YOULY1M3.pdf

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TUYN TP CC THUT NGC BN VNNG LNG HT NHN

2011

C quan Nng lng Nguyn tNht Bn

cng hp tc vi

Vin Nng lng Nguyn tVit Nam


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LI NI U

Hn na thk tri qua ktkhi nng lng ht nhn c pht trin v sdng trn ton thgii, nng lng ht nhn trthnh mt trong nhng ngun cung cp nng lng quan trng chongnh in lc ti cc nc cng nghip pht trin. Vic ng dng cng nghbc xmt cch rngri trong cc lnh vc nh: cng nghip, y hc, nng nghip, v.v.cng mang li hiu quvkinh t-x hi to ln.

Thi gian gn y, vai tr ca nng lng ht nhn trong vic gii quyt cc vn vmitrng nh ma axit, tri t m dn ln, v.v rt c ch v kvng. Tc pht trin, ngdng nng lng ht nhn ngy cng tng dn ln khp ni trn thgii. Khoch pht trin nnglng ht nhn ti cc quc gia Chu , cc quc gia sn xut du mTrung ng v cccquc gia ang pht trin Chu Phi, v.v ang c lin tc xc tin.

Trong lch spht trin ca ngnh nng lng ht nhn, c nhng scxy ra nh scnh

my in ht nhn Chernobyl. Do , bn cnh vn xy dng cc lut lvan ton ht nhn, cckthut pht trin nhm hon thin cng nghl phn ng m bo an ton trong vn hnh vkhai thc cng c c bit quan tm. Tin quan trng nht trong qu trnh xc tin pht trin,sdng nng lng ht nhn chnh l u tin hng u van ton, stin tng v ng thunca ton dn i vi vn nng lng ht nhn.

Cun Tuyn tp cc thut ngc bn vnng lng ht nhn ny c lp ra vo thng 3 nm1991 di hnh thc l ti liu c bsung ti Hi tho phng chng thm ha nng lng ht nhndo C quan nghin cu pht trin nng lng nguyn tNht Bn tchc. Ti liu gii thiu vgii thch cc vn c bn vnng lng ht nhn v cc tchuyn ngnh lin quan n phngchng thm ha ht nhn.

Chng ti quyt nh thc hin chuyn ngv xut bn tuyn tp cc thut ngny sang ngnngting Vit nhm phc vcho cc i tng l tt ccc c nhn c quan tm n nng lnght nhn, bao gm ccc cn bv nhn vin lm vic trong ngnh nng lng ht nhn ca VitNam. Bn dch ny c lc bt nhng ni dung mang tnh c th dnh cho i tng c gil ngi Nht Bn, v thay vo , chng ti bsung thm mt stn gi v ni dung mi ph hpvi tnh hnh pht trin nng lng ht nhn ca Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, chng ti vn li nhngni dung c lin quan n cc tchc, hthng v php lut ca Nht Bn nhm gip cc c gilngi Vit Nam c thm nhng thng tin hu ch tham kho.

Chng ti hy vng tuyn tp cc thut ngny sgip ch cho cc c giang hot ng trong

lnh vc nng lng ht nhn ca Vit Nam, cng nh gip cc bn c gini chung hiu bit mtcch chnh xc hn vnng lng ht nhn.

Thng 1 nm 2011C quan Nng lng Nguyn tNht Bn

Trung tm o to ngun nhn lc nng lng ht nhn


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MC LCAn ton bc x/an ton

phng x radiation protection,

radiological protection

nh hng (Hiu ng) c th somatic effectnh hng (Hiu ng) mangtnh di truyn

hereditary effect,generic effect

nh hng (Hiu ng) ngunhin v nh hng tt nh(tt nhin)

Stochastic effect andDeterministic effect

nh hng (Hiu ng) tr late effect (latenteffect)

()(nhhng (Hiung) c th)

p lc bin pressure boundaryBa lut c bn ca nnglng nguyn t

three fundamentalrules of atomic energy

()(Lut c

bn v nnglngnguyn t)

Bo v thc th (vt liu vc s ht nhn)

physical protection (ofnuclear material andfacilities)

Becqrell Becqrell ()

(n vhot phng x)

Bnh vin chuyn khoa vri ro bc x

designated hospitalsfor radiation hazards

Bin php an ton bc x radiation protectioncountermeasures

()(Cc bin

php bo vchiu x)

Bin php bo v cho nhngnhn vin ngn nga thmha

protection measuresfor disaster preventionworkers

Bin php hn ch xm nhp

Bin php y t khi khn cp emergency medicalservices (measures)

Bnh iu p pressurizer


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Bnh ngng condenserBnh sinh hi steam generatorB nhin liu fuel assembly

Bom nguyn t atomic bombBm ti tun hon vng scp

primary looprecirculation pump

Bc x radiationBc x mi trng environmental

radiationBc x nhn to artificial radiations

(anthropogenicradiation)

Bc x t nhin natural radiations(natural radiation)

Bungion ha ionization chamberBung phn hch

fission chamber ()(Bungion ha)

Cc bin php bo v chiux

exposure protectionmeasures

Cc loi bc x kinds of radiationsCt gi dng kh dry storageCesium-137 137 cesium-137

Cht c chy c burnable poisonCht lm chm Moderator

Cht lm mt s cp 1 primary coolantCht lm nhin liu ht nhn nuclear fuel materialCht mang CarrierCht ti nhit (cht lm mt) CoolantCht thi crud Crud

Alpha alpha-bearing waste

Cht thi TRU TRU waste(transuranium waste)

Che chn Sheltering

Che chn shielding (shield)Chiu x cc b extremity exposure ()(Chiu xngoi)

Chiu x ngoi external exposureChiu x thc phm food irradiation


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Chiu x trong internal exposureChiu x trong internal exposure (

)

(Chiu xtrong)Chu k bn hy sinh hc biological half-lifeChu k bn r half-lifeChu k bn r hiu dng effective half-lifeChu k bn r hiu dng effective half-life (

)(Chu k

bn r hiudng)

Chu trnh nhin liu ht nhn nuclear fuel cycle

Chu trnh nhiu liu ht nhn nuclear fuel cycle ()(Chu trnhnhin liu htnhn)

Chuy n i/Ti chuy n i conversion,reconversion

Chuyn ha transmutation ()(Phn lynhm/Chuyn ha)

C quan Nng lng Nguynt Nht Bn (JAEA)

Japan Atomic EnergyAgency

C quan Nng lng Nguynt Quc t (IAEA)

International AtomicEnergy Agency(IAEA)

Coban 60 60 cobalt-60m bo chtlng quality assuranceDy chuyn thc phm(Chui thc phm)

food chain

m countDetector bn dn semiconductor

detectorDetector nhp nhy

scintillation detector (

)(ng mnhp nhy)

in t electron (


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)( in t,skhi)

in t vn ) electron voltiu chnh in p di ti load follow operationiu trn cng khai public hearingiu tr bng bc x (X tr) radiation therapy cht thi phng x ra bi n radioactive waste

disposals at sea(ocean disposal)

chy burn up ht khi lng mass defecto lng nin i dating n nh kh quyn atmospheric stability

i cu h relief partyi sch phng nga thmha s c ht nhn

disaster preventionmeasures for nuclearemergency

i y t medical partyn v bc x units of radiationn v hot phng x unit of radioactivityn v khi lng nguyn t atomic mass unitng phn ht nhn nuclear isomerng v Isotope ()

(ng v)

ng v (nguyn t ng v) Isotopeng v phng x Radioisotopeng v phng x radioisotope (

)(ng v

phng x)t bin v nhim sc th dthng

mutation andchromosomeaberration

D phng m bo an ton fail-safeDng c bo v protection gear

Dng c trc t survey meterDng khn cp Scram (

)(Dng lkhn cp)

Dng l khn cp reactor scram


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H ti nhit d residual heat removalsystem

H thng bo v phng x(An ton bc x)

system of radiologicalprotection

H thng i ph khn cp emergency systemH thng d bo thng tinliu khn cp cho mi trng(SPEEDI)

system for predictionof environmentalemergency doseinformation (SPEEDI)

H thng kim ch p lc(H thng nn p lc)

pressure suppressionsystem

H thng phun lm mtthng cha

containment spraysystem

(

)

(H lmmt vnghot khncp)

H thng qun l liu phngx

dose registrationcontrol system

H thng t iu chnh self regulating system

safety agreement

Hip c khng ph bin vkh ht nhn

NonproliferationTreaty (NPT)

Hiu ng Cherenkov Cherenkov effectHiu ng rng void effect (

)(H thngt iuchnh)

Hiu ng dopler Doppler effect ()(H thngt iuchnh)

Hiu ng hnh nh photographic effect ()

(Tnh chtca tia bcx)

Hiu ng ion ha ionization effect (

)(Tnhcht ca tia


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bc x, ionha)

Ha rn bng nha ng bitumen solidification

Hot phng x radioactivityHot phng x t nhin natural radioactivityHp kim zircaloy zircalloyHun luyn bo v trong tnhhung khn cp (Hun luyn

phng nga thm ha)

emergency protectionactivity drill (disasterprevention drill)

Ion ha IonizationIot - 131 131 iodine-131 (

)(Iot phngx)

Iot phng x radioactive iodineK-40, Kali-K40 40 K-40, Pottasium-40K hoch phng nga thmha ht nhn trong tnhhung khn cp

disaster preventionplan for nuclearemergency

Kerma KermaKho st im c nh fixed-point surveyKh him rare gasKh x him radioactive rare gas ()

(Kh him)Kha lin ng Interlock

Khi lng ti hn, Th tchti hn

critical mass, criticalvolume

Khng cht mang carrier freeKhu vc gim st xungquanh

ambient observationarea (monitoring area)

Khu vc kim sot controlled area(radiation controlledarea)

Kim sot bc x radiation controlKim tra nh k periodic inspectionKim tra khng ph hy

(NDT)

NDT (non-destructive

testing)(nondestructiveexamination)

Kim tra lc ang vn hnh in-service inspection

Kripton (Kr) krypton (Kr) ()(Kh him)


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K s trng cc l phnng

chief engineer ofreactors

K thut ha rn cht thiphng x mc thp (c hot thp)

solidification of low-level radioactive waste

Lm giu EnrichmentLm giu cc ng vuranium

enrichment of uraniumisotopes

Lm giu uranium enriched uranium

Liu chiu exposure ()( n v

bc x)Liu chiu bn ngoi c th external exposure (

)(Chiu xngoi)

Liu dn chng collective dose of(country) (populationdose)

Liu d bo predicted doseLiu gy t vong fatal dose (lethal dose) (

)(nhhng (Hiung) c th)

Liu hp th absorbed doseLiu hiu dng effective doseLiu k b ti pocket dosimeterLiu k dng phim film badgeLiu k hunh quang photoluminescence

glass dosimeter()(Liu kdng phim)

Liu k nhit pht quang

thermoluminescencedosimeter

Liu lng dose (

)( n v

bc x)Liu tp th collective doseLiu tng ng equivalent doseL p lc pressurized water

reactor (PWR)


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L cng sut power reactorL nc nh light water reactorL nc si

boiling water reactor

L phn ng dng trnhdin

demonstration reactor

L phn ng Fugen Fugen (reactor) ( L phnng chuyni nhit tintin)

L phn ng ht nhn nuclear reactorL phn ng kh nhit cao high temperature gas

reactor (HTGR)

L phn ng lm mt bngkh

gas cooled reactor(GCR)

L phn ng Monju Monju reactorL phn ng nhit ci tin advanced thermal

reactor (ATR)

L phn ng ntron nhit thermal neutronreactor

L phn ng nc nng heavy water reactorL phn ng th nghim prototype reactorL ti sinh nhanh fast breeder reactor

(FBR)

Lp bo v t nhin natural barrier (X l acht )

Lp ph BlanketLut bi thng thit hidothm ha ht nhn

Act on Compensationfor Nuclear Damage

Lut c bn v nng lngnguyn t

Basic Act on AtomicEnergy

Lut c bn v ng ph s c basic law on disasterprevention

Lut ngn nga ri robc x Act on Prevention ofRadiation Hazard

Lut v cc bin php ngph c bit i vi thm haht nhn

Act on SpecialMeasures ConcerningNuclear EmergencyPreparedness


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Lut v cc quy ch linquan ngun nguyn liu htnhn, cht lm nhin liu htnhn v l phn ng

Act on the Regulationof Nuclear SourceMaterial, Nuclear FuelMaterial and Reactors

Mng li phng nga thmha

framework for disasterprevention activity

( Khochphng ngathm hanng lngnguyn t)

Mt cng sut power densityMt n bo v protection mask

( Dng cbo v)

My m GM

GM Survey meter

(ng mGeiger-Mueller,Dng c trct)

My gia tc AcceleratorMy phng x radioactive plumeMy Tokamak TokamakMc (Thang) s kin htnhn quc t (INES)

International NuclearEvent Scale

Mc liu chiu x dn chng objective dose levelfor public exposure

Nng lng ht nhn nuclear energyNng lng ht nhn (inht nhn)

nuclear power

Ngy ca nng lng nguynt

a day of atomic energy

Ngun nguyn liu ht nhn nuclear sourcematerial

Ngun ntron neutron sourceNguy him ri ro risk


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Nguyn t siu urani trans-uranium(transuranic elements)

Nguyn t atom

Nguyn t lng atomic weightNhn vin bc x radiation workers

Nhn vin c trch phngnga thm ha ht nhn(Vin chc chnh ph phtrch phng nga thm ha)

officer for disasterprevention on nuclearemergency(Governmental SpecialOfficer for DisasterPrevention)

Nhn vin gim st an tonbc x

radiation protectionsupervisor

Nhin liu chy ( qua sdng)

spent fuel

Nhin liu ht nhn nuclear fuelNhin liu ht nhn nuclear fuel ()

(Nhinliu htnhn)

Nhin liu mi new fuel ()(Nhinliu htnhn)

Nhin liu oxit hn hp mixed oxide fuel

Nhit sinh ra do phn rphng x (Nhit phn r) decay heat

Nng chy vng hot core meltNtron neutronNtron nhanh fast neutron ()

