ygVdo'´g ESifh zwfpm tum&EÅ ykv’dif yk&dom'd*dkPf;€¦ · ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf 1 earm wó...
Transcript of ygVdo'´g ESifh zwfpm tum&EÅ ykv’dif yk&dom'd*dkPf;€¦ · ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf 1 earm wó...
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf1
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó
ygVdo'´g ESifh zwfpm
tum&EÅ ykv’dif yk&dom'd*dkPf;
{u0kpf A[k0kpf
yxrm yk&daom yk&dom
tmvye abmyk&do yk&dom abmaEÅm yk&dom
'kwd,m yk&doH yk&dao
wwd,m yk&daoe yk&dao[d yk&aobd
pwkw¬D yk&doó yk&domeH
yÍörD yk&doo®m yk&dorSm yk&dom yk&dao[d yk&daobd
q|D yk&doó yk&domeH
owårD yk&doo®ð yk&dorSd yk&dao yk&daook
emrf0dbwfrsm;
od a,m? tH a,m? em [d? o eH? o®m [d? o eH? o®ð ok/
y { od onf um; u udk
A a,m wdkYonf wdkYum;
wdkYu wdkYudk
tm { od tdk
A a,m tdk --- wdkY
'k { tH udk odkY
A a,m wdkYudk wdkYodkY
w { em jzifh onf ESifh aMumifh
A [d wdkYjzifh wdkYonf wdkYESifh
wdkYaMumifh
p { o tm; iSg
A eH wdkYtm; wdkYiSg
r { o®m rS aMumifh atmuf xuf
A [d wdkYrS wdkYaMumifh wdkYatmuf
wdkYxuf
q { o \ wGif onf udk
A eH wdkY\ wdkYwGif wdkYonf
wdkYudk
o { o®ð ü wGif aMumifh
A ok wdkYü wdkYwGif wdkYaMumifh
0dbwf bmomjyefyHk 0dbwf bmomjyefyHk
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf2
yk&dom'd*dkPf;½kyfNyD;yHk
yk&do + od = yk&daom
a-m
yk&do + a,m = yk&dom
-m
abm yk&do + od = yk&do
of+?> -g> -? acs
abm yk&do + od = yk&dom
of+?> -g acs
abmaEÅm yk&do + a,m = yk&dom
-m
yk&do + tH = yk&doH
yk&do + a,m = yk&dao
a-
yk&do + em = yk&daoe
a-e
yk&do + [d = yk&dao[d
of+?> -a
y&do + [d = yk&dao[d
of+?> -a bd
yk&do + o = yk&doó
ó
yk&do + eH = yk&domeH
of+?> -g
yk&do + o®m = yk&doo®m
yk&do + o®m = yk&dorSm
rSm
yk&do + o®m = yk&dom
-m
(yk&dao[d yk&daobd wwd,mESifwl)
(yk&doó yk&domeH pwkw¬DESifhwl)
yk&do + o®ð = yk&doo®ð
yk&do + o®ð = yk&dorSd
rSd
yk&do + o®ð = yk&dao
a-
yk&do + ok = yk&daook
of+?> -a
y
tm
'k
w
p
rD
q
o
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
48/ o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd0g/ o®m onf rSm? [d onf bd? o®ð onf rSd odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
50/ ok[doGuma&m{/ okç [d 0dbwfaMumifh a½SUu t onf a- odkY ajymif;onf/
61/ om-*arm-ao/ o0dbwfaMumifh ovm/
103/ tawmaee/ tum&EÅyk'faemufu em0dbwfonf a-e odkY ajymif;onf/
104/ aom/ tum&EÅyk'faemufu od0dbwfonf a-m odkY ajymif;onf/
107/ oAÁa,mederm{/ tum&EÅyk'faemufu yxrm a,mESifh a,mrSajymif;vmaom edonf -m odkY
ajymif;onf/ 'kwd,m a,mESifh a,mrSajymif;vmaom edonf a- odkY ajymif;onf/
108/ o®mo®ðeH0g/ tum&EÅyk'faemufu o®monf -mç o®ðonf a-odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
244/ tum&ydwm'sEÅmerm/ tmvkyfodaMumifh tum&EÅyk'f ydwkponfyk'fwdkY\ tqHk;o&onf tm(-g)
odkY ajymif;onf/
246/ tuma&m0g/ tmvkyfodaMumifh -m onf ? odkYajymif;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf3
tpDt&ifxl;
uGap0g?(arm*¾vmef) wdvd*Fawm Xmae oda,mear/ (o'´eDwd) awok0k'¨d (upönf;)
1/ od 0dbwfonf a- odkYajymif;onf/ ew¬d yk&douma&? ew¬d twåuma&?
2/ yxrma,onf a- odkY ajymif;onf/ Amavp? olrdkufwdkYonf4if;? y@dawp-ynm½SdwdkYonf4if;
3/ wcgw&H a,m0dbwfonf yuwdtwdkif; aeonf/ 0ae 0gVrda*gap0 tpä aumu w&päa,m
4/ yxrma,maemif ao tu©&m vm/ a,aupd Ak'¨H o&PH *wmao/ (t|uxmwdkYu aoedygwf
[kqdk)
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
yk&daom a,musfm;
Aka'¨g bk&m;
"ar®m w&m;
oHaCm oHCm
a'a0g ewf
ema*g e*g;
rEkaóm vl
zaPm yg;ysOf;
Asa*¢m usm;
oDa[m jcaoFh
r[ðaom uRJ
yda@m qGrf;
taw¬m teuf? tusKd;
r,la&m Oa'gif;
ok*awm jrwfpGmbk&m;
oka&m ewf
toka&m tok&m
ea&m vl
O&a*g a>r
ydomapm waq
ayawm Nydwåm
rmwa*Fg qif
oawåm? Z*Farm? ygaPm owå0g
wk&a*Fg? taóm jrif;
0&ma[m? olua&m 0uf
tapäm 0H
upäayg vdyf
w&apäm atmif;
aomaPm? okeacg acG;
tmavmaum ta&mifç tvif;
avmaum avmu
edva,m tdrf
tedavm av
pma*g pGefYBuJjcif;
a,ma*g tm;xkwfjcif;
0g,marm vkHYv
*garm ½Gm
ed*arm ed*Hk;
tm*arm tm*kH
umarm tvdk
MoaCm a&t,Of
aCmaom a<u;aMumfoH
y#daCm a'go
tmoa0g toa0gw&m;
auma"m trsuf
avmabm vdkcsifjcif;
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf4
om&arÇm csKyfcs,fjcif;
xarÇm wdkif
ra'g rmef&pfjcif;
rmaem armufarmfjcif;
yrma'g arhavsmhjcif;
rau©m aus;Zl;uef;jcif;
ykEéma*g ykef;nufyif
yla*g uGrf;oD;yif
yeaom ydEéJyif
toaem ydawmufyif
prÜaum pum;yif
tarÁm o&ufyif
[dEÅmavm "Ekef;yif
wmavm xef;yif
Aukavm c,m;yif
tZÆKaem axmufMuefYyif
uðokaum aygufyif
rE´ma&m ewfopfyif
ukaE´m oif;acGyif
ykpdraE´m wrmyif
u&aÍÆm oif;0if
½kau©m opfyif
oukaem? tukaem?
t@aZm iSuf
aumaÍÆm BuKd;Mum
yga'g ajc
ra*¾g vrf;
yawåm oydwf
omraPa&m udk&if
oraPm &[ef;
axa&m ax&f? bkef;BuD;
0d[ma&m ausmif;
tmp&da,m q&m
odaóm wynfh
yAÁawm awmif
ppfudkif;yAÁawm ppfudkif;awmif
'g&aum uav;
a,ma"m ppfom;
trapöm trwf
omrdaum t½Sif? ocif
'gaom uRef
tmumaom aumif;uif
abma*g pnf;pdrf? Opöm
rmaom v
"larm rD;cdk;
ya#m t0wfykqdk;
Ca#m tdk;
wdw¬da,m wdw¬d
,marm ,mrf
*aE¦m usrf;pm
omuda,m omud,? omuD0ifrif;
a*gwarm a*gwr
od'¨aw¬m od'¨w¬
ygVdoa'´g ygVdo'´g
pepfopfygVdoa'´g pepfopfygVdo'´g
ykawåm om;
y#daoma"m wm;jrpfjcif;
orka'´g orkj'm
y&du©ma&m y&du©&m
&axm &xm;
t*¾d&axm rD;&xm;
tó&axm jrif;&xm;
£Pomrdaum a<u;½Sif
£Pm,daum a<u;,lol
tm*EÅKaum {nfhonf
ukrma&m owdkYom;? rif;om;
apma&m olcdk;? olykef? "m;jy
tm&marm tm&mrf? NcH? ausmif;wdkuf
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf5
r[m*E¨m&marm r[m*E¨m½kHausmif;wdkuf
u#aum vufaumuf
AdVma&m aMumif
rlodaum <uuf
ygavm apmifha½Smufol
taZm qdwf
tZygavm qdwfausmif;om;
a*gygavm EGm;ausmif;om;
uaP²m vnfyif;? vnfacsmif;
Moa|m EIwfcrf;
raZÑm tv,f
ora,m tcg
ykAÁaPSm eHeuf
ykAÁPSora,m eHeuftcg
ed,arm owfrSwfjcif;
0a*¾g 0*f? taygif;? tpk
olayg [if;? yJ[if;? [if;csKd
aAm"doawåm bk&m;avmif;
aoavm ausmufawmif
aumaom waumoç ESpfrdkif
0gawm av
oka0g Muufwla½G;
Ovlaum ZD;uGuf
aoaem pGef
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf6
tum&EÅ eyHkvdif pdwåm'd*kdPf;
{u0kpf A[k0kpf
yxrm pdwåH pdwåm pdwåmed
tmvye abm pdwå pdwåm b0EÅmed pdwåm pdwåmed
'kwd,m pdwåH pdawå pdwåmed
wwd,m pdawåe pdawå[d pdawåbd
pwkw¬D pdwåó pdwåmeH
yÍörD pdwåo®m pdwårSm pdwåm pdawå[d pdawåbd
q|D pdwåó pdwåmeH
owårD pdwåo®ð pdwårSd pdawå pdawåok
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
166/ a,meH ed eyHkoau[d/ £ þ O OD Mo um&ef 5 rsKd;aemif a,m0dbwfonf &Hcg ed ajymifonf/
167/ tawmedpöH/ eyHkvdif tum&EÅrS aemufjzpfaom a,m0dbwfonf ed odkY tNrJ ajymif;onf/
168/ oð/ tum&EÅrS aemufjzpfaom od0dbwfonf tH ( ?H ) odkY ajymif;onf/
37/ a,mok uwedum&avmayok 'DCH/ a,m0dbwfond edodkY ajymif;NyD;vQif4if; odkYr[kwf
a,m0dbwfonf ausajymufNyDvQif4if; a½SYu o&onf 'DCodkYajymif;onf/
y pdwå + od = pdwåH
i pdwå + a,m = pdwåm
-m
pdwå + a,m = pdwåmed
pdwåf+?> -g ed
tm abm pdwå + od = pdwå
wåf+?> -g> -? acs
abm pdwå + od = pdwåm
pdwåf+?> -g acs
b0EÅmed pdwå + a,m = pdwåm
ed> m
pdwå + a,m = pdwåmed
pdwåf+?> -g ed
'k pdwå + i = pdwHå
pdwå + a,m = pdawå
ed> a-
pdwå + a,m = pdwåmed
pdwåf+?> -g ed
pdwåm'd*dkPf;½kyfNyD;yHk
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf7
pdwåH pdwf
ukvH trsKd;
bwåH xrif;
'geH 'geç tvª
oDvH oDv
,meH ,mOf
avmpeHçe,eH rsufpd
£eH a<u;
0eH awm
"nH pyg;
e*&H NrKdU
rEÅav;e*&H rEÅav;NrKdU
&efukefe*&H &efukefNrKdU
[dwH pD;yGm;
ur®H uHç trIç tvkyf
aomygeH apmif;wef;ç avSum;
yknH aumif;rI
ygyH raumif;rI
zvH toD;ç tusKd;
½lyHç 0PÖH tqif;
om"eH NyD;apjcif;
aomwH em;
CmeH ESmacgif;
um&PH taMumif;
"eHç oEÅuH Opöm
psmeH psmef
rlvH tjrpf
ulvHç wD&H urf;
ZmvH ydkufuGef
r*FvH r*Fvm
eVdeHçevdeHçy'krH y'kr®mMum
vd*ø toGif
t*ø t*Fg
ZvHçO'uH a&
trÁKZH Mum
ykvdeH oJ
[d&nHçok0PÖH a½T
trwH edAÁmef
okomeH okomef
tm,k"Hçtm0k"H vufeuf
[',H ESvHk;
pD0&H ouFef;
0w¬H t0wf
£`Ed´,H £a~E´
0'eH EIwfcrf;
ygeH tazsmf
b0eHçbk0eH Adrmef
avm[H oHç aMu;
tvmwH rD;p
wk@H EIwfoD;
t@H tk
yDXH xdkifckH
u&PH jyKjcif;ç½GwfqdkaMumif;
r&PH aojcif;
ÓPH ÓPf
tm&rPH tm½kH
t&nH awm
wmPH apmifha½Smufjcif;
p&PH tusifh
qwåH xD;
qd'´H tayguf
0g,k,meH av,mOfysH
armfawmf,meH armfawmfum;
yrmPH twdkif;t½Snf
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf8
wd,mrH nOfhokH;,mrf
awrmoH oHk;v
a,mZeH wpf,lZem
*g0kwH wpf*g0kwf
XmeH t&yf
t*¾H tzsm;
Oy*¾H tzsm;\teD;
y,weH tm;xkwfjcif;
t*g&Hç a*[H tdrf
pr®H ta&
a*gwåH trsKd;tEG,f
emrH emrnfçtrnf
0daooeH txl;jyKwwfonf
cD&H EdkY&nf
tEéH tpm
,xmAmvH tMuif tMuif rdkufonfhtavsmuf
opöH rSef\ç rSefaompum;
odyÜH twwf
o,eH tdyf,m
wdPH jruf
0peH pum;
tAÁH o&ufoD;
tpDt&ifxl;
od0dbwfonf a- odkY ajymif;onf/ abm*0wDemr rE´da& e*a& edr®daw uÍöera,/
abm*0wDemr rE´da&-abm*wDtrnf½Sdaom eef;NrKdUawmfonf? uÍöra,-a½TjzifhNyD;aom? e*a&-NrKdUudk?
