@H#89>G=5@A# =@#F9G89><9V# =?5<# 5A#=78A#G>7<5A6#>#F8@B#5A#=?9#B98H@8E>AG9#@H#=?9#G>;G5=9#C9F<"##-56789#!"I#<?@D<#=?5<#F8@B#H@8#>#G>;G5=9#C9F#D5=?#>A#%\&$#@H#MJ"U#E5A#>AF#>#8>=9#@H#><G9A=#@H#MJ"I#EW?"##$?9#F>=>#<?@D#=?>=#=?9#G@@;5A6#@H#=?9#C9F#B89K9A=9F#>F9Z7>=9#89E5A98>;5S<>=5@A#>AF#=?9#B'#@H#I"J#H8@E#C95A6#>==>5A9F"

!"#$%&'()M+',&-./"0123"4'5&/6&&1'4N'.1;'6./&%'/&<4&%.D/$%&'=0%'.'>.->"/&'5&;'6"/3'.'>01/.>/'/"<&'0='?H)E'<"1$/&2'.1;'.'%./&'0='.2>&1/'0='?H)M'<O3)#

!"

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5.2.6 Final Na(OH) dosing to achieve positive LSI

)5#6789:;5#6:<7<#;9#;<#5767<<:8=#9>#:??#(:@.'A#;5#>8?78#9>#;5687:<7#9B7#C'#>D#9B7#E:978#:5?#:6B;7F7#:#C><;9;F7#2,)"$B7#?><7#;5#9B7<7#6:<7<#;<#G7578:HH=#I"!JK"!#LG#(:@.'AM2#:9#NNO#CP8;9="

5.2.7 Design of calcite beds

&:H6;97#Q7?<#:87#?7<;G57?#;5#9B7#D>8L#>D#8769:5GPH:8#67HH<#>D#?;DD78759#<;R7<#>8#6;86PH:8#9:5S<"##)5#9B7#6:<7#>D#Q7?<#E;9B>P9#6>59;5P>P<#?><;5GT# 9B7#L:U;LPL#!#>E#C78#67HH#L:=#87:6B#VKTKKK#LNM?"

-;GP87#!"WV#E<#9B7#7U9785:H#:CC7:8:567#>D#:#98:?;9;>5:H#?>E5E:8?#!#>E#67HH"##)5#9B7#6:<7#>D#PC!#>E#Q7?<#>D#6>5<9:59#B7;GB9#@;"7#E;9B#6>5<9:59#D77?;5GAT#9B7#987:9L759#6:C:6;9=#>D#9B7#8769:5GPH:8#67HH<#?>7<#5>9#G7578:HH=#7U677?#XTYKK#LNM?T#9B;<#F:HP7#:L>P59;5G#9>#VT!KK#LNM?#;5#9B7#6:<7#>D#6;86PH:8#9:5S<#@N#L#;5#?;:L7978A"

-;GP87<#!"WN#:5?#!"WI# E#:5# 7U:LCH7#>D# 9B7#?7<;G5#>D#6>5<9:59#B7;GB9#6:H6;97#Q7?<"WZ

-;GP87#!"W!#E<#9B7#6B:8G;5G#:87:#>D#9B7#6:H6;97#<;H><#>D#:5#PC!#>E#6>5<9:59#B7;GB9#CH:59"

!"#$%&'()*+,'-"&.'/0'12&'3&445'/0'6'7/.8.6%7'!'/.'3643"1&'94681)

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!"#$%&'()**,'A&461"/852"9'>&1.&&8'1$%>"7"1B'687'1"=&'0/4?4/."8#'%63<'516%1?$9)

5.2.5. Calcite quality

)9# ;<# ;LC>89:59# 9B:9# 9B7#6:H6;97#Q7# D877# D8>L#?P<9# @[#\#IK#LA#:5?#B:F7#:#P5;D>8L#C:89;6H7#<;R7"##$B;<#PH?#Q7#W]N#LLT# :H9B>PGB# CH:59<# :87# D87^P759H=# D>P5?# >C78:97?# E;9B#C:89;6H7#<;R7#>D#V]I#LL"

$B7#^P:H;9=#876>LL75?7?#D>8#6>88769#>C78:9;>5#>D#Q>9B#PC]E:8?#:5?#?>E5E:8?#!#>E#Q7?<#;<#<PLL:8;<7?#;5#$:QH7#!"V"#)9#LP<9#:H<>#B:F7#9B7#6789;"#6:97#D>8#P<7#;5#?8;5S;5G#E:978#<PCCH="#CDEFG' ()+,' /%&.00%(3%3# &12&)$%# *+12)$_"#`12+%,#)(#O#3/_#4%)a'$"

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8,000

< 0.3%

< 0.07% < 0.1%

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< 1%

< 1%

2.7

1.5

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Fe2O3

% particles smaller than 0,3 mm

% particles smaller than 0,1 mm

2 ± 0,5

!"

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5.3 Remineralisation with Ca(OH)2 + CO2

'56789::# 587# 5;<5;=8=>?#@5<9ABC# =8# 79:5;=85>97#D5>96# =:#5EEF@C;=:G97#=8#<99C=8H#D=>G#>G9#IF;;FD=8H#695E>=F8J

&5K.'LM#N#M&.M #&5MN#N#MK'&.OL#############################PMQ#1:#=:#:GFD8#=8#-=HB69#!"RST#>G9#69:CF8:9#FI#>G9#79:5;=85>97#D5>96#>F#7F:=8H#D=>G#&5K.'LM#=:#C65E>=E5;;?#=@@97=5>9"

'FD9U96T#D=>G#58#=8E695:9#=8#>G9#&.M#EF8>98>#FI#>G9#D5>96#>G9#:;FC9#FI#>G9#EB6U9#=:#H657B5;;?#!#5>>9897T#>GB:#5;;FD=8H#IF6#@F69#5EEB65>9#7F:=8H"# # )># :GFB;7#V9# 69@9@V9697# >G5>#>G9#5EEB65E?#5EG=9U97#D=>G# >G=:#:?:>9@#=:#56FB87#W#M#@H#&5&.OX2"#)8#58?#E5:9T#>G9#C6FE9::#=:#7=I"#EB;>#>F#EF8>6F;"

-=HB69#!"RY#:GFD:#>G9#EF@CF898>:#FI#5#>?C=E5;#;=@9#:;B66?#587#&.M#7F:=8H#=8:>5;;5>=F8"# #1:#@5?#V9#5CC69E=5>97T# >G9#&.M# =:# =8Z9E>97# 7=69E>;?# V9IF69# >G9# ;=@9# :;B66?# =8>F# >G9#C6F7BE>#D5>96#>58<"##$G9#EF8>5E>#>=@9#=8#>G9#>58<#=:#:BI"#E=98>#>F#HB5658>99#5#EF@C;9>9#695E>=F8"

)8#:F@9#C;58>:#>G9#7F:5H9#FI#&.M#=:#@579#5I>96#>G9#7F:=8H#FI#;=@9#:;B66?"