(Ntron)Ntron nhanh fast neutronNtron nhit thermal neutron ()

(Ntron)Ntron tr delayed neutronNuclit Nuclide

Nc nh light waterNc thi nng hot waste water

ng m Geiger-Mueller

GM counter (GMcounter tube)

ng m GM (ng m chpGM)

GM counter (GMcounter tube)


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( ng mGeiger-Mueller )

ng m nhp nhy

scintillation counter

Oxide uranium c c yellow cakePha long cht phng x dilution of radioactive

materials

Phn hch ht nhn nuclear fusionPhn hy decay ()

(Phn r)Phn hy (phn r) disintegration (decay)Phn r alpha alpha decay ()

(Phn r)Phn r beta beta decay

(

)(Phn r)Phn tch an ton theo xcsut (nh gi an ton theoxc sut)

probabilistic safetyanalysis (probabilisticsafety assessment)

Phn ng dy chuyn chain reactionPhn ng dy chuyn htnhn

nuclear chain reaction ()(S

phn hch(Phn hchht nhn))

Pht in nng lng ht

nhn

nuclear power

generationPhng Background

Phng nghin cu phng xmc cao

hot-laboratory

Phng nga theo chiu su defense in depthPhng php chit bngdung mi

solvent extractionmethod

()(Ti x l)

Phng php o bn ngoixc nh liu chiu trong cth

external measurementmethod for internalexposure

Phng php khuch tn kh gaseous diffusion

processPhng php lm giuuranium bng laser

laser uraniumenrichment method

Phng php tch ly tm centrifugal separationmethod

Phng php th sinh hc bio-assayPin nguyn t atomic battery


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Plasma plasmaPlutonium (Pu) plutoniumProton proton (

)(Ntron,nguyn t)

Qu trnh lm y nc trli

reflood

Qun l o lng accountancy ()(Thanh stht nhn)

Quan trc mi trng environmentalmonitoring

Quan trc phng x mi

trng khi khn cp

emergency

environmental(radiological)monitoring

Quay li cui (back end) back endQuy nh ni b v an ton cc c s ht nhn

internal regurations forsafety at nuclearfacilities (operationalsafety programs)

Radium (Ra) RadiumRadon (Rn) Radon

Rn nt do n mn ng sut stress corrosion

crackingRo chn nhn to engineered barrierRi lng phng x fallout (

)(Bc xmi trng)

Sn ph m hot ha (snphm b kch hot)

activated products

Sn ph m phn hch fission productSievert (Sv) Sievert (Sv) (

)( n v

bc x)S khi mass numberS nguyn t atomic numberS tn evacuationSng in t electro-magnetic waveStrontium-90 90 strontium-90


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S ( ng) dng bc x utilization of radiationS c a vo phn ng reactivity initiated

accidentS c gi nh hypothetical accidentS c l phn ng ht nhnChernobyl

Chernobyl nuclearreactor accident

S c l phn ng ht nhnThree-Mile Island

(TMI)

Three-mile Islandnuclear reactoraccident

S c mt nc lm mt

loss of coolantaccident

S c nghim trng major accidentS c nh my in ht nhn nuclear power plant

accident

S dng plutonium nhit

pu-thermal utilization(pul-thermalutilization)

S khuych tn ca cc vtliu phng x

diffusion ofradioactive materials

S phn hch (Phn hch htnhn)

fission (nuclearfission)

Sui nc nng urani, suinc nng radon

radium hot spring,radon hot spring

()(Radon)

Tch nhm/Chuy n ha group separation andtransmutation

Ti sau hot ng load follow operation ()(iuchnh in pdi ti)

Ti x l ReprocessingTm l (vng hot) reactor coreTy x decontaminationTy x v tho d decommissioning (

)(Ty x vtho d)

T y x v tho d decommissioning ()(Ty x vtho d)

Ty x v tho d decommissioning ()(Ty x v


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tho d)

Ty x v thod

decommissioning

Thi b trong tng t nng shallow-grounddisposal

Thi phng x radioactive wasteThi phng x hot cao

high level radioactivewaste

Thi phng x rn a tr vsau khi ti xl t ncngoi

returned solidifiedwastes from theoverseas reprocessing

Thm nh cp php c sht nhn

licensing review ofnuclear facilities

Thanh iu khin control rodThnh phn x reflectorThanh st ht nhn safeguardsThanh tra inspectionThit b ct bngthan hottnh (dng hp th chtkh)

charcoal column unit

Thit b iu khi n t xa chtphng x

magic-hand

Thit b o phng x bntrong c th

human counter ()

(Phngphp o bnngoi xcnh liuchiu trongc th)

Thit b ki m sot tay chn,qun o

hand foot clothmonitor

Thit b ki m tra bngphng php dng xoy

eddy current testing(ECT)

Thit b ti hp recombiner

Thng bo n cng ngkhi c s c ht nhn public information innuclear emergency

Thng lng ntron Neutron fluxThori thorium

Thng (thng vn ti) hoc(Container vn chuyn)

Cask (transport vessel)

Thng cha containment vessel (


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)(Thngcha l phnng)

Thng cha l phn ng reactor containmentvessel

Thng l phn ng reactor pressure vesselThng vn ti transport vessel (

)(Thng)

Thuc n nh iot (thucdng ng v iot bn)

stable iodine pill

Thy tinh ha vitrificationTia alpha alpha rayTia beta beta ray

Tia gama gamma ray (

)(Tia X,phn r, ccloi bc x)

Tia v tr cosmic rayTia X X ray

Tit din phn ng cross sectionTiu chun phng thch vtliu phng x (Tiu chun

qun l r r phng x)

criteria for release ofradioactive materials

Tiu chu n qun l an tonbc x mi trng

criteria forenvironmentalradiation protection

Tnh an ton sn c inherent safety ()(H thngt iuchnh)

Tnh cht ca tia bc x properties of radiationsT chc Hp tc v Pht

trin Kinh t/C quanNnglng Ht nhn

OECD/NEA

Ti hn CriticalityTrm quan trc

monitoring station

ion exchange


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Triti

Tritium

Triti (ng v nng caHidro)

Tritium

Tr n trong ta nh c btng

sheltering in a cocretebuilding

()(Che chn)

Trs chnh ng ph thmha

headquarters ofdisaster prevention

Trung tm bn ngoi c sht nhn

off site center

T l hot ng theo thigian

availability factor ()(T sutvn hnh)

T l liu chiu x (sut liu

chiu)

exposure rate (

)( n v

bc x)T l liu lng (sut liu) dose rateT l s dng thit b (h ss dng)

capacity factor(utilization factor)

()(T sutvn hnh)

T s ng v isotopic ratio ()(ng v,s khi)

T sut vn hnh availability factorUrani uraniumUrani ioxit uranium dioxide

Urani hexalforua (UF6)

uranium hexafluoride

Uranium ngho depleted uraniumUranium ngho depleted uraniumUranium thin nhin natural uranium

y ban an ton bc xquct(ICRP)

nuclear safetycommission

y ban Bo v Bc x Quct (ICRP)

InternationalCommission onRadiologicalProtection (ICRP)

y ban Khoa hc Lin hipquc v nh hng ca

phng x nguyn t

UNSCEAR


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y banNng lngNguynt Nht Bn

Japne atomic energycommission

Van x p pressure relief valve

Vt liu ch th sinh hc biological indexmaterialsVt liu phn hch fissile materialVt liu phng x radioactive materialVt liu phng x t nhin natural radioactive

materials

V tr quan trc monitoring postVin nhin liu pellet ()

(Nhinliu htnhn)

V bc nhin liu fuel claddingX lim nng hot-cellXe gim st bc x di ng carborne surveyXenon xenon ()

(Kh him)X l cht thi lng liquid waste treatmentX l cht thi rn solid waste treatmentX l cht thi th kh off-gas treatmentX l a cht geological disposalY hc ht nhn nuclear medicine

Phlc:

Cch sdng cc gi trv n vtrong nng lng ht nhn

Cc k hiu, k hiu tt trong hnng lng ht nhn


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An ton bc x/an ton phng x(radiation protection, radiological protection )

L vic bo ton mi trng khi s dng nng lng nguyn t v tia phng x, v bo vcon ngi, v.v khi cc nh hng c hi ca tia phng x, v.v....

nh hng (Hiu ng) c th(somatic effect )

L nhng nh hng biu hin ra bn ngoi c thca ngi bnhim x. Ty thuc vo thigian tkhi bphi nhim cho n khi c biu hin bn ngoi, nh hng (hiu ng) c thc chia thnh nh hng cp tnh v nh hng (hiu ng) tr.

nh hng cp tnh l nh hng thhin ra bn ngoi sau khong vi chc ngy ktkhibtip xc vi mt lng bc xln. C ththy r nht da vo nhng triu chng lm sng.

Triu chng khc nhau mi ngi nhng thng thng nu bnhim xton thn vi liulng t250 mSv trln th lng bch cu sgim xung, t1.000~1.500 mSv bt u xuthin cc triu chng. Trong vng 30 ngy sau khi nhim x, 50% sngi stvong nulng bc xl 4.000mSv, v 100% tvong nu lng bc xl 7.000mSv.

Nhng nh hng cp tnh nh thny skhng biu hin ra bn ngoi nu lng bc xthphn mc xc nh, cn gi l ngng an ton. Mc nng nhgy ra trn c thngiphthuc vo lng bc xv c phn thnh hai loi: nh hng xc nh v nh hng(hiu ng) ngu nhin. Ngoi ra, lng bc xgy tvong cho con ngi bi nh hng cptnh c gi l liu tvong.

nh hng chm pht sau khi tri qua thi gian bnh tvi nm n vi chc nm sbiuhin ra bn ngoi vi cc triu chng ca bnh ung th, bnh mu trng hoc c thy tinhth Khng phi ai bnhim phng xcng mc bnh ung th v mu trng, xc sut phtsinh nhng cn bnh nh ung th mt nhm ngi bphi nhim c cho l tlvi liulng bc x. V nhng nh hng nh thny c gi l nh hng mang tnh xc sut. Vvic c hay khng ngng an ton nh hng mang tnh xc sut vn cha c chng minhr rng, tuy nhin theo Uban Quc tvan ton bc xht nhn (ICRP) suy on rngkhng c ngng an ton i vi nh hng mang tnh xc sut ny nhm mc ch khuynco mi ngi khng nn nh gi qu thp nh hng ca n.

Nhng triu chng ca nh hng xut hin sau khi bphi nhim v liu lng gy nh

hng:

Lng bc x

(mSv)Triu chng

Di 250 Vmt gim nh y khoa, cha cng nhn c triu


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chng.

250 Ngng an ton m bch cu gim xung tm thi.

500 Bch cu gim xung tm thi v sp phc hi.

1.000Nn ma, tht, ton thn mt mi, bch huyt cugim mnh.

1.50050sngi c triu chng xy xm (ging nh b

say ru 2, 3 ngy).

2.000 5sngi btvong.

4.000 50sngi btvong trong vng 30 ngy.

6.000 90sngi btvong trong vng 2 tun.

7.000 100sngi b tvong.

(Khi bphi nhim ton thn tm thi tia gama hoc tia X)

nh hng (Hiu ng) mang tnh di truyn (hereditary effect, generic effect )

L nh hng (hiu ng) mang tnh di truyn xy ra i sau do nhim xti cha m

li. Tl(sngi) pht sinh nh hng ny tlthun vi lng bc xtip nhn v mt tip xc ca con ngi. Cc iu tra vnn nhn nhim xbom nguyn tvn cha xc nhc nhng nh hng (hiu ng) mang tnh di truyn trn con ngi. Tkt quth nghimc thc hin trn ng vt, ngi ta c tnh c rng: c khong 4/100.000 trng hpnhng dtt nng di truyn li cho thhsau khi cha hoc mc phi nhim khong 10mSv. Theo bo co ca y ban khoa hc lin hp quc (nm 1982), ngay cvi nhng trnghp khng phi do nhim xth c100 trem sinh ra c 10,5 trbdtt nng do di truyn no (tlpht sinh tnhin l 10,5%). Bn cnh , ngi ta c tnh c rng vi liu lng1.000 mSv th tlpht sinh nh hng (hiu ng) mang tnh di truyn stng gp i so vitlpht sinh tnhin. (->nh hng xch nh v nh hng khng xc nh)

nh hng (Hiu ng) ngu nhin v nh hng tt nh (tt nhin)(Stochastic effect and

Deterministic effect )

Ging vi nh hng (hiu ng) mang tnh di truyn v ung th, nh hng (hiu ng) ngunhin l mt trong scc nh hng ca tia phng xi vi c thngi tng ln khi tlpht sinh (tlsngi bung th trong snhng ngi bnhim bc x) ca cc nh hng


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) ()(Lut cbn vnng lng nguyn t)

Bo vthc th(vt liu v c sht nhn) (physical protection ) (of nuclear

material and facilities)L cng tc ngn nga nhin liu ht nhn bnh cp kho dtrhay trong qu trnh vnchuyn, ngn nga cc thit bvn chuyn v c svt cht bo qun nhin liu ht nhn, vnchuyn nhin liu ht nhn bh tn, hoc nhng chlin quan n cch thc thc hinnhng hot ng ny. Hin ti xy dng c cch thc theo quy nh trong lut vcc quychlin quan ngun nguyn liu ht nhn, cht lm nhin liu ht nhn v l phn ng theoiu c lin quan n vn bo vthc th(vt liu v c sht nhn) quc t. iu cc hiu lc vo nm 1987, nm 1988 Nht cng tham gia k kt hip c ny. Vc svtcht, xy dng bin php chng xm nhp 3 tng da vo slng v chng loi nhin liuht nhn. Bn cnh , cc bin php bo vthch hp da trn slng v chng loi nhin

liu ht nhn trong qu trnh vn chuyn cng c xy dng. Plutonium v urani 235 ckhi lng t15 gram trln l i tng p dng cabo v thc th (vt liu v c s htnhn).