edr®dwH-zefqif;tyf\/
ur® o'´gü emç oç o®mç 0dbwfwdkYü pdwåxufydkaom ½kyfyHkpH ½Sdonf/
y ur®H ur®m ur®med
tm abm ur® ur®m b0EÅmed ur®m ur®med
'k ur®H uar® ur®med
w uar®eç ur®emç ur®Kem uar®[d uar®bd
p ur®óç ur®Kaem ur®meH
rD ur®o®mçur®rSmçur®mçur®Kem uar®[d uar®bd
q ur®óç ur®Kaem ur®meH
o ur®o®ðçur®rSdçuar®çur®ed uar®ok
rSwfcsuf/ ur® uJhodkY pr®-ta&? to®-ausmufcJ? a0o®-tdrf? Cr®-aEGç aeyl? wdkYüvnf; o®ðonf ed
odkYajymif;onf/ xmrç t'¨ aemufü emç o®mç o ½SdvQif xmrç t'¨ wdkY\ t (?) onf O ( k)
odkYajymif;onf/ xmareç xmrkem? xmro®mç xmrrSmç xmrkem?xmrkaemç xmró ponf jzpf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf9
ur®ponftwGuf pnf;rsOf;rsm;
66/ psvawm oó aem 0g/ £ þ O OD rSaemufjzpfaom o onf aemodkUajymif;onf/
108/ OemrSdp/ em aMumifh ykr\ tqHk; tonf tm odkYr[kwf O odkYajymif;onf/ po'´gjzifh
aemufrSm o o®m ½SdvQif ykr ur® xmr t'¨ wdkY\ tonf OodkYajymif;onf/
108/ tur®EÅó p/ aemufrSm em½SdvQif ur®\ tonf todkY4if; OodkY4if; ajymif;onf/ tEÅydk
jzifh emaMumifh xmr t'¨ wdkY\ tonf OodkYajymif;onf/ po'´gjzifh rC0 ,0wdkY tonf em
ok aMumifh tmajymif;onf/
164/ psvawm p/ pstrnf½Sd £ þ ESifh vtrnf½Sd O OD wdkYaemufu o®m onf em
odkYajymif;onf/
146/ jA[®awm wk o®ð ed/ jA[® aemufu o®ð onf ed odkYajymif;onf/ wkjzifh ur®ç pr®ç rk'¨ç t'¨
ponfaemufu o®ð onf ed odkYajymif;onf/
ur® + em = ur®em ur® + o = ur®Kaem
r®f+?> ? r®f+?> K aem
ur® + em = ur®Kem ur® + o®ð = ur®ed
r®f+?> K ed
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf10
tmum&EÅ £w¬dvdif unm'd*kdPf;
{u0kpf A[k0kpf
yxrm unm unm unma,m
tmvye abmwd uan abmwda,m unm unma,m
'kwd,m unH unm unma,m
wwd,m unm, unm[d unmbd
pwkw¬D unm, unmeH
yÍörD unm, unm[d unmbd
q|D unm, unmeH
owårD unm, unm,H unmok
pOfrsOf;rsm;
9/ tmaCm/ £w¬dvdifudk a[maom tmtu©&mudk Ctrnfrnfh/
60/ Cawm em'DeH/ Ctrnf½Sdaom tm\ aemufü½Sdaom em o o®m o o®ð wdkYonf tm, odkY
ajymif;onf/
63/ Cawp/ Ctrnf½Sdaom tm \ aemufü½Sdaom od onf a- odkYajymif;onf/
64/ e tr®m'dawm/ rdcif[k t"dyÜg,f&aom tr®ç tEéç trÁç wmw aemufü½Sdaom od onf a- odkY
rajymif;/ ( tr®ç tr®m? tEéç tEém? trÁç trÁm? wmwç wmwm [kom½kyf ½Sd\/
tar®ç tarÁç taEéç wmaw [k r½SdEdkif)
67/ Cyawmp a,meH avmayg/ C y ps v wdkY\ aemufü½Sdaom a,monf wcgw&H aysmufuG,f
oGm;onf/
165/ Cyawm o®ð,H0g/ C y wdkY\ aemuf½Sdaom o®ð onf wcgw&H ,H odkY ajymif;onf/
169/ aooawm avmyH *odyd/ od onf a-gç -gç ? H odkY rajymif;u aysmufuG,foGm;onf/
185/£w¬d,rawm tmypöa,m/ tum&EÅpum;vHk;rsm;aemufwGif £w¬dvdifyg[k ajymjy&ef -g qufay;
&rnf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf11
unm'd*dkPf;½kyfNyD;yHk
y unm + od =unm p^q unm + o = unm,
acs -g,
unm + a,m = unm unm + eH = unmeH
acs
unm + a,m = unma,m rD unm + o®m = unm,
-g,
tm unm + od = uan unm[dç unmbd (wwd,mESifhwl)
a-
unm unma,m (yxrmESifhwl)
w unm + em = unm, o unm + o®ð = unm,
-g, -g,
unm + [d = unm[d unm + o®ð = unm,H
unm + [d = unmbd ,H
bd unm + ok = unmok
tpDt&ifxl;
1/ em o o®m o o®ð wdkYonf ,m odkY ajymif;NyD; a½SUu -g onf ? odkYajymif;onf/
qm,,m-t&dyfü? ou©a&myr,m-oumcJ Oyrmjzifh? Amv'g&uvDV,m-oli,fuav;
\ pHy,fupm;jcif;jzifh/
2/ tum&EÅyk'fudk £w¬dvdif[k ajym&ef -g qufjcif;onf tNrJr[kwf/ wcgw&H -D vnf;
qufonf/ uvsmPm uvsmPD? okE´&m okE´&D? 'Dyem 'DyeD? aombPm aombPD/
3/ Oum&EÅ rmwk "Dwk yk'fwdkYudkvnf; £w¬dvdif[k ajym&ef -g qufwwfonf/
Owå&rmwm? eE´rmwm? a'0"Dwm (-g qufonfhtwGuf unm'D*dkPf;jzpfoGm;onf)
4/ obm y&dom wdkYaemufu o®ð onf wd odkYajyif;onf/ wðobmy&doawm(arm*f)
5/ o®m o®ð ü unrSm unrSd [k ½SdEdkifonf/
obm + o®ð = obwð ^ obwd y&dom + o®ð = y&dowð ^ y&dowd
bf+-g> ? wð ^wd of+-g> ? wð ^w
ã v,fwdy'rmvmusrf;u wd [kqdkonf? wJGzuf ü wð [kqdkonf/ yd#uwfpmtkyfrsm;ü wd udk
awGU&onf[k qdkonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf12
unm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
unm owdkYorD;
bdu©m xrif;
0DPm apmif;
*D0g vnfyif;
Zd0Sg vQm
a*g"m zGwf
OKum oef;
a'gvm ykcuf
yyg a&tdk;pif
Zm,m r,m;
omcg opfcuf
tr®mç tEém trd
y&dom y&dowf
obm yGJobif
avcg pmç pmvHk;
o'¨g ,kHMunfjcif;
ar"mçynmç0dZÆm ÓPf
pdEÅm BuHjcif;
rEÅm twdkiftyif
wPSmç{Zmç
wodPSm wufrufjcif;
£päm vdkcsifjcif;
rkpäm awGa0jcif;
rm,m [efaqmifjcif;
arwåm cspfjcif;
rwåm twdkif;t½Snf
odu©m tusifh
ZCFm ajcovHk;
0gpm pum;
qm,m t&dyf
tmom tvdk
**Fg **Fgjrpf
em0g avS
*gxm *gxm
aoem ppfwyf
omvm p&yf
rmvm yef;
a0vm tcsdef
ylZm ylaZmfjcif;
cd¥m jrL;wl;jcif;
ydygom a&iwfjcif;
a0'em cHpm;jcif;
onm rSwfom;jcif;
apwem aphaqmfjcif;
yZm owå0gtaygif;
a'0wm ewf
0¥um iHk;
Avum AsKdif;
aozmvdum qdwfzvl;yif
vuFm vif;,mOfwdkif
ovmum 0g;jcrf;
0gvdum oJ
odcg tarmuf
0domcg 0domcg
0dodcg vrf;
0pm vif;av
0ÍÆßm tNrKH
Z#m qHuspf
C#m taygif;
aZ|m trBuD;
aom@m ESmarmif;
0dw@m qefYusifbuft,l
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf13
u½kPm oem;jcif;
0edwm rdef;r
vwm EG,f
uxm pum;
ed'´g tdyfaysmfjcif;
ok"m tuFaw
&m"m &m"eu©wf
0goem txHk
oðoyg ,if;wdkufyif
ybm ta&mif
oDrm tydkif;tjcm;
crm onf;cHjcif;
cwåd,m rif;orD;
ou©&m ausmufp&pf
ok&m ao&nf
wkvm csdefcGif
odvm ausmuf
vDvm wifhw,fjcif;
vmvm wHawG;
{vm oGm;&nf
arcvm cg;ywf
uvm tpdwf
0V0g jrnf;r
tvrÁKom tvrÁKom
rlom rdkufcGuf
rÍÆLom aowåm
Zwkum vif;EdkY
um½kum rdk;oD;
okvom okvom
'dom t&yfrsufESm
emomçemodum ESmacgif;
ZkPSm va&mif
*k[m *l
þ[m tm;xkwfjcif;
vodum tap;
0ok"m ajr
,EÅem0g oabFm
'g&dum uav;r
bm0em bm0em
ykpäm ykpämç tar;
okrem jrwfav;
okrermvm jrwfav;yef;
Am[m vufarmif;
od0g awmacG;
u#Kudum ADvHk;
psv’dumç
psdv’dum y&pf
umVum ½Snfh
vlwm yifhul
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf14
'Gdvdif wdvdif pum;vHk;rsm;
oua#m (yk?e) vSnf;
Mo'aem (yk?e) xrif;
aumaom (yk?e) waumoç ESpfrdkif
okacg (wd) csrf;om
'kau©m (wd) qif;&J
ta0a&m (wd) &efr½Sdonf
Amavm (wd) rdkufonfç vlrdkuf
y@dawm (wd) ynm½Sdonfç ynm½Sd
Asawåm (wd) xufjrufonf
y#dAavm (wd) pGrf;Edkifonf
'aVSm (wd) cdkifNrJonf
oDaCm (wd) vsifjrefonf
Owåarm (wd) jrwfonf
'DaCm (wd) ½Snfonf
&aóm (wd) wdkonf
oDawm (wd) at;onf
OaPSm (wd) ylonf
okauúm (wd) jzLonf
uaPSm (wd) rJonf
eDavm (wd) ndKonf
yDawm (wd) 0gonf
ea0g (wd) i,fonfç opfonf
0ka¹m (wd) BuD;onf
yda,m (wd) cspftyfonfç
cspfp&maumif;onf
tEk½layg (wd) avsmfonfç
avsmufywfonf
a,bka,sm (wd) rsm;onf
oarm (wd) nDnGwfonfç nDnmonf
oaum (wd) rdrd
oH0kawmçoH0ka#m (wd) ydwftyfonf
0d0a#m (wd) zGifhtyfonf
zka|m (wd) xdtyfonf
odxdavm (wd) avsmhonf
"edawm (wd) jyif;jyif;½Gwftyfonf
ted,arm (wd) owfrSwfjcif;r½Sdonf
0kawåm (wd) qdktyfNyDç a[mtyfNyD
t0kawåm (wd) rqdktyfç ra[mtyf
tur®aum (wd) uHr½Sdonf
{uur®aum (wd) wckaomuH½Sdonf
'Gdur®aum (wd) ESpfckaomuH½Sdonf
wdur®aum (wd) oHk;ckaom uH½Sdonf
tEÅa&m (wd) tjcm;ç tMum;
*grEÅa&m (wd) tjcm;½Gm
{uóa&m (wd) 1 vHk;aom o&½Sdonf
taeuóa&m (wd) rsma;om o&½Sdonf
tayÜg(wd) tenf;i,f
ouavm(wd) tvHk;pHk
o'daom(wd) wlonf
to'daom(wd) rwlonf
aCmaom(wd) jyif;jyif½Gwftyfaom
toH½Sdonf
taCmaom(wd) jyif;jyif½Gwftyfaom
toHr½Sdonf
0gpaum(wd) a[monf
uðemarm(wd) tb,ftrnf½Sdoenf;
armifvSoanm(wd) armifvStrnf½Sdonf
tEk½layg(wd) avsmufywfonf
0aóm(ykçe) rdk;tcgüaejcif;ç rdk;cdkjcif;
{uraEÅm(ykçe) oifhwifhavsmufywfonf
rSwfcsuf/ yk udk yk&dom'dtwdkif;? e udk pdwåm'd
twdkif;? wd udk yk&dom'd pdwåm'd unm'd
twdkif; ½kyfpOfyg/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf15
Bud,mtaMumif;
Bud,mrnfyHk
ouf½SdoufrJhjzpfaom emrfyk'fç emrfpm; yk'fwdkY\ tjyKtrIwdkYudk azmfjyaomyk'fonf Bud,myk'f
rnf\/ Mud,myk'fjzpf&ef "mwfodkY ypönf;0dbwf aygif;pyfay;&onf/
yHkpHum;/ (u) ypwd [laom Bud,myk'fjzpf&ef yp"mwfodkY typönf;ESifh wd0dbwf aygif;pyf ay;
&\/
(c) 'gwaAÁm [laom Bud,myk'fjzpf&ef 'g"mwfodkY wAÁypönf;ESifh od0dbwfaygif;pyf
ay;&\/
Bud,mtrsKd;tpm;
(u) Bud,monf tmcsmwfBud,m udwfBud,m[lí ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/ xdkESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif pm;jcif;
aomufjcif; oGm;jcif; vmjcif;paom tjyKtrIBud,mudk y"metm;jzifh a[mMum;wwfaom Bud,monf
tmcsmwfBud,mrnf\/ tmcsmwfBud,mjzpfay:&ef "mwfypönf;ESifh tmcsmwf0dbwfaygif;pyf ay;&onf/
yHkpHum;/ ,mp "mwfodkY typönf;ESifh wd0dbwf aygif;pyfay;aomtm;jzifh ,mpwd-awmif;\
[laom tmcmwfBud,mjzpf\/
(c) pm;jcif; aomufjcif; oGm;jcif; vmjcif;paom tjyKtrIBud,mudk jyKvkyfwwfaomaMumifh
vnf;aumif;? pmoifom;wdkY\ o'´gteufwdkYü ,HkrSm;oHo,udk y,fazsmufwfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;
udwfBud,mrnf\/ udwfBud,m jzpfay:&ef "mwfodkY ypönf;ESifh emrf0dbwfaygif;pyfay;&\/
(udwfypönf; roufbJ "mwfcsnf;xm;vQif ]]þ"mwfonf uwåm;a[mavovm;ç
uHa[mavovm;[k ponfjzifh ,HkrSm;bG,f½Sdonf/ ypönf;ESifhwGJaomtcg ponfod&ojzifh þ P