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)8#=8:>5;;5>=F8:#D=>G#5#G=HG96#79H699#FI#5B>F@5>=F8T#>G9#;=@9#=:#7F:97#79C987=8H#F8#>G9#%&#FI#>G9#:;B66?"##)8#>G9:9#E5:9:#>G9#%&#=:#5#V9>>96#=87=E5>F6#FI#>G9#\B5;=>?#FI#>G9#7F:=8H#>G58#C'"

$G9# :;B66?# =:# C69C5697# =8# 5# EF8E98>65>F6# >F# 5#@5[=@B@#]^#&5K.'LM"##)>#=:#>G98#:98>#>F#>G9#79E58>96T#5;:F#<8FD8#5:#>G9#:5>BA65>F6T#IF6#>G9#69@FU5;#FI#=@CB6=>=9:"##$G9#65>9#FI#5:E98>#=8#>G9#79AE58>96#:GFB;7#V9#56FB87#R"_#@XG#587#=>:#G9=HG>#5>#;95:>#O"!#@"

!"#$%&'()*+,'-&./0"1234"5'6&07&&2'8/9:;<='>13"2#'/2>'5;'"2?%&/3&'@1%'>&3/."2/0&>'7/0&%3'7"04'04%&&'.&A&.3'1@'8:='?12B0&20)'#175C>97#I6F@#0B>:EG@588#587#,>=@@9;@5?6#KM``ML"R!

!"#$%&'()*C,'8%133B3&?0"12'1@'$5!'17'?1230/20'4&"#40'?/.B?"0&' ?&..3' 3417"2#' 04&' @&&>'/2>' ?1..&?0"12'1@' 0$%6">' /2>'%&D"2&%/."3&>'7/0&%3

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5.2.8 CO2 dosing

a98965;;?#5#E96>5=8#7F:9#FI#&.M#>F#79:5;=85>97#D5>96#=:#69A\B=697#>F#C96IF6@#58#579\B5>9#69@=8965;=:5>=F8"#1:#=87=E5>97#=8#,9E>=F8#O"O"!#FI#&G5C>96#O#FI#>G=:#aB=79T#>G9#7F:5H9#FI#&.M#>F#695EG#>G9#HF5;#FI#69@=8965;=:5>=F8#C6FCF:97#=8#$5V;9#O"R#U56=9:#D=>G#5;<5;=8=>?#K="9"#V=E56VF85>9L#FI#79:5;=85>97#D5>96"#1:#:GFD8#=8#-=HB69#O"RO#IF6#D5>96#D=>G#58#5;<5;=8=>?#FI#R"!#@H#&5&.O#5#7F:5H9#FI#5VFB>#R_#@H#&.MX2#=:#69\B=697"

$G9#7F:5H9#FI#&.M#DF6<:#D9;;#D=>G#7=69E>#=8Z9E>=F8#C=C9#=8#7FD8#!#FD"#$G9#D5>96#U9;FE=>?#=8#>G9#C=C9#V9IF69#587#5I>96#=8Z9E>=F8#CF=8>#:GFB;7#V9#@5=8>5=897#5>#`"RM#W#`"`M#@X:#>F#5UF=7#>G9#765H#FI#>G9#VBVV;9:"#$G9#C69::B69#7=II9698>=5;#V9A>D998#D5>96#587#H5:#:GFB;7#V9#56FB87#`"M!#V56:"#)8E695:97#7=II9698>=5;#C69::B69#=8E695:9:#>G9#:=b9#FI#>G9#VBVV;9:"#$G9#EF8>5E>#>=@9#V9>D998#>G9#=8Z9E>=F8#587#>G9#98>658E9#>F#>G9#V97:# FI# E5;E=>9# E58# V9# 697BE97# >F# 5VFB># !# :9EF87:# =I# >G9#5VFU9#EF87=>=F8:#569#@9>"

(F>#69EF@@98797#=:#>G9#7F:5H9#FI#&.M#=8#GF6=bF8>5;#C=C9#:=8E9#>G9#VBVV;9:#>987#>F#6=:9#\B=E<;?#>F#>G9#BCC96#D5;;#587#765HH97#D=>G#>G9#!#FD#D5>96"#$G9#C;5E9@98>#FI#5#GF6=bF8>5;#@=[96#=8UF;U9:#5#E96>5=8#G957#;F::#587#8F#9[C96=@98>5;#75>5#G5U9#8F>#V998#IFB87#>F#ZB:>=I?#>G=:#:F;B>=F8"#$G9#7F:5H9#FI#>G9#C56>#FI#!#FD#5>#G=HG96#C69::B69#KMAS#V56L##=:#9[C98:=U9#5:#=>#79@587:#9896H?#587#=>#=:#6569#=8#79:5;=85>=F8#C;58>:"

'M.

0.07

Figure 5.15: View of calcite silo charging area of an upflow constant height calcite plant

!!