Becqrell (Becqrell ) () (n v hot phng x)

Bnh vin chuyn khoa vri ro bc x(designated hospitals for radiation hazards

)

Ngoi C quan Nghin cu tng hp y hc phng x, bnh vin chuyn khoa v ri ro bcx l cc bnh vin i hc hay cc c quan y t nh nc c cc chuyn gia v s c tia phng

x.

Bin php an ton bc x(radiation protection countermeasures )(

) ( Cc bin php bo vchiu x)

Bin php bo vcho nhng nhn vin ngn nga thm ha (protection measures for

disaster prevention workers )

Khi c dbo xy ra phi nhim bc xdo vt liu phng xphng ra, nhng ngi lmcng tc phng nga thm ha phi thc hin cc bin php nh eo liu kc nhn, dng cbo vcn thit, eo mt nbo v, ung sn thuc iodine ngn nga phi nhim phng x,

v.v.... y ban an ton bc xNht Bn quy nh cc chsti hn ngn nga thm ha nnglng nguyn tnh di y lm chtiu phng nga bc xln nhng ngi lm cng tcphng nga thm ha c lin quan n bin php ng ph tai nn khn cp v phc hi sau tainn.

(1) Liu hiu dng: 50mSv(2) Tuy nhin, liu hiu dng l 100mSV trong trng hp nhng ngi thc hin cc cng


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vic kh n cp ti hin trng scthc hin cc cng vic ng cu kh n cp bt bucv ngn chn tnh trng tai nn lan rng. Ngoi ra, ty theo ni dung cng vic v khicn thit, liu lng tng ng i vi thy tinh thca mt l 300mSv, v i vida l 1mSv.

Cc chtiu ny c quy nh da trn quan im bo vtrong cc cng vic khn cp caC quan Quc t(ICRP, IAEA) v php lnh lin quan n Nhn vin bc xca Nht Bn.

Bin php y tkhi khn cp (emergency medical services (measures))

i cu ha phng, i y tdo Trschnh ng ph thm ha ca on thcng cng aphng thnh lp thc hin cp cu, khnhim tvt liu phng x, chn on (sng lc) phinhim phng x, v.v. Ngoi ra, chuyn ngi nghi nhim phng xn bnh vin hoc bcschuyn khoa c chn on v iu trng chuyn mn. ( quy chkhi khn cp)

Bnh iu p (pressurizer )

Sdng bnh iu p ti mt bphn ca hs cp tng p cho htrong li ca l p lcsao cho cht lm mt s cp ca hthng chnh khng bun si. Bnh iu p hot ng nhni p sut nn phn di ca bnh c ni vi bnh chu p lc phn ng, v gip sut hinc bo ha lun mc cao hn khong 20so vi nhit ra ca nc lm mt trong li lphn ng. (-> l p lc)

Bnh ngng (condenser )

Bnh ngng c nhim vngng thi nc lm quay tua-bin my pht in trli trng thinc ban u. Nc c a n l phn ng ht nhn hay bnh sinh hi.

Ngoi ra, khi bnh ngng tin gn n trng thi chn khng sng vai tr nng cao hiusut pht in do sai sp lc vi u vo tua-bin ln ln. Trong bnh ngng c nhiu ng chonc bin lm lnh i qua, hi nc c lm lnh nhlng ln nc bin ny squay litrang thi nc ban u. Nc bin ly nhit thi nc lm nhit tng ln khong 70C sovi nhit ban u, sau c thi ra. Nc ny c gi l nc thi nng. ( Nc thinng)

Bnh sinh hi (steam generator )

L thit blm pht sinh hi c sdng cc l phn ng nh l p lc. c trng ca lp lc l truyn nhit ca cht lm mt s cp c p sut cao v nhit cao cho nc lm mtphthng qua ni hi, sau lm si nc ny to ra hi. Ni hi l mt loi thit btraoi nhit, cht lm mt s cp chy bn trong rt nhiu cc ng truyn nhit nh, lm si nclm mt thcp chy pha ngoi to thnh hi. Hi nc ny slm quay tua bin v sinhra in. Cc ng truyn nhit c lm bng hp kim niken, tuy nhin do c hin tng nmn v vcc ng truyn nhit thng hay xy ra nn vic ci thin vt liu sdng v thit


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kni hi ang c thc hin. ( L p lc)

B nhin liu(Fuel assembly )

L thtng hp ca cc thanh nhin liu cha nhin liu ht nhn sdng ti l phn nght nhn. B nhin liu ca l nc nhl vt c lp rp thng chc n hng trm thanhnhin liu cha nhin liu uran (vin nhin liu) c ng knh khong 1cm, di khong 4m,c ng rn li thnh hnh vung vi khong cch ph hp sao cho nc lm lnh c thiqua. ( Nhin liu ht nhn, tm l)

Bom nguyn t(atomic bomb )

Khi tp hp urani 235 v plutonium 239 nguyn cht li trn mt lng nht nh (lng giihn) sto ra phn ng dy chuyn ht nhn v to ra hin tng nln trong mt thi giancc ngn. Bom nguyn tvn dng nguyn l ny thc hin c chgy nht nhn bng

cch chun bsn mt tlurani v plutonium trn mc gii hn vo trong vn, sdngthuc sng lm cht kch n, tp trung vo 1 chcho pht nht nhn. Lng gii hn quynh vi urani 235 l khong 10 kg, plutonium 239 l khong 7kg. Bom khinh kh c to rabng cch tng hp hydro nng, triti, v.v xung quanh bng sc nng ca bom nguyn tt to ra mt vnln. (Tnh tiu chnh)

Bm ti tun hon vng s cp (primary loop recirculation pump )

L thit ba cht lm mt s cp ca l nc si n my bm phun (jet pump) v lm tunhon bt buc. Lu lng nc c kim sot nhvo motor c ththay i tc , v c ththay i cng sut ca l phn ng theo tlca cng sut vi lu lng. cc l phn ng t

trc cho n gi, bnh thng sc thit k2 bm ti tun hon, tuy nhin l nc sithhmi (ABWR) c ti 10 bm ti tun hon c thit kbn trong thng l phn ng.

Bc x(radiation )

L sng in tnng lng cao to thnh tcc bc xion ha, ni cch khc, y l tngi chung ca sng in tc bc sng cc ngn v cc ht bay vi tc cao.

Bc xmi trng (environmental radiation)

Gi tia phng xc trong tnhin v trong mi trng sinh hot ca con ngi l bc xmi

trng. Lng tia phng xm con ngi tip nhn nhiu nht l bc xtnhin, tip theo lbc xnhn to chng hn nh tia phng xdng trong y tnh tia X dng chn on bnh,v.v, tia phng xphng ra tcc trn bi phng xtcc cuc thnghim ht nhn trongqu kh, v.v.

Tia phng xtrthnh i tng ca gim st mi trng bc xti c sht nhn l tia


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phng xtnhng vt liu phng xthot ra ngoi tcc c sny. (gim st mi trng)

Bc xnhn to (artificial radiations (anthropogenic radiation) )

Bc xnhn to l bc xc to ra tmy to tia X, my gia tc, v.v m tiu biu l tia Xdng chn on bnh. Ngoi ra, nhng bc xpht ra tnhng cht phng xnhn to cto ra l phn ng hoc my gia tc cng l bc xnhn to. ( Bc xtnhin)

V d, stronti 90, xzi 137, i-t 131 c to ra di dng mt sn phm phn hchbn trongl phn ng ht nhn. Ngoi ra nhng bc xpht ra tnhng cht phng xnhn to c tora l phn ng hoc my gia tc cng l bc xnhn to.

Bc xtnhin (natural radiations )

Bc xtnhin l bc xbao gm tt ccc loi bc xc trong tnhin. C nhng bc x

pht sinh tnhng vt liu phng xc to ra thng qua cc phn ng vi cc vt cht ctrong kh quyn v tia v trc trong khng gian, v cng c nhng bc xpht sinh tcc vtliu bc xnh: Mt lng nhKalium, Thorium, Urani c ni chng ta ang sinh sng.

Ngoi ra, trong c thchng ta lun c mt lng nht nh nhng vt liu phng xnhkalium 40 c trong thc phm. Theo nh bo co ca y ban Khoa hc Lin hip quc v nhhng ca phng x nguyn t (nm 1988), lng bc x t nhin bnh qun trn ton th gii1 ngi trn 1 nm khong 1,1 mSv. T l chi tit nh sau: lngbc x t tri t khong0,4 %, t tia v tr l 0,35%, t vt liu phng x c trong c th l 0,35% mSv. Ngoi ra,nhim x do ht cc cht kh nh radon, v.v c trong khng kh khong 1,3 mSv (1 ngitrn 1 nm). Nu cng thm lng nhimxny, th bnh qun lng nhim x1 ngi trn 1nm khong 2,4 mSv(Tham kho hnh trang k tip). Tuy nhin, lng bc x t tri t vlng bc x do ht kh radon s khc nhau ty thuc vo a cht tng khu vc. Khc bit va cht nh hng ln nlng bc x. (Tia v tr)

Bung ion ha(Ionization chamber )

L thit bo cng tia phng xto ra thkh sau khi o lng lng ion sinh ra bng ionha bn trong thkh . Bn trong hp cho kh vo t 2 in cc + v -, khi in p cadng mt chiu cao to ra in trng th cp ion sinh ra di tc dng ion ha ca tiaphng xstp trung ti cc in cc, y l c cho lng lng tia phng xbng ampe khoc l in k. ( Dng ctrc t, liu kbti)

Bung phn hch(fission chamber ) () ( Bung ionha)

Cc bin php bo vchiu x(exposure protection measures )

Ba nguyn tc c bn trong ngn nga nhim xgm cch ly khi ngun phng xi vi


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chiu xngoi, che chn v rt ngn thi gian phi nhim.

Da vo nguyn tc ny, vi bin php an ton bc xkhi xy ra scti c snng lngnguyn t, v.v cc bin php nh cch ly xa khi ngun phng ra ca vt liu phng x,v.v hay bin php s tn, lnh nn khn cp c thsdng khi cn thit.

Vi chiu xtrong th cc nguyn tc nh ng kn vt liu phng x, khng ht thkhng khc cha vt liu phng xv khng sdng thc n, ung b nhim thng c p dng.Vi ngi dn sinh sng khu vc ln cn, cc bin php nh nghim cm, gii hn sdngthc n, ung c p dng ng thi vi cc nguyn tc trn.

Cc loi bc x(kinds of radiations )Ht nhn nguyn thelium (tia alpha)

sinh ra tphn r (phn hy) ht nhn nguyn t, electron tc cao (tia beta), sng in t(tia gama), tia ntron, v.v... l cc tia phng x. Nhng vt cht c trong thgii tnhin baogm tia phng xtcc loi ht nhn nguyn tc phng xtnhin c trong t, hoc ccloi ht bay n tri t tv trv cc tia phng xsinh ra tcc ht gi l bc xtnhin; vt cht sinh ra tthit bto tia X, my gia tc, l phn ng ht nhn, v.v... l bc xnhn to.

C 3 loi l sng in t, ht c mang in v ht khng mang in khi phn loi cc loi bcxrng ra theo tnh cht ca bn thn tia phng xth phn thnh 3 loi l: sng in t, phntc snp in, phn tkhng c snp in.


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Ct gidng kh (dry storage )

L mt trong nhng phng thc dtrnhin liu sdng. Cho nhin liu vo trong ccthng trong mi trng c cc kh lm kh nh khng kh, kh tr, carbon dioxide, v.vhay bo qun/dtrtrong cc hdi lng t v kho dtrtrong cc ta nh, v.v. Ngynay, dtrdng t (dtrtrong hnc) thng c sdng nhng dtrdng kh c chiph vn chuyn rhn, t pht sinh cht gy nhim, v.v nn lun c nh gi tt hntrong trng hp cn dtrdi hn. Cc nc khc a chung phng php ny hn.

Cesium-137 (cesium-137 )

Cesium 137 l ng vphng xca cesium c snguyn tl 55 (137Cs), c chu kbn rl 30 nm, gii phng tia beta v tia gama. Vmt ha hc, nu Cesium-137 i vo c thquang n ung th n slan rng khp c thv cng bi tit rt nhanh. Tnh cht ny gnging vi kalium. Tkhong vi chc n vi trm ngy, phn na lng cesium sc bitit khi cth. Thng thng, sgim phn na trong khong 110 ngy (Chu kbn hysinh hc). c cho l mt trong nhng cht to ra phn hch ht nhn, cesium c trong maphng xdo cc th nghim bm nguyn thidro trc y. Nhng tsau scht nhnChernobyl, Cesium-137 v Cesium-134 (chu kbn r 2 nm) trthnh nhng ht nhn quynh chtiu vlng cht phng xc trong thc phm nhp khu.

Cht c chy c (burnable poison)

L cc cht hp thnotron thm vo nhin liu, v.v vi mc ch ko di thi gian vnhnh ca l phn ng ht nhn, hay lm qun bnh sphn bdng notron bn trong tm l.Cng vi qu trnh t chy nhin liu, cht ny sphn ng vi notron v mt i nn c gil cht c chy c. Tiu biu l boron.

Cht lm chm (moderator )

L cht c dng lm gim vn tc ca cc ntron nhanh gii phng ra trong qu trnhphn hch (tc trung bnh khong 20.000km/giy) xung thnh ntron nhit (tc trungbnh khong 2km/giy) phn ng phn hch bn trong l phn ng ht nhn hot ng mtcch hiu qu. Nhng cht thng c dng l nc nh(nc thng thng), nc nng,than ch, v.v Ty theo chng loi cht lm chm m sphn loi thnh l nc nh, l phnng nc nng, l phn ng kh than ch, v.v

Cht lm mt s cp (primary coolant 1)

L nc ca hthng lm mt s cp, lm mt trc tip tm l phn ng ht nhn. i vi ccl p lc, tua-bin v l phn ng ht nhn c kt ni vi nhau thng qua btrao i nhit.Do ,thut ngcht lm mt s cp gip phn bit nc chy qua hthng lm mt s cp(hs cp) bao gm l phn ng ht nhn vi nc (hi nc) chy qua hthng lm mt th


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cp (hthcp) bao gm cl phn ng ht nhn v tua-bin. (-> l p lc)

Cht lm nhin liu ht nhn (nuclear fuel material )

Vmt lut php, Cht lm nhin liu ht nhn l urani tnhin, urani c nng thp hnurani tnhin, thori v cc hp cht tnhng nhin liu ny c thsdng lm nhin liu chol phn ng ht nhn v urani c nng cao hn urani tnhin, plutonium, urani 233 v cchp cht tnhng nhin liu ny cng nh nhng hp cht to thnh tskt hp ca 1 hoc2 cht trn. Tuy nhin, loi trCht lm nhin liu ht nhn. Phm vi ca Cht lm nhin liuht nhn c sdng lm nhin liu l phn ng ht nhn ny l nhng nguyn nhin liuc quy nh trong lut.