paom ypönf;onf wdkuf½kdufrkcstm;jzifh udwrnf\/ udwypönf;ESifh wGJbuf&aom "mwfrsm;vnf;
ruif;&mruif;aMumif;tm;jzifh udwtrnf&Muavonf)
yHkpHum;/ Xm"mwfodkY wypönf;ESifh emrfod0dbwf aygif;pyfay;aomtm,;jzifh Xdawm [laom udwf
Bud,m jzpfay:vm\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf16
tmcsmwfvu©Pm
tmcsmwfBud,monf -
(1) twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜef[k umvoHk;yg;½Sd\/
(2) yxryk&dofç rZÑdryk&dofç Owåryk&dof[k yk&dofoHk;yg;½Sd\/
(3) oGm;jcif; vmjcif;paom Bud,mudk y"metm;jzifh a[mMum;wwf\/
(4) uwåKum&u ur®um&u bm0um&u [k um&u oHk;yg;½Sd\/
(5) ykv’dif eykv’dif £w¬dvdif[k vdifoHk;yg;r½Sd/
(6) {u0kpf A[k0kpf [k 0kpfESpfyg;½Sd\/
tmcsmwf0dbwfrsm;
tmcsmwf0dbwfonf-
0wårmef0dbwfç yÍörD0dbwfç owårD0dbwfç ya&mu©m0dbwfç [d,swåeD0dbwfç tZÆwåeD0dbwfç
b0dóEÅD0dbwfç umvmwdywåd0dbwf [lí ½SdrsKd;½Sd\/
(yxri,fwef;ygVdo'´gtoHk;tEIef; 93-95)
0wårmef0dbwf yk&dof 0kpfcGJyHk
yXryk&dof rZÑdryk&dof Owåryk&dof
{u0kpf A[k0kpf {u0kpf A[k0kpf {u0kpf A[k0kpf
wd ? EÅd od x rd r
yk&daom yk&dom wGH wkarS t[H t,H
emro'´g (Third Person) wkrSo'´g (Second Person) trSo'´g (First Person) [k
oHk;rsKd;½Sdonf/ wGH(oif) wkarS(oifwdkY) udk wkrSo'´g[k ac:onf/ t[H(ig) r,H(igwdkY)
udk trSo'´g[k ac:onf/ wkrSo'´g trSo'´g rS <uif;aom (yk&daom-a,musfm;? unm-
rdef;uav;? pdwå-pdwf paom) o'´gwdkYudk emro'´g [k ac:onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf17
wkrS o'´gonf wGH wkarS [k (2) rsKd;om½Sd\/ trS o'´gonf t[H r,H [k (2) rsKd;om½Sd\/
emro'´gum; yk&daom pdwåH unm ponfjzifh tqHk;r½Sdç ra&wGufEdkifatmif rsm;\/
*pä-oGm;+ wd-\ = *päwd-oGm;\/ *pä-oGm;+ ? EÅd-ukef\ = *päEÅd-oGm;ukef\/
*pä-oGm;+ od-\ = *päod-oGm;\/ *pä-oGm;+ x-ukef\ = *päx-oGm;ukef\/
*pä-oGm;+ rd-\ = *pämrd-oGm;\/ *pä-oGm;+ r-ukef\ = *pämr-oGm;ukef\/
rSwfcsuf/ aemufrSm rdç r ½SdvQif a½SUu ? onf -g odkYajymif;onf/
*päf + ? + rd = *pämrd *päf + ? + r = *pämr
-g -g
uwåm;ESifh Bud,mwGJyHk
yk&daom *päwd/ a,musfm;onf oGm;\/ yk&dom *päEÅd/ a,musfm;wdkYonf oGm;ukef\/
uwåm; Bud,m uwåm; Bud,m
wGH *päod/ oifonf oGm;\/ wkarS *päx/ oifwdkYonf oGm;ukef\/
t[H *pämrd/ igonf oGm;\/ r,H *pämr/ igwdkYonf oGm;ukef\/
0wårmef0dbwf toHk;jyKyHk
1/ avmavmq,f jzpfaeqJudk ajymvdk&mü oHk;yg/
*päwd-oGm;\? oGmaeqJ/ b0wd-jzpf\? jzpfaeqJ
2/ ypöKyÜefteD;jzpfaom twdwf(jzpfNyD;ump)udk ajymvdk&mü oHk;yg/
&mZ*[awm tm*pämrd/ &mZN*KØ[frS ,ckyif ig vmcJh\/
3/ yka&ç yk&m pum;vHk;rsm; oHk;í tem*wfjzpfrnfh udpöudk ajymvdk&mü oHk;yg/
yka& r&mrdç 'geH a'rd/ ig raorSD tvªudk ay;awmhtHh/
yk&m r&mrdç oDvH orm"d,mrd/ igraorSD oDvudk aqmufwnftHh/
4/ tem*wfwGif {uefjzpfrnfhudpöudk ajymvdk&mü oHk;yg/
"k0H Aka'¨g b0grd/ {uef ig bk&m;jzpfvwHh/
5/ umvoHk;yg;ESifh qufqHaom t&mudk ajymvdk&mü oHk;yg/
AkZÑwDwd Aka'¨g/ AkZÑwd-odNyD; odqJ odvwHåU? £wd-xdkYaMumifh? Aka'¨g-Ak'¨rnf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf18
bl0g'd*kdPf;0if "mwfrsm;
*pä oGm;
tm*pä vm
0E´ ½Sdcdk;
b0 jzpf
yp csuf
*arç Cr®
oyÜ oGm;
£pä tvdk½Sd
{o ½SmrSD;
ed,pä
ed,r a½SmifMuOf
onr apmifhpnf;
tpä uyf0ifç ae
Oygo qnf;uyf
vb &
0p ajym
0o ae
a&m'ç ½k' idk
tauúmo qJa&;
Z&ç ZD,s
ZD, tdk
r&ç rD,s
rD, ao
yóç 'u© jrifç Munfhç
awGU
'dó xifç awGUç jriftyf
edoD' xdkif
,Z ylaZmf
0'ç 0a'
0ZÆç 0aZÆ ajymç qdk
ur oGm;
puFr pBuøoGm;
twduúr vGefoGm;ç vGefMuL;
OyouFr oGm;ç csOf;uyf
pvç pÍöv wkefvIyf
''´v awmufy
psm, BuH
wk' xdk;qG
y0do 0if
Ek' y,fEkwf
O'´do ½Gwfjy
vdc a&;
zko xda&muf
a[m jzpf
tEkabm cHpm;
ao
o, tdyf
Xmç wd| &yfç wnf
oP²[ aumif;pGm wnf
t"da| aqmufwnf
yd0ç ydAç
yg aomuf
tw¬d ½Sd\ (to+wd)
ew¬d r½Sd (e+to+wd)
jAL0dç jAL ajym
[eç 0a" owf
Zka,m
ZG[ ylaZmf
Z[m
yZ[ y,fpGefY
'"m aqmif
yd'[ ydwf
eda" jr§Kyf
awZ aoG;
&u© apmifha½Smuf
tZÑm0o ae
Z*Fr oGm;
y#dZ*¾ jyKpkç vkyfauR;
er udkif;nTwfç ½Sdcdk;
yoD' Munfç Munfndk
t0[& cdk;,l
yu©E´ ysHç ajy;0if
&r arGUavsmfç aysmf
yAÁZ ½SifjyKç &[ef;jyK
vdc a&;
t&[ xdkufwef
r[ ylaZmf
p& vSnfhvnfç usifh
Z, atmif
p0 pkaw
o& atmufarhç trSwf&
Zy ½Gwfzwf
0Z oGm;ç uyfa&muf
arm' 0rf;ajrmuf
yarm' vGefpGm 0rf;ajrmuf
"m0 ajy;
y[& ykwfcwfç ½kduf
!Ho udkuf
yX zwf
0gç ,m oGm;
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf19
a*gy apmifha½Smuf
tmp& usifh
bP ajym
*g,
Oy*g, oDqdk
rZÆ yGwfwdkuf
OZÑ pGefU
0¹ wdk;yGm;
zv uGJ
'r qHk;r
ou pGrf;Edkif
a&mp awmufy
aomp 0rf;enf;
urÜ wkefvIyf
*l[ vQKdU0Suf
rm EIdif;csifhç jrwfEdk;
rx vHk;axG;
0au© ajymqdk
'au© Munfh
'dpä Munfhç ay;
ã þ"mwfrsm;onf bl0g'd*kdPf;"mwfrsm; jzpfonf/ bl0g'd*kdPf;"mwfrsm;udk Bud,myk'fjyKvkyf&mwGif
*kdPf;rSwfoauFwtjzpf t (?) qufay;&onf/ odkYaomf tNrJwrf;r[kwf/ [d,swåeDç 0wårmef0dbwfç
owårD0dbwfç yÍörD0dbwf [laom oAÁ"mwf0dbwfESifh wGJ&müom t qufay;&onf/ ya&mu©mç
tZÆwåeDç b0dóEÅDç umvmwdywåd 0dbwf[laom toAÁ"mwf0dbwfquf&mü t rquf&/ Amvm0&wm&
usrf;tqdkt& owårD0dbwfESifwGJ&mwGif 0dbwfü AsOf;wGJpyfp&m o&rsm;yg½SdNyD;jzpfí (t) qufp&m rvdk/
odkYaomf tvw¬ \ ½kyfNyD;yHk0,f tZÆwåeD toAÁ"mwfjzifh wGJaomfvnf; t qufxm;onfudk awGU&onf/
tcsKyftm;jzifh vdktyf&if t qufrnfç rvdktyf&if qufNyD; t udkyif acsysufypfrnf[kom rSwfyg/
ã bl0g'd*kdPf;ü o&0dbwfouf&mü typönf; rouf&/ Esmo/ (y'AsÍÆeed½kwådeDwd y 410)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf20
ypöKyÜef 0gusrsm;
1/ Aka'¨g "r®H bmowd/ bk&m;onf w&m;udk a[m\/
uwåm; uH Bud,m
2/ yk&daom unH yówd/ a,musfm;onf trsKd;orD;udk jrif\/
3/ rEkóm 0g,k,maee yk*H e*&H *päEÅd/ vlwdkUonf yk*HNrKdUodkY av,Ofjzifh oGm;ukef\/
u&P
4/ oDa[m r[ðoH cg'wd/ jcaoFhonf uRJudk pm;\/
5/ Asa*¢g 0eH y0dowd/ usm;onf awmodkY 0if\/
6/ oukPm tumoH yu©E´EÅd/ iSufwdkYonf aumif;uifodkY ysHwufoGm;Muukef\/
7/ r,la&m ½ku©o®ð tpäwd/ Oa'gif;onf opfyifü ae\/ (tm o + t + wd = tpäwd)
Moumo t pä
8/ yk&daom tr®H erwd/ a,musfm;onf tarudk ½Sdcdk;\/
10/ As *¢g 0eo®m *grH tm*päEÅd/ usm;wdkYonf awmrS ½GmodkY vmukef\/
tyg'ge
11/ yk&daom Ak'¨H 0E´wd/ a,musfm;onf bk&m;udk ½Sdcdk;\/
12/ yk&dom Ak'¨H 0E´EÅd/ a,musfm;wdkYonf bk&m;udk ½Sdcdk;ukef\/
13/ wGH tr®H 0E´od/ oifonf tarudk ½Sdcdk;\/
14/ wkarS oHCH 0E´x/ oifwdkYonf oHCmudk ½Sdcdk;Muukef\/
15/ t[H rEÅav;e*&H *pämrd/ igonf rEÅav;NrKdUodkY oGm;tHh/
16/ yk&daom bwåH ypwd/ a,musf;onf xrif;udk csuf\/
17/ omraPa&m *gxma,m O'´dowd/ omraPonf *gxmwdkYudk ½Gwfjy\/
18/ a'a0g aZw0e0d[m&H tm*päwd/ ewfonf aZw0efausmif;odkY vm\/
19/ t[H bdu©KH yoD'grd/ igonf &[ef;udk MunfnKd\/
20/ r,H rEÅav;e*a& &rmr/ &efukefe*a& e &rmr/ igwdkYonf rEÅav;NrdKUü aysmfukef\/
&efukefNrKdUü raysmfukef/
(e onf Bud,mudk wm;jzpfaom pum;vHk;jzpfonf/ r-[k qdkvdkonf/ Oyrm- e *päwd - roGm;?
e ypwd - rcsuf? e &rmr - raysmfukef? ponfjzifh odyg)
21/ r,H ywåH vbmr/ igwdkYonf oydwfudk &ukef\/
22/ t[H Asa*¢ yómrd/ taó e yómrd/ igonf usm;wdkYudk jrif\/ jrif;wdkYudk rjrif/
23/ unma,m Ak'¨H ykayæe ,Zwd/ rdef;uav;wdkYonf jrwfpGmbk&m;udk yef;jzifh ylaZmfMuukef\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf21
24/ omraPa&m bwåH vbwd/ udk&ifonf qGrf;udk &\/
25/ tr®m ykwåH 'rwd/ taronf om;udk qHk;r\/
26/ yk&daom omraP&ó ygeH a'wd/ a,musfm;onf udk&iftm; tazsmf&nfudk ay;vª\/
orÜ'ge
29/ omraP&m 0eH *päEÅd/ udk&ifwdkYonf awmodkY oGmukef\/
30/ unma,m e*&H *päEÅd/ rdef;uav;wdkYonf NrdKUodkY oGm;ukef\/
31/ yk&daom &axe *grH *päwd/ a,musfm;onf &xm;jzifh ½GmodkY oGm;\/
32/ rEkóm oua#e e*&H *päEÅd/ vlwdkYonf vSnf;jzifh NrKdUodk oGm;ukef\/
33/ wGH yga'e rEÅav; e*&H *päod/ oifonf ajcjzifh rEÅav;NrKdUodkY oGm;\/
34/ a,m"m armfawmf,maee 0eH *päEÅd/ ppfom;wdkYonf armfawmf,Ofjzifh NrKdUodkY oGmukef\/
35/ r,H em0g, *grH *pämr/ igwdkYonf avSjzifh ½GmodkY oGm;ukef\/
36/ unma,m ,EÅem0g, rif;uGef; yAÁwH tm*päEÅd/ trsKd;orD;wdkYonf pufavSjzifh rif;uGef;awmifudk
vmukef\/
37/ omraPa&m oraPe o[ e*&H *päwd/ udk&ifonf &[ef;ESifhtwl NrKdUodkY oGm;\/
38/ wkarS omraPa&[d o'¨ð 0d[&x/ oifwdkYonf udk&ifwdkYESifh twl aeMuukef\/
39/ r,H rEkaó[d 0dem t*¾d&axe *grH *päEÅd/ igwdkYonf vlwdkYrygyJ rD;&xm;jzifh
½GmodkY oGm;ukef\/
ã ( o[=twl? o'¨ð=twl? 0dem-cGJíç MuOfíç rygyJ? ) o[ç o'¨ðç 0dem wdkYonf edygwfpum;vHk;rsm;
jzpfMuonf/ 4if;pum;vHk;rsm;ESifh wGJ&aom pumvHk;rsm;udk wwd,mESifh a&;&onf/ Oyrm - oraPe
o[ - &[ef;ESifhtwl? omraPa&[d o'¨ð - udk&if;wdkYESifhtwl? rEkaó[d 0dem-vlwdkY rygyJ)
40/ 'g&aum oraPe 0owd/ uav;onf &[ef;ESifhtwl ae\/
41/ ykawåm tr®m, e*&H *päwd/ om;onf tarESifhtwl NrKdUodkY oGm;\/
ã twlwuG [k t"dyÜg,f&aom o[ o'¨ð rygaomfvnf; wwd,mESifh a&;xm;aom pum;vHk;udk
ESifhtwl [k tydkxnfhí bmomjyefEdkifonf/ xdkpum;vHk;rsKd;udk o[w¬[k ac:Muonf/
(o[w¬-ESifhtwl[k tydkxnfhbmomjyef&aom pum;vHk;) Oyrm-oraPe-&[ef;ESifhtwl?