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98"##:12+%,#)(#;#<6#3/6#

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/JCKEALL MNOMP;

5?>EIHD@AB?QR MS @

,DHITHA#&>7.'89

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1L Y#[;#TQ#WAJXKB

&F Y#Z;#TQ#WAJXKB

&? Y#ZN;#TQ#WAJXKB

(J Y#9;#TQ#WAJXKB

=T Y#!;#TQ#WAJXKB

,T Y#Z;#TQ#WAJXKB

,A Y#Z;#TQ#WAJXKB

-A Y#Z;#TQ#WAJXKB

<IH\#FAELJBQ Y#S"N#B]@[

5.4 Conclusions

1E>HQLJL#D^#BKA#?A@JEA?>HJL>BJDE#BACKEJ_IAL#LKDWL#BK>B#BKA#

C>HCJBA#TAF#>EF#HJ@A#LHI??Q#BACKEJ_IAL#>?A#TDBK#KJXKHQ#FAO

GAHDÀF"# # $KA# HDWA?#&.9# CDELI@`BJDE# D^# BKA# C>HCJBA# TAF#

BACKEJ_IA#>EF#BKA#HDWA?#FAX?AA#D^#CD@`HAaJBQ#D^#BKJL#`?DCO

ALL#`DJEB#BD#JBL#TAJEX#>#@D?A#LB>THA#BACKEJ_IA#^D?#BKA#?A@O

JEA?>HJL>BJDE#D^#FAL>HJE>BAF#W>BA?L# BK>E#FDLJEX#WJBK# HJ@A#

LHI??Q"

&.9# FDL>XA# LKDIHF# TA# JE# FDWE# !#DW# WJBK# ># FALCAEFJEX#

LÀAF#D^#>TDIB#S"Z9#b#ScS9#@]L#JE#D?FA?#BD#>GDJF#F?>XXJEX#

BKA#TITTHAL#D?#DGA?#FDL>XA"#$KA#JEdACBJDE#`?ALLI?A#LKDIHF#

TA#>TDIB#S"9!#T>?L#X?A>BA?#BK>E#BK>B#D^#W>BA?"

$KA#BJ@A#?A_IJ?AF#^D?#BKA#FJLLDHIBJDE#D^#&.9#C>E#TA#?AFICAF#

CDELJFA?>THQ#WKAE#ILJEX#BKA#C?JBA?J>#DIBHJEAF#JE#BKA#̀ ?ACAFO

JEX#`>?>X?>`K"#+LI>HHQ#>TDIB#!# LACDEFL#>?A#?A_IJ?AF# ^D?#

>#FJLLDHIBJDE#D^#&.9#^?D@#ZS#BD#eS#@X]2#ILJEX#BKA#>TDGA#

C?JBA?J>"

)E#>EQ#C>LAc# BKA#FDL>XA#D^#&.9# JE#KD?JfDEB>H#`JÀ#LKDIHF#

TA#>GDJFAF"#

3AC?A>LAL#JE#BA@À?>BI?A#?AFICA#BKA#LÀAF#D^#BKA#?A>CBJDEL#

JEBA?GAEJEX#JE#?A@JEA?>HJL>BJDE"##)E#BKA#C>LA#D^#C>HCJBA#TAFLc#

BKA#CDEB>CB#BJ@A#?A_IJ?AF#BD#>CKJAGA#>FA_I>BA#?A@JEA?>HJO

L>BJDE#JEC?A>LAL#^?D@#ZS#BD#Ze#@JEIBAL#WJBK#>#FAC?A>LA#JE#

W>BA?#BA@À?>BI?A#^?D@#9Vg&#BD#Zeg&"

-JXI?A#!"ZV#LKDWL#>#`KDBDX?>`K#D^#># BQ`JC>H# HJ@A#LHI??QO

T>LAF# ?A@JEA?>HJL>BJDE# JELB>HH>BJDE"# # $KA?A# >?A# ED?@>HHQ#

LA?JDIL# CD@`>CBJEX# `?DTHA@L# JE# BKA# HJ@A# LJHDc# FIA# BD# BKA#

BAEFAECQ#D^#BKA#HJ@A#BD#>TLD?T#W>BA?#>EF#LBJC\#BD#BKA#W>HHL#

>EF#LBJ??JEX#TH>FAL#D^#BKA#LJHD"

&DELA_IAEBHQc#JB#JL#J@`D?B>EB#BD#@>JEB>JE#BKA#KI@JFJBQ#JE#BKA#

LJHD#>L#HDW#>L#`DLLJTHA#>EF#BD#?AFICA#BKA#À?JDFL#TABWAAE#

?ACK>?XJEX#DÀ?>BJDEL#JE#D?FA?#BD#^>CJHJB>BA#?AEAW>H"ZN

$KA#ÎEF>@AEB>H#FJ^Â?AECAc#>L#?AX>?FL#CDLBLc#WJBK#?ALÀCB#

BD#BKA#`?DCALL#D^#?A@JEA?>HJL>BJDE#TQ#C>HCJBA#TAF#"#HBA?JEX#JL#BK>B# BKA#`?DCALL#WJBK#&>7.'8

9#?A_IJ?AL# BWJCA# BKA#&.

9c# JE#

>FFJBJDE#BD#^?A_IAEB#?ACK>?XJEX#>EF#CDEB?DH#D^#DTLB?ICBJDE#

TQ#`?ACJ`JB>BJDE#D^#C>HCJI@#C>?TDE>BA"#

+,-./0&'(12*&3450678,4&/09/0:0;878,<;&<=&7&/06,;0/7>,:7?8,<;&,;:87>>78,<;&@,85&>,60&:>.//A&9/097/78,<;&7;B&B<:,;-&@,85&CD

E(

Ca(OH)2

CO2

Saturator

+,-./0&'(1F*&G>7;8&=</&8/07860;8&@,85&C7HDIJE&7;B&CD

E(

5.3.1 Ca(OH)2 quality

1`>?B#^?D@#BKA#CA?BJ"#C>BA#^D?#ILA#JE#F?JE\JEX#W>BA?#LIÒ`HQc# BKA# HJ@A# LKDIHF# K>GA# BKA# CD@`DLJBJDE# JEFJC>BAF# JE#

$>THA#!"[

!"