Cht mang(carrier )

L nhng cht c bsung lm n nh cng ha hc ca cht mc tiu c khi lng

rt nh(ng vphng x). C trng hp l cht mang ng v(isotopic carrier) v chtmang khng ng v(non-isotopic carrier).

Cht ti nhit (cht lm mt)(coolant )

L cht c nhim vloi nhit sinh ra tbmt ca ng cch ly nhin liu do phn hch htnhn, cht ny cn kh hp thu ntron, khng bbin cht do tc dng ca tia phng x, v.v.dng dung dch th c nc nh, nc nng, dung dch natrium (l phn ng cao tc), thkh th c kh CO2, kh helium thng c sdng chyu.

Cht thi crud (crud)

L tn gi chung ca vt liu phng xtrng thi cn nc sinh ra trong cht lm mt s cpnh l nc nh, v.v Chyu y l cht to thnh do hao mn nc ca nguyn liu cuto hs cp. N co thnh phn chnh l oxit st v niken nhng cht pht ra tia phng xrtmnh l Coban 58 v Coban 60, v.v.... Nhng cht ny khi bm vo bmt ca ng lm mt scp chnh l nguyn nhn gy chiu xtrong nhng ln kim tra nh k. V vy, ngi ta thchin xl nc hay la chn nguyn liu gim thiu sto thnh cht thi crud. (Snphm hot ha)

Cht thi phng xcha ht Alpha(alpha bearing waste )

L thi phng xc cha vt liu phng xpht ra tia alpha vt qu mc tiu chun cho php.V dnhcht thi bao gm cc nguyn tactinit, v.v c chu kbn r di sinh ra tqutrnh ti xl nhin liu qua sdng. (-> cht thi mc cao)

Cht thi TRU(TRU waste (transuranium waste) TRU)

L thi phng xbao gm nguyn tsiu urani to ra tgiai on ti xl. V c chu kbn r


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di v c mang cc loi ht nhn nguyn tphng ra tia alpha nn khng th xl ging nhxl cht thi cp thp. V th, cc kthut ng rn cnh v phng php tiu hy angc nghin cu. Xl cht thi TRU gn ging vi cch xl cht thi cp cao cng ang

c xem xt. ( Nguyn tsiu urani)

Che chn (sheltering )

L bin php c thc hin nh l mt bin php an ton bc xn gin khi liu lng oc tvt liu phng xhoc tia phng xc gii phng ra bn ngoi do scxy ra csht nhn vt qu mc c quy nh. Tr n trong nh pht huy hiu qukhi ngcht cc ca, khng khng kh c cha bc xbn ngoi lt vo bn trong nh.

Hiu quche chn (tlnhn bc x) khi tr n trong nh c nh gi qua cc thng ssau.Khi lng bc xbn ngoi l 1 th tlnhn bc xi vi nh bng gl 0,9, nh xy bnggch l 0,6, tng hm ca nh gl 0,6, tng hm ca nh xy bng gch l 0,4,nh cbng b tng l di 0,2.

Tr n trong nh c bng b tng c thlm gim ng kvic nhim xton thn nhtcdng che chn v nhim xtuyn gip nhkn kh. V vy, vnguyn tc ngi dn nn chnla trc cc ta nh cng cng trong phm vi gn tr n, sau xem xt n tnh hnh thitit khi xy ra sc, sngi c thcha c, v.v quyt nh ni thch hp nht.

Liu dbo tr n trong nh v s tn

Liu lng o c (n v: mSy)

Liu lng gynhim x

Liu lng tc nga i-t bc xtiuyn gip, v.v.

Liu lng tc nga urani hoclutonium n phioc xng ct.

Ni dung bin php an ton bc x

10 - 50 100 - 500

Ngi dn tr n trong nh ca mnh. Lu

ng cht cc ca ra vo, v.v. Tuynhin, ivi cc tia notron hoc tia gama phng ra trctip tc sht nhn th cn phi tr n trongnh c bng b tng hoc s tn khi c chthttrsi ng scht nhn ti a phng.


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Trn 50 Trn 500Ngi dn tr n trong nh cbng b tng,hoc s tn theo hng dn.

Che chn(shielding (shield) )

gim lng nhim xtrn c thngi, ngn nga tnh trng tip xc bc xv tn thngdo bc xtc sht nhn hoc cc my mc thit b, xung quanh ngun pht sinh bc xc thit ktm chn hp thtia phng xv ngn chn bc xr r. B tng v ch c sdng chnh cho vic chn bc xca tia gama. Mt khc, ngoi b tng, nc c cha nhiuhidro v cc loi plastic c sdng chn bc xca ntron. Vtm chn phn thn cal phn ng bo vc thca nhn vin khi tc ng ca bc x, nn c gi l tm chnsinh hc.

Chiu xcc b(extremity exposure)((external exposure)

(Chiu xngoi)Chiu xngoi (external exposure )

L tip nhn tia phng xtbn ngoi c th. Cng c thgi l chiu xngoi c th. Trongchiu xngoi, khi ton bc thtip xc vi tia phng xth gi l nhim xton thn, vchmt phn c thtip xc vi tia phng xth gi l nhim xcc b. Trong phng ngachiu xngoi vic trnh nhim xton thn do tia X, tia gama v nhim xphn da do tia betal quan trng nht. (-> Chiu xtrong)

Chiu xthc phm (food irradiation )

L cng nghchiu tia phng xnhm lu githc phm trong mt thi gian di. Phngphp chiu xny c sdng rt hiu qutrong vic dit khun v ngn nga thc phmny mm. Hin nay, cc nghin cu lin quan n an ton ca cng nghny ang c xctin rng ri v c cng nhn khi thc hin trn khoai ty v hnh ty. Nht, vic chiuxtia gama ln khoai ty ang c thc hin nhm mc ch ngn ny mm.

Chiu xtrong(Internal exposure )

Khi vt liu phng xbhp thvo bn trong c thsgy ra phi nhim bc xbn trong cth. Do cc loi ht nhn nguyn tpht ra tia alpha v tia beta c nh hng ln n qu trnh

phi nhim nn gy ra tnh trng c bit nghim trng. Trao i cht v chu kbn r c

ngha quan trng trong trng hp vt liu phng x hp thvo bn trong c th.

Chiu xtrong (internal exposure )

Chu kbn hy sinh hc (biological half-life )

Cc cht phng xkhi vo bn trong c thsinh vt sgim i theo chu kbn r c trng


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ca ht nhn bn trong (chu kbn r mang tnh vt l). ng thi gim i do sbi tit vtrao i cht ca sinh vt sng. Thi gian m lng cht phng xbn trong c thsng gimi phn na c gi l chu kbn hy sinh hc. Chu kbn hy sinh hc phthuc vo mi

quan hgia tnh cht ha hc ca cht phng xv m sinh hc. Cesium-137 c trong thcphm nhp khu mc d c chu kbn r vt l khong 30 nm nhng chu kbn hy sinhhc li rt ngn, khong 110 ngy.

Chu kbn r (half-life )

Do bphn r nn slng nguyn tca vt liu phng xgim st dn theo thi gian. Chukbn r l thi gian slng nguyn tca ht nhn nguyn tphng xtrng tm gim imt na. Do phng xtlthun vi slng nguyn tnn tia phng xsinh ra tvtliu phng xcng gim i mt na khi cng tri qua mt khong thi gian bng vi chu kbn r.

Chu kbn r hon ton khng chu nh hng tthgii bn ngoi nh nhit theo loi htnhn, p sut, v.v... C chu kbn r ngn bng 1/triu giy cho n nhng chu kbn r ditrn 1 tnm ty theo loi ht nhn nguyn t. Mi lin hgia qu trnh st gim ca vt liuphng xv thi gian c biu thbng ng cong suy gim phng x.

Chu kbn r hiu dng (effective half-life )

Chu kbn r hiu dng(effective half-life ) () ( Chu kbn

r hiu dng)

Trng hp vt liu phng xc tn ti trong c th, ngoi vic lng vt liu phng xc

trong c thsuy gim theo chu kbn r ca ht nhn c sn, n cng sgim i do sbitit v qu trnh trao i cht ca c th. V vy thi gian m lng vt liu phng xc trongc thgim cn phn na nhvo hai qu trnh ny c gi l chu kbn r hiu dng (Te)hoc chu kbn r hiu dng. Nu chu kbn r vt l ca ht nhn l Tr, chu kbn hy sinhhc ca nguyn tl Tb th ta sc cng thc: Te=Tr Tb / (Tr + Tb). (Chu kbn hysinh hc)

Chu trnh nhin liu ht nhn (nuclear fuel cycle )

Nhin liu urani ca nh my pht in nguyn tl nhin liu ht nhn qua cng on khaithc, tinh ch, chuyn i, lm giu, ti chuyn i, nu chy v c sdng trong l phn

ng ht nhn. Khi t chy (phn hch ht nhn) trong l phn ng ht nhn trong mt khongthi gian nht nh, tlurani 235 sgim i, sn phm phn hch tng nn kh t chy hn.Khi sly urani ra di dng nhin liu sdng, xl vmt ha hc nh my ti xl sthu c plutonium sinh ra tqu trnh chuyn i ht nhn v urani cha chy ht. Cthsdng urani thu c v plutonium lm nhin liu ht nhn sau khi ti gia cng. Quytrnh tun hon ca nhin liu ht nhn nh thny c gi l ti chnhin liu ht nhn hoc


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ti chnhin liu nguyn t. Qu trnh xl/chng ct thi phng xsinh ra trong giai ontrn cng l mt phn ca ti chnhin liu nguyn t.

Chu trnh nhin liu ht nhn (nuclear fuel cycle ) ()

(Ti chnhin liu ht nhn)

Chuyn i/Ti chuyn i(conversion, reconversion )

Bng cch tinh chkhong thch sthu c bt tn nhmu vng l oxit ca urani thinnhin (U3O8) c gi l bnh mu vng. Ti y, qu trnh to urani hexalforua (UF6) dchuyn thnh thkh khi thc hin phn ng vi fluorine gi l chuyn i. Vic to Uraniioxit (UO2) bng phn ng oxy ha khnhm to thnh nhin liu ht nhn turanihexalforua c tinh luyn ti nh my tinh luyn urani gi l ti chuyn i.

Chuyn ha (transmutation ) (phn ly nhm chuyn ha)

C quan nng lng nguyn tNht bn (JAEA) (Japan Atomic Energy Agency

)

L c quan nghin cu pht trin tng hp ln nht v duy nht trong lnh vc nghin cu phttrin nng lng nguyn tca Nht Bn. Cc c hp nht vi Vin Nghin cu nng lngNht Bn (JAERI) v Vin Pht trin tun hon nhin liu ht nhn (JNC) vo nm 2005.

C quan nng lng nguyn tQuc t(IAEA)(International Atomic Energy Agency

(IAEA) )

L mt trong nhng c quan chuyn mn ca Lin Hip Quc, c thnh lp nm 1957 nhmmc ch cng hin cho ha bnh v spht trin ca thgii thng qua vic sdng mt cchha bnh nng lng nguyn t. Cng vic chyu l trao i thng tin lin quan n hp tckthut v m bo an ton vnng lng nguyn t, chu trnh nguyn liu ht nhn, sdngng v, v.v... lm c nhng vic ny, Cc tchc cc hi nghchuyn quc t, cchi tho; o to ks, thc hin vin trcho cc nc ang pht trin, v.v Tsau khi thnhlp iu c khng phbin ht nhn, thanh st ht nhn m bo mc ch sdng nnglng ht nhn v mc ch ha bnh c xem l nghip vchnh ca Cc. Squc gia thamgia iu c ny l 123, Nht l y vin thng trc.

Ngoi ra sau scti nh my pht in Chernobyl nm 1986, bsung thm nhng iu

c thng bo sm, gip ln nhau. Cc cng ban hnh cc ti liu hng dn mang tnhquc tvpht in nguyn tv an ton nguyn liu ht nhn. Trschnh ca IAEA t tiVienna.

Coban 60(cobalt-60 60)

Coban 60 l nguyn tkim loi ging vi st c snguyn t27, trong tnhin Coban l mt


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nguyn t n nh (59Co). Khi Coban 59 hp thntron ssinh ra ng vphng xl Coban60 (60Co), gii phng tia beta v tia gama. Chu kbn r ca n l 5,3 nm. V c thto ramt khi lng ln vi gi rdi dng ngun bc xnhn to, nn Coban 60 c sdng

rng ri cc lnh vc nh: y hc, nng hc, cng hc, v.vBn trong l phn ng c cha mt lng rt nhCoban di dng tp cht trong Nickel -thnh phn cu to ca thp khng g. Coban 60 c hnh thnh ttp cht ny sha tan vo

bn trong nc.

m bo chtlng (quality assurance )

Cc my mc, thit b, linh kin, vt liu, v.v sdng trong cc c snng lng nguyn tc chto chnh xc theo bn chi tit kthut v cc thit k. Do m bo phm cht baogm ton bhot ng nhm mc ch xc nhn cc tnh nng nht nh ca hthng nn mbo phm cht khng chl kim tra cu to vt liu, phng php chto, cng on chto,tnh nng sn phm, v.v... m cn mang mt ngha rng hn l qun l cht lng do phi tinhnh thm tra/xc nhn cc vn bn nh bn khi qut cng vic, bn vthit k, v.v haythc hin th nghim/ln khoch kim tra, v.v.