tr®m,-tarESifhtwl/
42/ omraP&m Aka'¨e o[ *grH y0doEÅd/ udk&ifwdkYonf bk&m;ESifhtwl ½GmodkY 0ifukef\/
43/ wGH oHaCe o[ 0ood/ oifonf oHCmESifhtwl ae\/
44/ t[H oHaCe o'¨ð 0g,k,maee e*&H *pämrd/ igonf oHCmESifhtwl av,Ofjzifh NrKdUodkY oGm;\/
45/ r,H rEkaó[d 0dem t*¾d&axe *grH *pämr/ igwdkYonf vlwdkYrygyJ rD;&xm;jzifh ½GmodkY oGm;\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf22
46/ t[H em0g, 0d[m&H e *pämrd/ yga'e 0d[m&H *pämrd/ igonf ausmif;odkY avSjzifh roGm;/
ajcjzifh oGm;rnf/
47/ t[H o[ma,e o'¨ð 'Day p&mrd/ igonf oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh uRef;ay:ü vSnfhvnf\/
48/ Ak'¨ó om0um 0de,H odu©EÅd/ bk&m;\ wynfhwdkYonf 0denf;udk oifukef\? (usifhukef\)
omrd
49/ oHaCm rEkaó,d o'¨ð e 0owd/ oHCmonf vlwdkYESifh twl rae/
50/ yk&do wGH "r®H e &u©od/ tdka,musfm; oifonf w&m;udk arpmifh/
tmvkyf
51/ 0d[ma& oHaCm tw¬d/ ausmif;ü oHCmonf ½Sd\/ (þ0gusü tw¬donf tenf;udef;)
52/ *gar rEkóm tw¬d/ ½Gmü vlwdkYonf ½SdMu\/ (þ0gusü tw¬donf trsm;udef;)
ã tw¬d(½Sd\ç ½Sdukef\) ESifh (ew¬d-r½Sdç r½Sdukef) wdkYudk tenf;udef;Bud,mtaejzifhvnf;aumif;
trsm;udef; Bud,m taejzifhvnf;aumif; toHk;jyKEdkifonf/
53/ ½kau© 0gea&m ew¬d/ opfyifü arsmufonf r½Sd/ (þ0gusü ew¬donf tenf;udef;)
54/ 'Day oD[m ew¬d/ uRef;ay:ü jcaoFhwdkY r½Sdukef (þ0gusü ew¬donf trsm;udef;)
55/ Aka'¨g temxyd@duó tm&mar 0d[&wd/ bk&m;onf temxydPfolaX;\ ausmif;ü oDwif;oHk;\/
56/ temxyd@daum orPmeH yd@ygwH a'wd/ temxydPfonf &[ef;wdkYtm; qGrf;udk vª\/
57/ taEÅ0godaum tmp&d,H OyouFrwd/ teD;aewynfhonf q&mudk csOf;uyf\/
58/ tumavm 0gawm 0g,wd/ tcgrJhü avonf wdkuf\/
59/ orPm "ar®e rEkaó e,EÅd/ &[ef;wdkYonf w&m;jzifh vlwdkYudk aqmifukef\/
60/ wxm*wm tm*EÅKau[d o'¨ð oar®m'EÅd/ bk&m;wdkYonf tm*EÅK&[ef;wdkYESifhtwl 0rf;ajrmufukef\/
61/ rda*g p 0gea&m p *päEÅd/ orifonf4if; arsmufonf4if; (orifESifharsmufESpfOD;vHk;) oGm;Muonf/
62/ rda*g 0g 0gea&m 0g *päwd/ orifonfjzpfap ajrmufonfjzpfap (wOD;OD;) oGm;\/
ã p ESifh 0g onf orÁE¨edygwfyk'f (pum;qufpum;vHk;) rsm;jzpfMuonf/ p onf ESifhç 4if; [k
t"dyÜg,f&onf/ 0g onf aomf4if;ç jzpfapç odkYr[kwf [k t"dyÜg,f&onf/
64/ t[H Ak'¨H p "r®H p oHCH p 0E´mrd/ igonf bk&m;udk4if; w&m;udk4if; oHCmudk4if; (oHk;yg;vHk;udk)
½Sdcdk;\/
65/ rEkóm oDave "eH vbmr/ vlwdkYonf oDvaMumifh Opömudk &ukef\/
ã wwd,mudk aMumifh [k bmomjyefEdkifonf/
66/ omraPa&m 'gaee ywåH vbwd/ udk&ifonf 'geaMumifh oydwfudk &\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf23
67/ r,H bm0em, okcH vbmr/ igwdkYonf bm0emaMumifh csrf;omudk &Muukef\/
68/ apma&m omraP&ó pD0&H t0[&wd/ olcdk;onf udk&if\ ouFef;udk cdk;\/
67/ oDa[m olu&ó *D0H qdE´wd/ jcaoFhonf 0uf\ vnfyif;udk jzwf\/
68/ a'a0g Ak'¨o®ð yoD'dwd/ ewfonf bk&m;ü MunfnKd\/
69/ 'g&um o,ae o,EÅd/ uav;wdkYonf tdyf,mü tdyfMuukef\/
70/ wGH "ar® &rod? t[H *gar 0d[&mrd/ oifonf w&m;ü arGUavsmf\/ igonf ½Gmü ae\/
(u) uwåm;ESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus
1/ t[H 0E´mrd/ uREkfyfonf ½Sdcdk;yg\/
2/ r,H £pämr/ uREkfyfwdkYonf tvdk½SdMu\/
3/ wGH ykpäod/ oifonf ar;\/
4/ wkarS odu©x/ oifwdkYonf oifMu\/
5/ aom *päwd/ olonf oGm;\/
6/ Aka'¨g bmowd/ bk&m;½Sifonf a[mawmfrl\/
7/ jA[®Pm £päEÅd/ ykPÖm;wdkYonf tvdk½SdMuukef\/
8/ 'g&aum uDVwd/ uav;onf upm;\/
9/ 'g&um "m0EÅd/ uav;wdkYonf ajy;Mu\/
10/ vka'´g 0"wd/ rkqdk;onf owf\/
(c) uwåm; uHESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus
1/ Aka'¨g "r®H bmowd/ bk&m;onf w&m;udk a[m\/
2/ odóm tmp&d,H ykpäEÅd/ wynfhwdkYonf q&mudk ar;Mu\/
3/ uóum a*gaP £päEÅd/ v,form;wdkYonf EGm;wdkYudk tvdk½SdMukef\/
4/ 0gPdZm rdawå £päEÅd/ ukefonfwdkYonf rdwfaqGwdkYudk tvdk½SdMuukef\/
5/ 'g&aum tm[m&H cg'wd/ uav;onf tpmudk pm;\/
6/ r,H ouúH ,Zmr/ igwdkYonf odMum;udk ylaZmfMu\/
7/ wkarS ok*wH 0E´x/ oifwdkYonf bk&m;udk ½Sdcdk;Muukef\/
8/ umaum rpäH cg'wd/ usD;onf ig;udk pm;\/
9/ a,ma"m apma& 0"EÅd/ ppfom;wdkYonf olcdk;wdkYudk owfMuukef\/
10/ aAm"doawåm "r®H odu©wd/ bk&m;avmif;onf w&m;udk usifh\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf24
(*) uwåm;ç uHç u½kdPf;ESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus
1/ 0gPdaZm *grH &axe *päwd/ ukefonfonf ½GmodkY &xm;jzifh oGm;\/
2/ ur®um&m ygomaP [aw¬e e,EÅd/ tvkyform;wdkYonf ausmufcJwdkYudk vufjzifh o,faqmifMu\/
3/ uóaum a*gPH auma"e 0"wd/ v,form;onf EGm;udk trsufjzifh owf\/
(C) uwåm;ç uHç orÜ'gefESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus
1/ Aka'¨g "r®H rEkómeH bmowd/ bk&m;½Sifonf w&m;awmfudk vlwdkYtm; a[mawmfrl\/
2/ t[H tm[m&H 'g&uó ''grd/ igonf tpmudk uav;tm; ay;\/
3/ r,H Mo'eH rdwåmeH ,mpmr/ igwdkYonf xrif;udk rdwfaqGwdkYtwGuf awmif;Mu\/
(i) uwåm;ç uHç orÜ'gefESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus
1/ aAm"doawåm yAÁwo®m ork'´H *päwd/ bk&m;avmif;onf awmifrS ork'´&modkY oGm;\/
2/ ur®uma&m yAÁwo®m ygomPH aewd/ tvkyform;onf awmifrS ausmufcJudk o,f\/
3/ 'g&um *gro®m r*¾H "m0EÅd/ uav;wdkYonf ½GmrS vrf;odkY ajy;Mu\/
(p) uwåm;ç uHç omrdç orÜ'gefESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus
1/ t[H Mo'eH tmp&d,ó ykwåó ''grd/ igonf xrif;udk q&m\ om;tm; ay;\/
2/ Aka'¨g "r®H oHCó odómeH bmowd/ bk&m;½Sifonf w&m;awmfudk oHCmawmf\ wnfhwdkYtm;
a[mawmf\/
3/ 0gPdaZm tm[m&H uóua*gPmPH ''gwd/ ukefonfonf tpm;tpmudk v,form;\
EGm;rsm;tm; ay;\/
(q) uwåm;ç MoumoESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus
1/ 'g&aum ra*¾ "m0EÅd/ uav;onf vrf;ü ajy;vTm;\/
2/ aAm"doawåm 0ae 0owd/ bk&m;avmif;onf awmü ae\/
3/ r,H yAÁaw uDVmr/ igwdkYonf awmifü upm;Mu\/
(yxri,fwef;ygVdo'´gtoHk;tEIef;138-142)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf25
ygVdo'´gwGif toHk;jyKaom tac:ta0grsm;udk avhvmjcif;
um&eftaMumif;
wnfaomtcgüjzpfapç NyD;aomtcgüjzpfap t tm £ þ O OD { Mo ESifh ed*¾[dwf(-H)[laom
tu©&mwdkYwGif wvHk;vHk; qHk;vsuf½Sd\/ xdktqHk;tu©&monf um&ef(um&EÅ)rnf\/
um&efonf tum&EÅ tmum&EÅ £um&EÅ þum&EÅ Oum&EÅ ODum&EÅ {um&EÅ Moum&EÅ
ed*¾[DwEÅ[lí udk;yg;½Sd\/ xdkudk;yg;wdkYwGif Ak'¨ç "r® pom emrfonf t tu©&m tqHk;½SdaomaMumifh
tum&EÅrnf\/ unmç rmvm ponfum; tmum&EÅ? t*¾d &wåd ponfum; £um&EÅ? '@D em&D
ponfum; þum&EÅ? bdu©K pu©K ponfum; Oum&EÅ? o,rÇL ZrÁL ponfum; ODum&EÅ? baEÅ b'´aEÅ
ponfum; {um&EÅ? a*g ponfum; Moum&EÅ? uð ponfum; ed*¾[DwEÅ rnfukef\/
0kpfESifhudef;taMumif;
wck ESpfck ponfjzifh ta&twGufudk azmfjyjcif;onf 0kpfrnf\/ wenf; udef;rnf\/ 0kpfonf
{u0kpf A[k0kpf[lí ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/ xdkESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif wcknf;aom ta&twGufudk azmfjyaom 0kpfonf
{u0kfprnf/ wckxufydkaom ta&twGufudk azmfjyaom0kpfonf A[k0kpfrnf\/ A[k0kpfudk
wdkYç rsm; [k xnfhay;NyD; bmomjyef&onf/ {u0kpfudk bmomjyef&mü wdkYç rsm; [k rxnfh&/
yHkpH - yk&daom-a,musfm;onf ({u0kpf) yk&dom-a,musfm;wdkYonf (A[k0kpf)
pdwåH-pdwfonf ({u0kpf) pdwåmç pdwåmed-pdwfwdkYonf (A[k0kpf)
unm-owdkYorD;onf ({u0kpf) unmç unma,m-owdkYorD;wdkYonf (A[k0kpf)
0dbwftaMumif;
ur®um&u tp½Sdaom tjym;ESifh {u0kpftp½Sdaom tjym;tm;jzifh vdifteufudk a0zefwwfaom
aMumifh 0dbwfrnf\/ 0dbwfonf emrf0dbwf tmcsmwf0dbwf[lí ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/ xdkwGif ouf½SdoufrJh
t&m0w¬Kudk rSnfhac:aom trnfemrudk a0zefpdwfjzmwwfaom 0dbwfonf emrf0dbwfrnf\/ a0zefyHk
um; - yk&do[laom emrfyk'fudk yk&daom yk&dom? yk&doH yk&dao ponfjzifh txl;xl;aom yk'frsm;jzpfatmif
a0zefwwf\/ emrf0dbwfonf emrfyk'f\ teufudkvnf; a0zefwwfao;\/ yk&do-a,musfm; [laom
teufudk t&if;xm;í a,musfm;onf a,musfm;wdkYonf a,musfm;udk a,musfm;wdkYudk ponfjzifh a0zef\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf26
oGm;jcif; vmjcif; pm;jcif; aomufjcif;paom tjyKtrlBud,mudk a0zefpdwfjzmwwfaom 0dbwf
onf tmcswf0dbwfrnf/ a0zefyHkum; - *päwd[laom tmcsmwfyk'fudk *päwd *päEÅd? *päod *päx ponf
jzifh txl;xl;aom yk'frsm;jzpfatmif a0zefwwf\/ tmcsmwf0dbwfonf teufudkvnf; a0zefwwf
ao;\/ a0zefyHkum; - *rk-oGm;jcif; [laom teufudk t&if;xm;í ol oGm;onf? olwdkYoGm;Muonf?