!"#$%&'()*+%,#-./#$'%#/%0)(%/12),1$).(#.-#3%,12)(1$%3#41$%/,

56"# '"#2+34)7#1(3#0"#'%$,&'%28#$9:;<=:><#?@#3AB<ACD

C;<:B#;>E#F:9=:;<:B#@9?=#,:;#4;<:9#3:B;CA>;<A?>#FC;><B#

<?#0;G:#F?<;HC:#4;<:98#3:B;CA>;<A?>#I?J9>;C8#CKLM

55"# F%//NO,# &'%0)&12# %(7)(%%/,# '1(3P..Q8#

,AR<S# %E"8# 0T79;UD'ACC# P??G# &?"# /?H:9<# '"# F:99V8#

3?>#79::>8#5KLW

5X"# *+Y0)&1#3%2#17+1#Z41$%/#&'%0),$/N[8#I?B:#

&;<;C\>#E:#C;#-J:><:8#5KL5

5M"# 41$%/# *+12)$N8# 7:?9]:# $TS?H;>?]C?JB8# %EU;9E#

3"#,TS9?:E:98#5KL!8#1EEAB?>D4:BC:V#%E"

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)>T"##S<<_`aaUUU"TS:=BU"T?="

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5e"# /"0"# 3'%)22N8# I"# $+3.8# N"# ,%P1)# P)8# 0"# *+%D

(%+3%8# )>!#J:>T:#?@# B<?9;]:# T?>EA<A?>B# ?># <S:# T;9DH?>;<A?># ?@# _?UE:9:E# &;Z.'[

X# &?>B<9JT<A?># ;>E#

PJACEA>]#0;<:9A;CB#5e#ZX66X[#5!!f5e5"

5g"# '%/(h(3%i8#0"8#-"#,+h/%i8#2"#F/)%$.8#-"#,1(D

$1(1"# )j3# B?H9:# C;# 9:=A>:9;CAk;TAl># E:# C;B# ;]J;B#

E:B;C;E;B# T?># C:TS?B# E:# T;CTA<;# Z/d3# ?># <S:# 9:=D

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T?>BJC<:E#?>#,:_<:=H:9#XL<S#X66K"

#

5.5 References

5"# (12&.8#0;>J;C#E:C#;]J;8#,J#>;<J9;C:k;8#<9;<;=A:><?#

V#;_CAT;TA?>:B"#Z';>EH??G#?>#U;<:98#A<B#>;<J9:8#<9:;<D

=:><# ;>E# ;__CAT;<A?>B["#0T#79;UD'ACC# a# )><:9;=:9AD

T;>;#E:#0oRAT?8#,"1"#E:#&"c"8#5KKM

X"# 3%7/%0.($8# 01(+12# $p&()&.# 3%2# 17+1#

Z$%&'()&12#01(+12#.(#41$%/["#%EA<?9A;C#3:D

]9:=?><8#5KgK

M"# 3%7/%0.($8# 41$%/# $/%1$0%($# 01(+128#

X66g8#%E"#3:]9:=?><

W"# $p&()&1# 3%# 17+1,# Z41$%/# $%&'(.2.7N[8#

%EA<?9A;C#1CTAl>8#,"1"#1>E9oB#1k>;9#&;99;BT?8#X666

!"# '"# 2+34)78# F?B<D<9:;<=:><# ;>E# F?<;HACAB;<A?># f#1#

*J;CA<V# 3:<:9=A>A>]# -;T<?9# A># <S:# 7:>:9;<A?># ?@#

39A>GA>]#4;<:9#HV#0:;>B#?@#,:;#4;<:9#3:B;CA>;<A?>8#

2:T<J9:#;<#<S:#)31#&?>]9:BB#?>#3:B;CA>;<A?>#;>E#4;D

<:9#/:JB:8#.T<?H:9#5KKg

e"# P./),# 2)%P%/01(# 1(3# )712# 2)%P%/01("# 1#

F?B<D$9:;<=:><#T?=_J<:9#_9?]9;=8#3:B;CA>;<A?>#;>E#

4;<:9#/:JB:#I?J9>;C#c?C"KaX"

g"# I"1"# /+%318# I"# i.//)2218# -"# P%/(1.218# I"1"#

'%/ch,"#&;CAE;E#E:#1]J;#E:B;C;E;#E:EAT;E;#;C#T?>D

BJ=?# SJ=;>?# Z$S:# qJ;CA<V# ?@# E:B;CA>;<:E# U;<:9# @?9#

SJ=;># T?>BJ=_<A?>[8# &?>]9:B?# 1%3V/# E:# 0J9TA;8#

(?b:=H:9#X666"

L"# $'p./)%#3%,#%1+r#(1$+/%22%,# Z$'%# $'%.D

/N# .-# (1$+/12# 41$%/,["# %EA<?9A;C# %V9?CC:B8# 2"#

2:]9;>E8#7"#F?A9A:98#5KgXD5Kge

K"# 01(+%2#13/.%/#)72%,)1,#N#I.,%F#&.01#,12D

c1(,8#&\CTJC?# E:# :qJACAH9A?B# :># B?CJTA?>:B# ;TJ?B;B#

Z)[# V# Z))[# Z&;CTJC;<A?># ?@# :qJACAH9AJ=# A># ;qJ:?JB# B?D

CJ<A?>B# Z)[#;>E# Z))[8#FJHCAT;TAl># )>]:>A:9s;#*Js=AT;8#

I;>J;9V##;>E#-:H9J;9V#5KKL"

19. GERHARD BIWER, Wasserversorgung Kleine Kinzig, Schwarzwald, personnal communication

!"

6.1 Introduction

!"#"$%&&'()*"%+,#-.(/0"(1%/"$)(2$34($"5"$)"(3)43),)(*&%#/)(

0%5"(%(5"$'(&31(63#/"#/(,#(7,6%$73#%/")(89:;(4-(<=>;:?@((

A)(%($")B&/.("5"#(4,#3$(60%#-")(,#(/0"(=>C(63#/"#/(&"%D(/3(

)B7)/%#/,%&(5%$,%/,3#)(,#(*<@((E0B).(23$("F%4*&".(%(#3$4%&(

*"$4"%/"(%/(9GH=(1,/0(%(*<(32(I@J(63#/%,#)(%$3B#D(;@K(4-(

=>CLM@(E0"()%4"(*"$4"%/"(10"#(%"$%/"D(&3)")(=>

C(/3(9@9(

4-LM.(%)(%($")B&/(32(10,60(/0"(*<(60%#-")(/3(K@;@

=>C(%6/)(%)(%#(%6,D@((N0"#(1%/"$(%7)3$7)(=>

C(/0"(*<(D":