Cc c snng lng nguyn tln khoch m bo phm cht, cn ctheo tin hnh cchot ng nhm m bo phm cht, ng thi lu trcc ghi chp m bo phm cht trongmt thi gian nht nh, v c ngha vthnh lp bphn chuyn mn c lp kim tra mbo phm cht.

Dy chuyn thc phm (Chui thc phm) (food chain )

Bt ksinh vt no cng phi n (hoc hp thcht dinh dng) tn ti.Tuy nhin nu suyngh chia theo 2 hng l n v bn th shnh thnh mt mi quan hchui gia cc sinhvt, gi l dy chuyn thc phm (chui thc phm).

V d, cc cht phng xtrong i dng sau khi tri qua chui thc n: sinh vt ph du cnh c trung c ln v cui cng c hp thvo c thngi. Ngoi ra, cht phng xc gii phng trong khng kh sc thc vt hp th, sau cng sc hp thvo cthngi trc tip hoc gin tip thng qua gia sc. Nhim phng xbi phng xmi trngc tnh ton v nh gi da trn nn tng c bn ca mi lin hny.

m (count )

L gi trm c bng my o bc x. L sln pht hin ra tia phng xbng my d tm,v l n vthhin mt cch tng i lng tia phng x. Ngoi ra sm trong mt n vthi gian thhin mnh tng ng ca tia phng x. CPM (count per minute) thng csdng thhin sbc xm c trong 1 pht.


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Detector bn dn(semiconductor detector )

L my d tia phng xsdng cht bn dn nh germanium, silicone, v.v, c nguyn lhot ng ging bung ion ha, nhng khc vi trong bung ion ha bng xung in c bckh, detector bn dn d tm tia phng xbng cch li dng tnh cht to thnh gia in tvltrng khi tia phng xva chm vi cht bn dn. My c dng o lng nng lng tiaphng x, v.v.

Detector nhp nhy (scintillation detector )

in t(Electron ) () ( in t, skhi)

in tvn(Electron volt )

L n vthhin nng lng ca tia phng x. Khi in tdi ng trong khong 1 Volt chnh

lnh in thtrong chn khng th nng lng vn hnh thu c l 1 eV tng ng vi1,6x10-19Jun (J). V nng lng ca n veV v cng nh, nn trn thc t, n vsdng ln vkilo in tVolt (keV) gp 1.000 ln v mega in tVolt (MeV) gp 1.000.000 lnVolt in t.

iu chnh in p di ti (load follow operation )

V khng thdtrin nn phi thc hin iu chnh tng gim lng in pht ra ph hpvi vic sdng in lun thay i. Vic iu chnh ny c gi l iu chnh in p diti.

Hin nay, vic iu chnh pht in ny c thc hin nh my thy in v nhit in, ccnh my in ht nhn th c u im vmt kinh tv n nh khi cung cp in, c thduy tr khnng cung cp in v m bo ngun in cung cp lun y (gi l tiu chunti in mc thp nht hoc ti trng c bn).

Trong tng lai, nu nh cc c spht in ht nhn gia tng, khi lng sdng in vonhng ngy l, tt gim xung th cc nh my pht in ht nhn ny cng phi thc hiniu chnh gim cung cp in. cc nh my pht in ca Php, M, c vic iu chnh

pht in c thc hin thng xuyn.

iu trn cng khai(public hearing )

Cc cuc iu trn cng khai c tchc nhm mc ch lng nghe kin v thc mc cangi dn a phng trong qu trnh cp php thnh lp cc nh my in ht nhn v phnnh vo hot ng thm tra an ton.

Cuc iu trn cng khai ln thnht do Bkinh tcng nghip chtr, c tchc trc Khp iu chnh pht trin ngun in, lng nghe kin lin quan n vic thnh lp cc c s


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pht in ca ngi dn a phng. Cuc iu trn ln thhai do y ban an ton bc xquct(ICRP) chtr. Khi tin hnh double check vic thm tra an ton do Bkinh tcng nghipthc hin, c quan ny tip thu kin v thc mc ca ngi dn a phng vtnh an ton

ca cc c s, v bt phn nh vo double check.

iu trbng bc x(xtr)(radiation therapy )

L vic s dng tia phng x ca tia , tia in t nng lng cao, tia proton, ntron, ht pimeson, v.v... thc hin iu tr y hc cc khi u hay ung th, v.v.

cht thi phng xra bin (radioactive waste disposals at sea ) (ocean disposal)

Xl cht thi phng xra bin l vic em cc cht thi c lng phng xthp dngrn sau khi xl lm cng bng xi mng cc cht thi bao gm ccht thi c cha cht phngx, v.v. trong thng phuy xung vng bin su. N cn c gi l rc thi bin su. Hin ti

vic xl cht thi phng xra bin khng t c sng thun ca quc tv hin ang btm ngng.

chy(Burn up )

L gi trthhin lng nhiu nhin liu bt chy trong mt n vnhin liu. Trongtrng hp l nhin liu ht nhn, v dnh lng nng lng nhit sinh ra t1 tn urani cbiu thl MWd/tU (megawatt/ngy/tn urani). Ti l nc nhtrung bnh lng nhin liutng hp bt ti a ln n 40.000MWd/tU. 1MW bng 1.000kW nn hiu sut nhit ca

pht in bng nng lng ca 1MWd/T sl 35%, khi ta c cng thc tnh lng in thuc trong 1 ngy l 1.000 x 0,35 x 24 = 8.400kWh.

ht khi lng (mass defect )

Thng thng, khi lng ca ht nhn nguyn tl tng khi lng ca proton v ntron tonn ht nhn nguyn t, tuy nhin tng khi lng ca cht to thnh snhhn khi lngca ht nhn ban u. Shao ht ny c gi l ht khi lng.

Theo nh l thuyt ca Einstein, khi lng hao ht c tnh theo cng thcmc. Trong

E l nng lng thot ra khi phn r ht nhn, m l ht khi v c l vn tc nh sng.Tm li, ht khi l phn khi lng bhao ht chuyn ha thnh nng lng lin kt ccht.

o lng nin i(Dating )

L vic o lng nin i ca hay ha thch. Trong hu ht vt cht u tn ti mt lng vilng rt nhcc cht phng x. C thc tnh c nin i ca vt cht bng cch olng ca nhng vt liu phng xny. Phng php ni ting nht l phng php o lngnin i tlng cacbon phng x(C14) c trong ng thc vt thi ci. Cacbon C14


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thng c sinh ra tbc xv trv nng ca C14 trong khng kh tthi c i l cnh.

Ngoi ra, ng thc vt sng hp thu cacbon C14 dng kh cacbonic hay cacbonat, v tlca cacbon C14 v C12 thng thng trong c thl cnh. Tuy nhin, nu ng thc vtchm dt stn ti ca n th do khng thhp thu thm cc loi cacbon trn nn chccacbon phng xC14 tip tc gim i trong chu kbn r 5.730 nm. V l chng ta c thsuy on c nin i tthi im chm dt ssinh tn ca ng thc vt tthi ci khido lng tlcacbon phng xC14 v C12 c trong c thchng.

n nh kh quyn (atmospheric stability )

Hng gi v tc gi l mt trong nhng tham skh tng rt quan trng c sdngdon khuch tn ca cht phng xthi vo kh quyn. Kh quyn cng khng n nhth cng dbkhuch tn, tuy nhin cc a im c lng cht phng xcao nht th tng ign nhau. Trong Phng chm kh tng lin quan n phn tch tnh an ton ca cc c sht nhn hot ng cung cp in ca Nht, bn cnh cch phn loi n nh ca kh quyntheo Pasquill, n nh ca kh quyn cng c phn loi theo 7 giai on tA~G, ngthi mi quan hgia khong cch dc theo hng gi v rng khuch tn sc biudin bng biu tng giai on.

i cu h(relief party)

L mt phn trong i y t, c thnh lp khu vc lnh nn dnh cho ngi dn v c scng cng xung quanh c sht nhn khi xy ra sc. i cu hc chia thnh nhiu

nhm, ngoi vic chm sc ngi bbnh, bthng, v.vi cn thc hin cp cu, o lngtnh hnh nhim xtvt liu phng x, khnhim. ( i y t)i sch phng nga thm ha scht nhn(disaster prevention measures for nuclear

emergency )

Hu quca vic r rphng xhay cht phng xc skhc bit rt ln so vi cc thm hakhc, do yu cu phi c kin thc chuyn mn v kthut cng nh phi c nhng binphp phng nga thch hp. V vy, xy dng i sch phng nga thm ha nng lngnguyn t, bn cnh vic xc lp c chlin lc khn cp kt ni c sht nhn vi quc gia,vi on tha phng, cng nh vic nhanh chng xin kin v ku gi shp tc ca ccnh chuyn mn th vic trang btrc cho on tha phng cc thit bgim st, nng cao

kin thc v kthut ca nhng ngi lin quan cng c trin khai.

i y t(medical party )

L tchc thc hin cc hot ng cp cu y t, c thnh lp ti Ban ng ph c bit vithm ha nng lng nguyn tca cc tnh/thnh ph, qun/huyn. Vi thnh phn cc bc s,y t, v.v. n tcc bnh vin cng, Hi chthp Nht Bn, cc s skhm cha bnh,


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i cn nhn c shp tc tHip hi y ta phng thc hin cc hot ng cp cu y tkhn cp ti a phng xy ra thm ha ht nhn. Cng vi vic hp tc vi cc bnh vinchuyn khoa vri ro bc xca Snghin cu tng hp y hc bc x, v.v i y tcng

thc hin phi cchuyn gia v tham gia gp kin cho cc hot ng khm v iu tr.

n vbc x(units of radiation )

L n vbiu din nng lng ca bn thn tia phng x, chng hn nh electron volt (eV).

Ngoi ra, c 3 loi liu lng thng c sdng gm liu chiu (C/kg) biu din nnglng khng kh hp thu, liu hp th(Gy) biu din nng lng vt cht hp thu, liulng (Sv) (liu lng tng ng hoc liu lng thit thc) biu hin nh hng ln c thcon ngi do liu hp th dy ra.

Liu chiu c biu hin bng tng lng in tch m hay dng sinh ra trong 1 kg khng

kh do hiu ng ion ha ca tia gama hoc tia X, n vl coulomb/kg (C/kg).

Liu hp thbiu hin lng nng lng hp thu trn khi lng n vca vt cht ctia phng xbc x; cc loi bc xkhng lin quan n loi vt cht v c cng mt n vlGray (Gy). 1Gy l liu hp thkhi 1Jul (J) nng lng c hp thu trong 1kg vt cht.

Liu lng tng ng l n vc to thnh nhm biu hin tc ng ln c thngibng tiu chun ng nht, v d liu hp thtrong trng hp tia phng xva chm vi c thngi c ng nht th cc tc ng theo nng lng v cc loi bc xcng khc nhau. nvl Sievert (Sv).

Do n v Sievert qu ln nn n v 1/1.000 ca Sievert l milisievert (mSv), hay 1/1.000.000ca Sievert l micro sievert (Sv) thng c s dng.

Mi quan h gia liu lng tngng v liu hp th:

Liu lng tng ng = liu hp th x h s ti trng bc x.

Ly h s ti trng bc x ca tia beta, tia gama, tia X l 1, tia ntron t 5 - 20 ty nng lngv tia alpha l 20.

y ban Bo v Bc x Quc t (ICRP) s dng khi nim liu hiu dng v l tch ca h strng lng cu trc ca mt c quan nht nh trong c th ngi vi liu lng tng ng

m c quan hp thu.

Quan im ny cho d b bc x u ton thn hay bc x khng u th s nguy him ca micquan l ging nhau, trong trng hp bc x khng u th tnh ton bng tng s ca gi trtch ca liu lng tng ng v h s trng lng cu trc v biu th bng n v gi lliu lng thit thc. Tnh ton tng t trong trng hp b phi nhim u ton thn v biuth bng liu lng hu dng. ( Liu lng hu dng)


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n vlin quan n tia phng x

Lng n v ngha Ghi ch

Nng lng catia phng x

Electronvolt

(eV)

Nng lng nhn c khi electroni qua chn khng c chnhlch vin thl 1V.

1eV=1,610-19J

phng xBecqrell

(Bq)

Biu hin tlvt liu phng xphn r phng x, 1Bq l 1 lnphn r trong thi gian 1 giy.s

n vc l curi(Ci)

1Ci=3,71010Bq

Liu chiu

Coulomb/kg

(C/kg)

n vsdng cho tia X hay tia .L lng tia phng xthhin datrn ion ha khng kh. Khnngion ha l scoulomb ca 1kgkhng kh.

n vc lRoentgen (R)

1R=2,5810-4C/kg

Liu hp th

Gray

(Gy)

Khng lin quan n loi tia phngxhay vt cht, l lng nnglng hp thu trong khi lng

n vca vt cht btia phng xbc x. 1Gy = 1J/kg

n vc l rad

1rad=0,01Gy

Liu lng tngng

Sievert

(Sv)

Liu lng c dng trong bo vtia phng x, c xt n skhcnhau ca nh hng i vi cu trcc thngi tcc loi bc xhaynng lng ca tia phng x.

Liu lng tng ng = liu hpth (Gy) x h s ti trng bc x

n vc l rem

1rem=0,01Sv


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Liu lng hudng

Sievert

(Sv)

nh hng ca tia phng xln cthngi khc nhau ty theo cuto. L lng nh gi sau khi tnh

tng snh hng (hiu ng) ngunhin ln nhiu loi cu trc khcnhau. Liu lng hu dng tolng liu lng chiu xngoi biuhin bng 1cm liu lng tngng.

Liu lng hu dng = (liu lngtng ng ca cc cu to x hstrng lng cu trc)

n vhot phng x(unit of radioactivity )

n vhot phng xc biu din bng sphn r trong mt n vthi gian, Becqrell(Bq) hin c s dng thay cho Curie (Ci) s dng t trc n nay. 1Bq cho bit 1 htnhn nguyn t phn r trong 1 giy.