oif oGm;onf? oifwdkY oGm;Muonf ponfjzifh a0zef\/
emrf0dbwfonf yxrm0dbwfç 'kwd,m0dbwfç wwd,m0dbwfç pwkw¬D0dbwfç yÍörD0dbwfç q|D
0dbwfç owårD0dbwf [lí ckESpfrsKd;½Sd/ tmcsmwf0dbwfonf 0wårmef0dbwfç yÍö0dbwfç owårD0dbwfç
ya&mu©m0dbwfç [d,swåeD0dbwfç tZÆwåeD0dbwfç b0dóEÅD0dbwfç umvmwdywåd0dbwf[lí ½SpfrsKd;½Sd\/
(yxri,fwef;ygVdo'´gtoHk;tEIef; 33-36)
umm&u ESifh tum&u
Bud,mudk jyKwwf jzpfapwwfaom owådonf um&urnf\/ ]yk&daom r*¾H *päwd- a,musfm;onf
vrf;odkYoGm;\} [l&mü ajcaxmufudk ajr§mufum csum a½hSodkY wdk;íwdk;í aeaomtrlt&monf
Bud,mrnf\/ xdkMud,mudk a,musfm;urvkyfEdkif? a,musfm;oEÅmefrSm½Sdaom oGm;Edkifaom tpGrf;oowådu
om jyKEdkifonf/ avjzwfaeolonf roGm;Edkif/ Bud,mudk jyKwwfaomowådonfom tppftrSef um&u
rnfoonf/ odkYaomfvnf; oGm;Edkifaom owåd½Sdaom ]yk&daom-a,musfm;} udkvnf; owådudk,fpm;
um&u[k ac:&avonf/
orÁmef tmvkyf tp½Sdaom teufwdkYonf Bud,mESifh rpyfaomaMumifh tum&urnf\/ [dwf
vu©P tp½Sdaom teufwdkYonf Bud,mESifh pyfonfjzpfí Bud,m\ taMumif;jzpfaomfvnf; pifppf
Bud,m[laom tusKd;r½SdaomaMumifh tum&urnf\/ (tajcjyKo'´gum&ued'gef;aumufEIwfcsuf)
um&u 6 rsKd; 1/ onf [k bmomjyefaom uwåKum&u
2/ udk odkY [k bmomjyefaom ur®um&u
3/ ESifh jzifh [k bmomjyefaom u&Pum&u
4/ tm; iSm [k bmomjyefaom orÜ'geum&u
5/ rS atmuf xuf [k bmomjyef&aom tyg'geum&u
6/ ü rSm 0,f [k bmomjyef&aom Moumoum&u
tum&ursm; aMumifh ([dwf) ESifh (o[m'da,m*) orÁmef(\) ed'¨g&P(wGif) tdk(tmvkyf)
ywfvHk;ç wdkifwdkif(tpöEÅoHa,m*) aomfç vaomf(vu©P) pOf(tem'&d,)aomç xaom
(0daooe) pGm(Bud,m0daooe) [k bmomjyef&aom pum;vHk;rsm;onf tum&u
rsm; jzpfMuonf/ tcsKyftm;jzifh um&u 6-yg;rS vGJ&if tum&u[k rSwfyg/
(pepfopfygVdo'´g-266)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf27
trSm/ zwfpm0gusrsm; zwfNyD;&if um&u tum&u cGJMunfhyg/ Oyrm - yk&daom r*¾H *päwdü
yk&daom um; uwåKum&u? r*¾H um; ur®um&u/ wGH taEée 0ood ü wGHonf uwåK
um&u? taEée um; tum&u [k ponfjzifh cGJjcm;od&ef BuKd;pm;yg/
wkrS o'´g ½kyfpOfyHk
y/ wGHç wk0H wkarSç a0g
'k/ wHç w0Hç wk0Hç wGH wkarSç wkrSmuHç a0g
w/ w,mç wG,mç aw wkarS[dç wkarSbdç a0g
p/ w0ç wk,SHç wkrSHç aw wkrSmuHç wkrSHç a0g
rD/ w,mç wG,m wkarS[dç wkarSbdç a0g
q/ w0ç wk,SHç wkrSHç aw wkrSmuHç wkrSHç a0g
o/ w,dç wG,d wkarSok
wkrS o'´g ½kyfNyD;yHk
y wkrS + od = wGHç wk0H wkrS + a,m = wkarS wkrS + a,m = a0g
a-
'k wkrS + tH = wHç w0Hç wk0Hç wGH (wkarSça0g y-a,mESifhwl) wkrS + a,m = wkrSmuH
-guH
w wkrS+em=w,m wkrS+em= w,m wkrS+em=aw
wG
wkrS + [d = wkarS[d ? wkarSbd wkrS+[d= a0g
rSf+?> a bd
p^q wkrS+o = w0ç wk,SHç aw wkrS + o = wkrSH
i wkrS + eH = wkrSmuH wkrS + eH = wkrSH wkrS + eH = a0g
-guH irD wkrS + o®m= w,mç wG,m (wkarS[d wkarSbd a0g wwd,ESifhwl)
em wG
o wkrS + o®ð = w,dç wG,d wkrS + ok = wkarSok
wG rSf+?> a
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf28
trS o'´g ½kyfpOfyHk
y/ t[H r,Hç tarSç aem
'k/ rHç rrH tarSç trSmuHç aem
w/ r,mç ar tarS[dç tarSbdç aem
p/ rrç r,SHç trSHç rrHç ar trSmuHç to®muHç trSHç aem
rD/ r,mç ar tarS[dç tarSbdç aem
q/ rrç r,SHç trSHç rrHç ar trSmuHç to®muHç trSHç aem
o/ r,d tarSokç tao®ok
trS o'´g ½kyfNyD;yHk
y trS+od = t[H trS+a,m = r,H trS + a,m = tarS trS+a,m=aem
a-
'k trS+tH= rHç rrH trS+a,m = tarS trS+a,m=trSmuH trS+a,m=aem
a- -guH
w trS+em=r,m trS+em=ar trS + [d=tarS[d^tarSbd trS+[d=aem
rSf+?> a
p^q trS+o=rrç r,SHç rrHç ar trS+o=trSH trS+ eH = trSmuH
i -guH
trS + eH =to®muH trS+ eH = trSH trS+eH=aem
to® -guH i o trS+o®ð = r,d trS + ok = tarSok trS + ok = tao®ok
rSf+?> a to®
o®f+?> a
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf29
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
69/ trSó rrH o0dbwådó ao/ o aMumifh trSonf oESifhtwl rr odkYajymif;onf/
70/ r,H a,mrSd yXar/ yxrm a,m aMumifh trSonf a,mESifhtwl r,H odkYajymif;onf/
88/ wkrSmrSmuH w,dr,d/ o®ð aMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf o®ðESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; w,d r,d odkYajymif;onf/
89/ wG.r[H odrSd p/ odaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf odESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; wGH t[H odkYajymif;onf/
(wGHt[Hpü pjzifh odESifhtwl wkrSonf wk0H odkYvnf; ajymif;ao;\/ wk0H-oifonf)
90/ w0 rr ao/ oaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf oESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; w0 rr odkYajymif;onf/
91/ wk,SH r,SOö/ oaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf oESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; wk,SH r,SH odkYajymif;onf/
92/ wHr.rHrSd/ tH aMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf tHESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; wH rH odkYajymif;onf/
93/ w0H rrÍö e0g/ wcgw&H tHaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf tHESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; w0H rrH
odkYajymif;onf/
94/ emrSd w,m r,m/ emaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf emESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; w,m r,m odkYajymif;onf/
95/ wkrSó wk0H wGrHrSd/ tHaMumifh wkrS onf tHESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; wk0H wGH odkYajymif;onf/
96/ y'awm 'kwd,mpwkw¬Dq|Dok a0gaem/ 'kwd,m pwkw¬D q|D A[k0kpf0dbwfaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf
0dbwfESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; a0g aem odkYajymif;onf/
97/ awar-u0paeokp/ pwkw¬D q|D {u0kpf0dbwfaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf0dbwfESifh twltpOftwdkif;
aw ar odkYajymif;onf/
98/ e tHrSd/ tHaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf0dbwfESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; aw ar odkY rajymif;yg/
99/ 0gwwda,p/ wwd,m {u0kpf0dbwfaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf 0dbwfESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; aw
ar odkYajymif;onf/
100/ A[k0paeok a0gaem/ wwd,mESifh yxrmA[k0kpf 0dbwfaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf 0dbwfESifhtwl
tpOftwdkif; a0g aem odkYajymif;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf30
1/ Aka'¨g tarS 0daewd/ bk&m;onf uREfkyfwdkYudk qHk;r\/
2/ t[H wH ykpämrd/ uREfkyfonf oifhudk ar;\/
3/ wGH r,m o[ e wd|od/ oifonf uREfkyfESifhtwl r&yf/
4/ w0 tmp&da,m w,m o'¨ð bmowd/ oif\ q&monf oifESifhtwl pum;ajym\/
5/ r,H uóuawm 0g 0gPdZawm 0g tm[m&H vbmr/ uREfkyfwdkYonf v,form;xHrSjzpfap
ukefonfxHrSjzpfap tpmt[m&udk &ukef\/
ã awm [laom aemufqufudk tyg'gef0dbwftjzpf toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ yHkpH - um,awm-udk,frS/
u&PESifh tyg'ge udk &Hcg aMumifh [k bmomjyefqdkEdkifonf/ yHkpH - tm[ma&e tmAma"m
b0wd/ tpmaMumifh tem jzpfonf/ tm[m&awm r,H ZD0gr/ tpmaMumifh uREkfyfwdkY touf
½SifMu\/
6/ rr tmp&a,m wH p rH p 0daewd/ ig\ q&monf oifhudk4if; uREkfudk4if; qHk;r\/
7/ Ak'¨awm p "r®awm p oHCawm p avmau tavmaum b0wd/ bk&m;aMumifh4if; w&m;aMumifh
4if; oHCmaMumifh4if; avmuü tvif;a&mifonf jzpfay:\/
8/ *gar p 0d[ma& p trSmuH o[m,m tw¬d/ ½Gmü4if; ausmif;ü4if; uREfkyfwdkY\ rdwfaqGrsm;
onf ½Sdukef\/
9/ trSmuH uma, [w¬m p yg'g p tw¬d/ igwdkY\ udk,fü vufwdkYonf4if; ajcwdkYonf4if; ½Sdukef\/
10/ trSmuH uma, auom tw¬d/ uREfkyfwdkY\ udk,fü qHyifwdkYonf ½Sdukef\/
11/ aAm"doawåm rH p rr om0au p 0daewd/ bk&m;avmif;onf uREkfyfudk4if; uREkfyf\ wynfhudk4if;
qHk;r\/
12/ w0 om0aum w,m 0dem e 0owd/ oif\ wynfhonf oifESifh uif;í rae/
13/ o[ma,m ar tm*päwd/ ig\ oli,fcsif;onf vm\/
14/ o[ma,m aw e tm*päwd/ oif\ oli,fcsif;onf rvm/
15/ tmp&da,m a0g "r®H a'aowd/ oifwdkY\ q&monf w&m;a[m\/
16/ tmp&da,m aem ur®|meH a'wd/ igwdkY\ q&monf ur®|mef;ay;\/
ã (aw? ar? a0g? aem emrfpm;yk'frsm;udk 0gus\ tpü xm;oHk;avhr½Sd/ wyk'faemufü xm;oHk;
onf/ ar o[ma,mç aw o[ma,mç a0g tmp&da,mç aem tmp&d,m [k roHk;&/ p? 0g?
{0 paom edygwfyk'fwdkYESifh ,SOfwGJívnf; roHk;&)
17/ om&dykawåm trSmuH tmp&da,m a[mwd/ om&dykMwmonf igwdkY\ q&m jzpfonf/
18/ trSmuH a*a[ tóm p a*gPm p oukPm p tw¬d/ igwdkY\tdrfü jrif;wdkYonf4if;
EGm;wdkYonf4if; iSufwdkYonf4if; ½Sdukef\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf31
twdwfBud,m
a,m8 {u0kpf A[k0kpf
emr þ (-D) OH (-kH)
wkrS Mo (a-g) w¬
trS £H(-ð) rSm
½kyfpOfyHk
a,m8 {u0kpf A[k0kpf
emr tb0D? b0D? tb0d? b0d tb0Hk? b0Hk? tb0ðok? b0ðok? tb0Hok? b0Hok
wkrS tba0g? ba0g? tb0? b0? tb0dw¬? b0dw¬? tb0kw¬? b0kw¬
tb0d? b0d
trS tb0ð? b0ð? tb0drSm? b0drSm? tb0drS? b0drS?
tb0krSm? b0krSm? tb0krS? b0krS
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
86/ u&óumowårZÆwåeDrSd/ u&f onf umof odkYajymif;onf/ u&f rSwg;aom "mwfaemif ovmonf/
99/ oAÁawm OH £Hok/ OH (-Hk) rS £Hok (-ðok) tHok (-Hok) tmoHk (-goHk) odkY ajymif;onf/
111/ £um&m*arm toAÁ"mekurSd/ w¬ç rSm a½SUü wcgw&H £(-d)vmonf/
112/ (u) tm onf w¬ odkYajymif;onf/ w¬ onf x odkYxyfajymifEdkifonf/
(c) w¬ç rSm a½SUü O(-k)vmonf/
(*) Mo (a-g) onf t (?)ç £ (-d) w¬ç aw¬m odkY ajymif;onf/
(C) þ (-D) rS £ (-d) odkY? rSm rS rS odkY ajymif;onf/ (upönf;bm#D-'k? 404-405)
114/ tum&m*arm [d,swåeD tZÆwåeD umvmwdywåDok/ "mwftpü wcgw&H t (?) vmonf/
½kyfNyD;yHk
(t) bl + -D = tb0D þ ( )oauFwudk vmonf[k rSwfyg/
vm bf+L> a-g> ? 0f
ã t rvm&if b0D? -D rS -d odkY ajymif;&if tb0d? b0d? jzpfonf/
tb0f + -kH = tb0Hk tb0f + -kH > -ðok = tb0ðok
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf32
tb0f+ -kH > -Hok = tb0Hok
tb0f + a-g = tba0g tb0f + a-g> ? = tb0
tb0f + a-g> -d = tb0d
tb0f + (-d) w¬ = tb0dw¬ tb0f + (-k) w¬ = tb0kw¬
tb0f + -ð = tb0ð tb0f + (-d) rSm = tb0drSm ^tb0drS
rS
tb0f + ( -k ) rSm = tb0krSm ^tb0krS
rS
0pf(ajym) "mwfjzifh ½kyfpOfyHk
(þ) ta0gpD? ta0gpd (OH) ta0gpHk
(Mo) ta0gapm? ta0gp? ta0gpd (w¬) ta0gpdw¬? ta0gpkw¬
(£H) ta0gpð (rSm) ta0gpdrSm? ta0gpdrS? ta0gpkrSm