6$"%)")( %#D(10"#( ,/( &3)")(=>C( /0"( *<( ,#6$"%)")@( (O#D"$(

#3$4%&(*$"))B$"(%#D(/"4*"$%/B$"(63#D,/,3#)(/0"(=>C(63#:

/"#/(32(/0"(%,$(,)(%$3B#D(P@IK(4-(=>CLM@

=>C( &3))( 3$( %7)3$*/,3#(4%'( 366B$( 73/0( DB$,#-( )%4*&,#-(

%#D(DB$,#-()%4*&"(63#)"$5%/,3#(DB"(/3(/0"(*$")"#6"(32(%#(

%,$(60%47"$(,#),D"(/0"(73//&".(3$(/0"(%#%&'/,6%&(*$36"DB$"(

10"#(/0,)("#/%,&)()34"()3$/(32()/,$$,#-@

Q#( $"4,#"$%&,)"D(1%/"$)( /0"( 5%&B")(32(<=>;:(%$"(#3$4%&&'(

%$3B#D(KP:GP(4-LM@((E0,)(4%+")(/0"(1%/"$(7"//"$(7B22"$"D.(

%)(%($")B&/(32(10,60(,/(,)(&"))(&,+"&'(/3(B#D"$-3(4%R3$(60%#-")(

DB$,#-()%4*&,#-@((<31"5"$.(,#(/03)"(6%)")(,#(10,60(/0"(1%:

/"$( 63#/%,#)( "F6"))( =>C( %2/"$( $"4,#"$%&,)%/,3#.( /0"$"( 4%'(

7"(%(&3))(,2(/0"(%#%&'/,6%&(*$36"))(B)"D(,#53&5")()/,$$,#-@((Q#(

/0")"(6%)")( /0"(4"%)B$"D(*<(1,&&(*$37%7&'(7"(0,-0"$( /0%#(

/0"(%6/B%&(5%&B"@((Q#(3$D"$(/3(4,#,4,)"(=>C(&3))(3$(%7)3$*:

/,3#(%#D(4%+"(/0"($")B&/)(37/%,#"D(7'(D,22"$"#/(&%73$%/3$,")(

%)(B#,23$4(%)(*3)),7&".(,/(,)($"6344"#D"D(/0%/(/0"(23&&31,#-(

*$36"DB$"( 7"( B)"D( 23$( )%4*&,#-.( /0"( 63#)"$5%/,3#( 32( )%4:

*&")(%#D(%#%&'),)(32(/0"(*<(32(D")%&,#%/"D(%#D($"4,#"$%&,)"D(

1%/"$)@9.C(

6.2 Material

S(A(*&%)/,6(7B6+"/(1,/0(%(6%*%6,/'(32()34"(9I(&,/$")

S( A( 6&"%#( %#D( D$'( -&%))( 73//&"( 1,/0( %( 1,D"( #"6+( %#D( %(

&"%+/,-0/()"%&(8*$"2"$%7&'(%(&%73$%/3$'(,/"4?@

S(E0$""(3$(23B$(4"/$")(32(!("F,7&".(/0,6+:1%&&"D(03)"@

6.3 Sampling

9@(=3##"6/(/0"(!("F,7&"(03)"(D,$"6/&'(/3(/0"()%4*&,#-(/%*(32(/0"( *"$4"%/"( 3$( $"4,#"$%&,)"D(1%/"$( %#D( $B#( ,/( /3( /0"(

73//34(32( /0"(7B6+"/@( (>*"#(,/(%#D(%&&31(/0"(7B6+"/( /3(

"(&&(-$%DB%&&'@((A53,D(/0"(1%/"$(634,#-(3B/(%/("F6")),5"(*$"))B$"(%#D(6%B),#-(/B$7B&"#6"@

C@(T,&&(/0"(7B6+"/(%#D(%&&31(,/(/3(35"$!(31(23$(%**$3F,4%/"&'(9(4,#B/"@

;@(Q#)"$/( /0"( 73//&"( -$%DB%&&'( /3( /0"( 73//34(32( /0"( 7B6+"/(

1,/0( /0"( 3*"#,#-( 2%6,#-( D31#1%$D)( %#D( /0"#( /B$#( ,/(

)&31&'(23$(,/(/3("(&&(-$%DB%&&'@

U@(N%,/(23$(/0"(73//&"(/3("(&&(634*&"/"&'(%#D(23$(%&&(/0"(%,$(/3(634"(3B/@

I@(=&3)"( /0"( 73//&"( B#D"$( 1%/"$( %#D(1,/03B/( &"%5,#-( %#'(

7B77&")(,#),D"@

K@(V"435"(/0"(73//&"(2$34(/0"(7B6+"/(%#D(/B$#(,/( /3(60"6+(

/0%/(/0"$"(,)(#3(%,$(,#),D"@((Q2(/0"$"(,).($"*"%/(/0"()%4*&,#-(

*$36"))@

Q2( #3(7B6+"/( ,)( %5%,&%7&"( %#D( /0"( )%4*&"(0%)( /3( 7"( /%+"#(

D,$"6/&'(2$34(/0"(3B/&"/(/%*.(D3(/0,)(1,/0(&,//&"(!(31(%#D(&"%5:,#-(%(*3),/,5"(4"#,)6B)(%/(/0"(#"6+(32(/0"(73//&"(,#(3$D"$(/3(

*$"5"#/(%,$(7",#-(&"2/(,#),D"(/0"(73//&"(3#(6&3),#-@

T,-B$"(K@9(,&&B)/$%/")(/0"()%4*&,#-(*$36"DB$"@

6.4 Conservation of sample

S(Q2(%#%&'),)(,)(*"$23$4"D(,44"D,%/"&'(3$(1,/0,#(9(03B$.(%/:

/"4*/( /3(+""*( /0"(73//&"(%/(%( /"4*"$%/B$"()&,-0/&'( &31"$(

/0%#( /0"( *"$4"%/"( %/( /0"(434"#/( 32( )%4*&,#-@( (W3(#3/(

"F*3)"(,/(/3()B#&,-0/(3$(%&&31(,/(/3(0"%/(B*@

S( Q2( /0"( )%4*&")(%$"( /3(7"( )/3$"D( 23$(%#%&'),)( )34"(3/0"$(

D%'.(/0"()%4*&")()03B&D(7"(+"*/(%/(%(/"4*"$%/B$"()&,-0/&'(

&31"$(/0%#(/0"(*"$4"%/"(%/(/0"(434"#/(32()%4*&,#-

6.5 Labelling of sample

S(Q#6&BD"(/0"(*&%6".(D%/"(%#D(/,4"(3#(/0"(&%7"&.(%&3#-(1,/0(

%#'()*"6,"(6(37)"$5%/,3#)()B60(%)(X,#(),/BY(4"%)B$"4"#/)(32(/"4*"$%/B$".(Z=(%#D(*<@

S(Q/(,)(%D5,)%7&"(/3(,#6&BD"(/0"(#%4"(32(/0"(*"$)3#($")*3#),7&"(

23$()%4*&,#-(%#D(/$%#)*3$/(/3(/0"(&%73$%/3$'.(,#(3$D"$(/3(

+""*(%(60%,#(32(6B)/3D'(*$3/363&@

6.6 Laboratory analysis procedure

S(V"435"(/0"(73//&"( 2$34(/0"($"2$,-"$%/3$(%#D(&"%5"(,/( 23$(

/0"( /,4"( $"[B,$"D( 23$( ,/( /3( $"%60( %( /"4*"$%/B$"( )&,-0/&'(

&31"$(/0%#(/0"(3$,-,#%&(*"$4"%/"@

S(W3(#3/()0%+"(/0"(73//&"(DB$,#-(/0,)(*"$,3D(7B/(),4*&'(/B$#(

/0"(73//&"(%(63B*&"(32(/,4")@

S(T3$( /0"(4"%)B$"4"#/(32(*<.(3*"#( /0"(73//&"(\(10,60( ,2(

*3)),7&"( )03B&D( 0%5"( %( 1,D"( #"6+( \( %#D( ,#)"$/( /0"( *<(

*$37"(D,$"6/&'@

S(]/,$(/0"(*$37"(3$(73//&"(5"$'()&,-0/&'(U(3$(I(/,4")@((W3(#3/(

,#)"$/(%#'()/,$$"$(,#(/0"(73//&"(3$()/,$(,/(/33()/$3#-&'@((E0"(

%,4(,)(23$(/0"(=>C(63#/"#/(#3/(/3(7"(%&/"$"D@

S(A&&31(/0"($"%D,#-(/3()/%7,&,)"(23$(%**$3F,4%/"&'(;P()"6:

3#D)(%#D(/0"#(/%+"(D31#(/0"($"%D,#-@( (W3(#3/(1%,/(%#'(

&3#-"$(),#6"(73/0(/0"(=>C(%#D(/0"(*<(1,&&(5%$'@

S(E0"(*<(4"/"$()03B&D(7"(6%&,7$%/"D(#3/(3#&'(%/(U(%#D(G(7B/(

%&)3(%/(^@I(3$(9P@U

S(A&+%&,#,/'()03B&D(7"(4"%)B$"D(23&&31,#-(]_:C;CP`I

K@(aV>=ZWOVZ(T>V(]A_aMQb!

6. PROCEDURE FOR THE SAMPLING, CONSERVATION AND ANALYSIS OF DESALINATED AND REMINERALISED WATERS

!"

!"#$%&'()*%(#+&%#,-.$/012

3#+45#6789:;6#<=>?#@ABCA#8D#'7'&C#E/F#>?;#!#G7:#9H#=6#I"J"#

3#+45#69;K=8;G6#<=>?#CABLMA#8D#'7'&C#E/F#>?;#!#G7:#9H#=6#I"!"#

3#+45#6789:;6#<=>?#LMABMAA#8D#'7'&C#E/F#>?;#!#G7:#9H#=6#I"C"

6.7 Recommendations to be taken into account

3#N4>>:;6#>?7>#87O#?7P;#K4G>7=G;Q#D766O#<7>;5#6?4R:Q#G;P;5#S;#R6;Q"##T?=6#=6#=8945>7G>#S;K7R6;#=>#?76#S;;G#4S6;5P;Q#>?7>#>?;#'&@#=6#7S645S;Q#=G#648;#<7O#SO#>?;#<7::6#4U#>?;#S4>>:;F#7:>;5=GD#9H#8;76R5;8;G>6"

3#N4>>:;6#6?4R:Q#G4>#S;#7>#78S=;G>#>;89;57>R5;#95=45#>4#S;B=GD#R6;Q#U45#V=G#6=>RW#Q7>7#7KXR=6=>=4G"

6.7 References

L"# ,T-1)-%)# .(TH&),# +&%# TH(# (Y-.01-T0&1#&+#Z-T(%#-1)#Z-,T(Z-T(%"#.;>?4Q#@MLA[#'4GBQRK>=P=>O"#@L6>#;Q"#@AAM"#0,N1#AB\]MMCBAI]B\"

@"# ,T-1)-%)# .(TH&),# +&%# TH(# (Y-.01-T0&1#&+#Z-T(%#-1)#Z-,T(Z-T(%"#.;>?4Q# IMAABH^F#9H#_7:R;"#@L6>#;Q"#@AAM"#0,N1#AB\]MMCBAI]B\"

C"# ,T-1)-%)# .(TH&),# +&%# TH(# (Y-.01-T0&1#&+#Z-T(%#-1)#Z-,T(Z-T(%"#.;>?4Q# IMAAB'&@#'FT=>57>=4G#.;>?4Q#U45#U5;;#'75S4G#)=4`=Q;"#@L6>#;Q"#@AAM"#0,N1#AB\]MMCBAI]B\

I"# -/N-/-)(a&F#2&1b-/&"#/7S457>45=4# Q;# :7#.7GBK48RG=Q7Q# Q;# :46# '7G7:;6# Q;:# T7=S=::7F# '75>7D;G7"#$;564G7:#K488RG=K7>=4G"

M"# ,T-1)-%)# .(TH&),# +&%# TH(# (Y-.01-T0&1#&+# Z-T(%# -1)# Z-,T(Z-T(%"# .;>?4Q# @C@ANF#-:c7:=G=>OF# T=>57>=4G# .;>?4Q"# @L6># ;Q"# @AAM"# 0,N1#AB\]MMCBAI]B\