1Ci l n v hot phng x do 37 t ht nhn nguyn t phn r trong 1 giy, tng ngvi hot phng x ca khong 1g radium. Ni cch khc l 3,7x1010Bq.

T trc n nay n vpicocurie (10-12Ci) thng c s dng trong gim st mi trng,v 27 picocurie tng ng vi 1Bq. ( n v ca tia phng x)

n vhot phng x

Hot phng x

Becqrell (Bq)Phn r 1 ht nhn nguyn ttrong 1giy

n vSI

Curie (Ci)Phn r 3,7x1010ht nhn nguyn ttrong 1 giy

n vc

1Bq =2,710-11Ci

n vkhi lng nguyn t(atomic mass unit )K hiu l u.

L n vdng biu hin khi lng ca ht nhn nguyn t, ntron, proton, v.v.... Gi 1/12nguyn tng vcacbon 12C l 1 n vkhi lng nguyn t. Khi lng ca 1 ht proton


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hoc 1 ht ntron hu nh tng ng nhau. 1u= 1,660541027kg.

ng phn ht nhn (nuclear isomer )

L hin tng sproton v sntron trong ht nhn nguyn tbng nhau, nhng do trng thikch thch nng lng khc nhau nn c tnh ht nhn i vi vic phn r khc nhau.

ng v(isotope ) () (ng v)

ng v(nguyn tng v) (Isotope ())

Tn ti nhiu nguyn tc skhi khc nhau trong scc nguyn tc cng ng v. Ccnguyn tc lng proton cu to nn ht nhn nguyn tging nhau, nhng sntron khcnhau c gi l ng v(nguyn tng v) (isotope). V dnh trng hp ca hydrogen,ph

n l

n nguyn t

h

t nhn nguyn t

hydrogen c proton l 1 v khng c ntron, nhng n

utng thm 1 ntron th sto thnh hydro nng v tng thm 2 ntron sto thnh triti (triti).Theo , skhi skhc nhau 1, 2, 3 khi slng ntron Khc nhau. Nhng cht ny c gil ng v(nguyn tng v) (isotope) ca hydrogen. Tnh cht ha hc ca chng gn nhging nhau.

urani thin nhin cng c cc ng vnh U234, U2354, U238, v.v.... Trong ng v, cc ng vpht ra tia phng xgi l ng vphng x(radioisotope).

Nhn chung, ng vcng c gi l nguyn tng v. Tlca ng vc trong nguyn tgi l tltn ti. Tltn ti trong cc nguyn ttnhin mi ni trn tri t l cnh.( Urani)

ng vphng x(radioisotope )

L cc ng vc phng xbn trong trong scc loi ng v. Ngoi ra cn gi l ng vphng xRadioisotope (RI). V dnh kalium 39, 40, 41 l cc ng vtn ti trong thinnhin ca kalium, tuy nhin trong chc kalium 40 l pht ra tia phng xnn n l ng vphng xca kalium. ( ng v)

ng vphng x(radioisotope ) ()( ng v

phng x)

t bin v nhim sc thdthng(Mutation and chromosome aberration )

Ngi ta cho rng c khong 30.000 gen quyt nh tnh cht di truyn ca con ngi v cnhiu gen xp trn mt nhim sc th. Nhim sc thc to thnh tskt hp ca nuleicacid (DNA) v protein theo mt lng nht nh ty theo tng chng loi sinh vt, trong tbo


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c th ngi c 23 cp (46 chic). Tbo ny sphn tch, nhn ln v to thnh c th ngi.

Khi tbo sinh dc (tinh trng v trng) kt hp vi nhau, gen sc sao chp tng tnhgen ca cha m, nhng v mt nguyn nhn no xut hin cc gen khc vi gen ca cha mth lc ny hin tng t bin bt thng sxy ra, to ra mt thhc tnh cht, hnh dngkhc vi cha mca chng. C nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau khin t bin gen xy ra, nhngnhng nh hng do vt cht ha hc (ha cht) hay bc xca tia phng xgy ra, v.v... slm mt phn gen ca nhim sc thbmt on, lp on, o on, chuyn on, v.v(nhim sc thbt thng) hoc cng c thdo nhng bin i gen trng gy ra.

Dphng m bo an ton(fail-safe )

L thit bhay quan im vmt thit kgip cc thit bc m bo hot ng an tonngay ctrong trng hp ton bthit bkhng thhot ng bnh thng do mt bphn cathit bbhng hc. L mt trong nhng quan im c bn trong thit kan ton ca l phnng ht nhn. V dnh trng hp l phn ng ht nhn tng dng khn cp khi mchkim sot l phn ng ht nhn bdng li do scmt in chng hn.

Dng cbo v(protection gear )

Dng cbo vphn bit r gia dng cngn nga sphi nhim bn ngoi ca tia phng xvi dng cngn nga nhim hay ht vo qua cc vt liu phng x. Dng cu thngc sdng ti cc c quan y thay vin nghin cu, v.v nhng ni chyu sdng tia Xhay cc ng vphng x ng kn. Thng l qun o, tp d, gng tay, mt knh, v.v... ccht liu c cha ch. Dng cbo vthng c sdng ti cc c snng lng nguyn tchyu l cc dng csau gm cc dng cbo hngn nga nhim bmt c bit cchun bsn nh trang phc lm vic, giy, m, gng tay cao su, v.v.... Mt khc, cn c ccloi dng cc sdng theo mc ch v mi trng lm vic nh mt nbo vc chcnng loi bi phng xcao, mt ndng kh akhng kh tbn ngoi vo, hoc my tooxy, v.v.

Dng ctrc t (survey meter )

L thit bdng o lng mc nhim phng xv tlliu chiu c gi chung lmy o lng bc xcm tay. Hin c cc loi my m tia alpha, tia beta, tia gama (tia X), vtia ntron. Thng thng c cc loi phng thc pht hin bc xnh: bung ion ha, ngm chp GM, my m nhp nhy, ng tnh tl, v.v.. . c phn loi sdng ty thuc vocc loi bc xv tlliu lng ca bc x.

Dng khn cp (scram ) ()(Dng l khn cp)

Dng l khn cp (reactor scram )

Khi nhit , p lc, slng ht ntron bn trong l phn ng ht nhn trnn bt thng,


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thit ban ton stc ng lm cho hthng ki m sot vn hnh tng v ngng vn hnh lphn ng. y gi l dng khn cp (scram). L phn ng dng pht in c thit lp sncc iu kin scram, chcn mt trong nhng iu kin xut hin sdng khn cp ngay.

Trong trng hp scram khng c thc hin bt chp thc o hin thbt thng th nhnvin vn hnh l cng c thquyt nh dng l khn cp. Mc d tn sut dng l khn cptheo khoch ca l phn ng ht nhn Nht cng ging vi cc nc khc nhng tn sutdng l ngoi dkin (dng khn cp tng v dng khn cp theo siu khin ca conngi) so vi cc nc khc th rt thp. T c thphn on vic vn hnh nh my inht nhn ca Nht t c tin cy cao theo tiu chun quc t.

Electronvolt (eV, n v o lng nng lng)(electron volt ) (

)(in tvn)

Gi trchun tm thi ca cc cht phng xtrong thc phm nhp khu(provisional

standard values of radioactive materials in imported foods

)

BY t, Lao ng v Phc li cng cng (Nht Bn), ngay sau scnguyn tChernobyl, quy nh nng hot phng xca cesium 134 v cesium 137 di 370 Bq trong 1kg thcphm lm tiu chun nh gi quy chnhp khu (gii hn tm thi). tm hiu mc tunthtiu chun ny, ton bslng thc phm nhp khu tBc u hay ng u c mc nhim cao phi c kim tra, v buc gi trli quc gia xut khu trong trng hp phthin thc phm vt qu gii hn tm thi qua ln kim tra ny.

Ginh tt cthc phm nhp khu u b nhim n gii hn ny th liu lng hp ththc phm c quy nh l di 1/3 gii hn liu lng i vi con ngi. Lng tia phngxny nhhn chnh lch khu vc ca bc xtnhin ti Nht Bn.

Tiu chun vt liu phng xtrong thc phm ca Nht Bn v cc quc gia khctsau scl phn ng ht nhn Chernobyl

Tn quc gia Loi hot phng x Nhm thc phm Bq/kg,l

Hoa K Cesium 134 + cesium 137 Tt cthc ph m 370

Thy in Cesium 134 + Cesium 137 Thc phm thng thng 450

Phn Lan Cesium 137Sa 1.000

Tht b v tht ln 1.000

Thy S Cesium 134 + Cesium 137 Sa 370


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con ngi khng bnhim x.

Lut php ca Nht quy nh: ngoi trbc xtnhin v nhng tia phng xsdng trong yhc, i vi cng nhn khng nn vt qu 100 mSv trong 5 nm. Bt knm no trong vng5 nm u khng c vt qu 50 mSv. i vi cng chng, khng c vt qu 1 mSvtrong 1 nm.

Gii hn sdng thc phm n ung (restriction of food intake )

Khi nng phng xtrong nc ung, rau c, sa, v.v. c xc nh cao hn chtiu giihn sdng thc phm n ung cho php thng qua hot ng gim st mi trng th Trschnh ng ph thm ha schthcho cc chtch qun (huyn)/phng (x) t a racc bin php nghim cm c dn trong khu vc nht nh sdng cc loi thc phm n ungkhng an ton bn ngoi. Khi lnh gii hn sdng thc phm n ung c ban hnh,qun (huyn)/phng (x) c trch nhim cung cp thc phm n ung cho ngi dn, v thchin cc bin php nh nghim cm thu hoch v bn cc sn phm nng nghip, chn nuitrong mt khu vc v mt thi gian nht nh.

Chtiu gii hn sdng thc phm n ung

(ngun: Phng hng ca y ban an ton nng lng nguyn tban hnh thng 7 nm 2003)

i tng I-t phng x(ht nhn i din ca nhn tng hp:I-131)

Nc ung, sa, chphm tsa

Trn 3102Bq/kg

Cc loi rau c(ngoi trgc, r, mm cy)

Trn 2103Bq/kg

i tng Phng xcesium

Nc ung, sa, chph m tsa

Trn 2102Bq/kg

Cc loi rau c, ng cc

Tht, trng, c, cc loi khcTrn 5102Bq/kg

i tng Urani

Nc ung, sa, chphm tsa

Trn 20 Bq/kg


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Cc loi rau c, ng cc

Tht, trng, c, cc loi khcTrn 1102Bq/kg

i tng Ht nhn alpha tnguyn turani v pluton

Nc ung, sa, chph m tsa

Trn 1 Bq/kg

Cc loi rau c, ng cc

Tht, trng, c, cc loi khcTrn 10 Bq/kg

Graphite (graphite )

L cht rn c cu to tinh thcht chhnh thnh tcacbon, u vit trong vic sdng lmcht lm chm v thnh phn xtrong l phn ng ht nhn, ngoi ra cn c dng lmnguyn liu. Li im l gi r. L phn ng ht nhn u tin trn thgii c xy bnggch than ch. Ngoi ra, graphite cng c dng lm rut bt ch.

Gray (Gy, n vbc xtheo hSI) (Gray )

L n vlng tia phng x(liu phng xhp th) vt cht hp th. 1 gray (Gr) thhinnng lng hp thca 1 Joule (J) tng ng vi 1 kg vt cht.

1 Gy l liu hp thrt ln. n vmicrogray (Gy) (1/1.000.000) hay nanogray (nGy)

(1/1.000.000.000 ) thng c sdng hn n vgray.

Hn chti a mc thp nht(ALARA) (as low as reasonably achievable)

Tinh thn t hiu qukinh tv an ton x hi ln hng u, hn chti a nhng nguy himri ro do nhim xgy ra tkhuyn co nm 1977 ca y ban bo vbc xquc t quc t(ICRP) trthnh khi nim v cng lnh mang tnh c bn v chun mc nh gi tnh tiu trong an ton bc x/an ton phng x. Rt gn li thnh as low as reasonably achievable.

Ht nhn (nucleon )

Ht nhn nguyn tc cu to bi proton v ntron.

Ht nhn con chu(daughter nuclide )

Khi mt loi ht nhn phng xA phn r, sinh ra loi ht nhn B khc th B c gi l htnhn con ca A, A l ht nhn mca B. ( Nuclit)


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Ht nhn nguyn t(nucleus ) () (nguyn t, skhi)

Hlm mt s cp (primary cooling system 1) (1) (hs cp)

L hthng tun hon cc cht ti nhit lm mt trc tip cho nhin liu ca tm l phn nght nhn. Ty thuc vo kiu loi l phn ng ht nhn m cht ti nhit c thlnc nh(nc bnh thng), nc nng, kh carbon dioxide, natri, v.v ( cht lm mt s cp, lphn ng nhn notron nhanh)

Hlm mt vng hot khn cp(emergency core cooling system (ECCS))

L mt trong cc loi c svt cht an ton c hc c trang bda trn nhng ginh vcc sctn tht, v.v do ng ng chnh ca hlm mt s cp trong l phn ng ht nhnbgin on tm thi. ECCS ngay lp tc a nc vo tm l, lm lnh nhin liu ht nhnng thi cng c to thnh tmt hthng a my c lp. kiu nc si, ECCS cto thnh tcc hthng nh hthng phun tm l p cao, hthng phun tm l p thp (tngloi nhin liu c xung bng vi phun), hthng rt vo p thp, hthng gim p tng, v.v..., ti kiu nc p lc ECCS c trang bhthng rt vo p cao, hthng rt votrp, hthng rt vo p thp.

Ngoi ra, l mt bphn ca ECCS gip gim p lc bn trong thng l phn ng bng cchlm lnh hi nc phun ra tbnh chu p lc phn ng, hthng phun nc thng cha ngvai tr xi ra vt liu phng xdi ng bng cc git nc, c khnng phun lin tc trongnhiu gigip tun hon nc trong hbn di l phn ng ht nhn.