ta0gpkrS
(t) 0pf + -D =ta0gpD (t) 0pf + -D =t0pD (0-\ t onf MoodkYrajymif;onfhyHk)
0f+?> a-g
(t) *rf(oGm;) + -kH > -goHk = t*rmokH
(t) u&f (jyK) + a-g + -D > -d = tumod ã þ oauFwudk acszsufonf[k rSwfyg/
umo
(t) 'g + (o) -D > -d = t'god (t) [l + (o) -D > -d = ta[mod
[f+L > a-g
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf33
twdwf0gusrsm;
1/ Aka'¨g om0umeH "r®H tbmod/(bmof-a[m) bk&m;onf wynfhwdkYtm; w&m;udk a[mNyD/
2/ 0gPdZm orPmeH yd@ygwH t'Hok/('g-ay;) ukefonfwdkYonf &[ef;wdkYtm; qGrf;udk vªukefNyD/
3/ 0d[ma& orPm 0de,H odu©ðok/ (odu©f-oif,l) ausmif;ü &[ef;wdkYonf 0denf;udk oif,lukef\/
4/ tmp&da,m ar *grH ,mod/ (,m-oGm;) ig\ q&monf ½GmodkY oGm;NyD/
5/ w0 ykawåm ra*¾ uDVd/ (uDVf-upm;) oif\ om;onf vrf;ü upm;NyD/
6/ wGH o[m,umeH *gar e &rd/ (&rf-aysmf) oifonf oli,fcsif;wdkY\ ½Gmü raysmfydkufcJh/
7/ wkarS trSmuH tm[m&H t'godw¬/ ('g-ay;) oifwdkYonf uREkfyfwdkYtm; tpmudk ay;ukefNyD/
8/ t[H o[m,au[d o'¨ð 'Day tp&ð/ (p&f-oGm;) uREfkyfonf oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhtwl uRef;ay:ü
vSnfhvnfcJhNyD/
9/ r,H *grawm yd@ygwH vbdrSm/ (vbf-&) uREfkyfwdkYonf ½GmrS qGrf;udk &cJhukefNyD/
10/ aAm"doawåm rEkaó 0daeod/ (0dae-qHk;r) bk&m;avmif;onf vlwdkYudk qHk;rNyD/
11/ avmau "r®ó tmavmaum tb0d/ (b0f-jzpf)
12/ 0gea&m ½kau© edoD'd/ arsmufonf opfyifay:ü xdkifNyD/ (edoD'-xdkif)
13/ tmp&da,m aw w,m o'¨ð tbmod/ oif\q&monf oifESifhtwl pum;ajymNyD/
14/ orPm *gar yd@ygwH bkÍÆðok/ (bkÍÆ-pm;) &[ef;wdkYonf ½Gmü qGrf;udk pm;ukefNyD/
15/ rEkóm omvm,H bwåH bkÍÆðok/ vlwdkYonf Z&yfü xrif;udk pm;ukef\/
16/ rEkóm wdPmed *grH [&ðok/ ([&f-aqmif) vlwdkYonf jrufwdkYudk ½GmodkY aqmifMuukef\/
17/ r,H "ar®e &rdrSm/ igwdkYonf w&m;jzifh aysmfcJhukefNyD/
18/ wkarS ra*¾ tXmodw¬/ (Xm-wnf) oifwdkYonf vrf;ü &yfwnfcJhMuukefNyD/
19/ tmp&da,m ar "ar®e om0au 0daeod/ uREfkyf\ q&monf w&m;ojzifh wynfhwdkYudk qHk;rNyD/
20/ Ak'¨ó "ar®m oD[V'Day tXmod/ bk&m;\ w&m;onf oD[dkuRef;ü wnfNyD/
21/ ukpädo®ð ar tmAma"m tb0d/ uREkfyf\ 0rf;Adkufü temonf jzpfay:cJhNyD/
22/ a*gwarm emr Aka'¨g avmau ta[mod/([l-jzpf)a*gwrrnfaom bk&m;onf avmuü jzpfay:cJhNyD/
23/ t[H 0d[ma& oraPe o[ t0oð/ igonf &[ef;ESifh twl ausmif;ü aecJhNyD/
24/ r,H w,m o[ em0g, ppfudkif;yAÁwH t*rdrSm/ igwdkYonf oifESifhtwl avSjzifh ppfudkif;awmif
odkY oGm;cJhukefNyD/
25/ wkarS Ak'¨omoae oHCó pD0&H t'w¬/ ('g-ay;) oifwdkYonf bk&m;omoemü oHCmtm;
ouFef;udk vªcJhukefNyD/
26/ r,H &efukefe&awm rEÅav;e*&H t*¾d&axe t*rdrS/ igwdkYonf &efukefNrKdUrS rEÅav;NrKdUodkY
rD&xm;jzifh vmcJhMuukefNyD/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf34
oAÁemrf*dkPf;0if , (tMuif) o'´g yHkvdef ½kyfpOfyHk
y/ a,m a,
'k/ ,H a,
w/ a,e a,[d
p/ a,e a,,[d?a,bd
rD/ ,ó a,oH? a,omeH
q/ ,o®m? ,rSm a,[d? a,bd
o/ ,o®ð? ,rSd a,ok
, (tMuif) o'´g eyHkvdef ½kyfpOfyHk
y/ ,H ,med
'k/ ,H ,med
(wwd,mrS pí usef;tmvHk; yHkvdefESifhwlonf)
, o'´g yHkvdef ½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ , + od = a,m , + a,m = a,
a-g a-
'k/ , + i = ,H , + a,m =a,
a-
w/ , + em = a,e , + [d = a,[d ^ a,bd
,f+?> a- bd
p^q/ , + o = ,ó , + eH = a,oH ^ a,omeH
(o) ,f+?> a- oH ^omeH
o/ , + o®ð = ,o®ð^,rSd , + ok = a,ok
rSd ,f+?> a-
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf35
, o'´g eyHkvdef ½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ , + od = ,H , + a,m = ,med
-H ,f+?> -g ed
'k/ , + i = ,H ,med (yxrmESifhwlonf)
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
51/ oAÁemrmeH eHrSdp/ eH aMumifh oAÁemrfwdkY\ t (?) onf a- odkYajymif;onf/
113/ oAÁemr um&aw yXarm/ oAÁemrftum&EÅrS aemufjzpfaom yXrma,monf a-odkYajymif;onf/
117/ oAÁawm eH oH omeH/ oA Áemrfyk'frS aemufjzpfaom eH onf oH ^ omeH odkYajymif;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf36
w (xdk) o'´g yHkvdef ½kyfpOfyHk
y/ aom ae? aw
'k/ eH? wH ae? aw
w/ aee? awe ae[d? aebd? aw[d? awbd
p/ eó? tó? wó aeoH? aeomeH? awoH? awomeH
rD/ eo®m? to®m? wo®m? erSm? wrSm ae[d? aebd? aw[d? awbd
q/ eó? tó? wó aeoH? aeomeH? awoH? awomeH
o/ eo®ð? to®ð? wo®ð? erSd? wrSd aeok? awok
w o'´g eyHkvdef ½kyfpOfyHk
y/ eH? wH emed? wmed
'k/ eH? wH emed? wmed
wo'´g yHkvdef½kyfNyD;yHk
rSwfcsuf/ w onf o odkY4if;ç e odkY4if;ç t odkY4if; ajymifEdkifyHkudk owdjyKyg/
y/ w + od = aom w + a,m = aw w + a,m = ae
o a- e a-
'k/ w + i = eH w + i = wH (ae?aw yxrmESifhwl)
e
w/ w + em = aee w + em = awe w + [d = ae[d? aebd
e a-e a-e ef+?> a- bd
p^q/ w + o = eó w + o = tó w + o = wó
e ó t ó ó
w + eH = aeoH^aeomeH w + eH = awoH^ awomeH
e oH^omeH wf+?> a- oH^ome
ef+?> a-
o/ w + o®ð = eo®ð w + o®ð= to®ð w + o®ð = wo®ð w + o®ð = wrSd^erSd
e t rSd e
o
w t
e
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf37
wo'´g eyHkvdef½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ w + od = eH w + od = wH w + a,m = wmed ^ emed
e i i wf+?> -g ed e
'k/ w + i = eH w + i = wH (emed? wmed yxrmESifhwl)
e
pnf;rsnf;rsm;
123/ {wawoH awm/ od aMumifh eyHkvdefr[kwfaom {w \ wESifh w onf o odkYajymif;onf/
124/ wó 0g ew¬H oAÁw¬/ vdeftm;vHk;ü w onf e odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
125/ oo®mo®ð oHomoGwåH/ o o®m o®ð 0dbwfESifh 0dbwfrS ajymif;vmaom oH omaMumifh w onf
t odkY ajymif;onf/
tpDt&ifxl;
]]wa,m ae0 p oAÁemar[d}} u oAÁemrfaemif tmç {ç tm, oHk;ck r½SdaMumif; qdkaomf
vnf; ygVdawmfü 4if;oHk;ck ½SdaMumif;awGU&onf/ oAÁ + o®m = oAÁm (oAÁm p o0wd? oAÁxm
o0wd/ oAÁmp-tvHk;pHkrSvnf;? o0wd-,dk pD;\/ oAÁxm-cyfodrf;aomtjym;tm;jzifh? o0wd-,dkpD;\)
w + o®ð = aw (wsm[H raEÅ Oyw¬a'¨g? t[H-igonf? awraEÅ-xdkrEÅmefaMumifh? Oyw¬a'¨g-cdkifrm Murf;cuf\)
, + o = ,m, (,m, aem tEkurÜm, tarS yAÁZ,D rked? aem-igwdkYtm;? ,m,tEkurÜm,-
tMuif oem;rItusKd;iSg? rked-jrwfpGmbk&m;onf? tarS-uREkfyfwdkYudk? yAÁZ,D-&[ef;jyKNyD/)
eyHkvdefüvnf; oAÁemrfwdkYaemuf a,mwdkYrSajymif;aom yxrma,medonf tmç 'kwd,ma,medonf
{ odkY ajymif;Edkifonf/ , + a,m> ed> -g=,m
,m ykaAÁ aAm"dowåmeH? yv’uF0&rmbkaZ
edrdwåmed y'dóEÅd? wmed tZÆ y'dóa&/ (Ak'¨0ifygVd)
ykaAÁ-a½S;ü? aAm"dowåmeH-bk&m;avmif;wdkY\? yv’uF0&rmbkaZ-jrwfaomyv’ifzGJUacGíaeawmfrl&m
ü? ,medrdwåmed-tMuifedrdwfwdkYonf? y'dóEÅd-xifukefNyD? wmededrdwåmed-xdkedrdwfwdkYonf? tZÆ-,aeY?
y'dóa&-xifukef\/
, + a,m> ed> a-=a, (uð rmP0ó "emed a, wH ZdeaEÅm [a& tu©"kawåm) wH-oifvkvif
udk? ZdeaEÅm-Edkifonfjzpfí? a,-,med"emed-tMuifavmif;wrf;OpömwdkYudk? tu©"kawåm-trfMuL;orm;onf?
[a&-aqmif,l&m\/ rmP0ó-oifvkviftm;? wmed"emed-xdkOpömwdkYonf? uð-tb,frSmenf;/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf38
ã w o'´g yHkvdef^eyHkvdef wdkwGif pwkw¬D^q|D A[k0kpfü tmoH^tmomeH [k ½SdEdkifonf/
w + eH = tmoH ^ tmomeH
t> -g oH^om
ae0goH auom 'dóEÅd? [w¬yg'g p Zmvdaem (a0óEÅ&m) tmoH-xdkuPSmZmvDwdkY\?
auom-qHyifwdkYonf? ae0'dóEÅd-rxifukef? Zmvdaem-ZmvD\? [w¬yg'gp-vufajcwdkYonfvnf;?
ae0'dóEÅd-rxifukef/
oAÁemrf[lonf/ teuftm;vHk;ESifh qufqHaom emrfyk'fudk oAÁemrf[kac:onf/ oAÁo'´g ra[mEdkif
teuf[lí r½Sd/ tvHk;pHkaoma,musfm;? tvHk;pHkaom rdef;r? tvHk;pHkaomawm?
tvHk;pHkaomawmif ponfjzifh ½SdorQteufawGudk a[mEdkif\/ , paom yk'frsm;vnf; tMuifa,musfm;?
tMuifa,musfm;? tMuifawmponfjzifh ra[mEdkifaom teufr½Sd/ þodkYvQif teuftm;vHk;ESifh qufqH
aomemrfyk'fudk oAÁemrf[k ac:onf/ oAÁemrf trnf&aom yk'fwdkYonf ]]oAÁ? uw&? uwr? £w&?
tn? tnw&? tnwr? ykAÁ? ty&? 'u©dP? Owå&? t"&? ,? w? {w? £r? trk? uð? {u?
Ob? Ob,? 'Gd? wd? pwk? yÍö? wkrS? trS þ 28-yk'f paomtm;jzifh rsm;pGm½Sdonf/
bmomjyefyHk/ oAÁ-tvHk;pHkonf? uw&ç uwr-tb,fonf? £w&-qdkcJhNyD;rSwrsKd;wjcm;
wGJzufjzpfaom teufrsm;onf? tnH-wGJbuf[kwfonfjzpfapç r[kwfonfjzpfapç
wyg;tjcm;aomteufonf? tnw&ç tnwr-wpHkwa,mufonf? ykAÁ-a½SUXmeç ta½SUt&yf? y&-ae-
mufXmeç taemuft&yf? ty&-wyg;tjcm;aomt&yf? 'u©dP-awmif(vusfm)t&yf? Owå&-ajrmuf (vuf0J)
t&yf? t"&-atmuft&yf?,-tMuif? wç trk-xdk? {wç £r-þ? uð-bmç b,f? {u- eHygwfwpfçtwlç
wcsKdU paomteufrsm;? Obç Ob,-ESpfckç ESpfygpHk? 'Gd-ESpf? wd-oHk;? pwk-av;? yÍö-ig;? wkrS-oif? trS-ig/
oAÁemrf 28-yk'fudk tkyfpkcGJvQif
1/ , w {w £r trk [laom wGJzufo'´gESifhtwl teufa[m ]]ya,m*0EÅ}}oAÁemrf
2/ wkrS trS w [laom wGJzufo'´grygyJ teufaom ]]0pe}} oAÁemrf
3/ uw& uwr uð [laom ar;cGef;teufa[m ]]ykpäm}} oAÁemrf
4/ ykAÁ y& 'u©dP Owå& t"& [laom t&yfrsufESma[m ]]'dom}} oAÁemrf
5/ Ob Ob, 'Gd wd pwk yÍö [laom ta&twGuf ocsFmteufa[m ]]ocsFm}}oAÁemrf
6/ oAÁ £w& tn tnw& tnwr ty& [laom tvHk;pHkteufa[m ]]oAÁ}}oAÁemrfwdkYjzpf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf39
oAÁemrfwdkYudkyif emremrfwdkYudk wdkuf½kduf roHk;vdkíjzpfap? arhavsmh&müjzpfap emremrfrsm; tpm;
toHk;jyKaomaMumifh emrfpm;[k ac:onf/
emrfpm;onf 1/ yk*¾vemrfpm; wkr? trS? w
2/ edóeemrfpm; w? {w? £r
3/ ykpämerfpm; uð
4/ tEG,Demrfpm; ,? w [k av;rsKd;½dSonf/
vl? t&m0w¬K [laom emrfrsm;tpm; oHk;pGJonfh wkrS trS w o'´gwdkYudk yk*¾vemrfpm;
[kac:onf/ xdkvl xdkpdwf ponfjzifh rdrdESifhwGJpyfaom emrfyk'fwdkYudk nTefjyaomaMumifh ], w {w £r}
wdkYudk ed'óeemrfpm;[kac:onf/ ,if;wdkYonf rdrdESifh wGJpyfaom yk'fwdkYudk txl;jyKaomaMumifh emr0dao
oevnf; rnfukef\/ xdkk ,? w? {w? £r wdkYudk tjcm;yk'fwdkYESifh rwGJpyfbJoHk;vQif yk*¾vemrfpm;?
tjcm;emrf? emrfpm;rsm;ESifh wGJpyfvQif ed'óeemrfpm;[k rSwf&rnf/ ed'óeemrfpm; (0daooe)onf
wGJpyfonfhyk'f (0daoos) ESifh vdif0kpf0dbwfwl&rnf/
yHkpH/ aom ea&m *grH *päwd/ xdkvlonf ½GmodkY oGm;\/ aom ESifh ea&m onf
0daooe 0daoosjzpfí vdif?0kpf?0dbwf wlaeonf/
om unm *grH e *päwd/ xkdrdef;uav;onf ½GmodkY roGm;/ om ESifh unm onf
vdif0kpf0dbwf wlaeonf/
wH pdwåH - xdkpdwfonf? awoH yk&domeH - xdka,musfm;wdkYtm;?
tar;0gusrsm;ü toHk;jyK&NyD;vQif tb,folonf tb,ft&mponfjzifh yk*¾Kdvf t&m0w¬Kudk
udk,fpm;jyKaomaMumifh vdiftvdkuf aum? um? uð yk'fwdkYonf ykpämemrfpm; rnfukef\/ 4if;udk tjcm;emrf?