T?;#U4::4<=GD#=6#7#6R8875O#4U# >?;#,.B@C@AN#8;>?4Q#U45#8;76R5=GD#7:c7:=G=>O#SO#>=>57>=4G"#

0G#>?;#7G7:O6=6#4U#7:c7:=G=>O#SO#>=>57>=4GF#>?;#!#G7:#9H#P7:R;#4U#7#6789:;#Q;9;GQ6#4G#>?;#>4>7:#7:c7:=G=>O#dT-'e"#T?7>#=6[#

L"#+45#6789:;6#4U#P7:R;6#:4<;5#>?7G#@A#8D#'7'&C#E/F#>?;#U458R:7#>4#S;#799:=;Q#=6#>?;#U4::4<=GD[#

#######################################################d@NB'e#`#1#`#MA#AAA##-:c7:=G=>OF#8D#'7'&C#E/#f#################################################################8:#6789:;#

Z?;5;[N[#8:#>=>57G>#>4#9H#I"!"#'[#8:#>=>57G>#U45#9H#I"C#dA"C#9H#RG=>6#Q=UU;5;GK;e"#1[#G4587:=>O#4U#6>7GQ75Q#7K=Q#

@"# +45# 6789:;# P7:R;6# D5;7>;5# >?7G# @A#8D#'7'&C# E/F# >?;#U458R:7#799:=;Q#=6#76#U4::4<6[#

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Z?;5;[#

-[#8:#6>7GQ75Q#7K=Q#R6;Q#>4#5;7K?#>?;#!#G7:#9H#1[#G4587:=>O#4U#6>7GQ75Q#7K=Q#

-GQ# <?;5;# >?;# !#G7:# 9H# Q;9;GQ=GD# 4G# >?;# P7:R;6# 4U#7:c7:=G=>OF#75;[#

!"#$%&'()*+',-.&/01"-'%&2%&3&4101"54'56'30/27"4#'2%5-&8$%&'65%'8&307"401&8'048'%&/"4&%07"3&8'901&%3

Bottles should be below ambient temperature prior to be-

!"

7.1 Introduction

!"#$ %&#'$()$*%+%,-$&#.'/%,'0#&$',&$ 1#*%,#1'/%.#&$2'0#1.$%.$ ()0#,$31(3(.#&$2%0"$ '$ 4%#2$ 0($ 1#&56%,-$ 0"#$ .%7#$ ()$ 0"#$1#*%,#1'/%.'0%(,$5,%0$2"%/#$*'%,0'%,%,-$0"#$61%0#1%(,$()$89:$;$<$=>?>

!"%.$ 6"'30#1$ ','/@.#.$ &%))#1#,0$ (30%(,.$ 5.%,-$ 02($*%+%,-$.%*5/'0%(,$ 31(-1'**#.$ 31#4%(5./@$ 4'/%&'0#&$ 2%0"$ '605'/$&'0'$(A0'%,#&$ %,$ 0"#$ /'A(1'0(1@>$!"#,B$5.%,-$ 0"#$(,#$ 0"'0$A#.0$31#&%60.$0"#$1#.5/0.B$&%))#1#,0$31(3(10%(,.$()$&#.'/%,'0<#&$2'0#1$',&$1#*%,#1'/%7#&$%.$','/@.#&>$C%,'//@B$'$.05&@$()$*%+051#.$()$3#1*#'0#$2%0"$)1#."$2'0#1$%.$'/.($6'11%#&$(50>


!2($*%+%,-$31(-1'**#.$"'4#$A##,$5.#&D$E'0#1<F1(G$',&$9()0*%+H>$$!"#$&'0'$)(1$4'/%&'0%(,$2#1#$6(*3%/#&$)1(*$0"#$'16"%4#.$()$0"#$I',6(*5,%&'&$&#$/(.$J','/#.$&#/$!'%A%//'$KIJ!L$/'A(1'0(1@$%,$J'10'-#,'$K93'%,L>$

7.3 Results of mixing simulation programme validation

!"#$ 1#.5/0.$ ()$ 4'/%&'0%(,$ ()$ 0"#$*%+$ 5.%,-$ 0"#$E'0#1<F1($31(-1'**#$'1#$ ."(2,$ %,$C%-51#.$M>G$ 0($ M>N$ )(1$ 6'/6%5*B$'/O'/%,%0@B$3P$',&$89:B$1#.3#60%4#/@>

!"#$%&' ()*+' ,&-./"0123"4' 5&/6&&1'7&.2$%&8' .18' 9.-9$:-./&8'9.-9"$7';0%'<=>'6./&%'7"?&2'$2"1#'@./&%:A%0)

!"#$%&' ()B+' ,&-./"0123"4' 5&/6&&1'7&.2$%&8' .18' 9.-9$:-./&8'.-C.-"1"/D';0%'<=>'6./&%'7"?&2'$2"1#'@./&%:A%0)

!"#$%&' ()E+' ,&-./"0123"4' 5&/6&&1'7&.2$%&8' .18' 9.-9$:-./&8'4F';0%'<=>'6./&%'7"?&2'$2"1#'@./&%:A%0)

!"#$%&' ()G+' ,&-./"0123"4' 5&/6&&1'7&.2$%&8' .18' 9.-9$:-./&8'HIJ';0%'<=>'6./&%'7"?&2'$2"1#'@./&%:A%0)

!"#$1#.5/0.$3(%,0$0($',$'66#30'A/#$6(11#/'0%(,B$#.3#6%'//@$'.$1#-'1&.$89:$KC%-51#$M>NL>

M>$I:QR9

7. MIXES OF REMINERALISED AND DESALINATED WATERS

are analyzed. Finally,

!"