Hlm mt vng hot khn cp (emergency core cooling system) (

) (H lm mt vng hot khn cp)

Hslm giu (Enrichment factor )

Chng ta bit rng vt liu phng xtrong mi trng thng tch trdn bn trong c thsinhvt, tuy nhin lng vt liu phng xc lm giu trong c thl khc nhau ty theo tnhcht vt l, ha hc hay, chng loi sinh vt v c quan. Ngoi ra, sinh vt hp thu vt liuphng xng thi cng bi tit nn lng lm giu ca vt cht l c gii hn. Gi trti hnln nht m vt cht khng lm giu c na gi l hslm giu. Hslm giu biuthtlgia nng ca vt cht (nguyn t) bn trong c thsinh vt v nng vt chtmi trng (nc, v.v).

Hsti trng bc x(hstrng sbc x) (radiation weighting factor )

Mc d lng hp thtia phng xm con ngi nhn c l ging nhau, nhng mc nhhng chng hn nh tlmc bnh ung th skhc nhau ty thuc vo cc loi bc xhaynng lng, v.v... Trng hp lng hp thging nhau v mc nh hng bi tia gama l


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1, th hsth hin mc nh hng trong trng hp tip xc vi tia phng xno cgi l hsti trng.

Hsti trng bc xi vi tia X, tia gama, tia beta l 1, proton l 5, tia alpha l 20, tiantron t5 - 20 ty thuc vo nng lng. (n vca tia phng x)

Hti nhit d(residual heat removal system )

Cho d c dng l phn ng th bn trong nhin liu ht nhn vn c tn ti sn phm phnhch v vn tip tc to ra bc xtrong mt khong thi gian kh lu. Hthi nhit d l hthng lm tun hon nc lm mt v loi bnhit d, vn c vn hnh thm mt khongthi gian sau khi l phn ng ngng vn hnh.

Hthng bo vbc x(An ton phng x)(system of radiological protection

)

L h thng do y ban Bo v Bc x Quc t (ICRP) quy nh, nhm an ton bc x/an tonphng x v c to thnh t qu trnh hp l ha cc hnh ng, thch ng ti u vic bov, gii hn liu lng c nhn.

Hthng i ph khn cp (emergency system )

Trong trng hp c nhng du hiu xy ra mt tnh hung khn cp nh vt liu phng x, tiaphng xr rra bn ngoi nh my mc bt thng ti nh my in nguyn tth Thtng, ng thi vi vic ra thng bo tnh trng khn cp vht nhn sthnh lp Trschnh ng ph thm ha nguyn ttrong Phni cc m bn thn givai tr l Trng ban,

chthcc bin php ng cu n chnh quyn a phng tr n trong nh, lnh nn, v.v.Ngoi ra, nh nc sbtr bphn ng ph a phng ti trung tm bn ngoi c shtnhn cng hp tc vi chnh quyn a phng, ban ngnh lin quan, ngi iu hnh c sht nhn tchc hi nghbn bin php cng nhau ng ph thm ha ht nhn mt cch nhanhchng v r rng.

Tiu chun phn on lng tia phng xtrong trng hp nh nc tuyn btnh trng khncp l trn mc 500Sv/hh trn din tch sdng ti khu vc phcn pht hin ra lng tiaphng xny.

Hthng dbo thng tin liu khn cp cho mi trng (SPEEDI) (system for prediction

of environmental emergency dose information )

Khi pht sinh sclng cht phng xln bthot ra tnh my in ht nhn, cc tchccng ng a phng v quc gia phi tin hnh nhng bin php an ton bc xchnh xc vkhn cp nhm m bo an ton cho dn c. SPEEDI l hthng o lng v tnh ton mtcch nhanh chng nng c trong khng kh ca cht phng xmi trng xung quanh,


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liu lng phng xtng ng, v.v... c cn nhc n cc yu tvmt a th, thng tin khtng, v.v hthng SPEEDI, dliu quan trc v thng tin kh tng ca mi trngxung quanh nh my in ht nhn trn ton nc Nht c cp nht lin tc, cng tc thc

hin don v nh gi di chuyn khuch tn ca nhng m my phng xlun c tinhnh nhm phc vcho cng tc i ng khn cp.

Hthng kim chp lc (Hthng nn p lc)pressure suppression system )

L hthng m bo an ton ngn nga p lc bn trong thng cha tng cao do hi nc vnc ca hthng lm mt thcp br rvo bn trong thng cha l phn ng chnh bimt scno . l nc si c trang bmy bm nc nhit thng ti phn y cathng cha lm mt v ngng thi nc br r, v trang bmt phng lu trnc ngcng bn trong thng cha l nc p lc. Ngoi ra, cn c hthng phun lm mt bnh cha

phun nc nhit thng.

Hthng phun lm mt bnh cha(containment spray system ) (

) (thit blm mt tm l sdng khn cp)

Hthng qun l liu phng x(dose registration control system )

Hthng qun l liu phng xc thit lp nhm thng nht cch qun l bc xi vi ccc nhn lm vic ti cc c sht nhn. Lng nhim xca cc c nhn lm vic trong mitrng tip xc bc xkhng nhng c ng k mi c sni hang lm vic m cnc ng k Trung tm ng k trung ng qun l liu lng bc x, v c qun lgim st ngn nga lng nhim xvt qu mc cho php. Ngoi ra, cc c nhn lm vic

trong mi trng tip xc bc xlun mang theo bn mnh stheo di qun l bc xv cpnht y thng tin vlng phi nhim. V vy, tt cthng tin vlng nhim xvnc cp nht thng nht v y cho d c chuyn cng vic hay mi trng lm vic.(Tham kho hnh vtrang ktip)

Hthng tiu chnh (self regulating system )

Bn thn l phn ng ht nhn c c tnh kim sot chui phn ng phn hch. V vy nucng sut v nhit tm l ca l phn ng tng ln, phn ng phn hch ht nhn sckim sot v cng sut tng ca l phn ng c tng iu chnh ph hp. y c gi ltnh tiu chnh ca l phn ng hoc cn c gi l tnh an ton sn c.

L nc nhc tnh tiu chnh nhvo i) hiu ng dopler, ii) hiu ng nhit cht lmchm, iii) hiu ng hsrng.

V l nc nhsdng urani lm giu c lm giu (tl235U c trong ng vca urani)thp khong 2~4%, cho nn phn ln urani c trong nhin liu l 238U c c tnh kh gy raphn hch ht nhn. Khi cng sut l phn ng, nhit ca nhin liu tng ln v chuynng nhit ca cc nguyn turanium t mc cng cao, 238U shp thu ntron nhiu


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hn. y gi l hiu ng dopler. Khi sntron gy ra phn hch ht nhn gim xung th cngsut sgim theo.

Cc ntron c tc nhanh c to ra bi qu trnh phn hch ht nhn c lm chm libi cht lm chm, trthnh ntron c tc chm v lm phn hch 235U. Khi cng sut cal phn ng tng, nhit ca cht lm chm tng cao v gin n. Khi vic lm chmntron lm gim mt ny i strnn kh khn. V vy, trong qu trnh lm chm sddng bhp thu bi 238U. y gi l hiu ng nhit cht lm chm. Tlca ntron thamgia vo phn hch ht nhn gim i v cng sut cng gim theo.

Trong cc loi l nc nh, l nc si vn hnh my pht in tua-bin bng hi nc cto ra thng qua qu trnh lm si nc bng nng lng pht sinh tqu trnh phn hch htnhn. Do spht sinh bt kh bn trong l phn ng u n. Khi cng sut ca l phn ngtng, bt kh cng stng theo. V vy, khi mt cht lm chm gim, chui phn ng phn

hch ht nhn sc kim sot v lm cho cng sut ca l phn ng gim xung. y cgi l hiu ng hsrng.

Hip c an ton(safety agreement )

L hip c lin quan n m bo an ton v bo vmi trng c k kt gia nh ut xy dng v chnh quyn a phng ti ni xy dng c snng lng ht nhn. Hoc giaTnh/thnh ph, qun/huyn, phng/x vi cc cng ty in lc trong trng hp l nh my

in nguyn t. Nhiu trng hp, m bo an ton mi trng, y ban gim st mitrng sc thnh lp ti chnh quyn a phng (Thnh ph), v thc hin xem xt, nhgi da trn dliu gim st ca chnh quyn a phng v dliu o lng ca cng ty inlc. Ngoi ra, Hip c an ton cngquy nh trch nhim thng bo, lin lc, v.v cng nhcc hot ng iu tra lin quan trn quan im ca ngi dn ti a phng.

Phn hchht nhn tng

ln

Nhit tng ln

Nhit gim

xung

Phn hch htnhn gimxung

Tnh an ton s n c ca l phn ng (tnh ti u chnh)

Hiu ng dopler ca nhin liu

Uranium 238 hp thu nhiuntron

Hiu ng hsrng ca nguyn liulm chm (hiu ng mt )

Mt nc gim, qu trnh lm chm

Nhit c a nc thay i, qutrnh lm chm ntron din bin tt

Tlhp thu ntron ca uranium238 gim xung


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Hip c khng phbin vuc kh ht nhn (Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) )

L iu c quc tc hiu lc vo nm 1970 trn tiu ch ngn chn spht trin ca v khht nhn. Nm 1976 Nht cng k kt hip c ny. Thng qua vic k kt hip c ny, thayv phi cam kt khng c shu v chto v kh ht nhn, cc quc gia khng shu vkh ht nhn sc htrv to iu kin thun li pht trin ht nhn sdng v mcch ha bnh. chng minh cho vic chsdng nng lng nguyn tv mc ch habnh, cc quc gia ny phi k kt Hip c thanh st ht nhn vi C quan Nng lngNguyn tQuc t(IAEA), v phi chu sthanh st ht nhn vngun nhin liu ht nhntrong nc v cc c shtng lin quan ca Cc nng lng nguyn tquc tIAEA. Mtkhc, cc quc gia shu v kh ht nhn (Lin X c, Anh, M, Trung Quc, c) phi camkt khng chuyn nhng v kh ht nhn, gip chto v kh ht nhn, v.v cho cc qucgia khng c v kh ht nhn. Nm 1995 ti hi nghti xem xt vNPT mrng ti trsLin hp quc quyt nh ko di khng khn i vi hiu lc ca hip c ny. Cc quc

gia thnh vin tham gia cho n hin ti l 182 quc gia (thi im thng 10 nm 1995), trong chyu l cc nc thnh vin khng chnh thc gm n , Pakistan, Israel, Brazil vArgentina.

Hiu ng Cherenkov (Cherenkov effect )

L hin tng khi cc ht tch in xuyn qua cc vt cht trong sut, cc ht c tc nhanhhn tc ca tia sng (gi tr chia tc nh sng trong chn khng cho tlkhc xcavt cht ) bn trong vt cht spht ra nh sng trng xanh. Hin tng ny c ttheo tn ca nh khoa hc Cherenkov Lin X c l ngi pht hin ra n vo nm 1934.C thnhn thy nh sng trng xanh ny trong chu vi ca nhng vt cht phng ra bc xcc

mnh nh nhng nhin liu qua sdng c t trong nc.

Hiu ng rng (void effect ) ()(H thng t iu chnh

Hiu ng dopler(Doppler effect ) ()( H thng t iu

chnh)

Hiu ng hnh nh(photographic effect ) ()(Tnh cht ca tiaphng x)

Hiu ng ion ha (Ionization effect ) (,)(Tnh cht ca

tia phng x, ion ha)

Ha rn bng nha ng(bitumen solidification)

Trn dung dch thi c tnh phng x c lm giu bng xl bay hi, xl kt ta, v.vvi nha ng ri nung nng. Sau rt vo thng phi v lm ng cng li. So vi phng

php lm ng cng xi mng th cch lm ny t c hiu qucao hn.


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Hot phng x(radioactivity )

L tnh cht pht ra tia phng xhay cng ca hot phng x, ni cch khc hot phng xl lng ca vt liu phng x(Becqrell). Gi vt cht c hot phng xl vt liuphng xl ng, tuy nhin trn cc ti liu nh bo ch, v.v thng gi l hot phng x.( Vt liu phng x)

Hot phng xtnhin (natural radioactivity )

Thng thng vt liu phng xtnhin c gi theo cch ny.

Hp kim zircalloy (zircalloy )

L hp kim bsung khong 1.5% thit, mt lng nhst, crm vo zirconi, n c sdng rng ri lm nhin liu cho cc ng cch nhit ca l nc nh. u im ca hp kim

ny l t hp thntron nhit, chng n mn i vi nc v bn chu nhit cao. Tuy nhin,nu tng nhit trn bmt tip xc vi nc ln trn 1,000 th spht sinh kh hydro dophn ng gia zircalloy v nc.

Hun luyn bo vtrong tnh hung khn cp (hun luyn phng nga thm ha)(emergency protection activity drill (disaster prevention drill) )

Hun luyn bo vtrong tnh hung khn cp c thc hin da trn tnh hung ginh phtsinh tai nn bt ngti cc n vhnh chnh cp tnh thnh/qun huyn. Theo quy nh trongLut vcc bin php ng ph c bit i vi thm ha nng lng nguyn tth Hun luynbo vtrong tnh hung khn cp do Btrng chnhim quy nh. Trn khoch, vn phng

nng lng nguyn tl i tng hun luyn, thi gian thc hin, ngi c trch nhim dphng thm ha cn tham gia c quy nh v thc hin hng nm trong bao gm cngvic dontnh hung khn cp, v cch vn dng nghip vtruyn thng, v.v ca ngiqun l thm ha nng lng nguyn t, vn dng cc hnh thc tuyn truyn, v.v vtnhtrng khn cp, cng nh cc ni dung lin quan n cc quy nh vn dng ca Hi nghccbin php phi hp ng ph vi thm ha nng lng ht nhn. ( Lut vcc bin php ngph c bit i vi thm ha nng lng nguyn t)

Ion ha(Ionization )

Qu trnh nguyn thay phn tri khi quo in tv sn sinh ra ion c gi l ion ha

hoc l ion ha. Khi tia phng xmang nng lng ln hn mt gi trnht nh xuyn quabn trong vt cht th cc nguyn thay phn tca vt cht mt cch trc tip hay gintip sc tnh cht ion ha.