emrfpm;rsm;ESifh wGJpyftoHk;jyKaomtcg xdkwGJyk'frsm;ESifh vdef 0kpf (udef;) 0dbwf wl&onf/
yHkpH/ aum yk&daom *päwd/ b,fa,musfm;onf oGm;oenf;/ (aum ESifh yk&daom vdif0kpf0dbwfwl)
aue ,maee tm*päod/ tb,f,Ofjzihfvmoenf;/ (aue ESifh ,maee vdif0kpf0dbwfwl)
ã emrf? emrfpm;wdkYESifh rwGJbJvnf; oHk;Edkifonf/
aum *päwd? b,foloGm;ovJ/ uH yówd? b,foludk jrifovJ- ponf
rdrdESifhwGJpyfrnfh yk'fteufodkY tpOfvdkufaom ,? w wdkYudk tEG,Demrfpm;[k qdkonf/ ed'óe
emrfpm;uJhodkY rdrdESifh,SOfwGJrnfh yk'fwdkY\ vdif udef; (0kpf) 0dbwf twdkif; ,if;udk a&;om;&rnf/ tEG,D
erfpm;ü 0gustpdwftydkifESpfck½SdNyD;vQif yxr0gusrSm ],} udkoHk;í 'kwd,0gusrSm ]w}udk oHk;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf40
, emrfpm; ygaom0gusudk ted,r0gus [kac:í w emrfpm; ygaom0gusudk ed,r0gus [k
ac:onf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh ted,r0gusudk a½SUrSmNyD; ed,r0gusudk aemufrSmxm;í a&;wwfonf/
bmomjyefonfhtcg ted,r 0gusudk OD;pGmjyefNyD; ed,r0gusudk aemufrSjyefyg/ ed,r0gusudk a½SUu
a&mufaeonfudkvnf; wcgw&H awGUEdkifonf/ odkYaomf bmomjyef&mwGif ted,r0gusuom pjyefyg/
, ^w tpHkygaom 0gusrsm;
1/ a,m "r®H yówd? aom rH yówd/ tMuifolonf w&m;udk jrif\/ xdkolonf ig(bk&m;)udk jrif
\/ a,m-tMuifolonf(rowfrSwf&ao;í ted,r[k ac:onf) "r®H yówd-w&m;udk jrif\?
owfrSwfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? aom-xdkw&m;udk jrifolonf(owfrSwfNyD;í ed,r[k ac:onf)
2/ ,o®ð ora, aAm"doawåm Zm,wd? wo®ð ora, a'0g p rEkómp 'dAÁEÅd/ tMuiftcsdefü bk&m;
tavmif;onf zGm;jrif\/ xdktcsdefü ewfwdkYonf4if; vlwdkYonf4if; aysmfjrL;Muukef\/
3/ a, Aka'¨ p "ar® p oHaC p e yoD'EÅd? aw OZÑm,EÅd/ tMuifolwdkYonf bk&m;ü4if; w&m;ü4if;
oHCmü4if; rMunfnKdukef/ xdkolwdkYonf uJh&Jhukef\/
4/ ,o®m wGH ukZÑod? wo®m e bmood/ tMuifaMumifh oifonf pdwfqdk;\/ xdkaMumifh oifonf
pum;rajym/
5/ a, ygyH ua&mEÅd? aw tyg,H *päEÅd/ tMuifolwdkYonf raumif;rIudk jyKukef\/ xdkolwdkYonf i&JodkY
oGm;Muukef\/
6/ tw¬davmau orPjA[®Pm? a, {0H 0'EÅd/ tMuif(&[ef;ykPÖm;)wdkYonf þodkY ajymqdkukef\/ xdk
&[ef;ykPÖm;wdkYonf avmuü ½Sdukef\/
ted,r ed,r oabmESifh oHk;aom edygwfyk'frsm;
,xm - - wxm / tMuifuJhodkY - - xdkuJhodkY
,awm - - wawm / tMuifrS - - xkdrS
,'g - - w'g / tMuiftcg - - xdktcg
,m0 - - wm0 / tMuifrQavmuf - - xdkrQavmuf
,w¬ - - ww¬ / tMuifü - - xdkü
,Mw - - wMw / tMuifü - - xdkü
1/ ,xm wGH rnod? wxm wGH bmowd/ tMuifuJhodkY oifonf xif\? xdkuJhodkY oifonf ajym
\/ (oifonf oifxifovdk ajym\)
2/ ,'g aAm"doawåm Zm,wd? w'g avmau tmavmaum OyÜZÆwd/ tMuiftcg bk&m;avmif;onf
arG;zGm;\/ xdktcg avmuü tvif;a&mifonf jzpfay:\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf41
3/ ,awm pE´drol&da,m avmau OyÜZÆEÅd? wawm y|m, tmavmaum ygwkb0wd/ tMuiftcgü
bk&m;tavmif;onf arG;zGm;\/ xdktcgü avmuü tvif;a&mifonf jzpfay:\/
4/ ,Mw ol&da,m 0dp&wd? wMw tmavmaum 0dZÆwd/ tMuift&yfü aeonf vSnfhvnf\? xdkt&yf
ü tvif;a&mifonf ½Sd\/
5/ ,m0 "ar®m avmau wd|wd? wm0 Aka'¨g avmau 0dZÆwd/ tMuiftrQavmuf w&m;onf avmu
ü wnf\/ xdkrQavmuf bk&m;onf avmuü ½Sd\/
6/ ,w¬ Aka'¨g 0dZÆwd? ww¬ "ar®m 'dyÜwd/ tMuift&yfü bk&m;onf ½Sd\? xdkt&yfü w&m;onf
awmufy\/
{w (þ) o'´gyHkvdef½kyfpOfyHk
y/ {aom {aw
'k/ {wH {aw
w/ {awe {aw[d? {awbd
p/ {wó {awoH? {awomeH
rD/ {wo®m? {wrSm {aw,d? {awbd
q/ {wó {awoH? {awomeH
o/ {wo®ð? {wrSd {awok
{wo'´gyHkvdef½kyfpOfyHk
y/ {wH {wmed
'k/ {wH {wmed
{wo'´g yHkvdef½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ {w + od = {aom {w + a,m = {aw
o a-g a-
'k/ {w + i = {wH {w + a,m = {aw
a-
w/ {w + em = {awe {w + [d = {aw[d ^ {awbd
a-e wf+?> a-
p^q/ {w + o = {wó {w + eH = {awoH ^ {awomeH
ó wf+?> a- oH^ome
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf42
rD/ {w + o®m = {wo®m ^ {wrSm ({aw[d^{awb wwd,mESifhwl)
rSm
o/ {w + o®ð = {wo®ð ? {wrSd {w + ok = {awok
rSd wf+?> a-
{wo'´geyHkvdef½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ {w + od = {wH {w + a,m + {wmed
i wf+?> -g ed
'k/ {w + i = {wH {w + a,m + {wmed
wf+?> -g ed
ã yHk eyHk wGif tH aMumifh {w onf {e odkY ajymif;Edkifonf/ ({eH bdu©KH "r®H tZÑmaywd)
£r (þ) o'´g yHkvdef ½kyfpOfyHk
y/ t,H £ar
'k/ £rH £ar
w/ taee? £rdem £ar[d? £arbd? {[d? {bd
p/ £ró? tó £aroH? £aromeH? {oH? {omeH
rD/ £ro®m? £rrSm? to®m £ar[d? £arbd? {[d? {bd
q/ £ró? tó £aroH? £aromeH? {oH? {omeH
o/ £o®ð? £rrSd? to®ð £arok? {ok
{wo'´geyHkvdef½kyfpOfyHk
y/ £'H? £rH £rmed
'k/ £'H? £rH £rmed
£ro'´g yHkvdef ½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ £r + od = t,H £r + a,m = £ar
t,H a-
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf43
'k/ £r + i = £rH £r + a,m = £ar
w/ £r + em = taee £r + em = £rdem
te a-e £rd
£r + [d = £ar[d^£arbd £r + [d = {[d^{bd
rf+?> a- {
p^q/ £r + o = £ró £r + o = £ró
ó t ó
£r + eH = £aroH ^ £aromeH £r + eH = {oH^{omeH
rf+?> a- oH^omeH { oH^omeH
rD/ £r + o®m = £ro®m £r + o®m = £rrSm £r + o®m = to®m
rSm t
(£ar[d^£arbd ? {[d^{bd wwd,mESifhwl)
o/ £r + o®ð = £ro®ð £r + o®ð = £rrSd £r + o®ð = to®ð
rSd t
£r + ok = £arok £r + ok = {ok
rf+?> a- {
£ro'´g eyHkvdef ½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ £r+od = £'H £r + od = £rH £r + a,m = £rmed
£'H i rf+?> -g ed
y/ £r+i = £'H £r + i = £rH £r + a,m = £rmed
£'H rf+?> -g ed
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
78/ £ród'rHodok eyHkoau/ eyHkvdefü tH od 0dbwfaMumifh £r onf 0dbwfESifhtwl £'H odkY ajymif;onf/
119/ oAÁódraó0g/ ok eH [d wdkYaMumifh £r o'´gonf wcgw&H { odkYajymif;onf/
120/ tedrdemrSdp/ em aMumihf £onf te odkY[kwf £rd odkY tNrJ ajymif;onf/
121/ teyHkouóm,HodrSd/ od aMumifh eyHkvdefr[kwfaom £r onf t,H odkY ajymif;onf/
126/ £ro'´óp/ o o®m o®ð 0dbwfESifh 0dbwfrSajymif;vmaom oH omaMumifh £r onf t odkY
wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf44
ã £r onf t,Hç £rdç teç £'Hç t odkY ajymif;Edkifonfudk owdjyKyg/ t,H
£rd
£r te
tpDt&ifxl; £'H
t
ã ykHvdefü o®ð aESmif;&müvnf; £r onf te odkY ajymif;onf/ £r + o®ð = terSd
te rSd
terSd ba'´ okaomaP? uð Ek Z*¢od aombaP (ZmwfygVdawmf) okaomaP-aumif;aom
cg;½Sdaom? aombaP-wifhw,fpGmaom? ba'´-½Sifr? uðEk-tb,fhaMumifh? terSd-þawmt&yfü?
uð Ek -tb,fhaMumifh? Z*¢od-&,f&oenf;/
ã eyHkvdefü yxrm a,mjzifh £rm? 'kwd,ma,mjzifh £ar [k ½SdEdkifonf/
uð (bm?b,f) yHkvdef½kyfpOfyHk
y/ aum aum
'k/ uH au
w/ aue au[d? aubd
p/ uó? udó auoH? auomeH
rD/ uo®m? urSm au[d? aubd
q/ uó? udó auoH? auomeH
o/ uo®ð? udo®ð? urSd? udrSd auok
uð (bm?b,f) eyHkvdef½kyfpOfyHk
y/ uð umed
'k/ uð umed
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf45
uð (bm?b,f) yHkvdef½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ uð + od = aum uð + a,m = au
u a-g u a-
'k/ uð + i = uH uð + a,m = au
u u a-
w/ uð + em = aue uð + [d = au[d^aubd
u a-e uf+?> a-
p^q/ uð + o = uó uð + o = udó uð + eH = auoH ^ auomeH
u ó ud ó uf+?> a- oH^omeH
rD/ uð + o®m = uo®m uð + o®m = urSm
u u rSm
o/ uð + o®ð = uo®ð^urSd uð + o®ð = udo®ð^udrSd uð + ok = auok
u rSd ud rSd uf+?> a-
uð (bm?b,f) yHkvdef½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ uð + od = uð uð + a,m = umed
uf+?> -g ed
'k/ uð + i = uð uð + a,m = umed
uf+?> -g ed
ã uð udk tH 0dbwfESifh AsÍÆaepjzifh uð\ ed*¾[wfacsNyD;? tHarm-jzifh tH udk ed*¾[wfajymif;ívnf; ½kyf
NyD;yHk jyMuonf? awokjzifh tHudk acsjcif;u ydkvG,fonf)
ã ykHvdef^eyHvdef o®mü udo®m? udrSm? eykHvdef odü uH? yxrma,mü au? tHü uH? 'kwd,ma,mü au
[kaom ½kyfyHkpHrsm; ½SdEdkifonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf46
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
39/ AsÍÆaep/ aemufu AsOf;½SdvQif a½SUued*¾[dwfonf wcgw&H aysmufuG,foGm;onf/
178/ aoaookp/ 0rS<uif;aom ypönf;0dbwfaMumifh uðonf u odkYajymif;onf/
61/ awok0k'¨d/ ½kyfajymif;vJyHk NyD;ajrmufap&ef vdktyfovdk vkyfEdkifonf/
(usefponf;rsOf;rsm; a½SUu oAÁemrf , ESifh wl)
zwfpm0gusrsm;
1/ wó ykawåm okeac[d o'¨ð 0eH *päd/ ol\ om;onf acG;wdkYESifh twl awmodkY oGm;NyD/
2/ ur®um&m awoH ur®H ua&mEÅd/ tvkyformwdkYonf olwdkY\ tvkyfudk jyKvkyfukef\/
3/ Aka'¨g 0d[ma& awoH "r®H uaxod/ bk&m;onf ausmif;ü olwdkYtm; w&m;udk a[mNyD/
4/ trSmuH &a| ap&m rEkaó 'kóEÅd/ igwdkY\ wdkif;jynfü olcdk;wdkYonf vlwdkYudk zsufqD;ukef\/
5/ wGH wH ykpäm[d/ oifonf xdkokYudk ar;yg/
6/ trSmuH a*a[ rmvma,m e a[mEÅd/ uRfEkyfwdkY\ tdrfü yef;wdkYonf r½Sdukef/
7/ wó rkac tóled b0EÅd/ xdkol\ rsufESmü rsuf&nfwdkYonf jzpfukef\/
8/ wkarS ygyged rm tu&dw¬/ oifwdkYonf raumif;rIwdkYudk rjyKMuukefvifh/
ã rm onf wm;jrpfjcif; t"dyÜg,f&aom edygwfyk'fjzpfonf/ ]r} [k bmomjyefyg/ umvmwdywådcsefí
usef0dbwftm;vHk;ESifh wGJoHk;Edkifonf/ odkYaomf [d,swåeD tZÆwåeD yÍörDwdkYjzifh wGJonfu rsm;onf/
rmedygwfESifh wGJaom [d,swåeD tZÆwåeD wdkYonf twdwfumvudkomru ypöKyÜef tem*wf umvudk
yg azmfjyEdkifavonf/
9/ aom aw[d o'¨ð bdu©Kó 0d[m&H *päd/ xdkolonf xdkolwdkYESifhtwl &[ef;\ ausmif;odkY oGm;NyD/
10/ r,H awoH 0w¬med t'goHk/ igwdkYonf xdkolwdkYtm; t0wfudk av;vªcJhukefNyD/
11/ tmp&da,m trSmuH [dwH ua&mwd/ q&monf igwdkY\ pD;yGm;udk jyK\/
12/ wkrSmuH rdwåm trSmuH a*[H 0oEÅd/ oifwdkY\ rdwfaqGwdkYonf igwdkY\ tdrfü aeukef\/
13/ t,H 'g&aum wkrSmuH ykawåm ta[mod/ þuav;onf oifwdkY\om; jzpfcJhNyD/
14/ £ar odóm tmp&d,ó pD0&med a"m0EÅd/ þwynfhwdkYonf q&m\ ouFef;wdkYudk avQmfzGwfukef\/
15/ wkarS oHCó pD0&med a'x/ oifwdkYonf oHCmtm; ouFef;udk ay;vªMuukef\/
16/ {awoH orPmeH odóm trSmuH rdwåm ta[oHk/ þ&[ef;wdkY\ wynfhwdkYonf igwdkY\
rdwfaqGrsm; jzpfukefNyD/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf47
17/ t,H yk&daom 0gPdaZm b0wd/ þa,musfm;onf ukefonfjzpfonf/
18/ wGH {aw[d a*gaP[d acwåH uood/ oifonf þEGm;wdkYESifh v,fudk xGef\/
19/ {wmed "emed b&d,m, 0w¬L a[mEÅd/ þypönf;OpömwdkYonf r,m;\ OpömwdkYonf jzpfukef\/
20/ oraPm {awe oDave pdwåó okcH tvbd/ &[ef;onf þoDvaMumifh pdwf\ csrf;omjcif;udk &cJhNyD/
21/ wkarS £rdem Amave e 0oEÅd/ oifwdkYonf þvlAdkuf raeMuukef/
22/ r,H {aw[d ykayæ[d apwd,ó ylaZr/ igwdkYonf þyef;wdkYjzifh apwDtm; ylaZmfMukef\/
23/ £arok yAÁawok ½ku©m ½k[EÅd/ þawmifwdkYü opfyifwdkYonf aygufukef\/
tar;0gusrsm;
24/ aum 'g&aum ur®H ua&mwd/ tb,f uav;onf tvkyfudk vkyfoenf;/
25/ uo®ð *gar wGH 0ood/ oifonf tb,f½Gmü aeoenf;/
26/ uo®m *grSm wkarS tm*päx/ tb,f½GmrS oifwdkYonf vmMuoenf;/
27/ umed zvmed 'g&um ,mpEÅd/ tb,f toD;wdkYudk uav;wdkYonf awmif;Muukefoenf;/
28/ aum w0 tmp&da,m a[mwd/ tb,folonf oif\ q&m jzpfoenf;/
29/ auok Xmaeok wkarS 0ox/ tb,ft&yfü oifwdkYonf aeMuukefoenf;/
30/ uó ykawåm O'uH ,mpwd/ tb,fol\ om;onf a&udk awmif;oenf;/
31/ wGH umed zvmed bkÍÆod/ oifonf tb,f toDwdkYudk pm;oenf;/
32/ au trSmuH o,m,H yóEÅd/ tb,folwdkYonf igwdkY\ rdwfaqGudk jrifMuoenf;/
33 / uwarm emr aom ½kau©m/ xdktyifonf tb,f trnf½Sdoenf;/
34/ t,H uð emarm/ þudk&ifonf tb,f trnf½Sdoenf;/
35/ t,H Ak'¨&u©dawm emr / þudk&ifonf Ak'¨&u©w rnf\/ (tajz0gus)
ã emr onf 1? edygwf emr 2? emrf emr [k ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/ 0dbwfrjrif&aom emr udk edygwfemr [k
rSwfyg/ 0dbwfjrif&aom emarm? emrH udk emrfemr [krSwfyg/ edygwfemrü emr+od=emr [k od udk
acszsufí ½kyfNyD;í emr-rnf\ [kom tenf;udef; jyefyg/ emarmü emr+od=emarm? odonf Mo okdY
ajymif;í emarm NyD;ojzifh uðemarm-tb,ftrnf½Sdoenf;[k tenf;udef;jyefyg/ emrmü emr+a,m?