!"#$%&'(

)**+,-./0# 1+# 12.3# 3.45671.+/# .1# 478# 9:# *+/*65-:-# 1271# .;#4+,:#127/#<=>#+;#-:376./71:-#?71:,#.3#7--:-#1+#7#,:4./:,@76.3:-#?71:,#?.12#AB#40#C7CD

EFG#+;#76H76./.18I#12:#G(%#?.66#

-,+J#1+#9:6+?#@B"="

K2:3:#,:35613#,:;:,# 1+#7#3831:4#1271# .3#/+1#+J:/# 1+# 12:#71@4+3J2:,:I# 73#7# ,:3561# +;#?2.*2# ;+,#+J:/# 3831:43# 12:# 6+33#+;#CD

L#478#766+?#12:#J:,*:/170:#+;#-:376./71:-#?71:,# 1+#

./*,:73:#36.02168"

!"#$%&' ()*+',&-./"0123"4' 5&/6&&1' /3&' 4&%7&1/.#&' 08' 9&:2.-"1./&9'6./&%'.99&9'/0'/3&'%&;"1&%.-"2&9'6./&%'6"/3'*<';#'=.=>?@A'08'.-B.-"1"/C)

M+,# 12:.,# J7,1I# 12:# 7/7683:3# J:,;+,4:-#53./0# 12:# (+;14.N#J,+0,744:#32+?#7#6:33:,#*+,,:671.+/"##K2:#-717#;+,#G(%#7,:#J,:3:/1:-#98#?78#+;#7/#:N74J6:#OM.05,:#!"=P"

!"#$%&' ()D+' ,&-./"0123"4' 5&/6&&1';&.2$%&9' .19' 7.-7$:-./&9'AEF'80%'G=H'6./&%';"I&2'$2"1#'E08/G"I)

%/#Q.:?#+;#12:3:#,:35613I#12:#R71:,@S,+#J,+0,744:#273#9::/#3:6:*1:-#;+,#12:#315-8#+;#4.N:3#?.12#-:376./71:-#?71:,3"

7.5 Study of mixes of desalinated and remi-neralised water

K2:#3.45671.+/#273#9::/#J:,;+,4:-#./#+,-:,#1+#-:1:,4./:#?271#J:,*:/170:#+;#-:376./71:-#?71:,#478#9:#4.N:-#?.12#;5668#,:4./:,76.3:-#?71:,#OG(%#T#BP#?.12+51#12:#G(%#-,+J@J./0#1+#9:6+?#@B"=I#12:#6+?:,#6.4.1#:31796.32:-#./#(J7/.32#U+876#V:*,::#<WBFLBBE"

K796:#!"<#35447,.3:3#12:#,:35613#+;#12:#3.45671.+/"##M.05,:#!"A#32+?3#12:#374:#-717#0,7J2.*7668"

HJKAL' ()M+# X)U%)K%DY# %Y# KZ'# CD$SD(%K%DY# DM# KZ'# $%&# DM# U'$%Y'U)G%('V# R)K'U# )YV# YDY@U'$%Y'U)G%('V#V'()G%Y)K'V#R)K'U#V'S'YV%Y[#DY#KZ'#S'UC'YK)['#DM#V'()G%Y)K'V#R)K'U#%Y#KZ'#$%&#MDU#)#CGD('V#(\(K'$#YDK#DS'Y#KD#KZ'#)K$D(SZ'U'"

>#-:376./71:-#?71:,

S7,74:1:, B> => <=> LB> L=> EB> <BB>

(KVI#40FG EBB L]= L]B L^= L^B L!= L!B LBB

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C6@I#40FG <=A"BB <=A"BB <=A"BB <=A"BB <=A"BB <=A"BB <=A"BB <=A"BB

$0L_I#40FG L"BB L"BB L"BB L"BB L"BB L"BB L"BB L"BB

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G(% @B"B] @B"L< @B"E= @B"W^ @B"AL @B"!= @B"^] @="BE

Figure 7.6: Value of LSI depending on percentage of desalinated water added to remineralised water with 60 mg CaCO3/L alkalinity.

(NOT OPEN TO THE ATMOSPHERE)

!"

!"#$%&'(

7.6 Study of the mix of desalinated water and continental water

)*+,-#!".#/012/#30-#4-/5,3/#16#30-#/785,*3719#5/79:#;*3-4<=41#16#*#87>#16#*#?19379-93*,#2*3-4#*9@#*#919<4-879-4*,7/-@#@-/*,79*3-@#2*3-4"

A??14@79:#31#30-/-#@*3*B#5C#31#DEF#919<4-879-4*,7/-@#@-</*,79*3-@#2*3-4#8*G#+-#*@@-@#2730153#30-#H(%#@41CC79:#31#+-,12#<E"D"

A:*79B#30-/-#@*3*#4-6-4#31#*#?,1/-@#/G/3-8B#614#207?0#4-*</19#79#*#/G/3-8#1C-9#31#30-#*381/C0-4-B#2730#30-#C1//7+7,73G#16#->?-//#@7//1,I-@#JK.#+-79:#-,7879*3-@B# 30-#C-4?-93*:-#16# @-/*,79*3-@#2*3-4# 79# 30-#87>#87:03# 79?4-*/-# +G# *# 6-2#C1793/"

!"#$%&'()*&LAM%A)%KN#%N#)O'#JK$=K(%)%KN#KP#)O'#$%&#KP#JKN)%N'N)AH#;A)'M#ANQ#NKN<M'$%N'MAH%('Q#Q'(AH%NA)'Q# ;A)'M# Q'='NQ%NR# KN# )O'# ='MJ'N)AR'# KP# Q'(AH%NA)'Q# ;A)'M# %N# )O'# $%&# PKM# A#JHK('Q#(S()'$#NK)#K='N#)K#)O'#A)$K(=O'M'"

=*4*8-3-4 J19379-93*,#2*3-4 N19<4-879-4*,7/-@#@-/*,79*3-@#2*3-4 $7>#T?,1/-@#/G/3-8#913#1C-9#31#30-#*381/C0-4-U

F#16#)13*,#P,12 DEF DEF VEEF

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$:.^B#8:WH DY"EE ."\E \V"XE

(KY.<B#8:WH \EE"EE Y"DE V!."]E

H(% V"VV <Y"E. <E"YD

7.7 References

V"# ;A)'M<=MK#(?0133#(1632*4-B#=5+,7/0-@#+G#J0-8(;`B#%9?"#033CaWW222"?0-8/2"?18

."# (KP)$%&"#=41:4*88-#614#2*3-4#87>-/"##=5+,7/0-@#+G#30-#P59@*?7b9#J-9341#J*9*471#@-,#A:5*"

# 033CaWW222"6??*"-/"

(NOT OPEN TO THE ATMOSPHERE)

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