Iot - 131(iodine-131 131) () (Iodine phng x)


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Iot phng x(radioactive iodine )

L mt ng vphng xca iodine v chyu l iodine 131. Iodine phng xc ng knvo thanh nhin liu nh l mt sn phm phn hch. Do lo ngi mt lng ln iodine phngxthkh c thphng ra nu xy ra sh hng hay tan chy nhin liu nn khnng phngxmi trng ca iodine phng xthng c quan tm ch n.

Chu kbn r ca Iodine 131 thng ngn, khong 8 ngy, tuy nhin khi mt lng ln chtny vo cthcon ngi qua sa b, v.v stp trung ti tuyn gip v trthnh nguynnhn gy ra ung th tuyn gip. c bit iodine phng xrt nguy him i vi trs sinh, do liu lng phi nhim ton thn v liu lng phi nhim tuyn gip trem v ngi lnl nhng yu trt quan trng cn c xem xt khi nh gi sc.

K-40, Kali-K40 (Pottasium-40 40 K-40)

Kali l nguyn tc trong c thcon ngi v vt cht trong thgii tnhin, trong baogm mt tlnht nh (0.0117%) cc ng vphng xKali 40. N phng ra tia beta v tiagama, c chu kbn r v cng di l 1,28 tnm. Phn ln vt cht c tnh phng xtnhinc trong c thcon ngi l Kali 40. Trong c thca mt ngi c thtrng 70kg th phng xkhong 4.000 Bq, v liu lng hiu ng nhn c trong 1 nm l khong 0,2 mSv.

Khoch phng nga thm ha ht nhn trong tnh hung khn cp (disaster prevention

plan for nuclear emergency )

L khoch c xy dng bi on tha phng da trn Lut c bn vi ph thm hanhm mc tiu i ph mt cch hiu qukhi xy ra sc. Trong , c mt skhoch bin

php an ton bc x c sa i so vi khoch trc y da trn Khoch c bnphng nga thm ha (bn i sch thm ha ht nhn) do Hi nghphng nga Trung ngsa i vo nm 2000 v Vi sch phng nga thm ha ti c sht nhn do y ban anton bc xquc t(ICRP) sa i vo nm 2000. Ni dung chyu cp n khochphng nga tai ha, gim st mi trng trong trng hp khn cp, bin php an ton bc xv chy t, lin lc, thng bo trong trng hp khn cp, v.v.... Phm vi khu vc cn utin xy dng i sch phng nga thm ha c nghl trong vng bn knh t8~10kmtnh tnh my in ht nhn, nu l c sti xl th khong 5km. Cc on tha phngda vo y lp khoch phng nga.

Kerma (kerma )

L n vo tng ng nng ban u ca ht mang in thcp do cc ht khng mang into ra trong bn thn vt cht v o bng khi lng ca vt cht. n v(J/kg:Gy).

Kho st im cnh(Fixed-point survey)

Lp t cc thit bquan trc tia phng xgim st mi trng khu vc xung quanh cc c


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sht nhn v thc hin o lng lin tc 24 gi. Vic ny c gi l kho st i m cnhbao gm trm gim st, vtr quan trc, im gim st, v.v....

Ngoi tlliu lng khng gian, kho st im cnh cn l phng tin o lng phng xca bi thu c trong kh quyn tthit bly mu bi mi trng (dust sampler)t cnh . ( Xe gim st di ng)

Kh him (rare gas )

L tn gi ca cc nguyn tha hc nm trong nhm 0 trong bng tun hon. Chng l nhngkh khng linh hot trong ha hc. Bao gm helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon. Dolng tn ti ca cc loi kh ny t nn chng c gi l kh qu hay kh him. C thto khhim mang tnh phng x(krypton (Kr), xenon (xe)) hnh thnh trong l phn ng ht nhnnhvo sphn tch ht nhn, nhng do chng khng ng li trong c thcon ngi nn chgy chiu xngoi m khng gy chiu xtrong. Cc kh ny c thc loi bbng blc(filter) ging nh cc vt liu phng xkhc. ( xl cht thi kh)

Kh xhim(radioactive rare gas ) ( Kh him)

Kha lin ng (interlock )

L mt c chngn nga scxy ra do thao tc sai hoc thc hin sai ng tc trn my mcthit b. V dnh nu cng mt lc chng ta ko tt ccc thanh iu khin l phn ng htnhn th sc nguy c pht chy lan truyn. Chnh v vy, hthng kha lin ng c trangbthm ngn chn cc scdo thao tc khng chnh xc gy ra. Kha ny bt buc ngisdng phi thc hin cc thao tc theo trnh tquy nh khi mun vn hnh cc thanh iu

khin.

Khi lng ti hn, Thtch ti hn (critical mass, critical volume )

L khi lng hay thtch ca vt cht phn hch ht nhn ti thiu t n trng thi ti hn.Khi lng ti hn, thtch ti hn c quyt nh da trn nguyn liu c vt cht phn hchht nhn v ssp t ca n. ( Bom nguyn t)

Khng cht mang(carrier free )

L nguyn tc trong dung dch, v.v, trng thi khng tn ti ng vphng xn nh

bn ngoi ht nhn phng x. Hot phng xring l cao nht. (tham kho mc Cht mang)

Khu vc gim st xung quanh (ambient observation area (monitoring area) )

Thit lp khu vc gim st xung quanh nhm ngn chn xm nhp v c tr ca ngi dnxung quanh khu vc c sht nhn, hn chnhim xcho ngi dn sng v hot ng bnhthng ti cc khu vc gn c sht nhn. Thc hin cng vic gim st tllng bc x


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khu vc tip gip v qun l kh thi, nc thi, sao cho lng bc xnhng khu vc nmngoi khu vc tip gip khng c vt qu liu lng gii hn (1mSv/nm). ( Quan trcmi trng, tiu chun qun l r r)

Khu vc kim sot (controlled area (radiation controlled area))

Ti nhng c sht nhn, v.v nhm mc ch phng ngaphi nhim bc xkhng cnthit cho dn thng cng nh qun l nhim xcho nhn vin lm vic trong c s dimc tiu chun, cc khu vc qun l thng c quy nh v xy dng ranh gii bng cc tanh, v.v phn bit vi khu vc thng thng. Trng hp cc nh my in ht nhn,khu vc qun l l nhng ni c chnh trong khu vc qun l c bc xngoi bv nngvt liu phng xtrong khng kh, mt trn bmt ca vt liu phng xcao hn hay ninghi ngcao hn quy nh chung (cao hn gi trdo do Btrng quy nh) nh ta nh t lphn ng ht nhn, ta nh ph, c svt cht tn trthi phng x, v.v. Vic kim sot

ngi hay vt ra vo c thc hin nghim ngt, gim st lng bc xc nhn, mangdng cphng hcn thit, v cc thit bkim tra nhim i vi cc vt mang ra, lp tbin bo, v.v.

Kim sot bc x(radiation control )

L nhng phng cch nhm bo vc thcon ngi trnh khi tc hi ttia phng x, do qun l tia phng xl qun l tng qut bao gm nh gi, quan trc tia phng xnhm thchin mc tiu trn. Bphn chuyn qun l tia phng xc thit lp ti vn phng ca nhmy in nguyn t, v.v.

Kim tra nh k(Periodic inspectio)

Theo quy nh ca php lut, cc nh my in nguyn tc kim tra nh kmi nm 1 ln(c tko di qua thng th13). Vi schng kin ca cn bkim tra quc gia, tt cc cc bphn quan trng trn phng din cn m bo an ton u c kim tra, v cc linh kin sdng qu mt thi gian nht nh sc thay th.

Kim tra khng ph hy (NDT) (NDT (non-destructive testing (nondestructive examination)

)

L kim tra tnh cht, tnh trng, cu trc bn trong, v.v ca i tng quan trc m khngph hoi chng. C cc phng php kim tra nh kim tra bng mt thng, kim tra thm

thu tia phng x, kim tra khuyt tt bng sng siu m, kim tra khuyt tt bng dng inxoy, kim tra sthm xuyn cht lng,v.v.... Kim tra khng ph hy c sdng trongkim tra khuyt tt ca cc bphn cu to l phn ng ht nhn.

Kim tra lc ang vn hnh (in-service inspection)

L vic kim tra xc nhn tnh trng h hng vkt cu ca l phn ng ht nhn v my mc


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thit bquan trng v thng c thc hin u n mi nm 1 ln khi ki m tra nh klphn ng ht nhn. Nh nc quy nh i tng kim tra, phng php kim tra, sln kimtra, v.v. Ngoi ra, kim tra trong thi kcung cp sdng cn bao gm vic kim tra cng

ca thanh kim loi th nghim dng quan st a vo thng cha l phn ng, v.v....

Krypton (Kr) (krypton (r)) ()(rare gas) ( kh him)

Ks trng cc l phn ng ( chief engineer of reactors )

L ngi c tuyn chn trong snhng ngi thi u trong kthi quc gia, c bng Ks trng gim st l phn ng ht nhn, c bnhim cho tng l phn ng thc hinvic m bo an ton khi vn hnh l phn ng da theo Lut vcc quy chlin quan nnguyn liu, nhin liu ht nhn v l phn ng. (trng hp i vi Nht ).

Kthut ha rn cht thi phng xmc thp (c hot thp)(Solidification of low-

level radioactive waste )

L kthut ng rn cht thi phng xcp thp bn trong phu. Thng thng y l qutrnh ng rn xi mng sdng xi mng ban u, nhng sau do dung lng gim nn kthut ny c p dng ng rn nha ng. Hn na, kthut ny cn ng dng cc kthut nh ng rn plastic (dung dch phthi tinh luyn, nha, v.v... thbt kh, trn vicht ng rn plastic, lm ng rn li) hay ng rn vin, v.v (to vin tbt kh bng mynghin ht) c thlm gim dung lng thng rn ln hn nhiu so vi ttrc n nay.

Lm giu(Enrichment )

L qu trnh nng cao tlmt ng vnht nh tvt cht c trn thn 2 loi ng v.Trong lnh vc nng lng nguyn tlm giu urani 235 l mt i din tiu biu. ( Lmgiu cc ng vurani)

Lm giu cc ng vUranium (enrichment of uranium isotopes )

ng vphn hch (235U) c trong urani tnhin l khong 0,7%. Vic tng tlny mangtnh nhn to c gi l lm giu cc ng vUrani. Hin nay lng urani lm giu csdng lm nhin liu cho cc l nc nhln n khong 4%. Kthut lm giu Urani lngln ang c p dng hin nay phn ln l phng php tch ly tm v phng php khuchtn kh da trn skhc bit nhtrong khi lng ca urani 235 v urani 238.

Lm giu Uranium(Enriched uranium )

Uran giu l uran c lm tng nhn to tlca urani 235 (0,7%) trong urani thin nhin.tinh luyn di 20% gi l uran giu thp, trn 20% gi l uran giu cao. Hin ti, urangiu thp c tinh luyn ln n khong 4% ang c sdng ti l nc nh. Uran giucao l i tng cn bo vthc th(vt liu v c sht nhn). ( Lm giu cc ng v


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uranium, uranium ngho)

Liu chiu (exposure ) () ( n v bc x)

Liu chiu bn ngoi c th(external exposure )

Liu dn chng (collective dose of (country) (population dose) )

L gi trtnh tch ly lng nhim xca tt ccc c nhn hoc cc ngun bc xcthtrnphm vi cnc (tng ng vi liu tp thca mt quc gia). Hoc l gi trc tnhbng cch chia liu chiu cho dn sca quc gia. C thni liu dn chng l liu lng bnhqun ng vi 1 c nhn Sievert (Sv). (Liu tp th)

Liu dbo(predicted dose )

L lng tia phng xc dbo ngi dn stip nhn tscca c snng lng htnhn, v c thc hin theo cc bc sau khi don c sc. Vic c tnh liu dbo nhhng ln ngi dn khu vc ln cn do tia phng xv vt liu phng xphng ra gy nnc nhanh chng thc hin kt hp vi kt qugim st mi trng, thng tin kh tng,thng tin ngun pht xbc thnht. i tng chyu ca gim st l tlliu lngphng xtrong khng gian, nng ca vt liu phng xtrong kh quyn, nng ca vtliu phng xtrong mu mi trng. Liu lng ca nuclit trong trng hp hp thvo quang thhoc ng ming c tnh ton bng cch sdng tng hsliu lng hudng tng ng.

Cnh th, liu dbo c thc tnh c mt cch ddng da vo phng php nh

sn trc. Thm vo cc iu kin va hnh, c tnh kh tng ca a phng, v.v... vic sdng SPEEDI (Hthng dbo thng tin liu khn cp cho mi trng) c khnng tnh tonnhanh chng, chi tit hn nng phn bhay liu dbo ca vt liu phng xtrong mitrng cng c chun b.

Tnh ton liu lng tkt qugim st ca bc th2 chia i tng thnh chiu xngoi,chiu xtrong da trn sxem xt n hnh ng ca ngi dn, ng i ca thc n, ung,v.v... v nh gi liu lng thc tda vo phng php xc nh trong bc thnht.

Liu gy tvong(fatal dose (lethal dose) ) ( nh hng(Hiu ng) c th)

Liu hp th(absorbed dose)

L nng lng bc xion ha hp thtrn mi n vkhi lng ca vt liu. n vl Gray(Gy), tng ng vi J/kg.


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Liu hiu dng (effective dose )

L liu dng thhin mt cch thng nht mc nh hng ca nhiu loi tia phng xkhc nhau trn mt bphn c thv trn ton bc thngi (n vl Sv).

Syu cu bsung hs(mc nh hng ca mt bphn c thbphi nhim trongtrng hp mc phi nhim ton thn l 1) thhin cm thbc xmang tnh tng ica cc c quan trn c thvo liu tng ng. (n vca tia phng x)

Liu kbti(pocket dosimeter )

L mt loi liu ko bc xc nhn dng cy bt, bn trong l bung ion ha loi nh. Liulng phi nhim trong lc thao tc l phng thc c chtiu. Nhng nm gn y, liu kbti kthut ssdng detector bn dn c sdng thay cho liu kbti thng thngv ang c bn trn thtrng.

Liu kdng phim (fi

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