a,monf tmodkYajymif;í emrm[k NyD;ojzifh uðemrm-tb,ftrnf½Sdukefoenf;[k trsm;udef;jyefyg/
uðudk emrESifh q|DA[kAÁDormof wGJpyfvQif uðemarm? aumemarm paom yHkvdef½kyf? uðemrH? uðemrmed
paom eyHkvdef½kyf? uðemrm? umemrm paom £w¬dvdef½kyfrsm; 0dbwftm;vHküyif½Sd[k o'´eDwdqdk\/
odkYaomf uðemarm? aumemarm rSwyg;aom ½kyfyHkpHrsm; yd#uwfawmfü awGU&cJonf/(wGJzuf 115^bm#D'k-60)
36/ £ar uð emrm/ þolwdkYonf tb,f trnf½SdMuoenf;/
37/ £ar omraP&m emr/ þolwdkYonf udk&ifwdkY rnf\/ (tajz0gus)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf48
38/ wGH uð emarm/ oifonf tb,f trnf½Sd oenf;/
39/ t[H armif0 emr/ uREkfyfonf armif0 rnf\/
40/ wkarS uð emrm/ oifwdkYonf tb,f trnf½SdMuoenf;/
41/ r,H orPm emr/ uREkfyfwdkYonf &[ef;wdkY rnf\/
42/ aum Aka'¨g a[mwd/ tb,folonf bk&m;jzpfoenf;/
43/ od'¨awåm Aka'¨g a[mwd/ od'¨wåonf bk&m; jzpf\/
44/ aum o,wd/ tb,folonf tdyfoenf;/
45/ 'g&dum ypwd/ uav;ronf csuf\/
46/ au *päEÅd/ tb,folwdkYonf oGm;Muukefoenf;/
47/ yk&dom *päEÅd/ a,musfm;wdkYonf oGm;Muukef\/
48/ tm0kaom omaP& - t,H 'g&aum uð emarm/ igh½Sif udk&if? þoli,fonf tb,ftrnf½Sdoenf;/
49/ baEÅ Ak'¨&u©dw - t,H 'g&aum armif0 emr/ t½Sifbk&m; Ak'¨&u©dw? þuav;onf armif0 rnf\/
ã tm0kaomç abmç baEÅç abmaEÅmç abmwd wdkYonf ac:aomç jyefíxl;aom yk'frsm;jzpfonf/ i,fol
i,foludk ]tm0koaom} (igh½Sif ̂ igh½SifwdkY) [kvnf;aumif;ç BuD;oludk ]baEÅ} (t½Sifbk&m; ̂ t½Sifbk&m;wdkY)
[kvnf;aumif; oHk;pGJyg/ Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefrpHrSDu BuD;BuD;i,fi,f tcsifcsif; tm0kaom[k ac:Muonf/
Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf BuD;olui,foludk tm0kaom? i,folu BuD;oludk baEÅ [k ac:a0:oHk;pGJ&onf/
tm0kaom ESifh baEÅ tenf;udef; trsm;udef; ESpfrsKd;oHk;Edkifaom edygwfyk'frsm; jzpfMuonf/ abm onf
udkvnf; tenf;udef;trsm;udef; ESpfrsKd;oHk; edygwftjzpf,lEdkifonf/ abmudk emrftjzpf,lrl yHkvdef^eyHkvdef
ü ]abm} £w¬dvdefü ]abmwd} jzpfonf/ (abm-tdktcsif;ç tdktcsif;wdkY? tdkt½Sifç tdkt½SifhwdkY) (abmwd-
tdk½Sifr? (b0EÅ >abmw+(e'g'd)-D>-d+(tmvkyf) od ) abmudk emrftjzpf,rl b0EÅ>abm+(tmvkyf) od?
[k NyD;onf/ abm yk&do ü abm um; þ abmwnf;/ baEÅmum; b0EÅ>abmEÅ+a,m>a-g/
(abmaEÅm-t½Sifaumif;wdkY? t½Sifaumif;wdkYonf) (bmom#Dum? wdydjrefrm wdkYrS aumufEkwfcsuf)
50/ abmwd uan - t,H 'g&dum uð emrm/ tdk owdkYorD;-þuav;ronf tb,f trnf½Sdoenf;/
51/ abm yk&do - t,H 'g&dum rat; emr/ tdk a,musfm; - þuav;ronf rat;trnf½Sd\/
52/ abm 'g&u - wGH uð emarm/ tdk oli,f - oifonf tb,ftrnf½Sdoenf;/
53/ abm orP - t[H armifvS emr/ tdk &[ef; - wynfhawmfonf armifvStrnf½Sdyg\/
54/ abmwd 'g&dau - wGH uð emrm/ tdk uav;r - oifonf tb,f trnf½Sdoenf;/
55/ abm yk&do - t[H raxG; emr/ tdk a,musfm; uRefronf raxG;trnf½Sdyg\/
56/ abm omraP& - t,H 0d[m&a&m uð emarm/ tdkudk&if - þausmif;onf tb,ftrnf½Sdoenf;/
57/ abmaEÅm orPm - t,H 0d[ma&m aZw0eH emr/ tdk &[ef;wdkY - þausmif;onf aZw0ef
trnf½Sdyg\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf49
tem*wfBud,m
{u0kpf A[k0kpf
emr ówd óEÅd
wkrS óod óx
trS ómrd ómr
(bl-jzpfjcif;) b0dówd b0dóEÅd
b0dóod b0dóx
b0dómrd b0dómr
(*rf-oGm;jcif;) *rdówd *rdóEÅd
*rdóod *rdóx
*rdómrd *rdómr
([l-jzpfjcif;) a[ówd a[óEÅd
a[óod a[óx
a[ómrd a[ómr
ã 1/ 'g? Xm paom tmqHk;aom "mwfudkqufvQif tmudk todkYajymif;NyD; quf&onf
yHkpH - 'g> ' + ówd = 'ówd
2/ { qHk;aom yk'fudk wdkuf½kduf quf&onf/
yHkpH - aZ + ówd = aZówd/
3/ {rSwyg;aom o&rsm;qHk;aom "mwfodkY qufvQif ó a½SUrSm £(-d)cH quf&onf/
yHkpH - *päf+ (-d) + ó = *pädówd/
ã tem*wf umvü jzpfay:rnfh taMumif;t&mudk ajymjyvkd&mü b0dóEÅd udk toHk;jyKyg/
xdkYjyif thHMojcif;ç csD;rGrf;jcif;ç uJh&Jhjcif; t"dyÜg,fudkazmfjyaom emr ESifh wGJoHk&mwGif b0dóEÅdonf
twdwfu tjzpftysufudkvnf; &nfnTef;azmfjyonf/
yHkpH/ (1) tem*aw arawåa,smemr Aka'¨g b0dówd/ aemiftcgü arawå,srnfaombk&m;onf yGifhvdrfhrnf/
(2) tpä&d,H taE¨memr yAÁwrma&m[dówd/ taE¨m-oluPf;onf? ormaem-jzpfygvQuf? yAÁwH-awmif
ay:okdY? tma&m[dówdemr-wufEdkifygay\? tpä&d,H-tHhMozG,faumif;aypG/ (tHhMojcif;)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf50
(3) £ar[demr uvsmP"r®m y#dZmedóEÅd/ £ar([d)-þraumif;aomw&m½SdolwdkYonf? uvsmP"r®m-
aumif;aomw&m;½SdolwdkY[lí? y#dZmedóEÅdemr-0efcHukefbd\/ (uJh&Jhjcif;)
(4) ,Mw[demr wxm*awm twDaw Aka'¨ y&dedAÁKaw qdEéyyaÍö qdEé0#Kar y&d,m'dEé0a¥
oAÁ'ku©0Dwdawå Zmwdawmyd tEkó&dówd/ ('D?2? 7)
wxm*awm-jrwfpGmbk&m;onf?,Mw[d-tMuifhaMumifhomvQif? twDaw-vGefNyD;ukefaom? y&dedAÁKaw-
y&dedAÁmefjyKNyD;ukefaom? qdEéyyaÍö-t<uif;rJhjzwftyfNyD;aom yyÍöw&m;½Sdawmfrlukefaom? qdEé0#Kar-
jzwftyfNyD;aom ur®0#f½Sdawmfrlukefaom? oAÁ'ku©0Dwdaw-ukefaptyfNyD;aom0#fqif;&J½Sdawmfrlukefaom?
Aka'¨-bk&m;½SifwdkYudk? Zmwdawmyd-trsKd;tm;jzifhvnf;? tEkówdemr-odawmfrlEdkif\/ (csD;rGrf;jcif;)
]
eESifhEkygaomBud,mrsm;
]e} onf wm;jrpfjcif; t"dyÜg,f&aom edygwfyk'fjzpfonf/ ]Ek} onfvnf; ar;cGef;oauFwjy
edygwfyk'fjzpfonf/ e udk r [k bmomyg/ Ek udk avm? vm;? vJ [k bmomjyefyg/
1/ tw¬d Ek 'g&aum/ uav;onf ½Sdovm;/ (tar;)
2/ tmr . . tw¬d 'g&aum/ [kwfuJh uav;onf ½Sd\/ (tajz)
3/ *päwd Ek unm/ trsKd;orD; ½Sdovm;/
4/ tmr . . *päwd unm/ [kwfuJh . . trsKd;orD; ½Sdyg\/
5/ o,od Ek wGH/ oifonf tdyfae ovm;/
6/ tmr . . o,mrd t[H/ [kwfuJh . . uREkfyftdyfaeyg\/
7/ ypEÅd Ek 'g&duma,m/ uav;rwdkYonf csufaeMuovm;/
8/ tmr . . ypEÅd 'g&duma,m/ [kwfuJh uav;rwdkYonf csufaeMuukef\/
9/ a'aowd Ek tm0kaom Aka'¨g "r®H/ igh½Sif . . bk&m;onf w&m;udk a[movm;/
10/ tmr . . a'aowd Aka'¨g "r®H/ wifyg . . bk&m;onf w&m;udk a[mygonf/
ã tmr udk rSefyg? wifyg? [kwfuJh? tif; (tdrf;) [k bmomjyefEdkifonf/ tm0kaomç baEÅ paom
tmvkyfwdkYudk rsm;aomtm;jzifh wyk'faemifxm;avh½Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&H tpqHk;rSmvnf; xm;avh½Sd
onf/
11/ *päod Ek tm0kaom wGH *grH/ igh½Sif oifonf ½GmodkY oGm;oavm/
12/ tmr *pämrd t[H *grH/ [kwfuJh uREkfyf ½GmodkYoGm;ygonf/
13/ ypx Ek abmwda,m . . wkarS bwåH/ t½SifrwdkY oifwdkYonf xrif;csufMuovm;/
14/ tmr ypmr r,H bwåH/ [kwfuJh uRefrwdkY xrif;csufMuygonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf51
Ekjzifhar;NyD; ejzifhajzaom 0gusrsm;
15/ tw¬d Ek tm0kaom bwåH/ igh½Sif xrif;onf ½Sdovm;/
16/ ew¬d baEÅ bwåH/ t½Sifbk&m; xrif; r½Sdawmhyg/
17/ oEÅd Ek tm0kaom rEkóm/ igh½Sif vlwdkYonf ½SdMuovm;/
18/ e oEÅd baEÅ rEkóm/ t½Sifbk&m; vlwdkYonf r½SdMuyg/
19/ tod Ek wGH tm0kaom omraPa&m/ igh½Sif oifonf omraP jzpfovm;/
20/ e trSd baEÅ omraPa&m/ t½Sifbk&m; uREkfyfonf omraP r[kwfyg/
21/ ypwd Ek tm0kaom 'g&dum bwåH/ igh½Sif uav;ronf xrif; csufovm;/
22/ e ypwd baEÅ 'g&dum bwåH/ t½Sifbk&m; uav;ronf xrif; rcsuf/
23/ *päwd Ek tm0kaom wGH *grH/ igh½Sif oifonf ½GmodkY oGm;ovm;/
24/ e *pämrd baEÅ t[H *grH/ t½Sifbk&m; uREfkyfonf ½GmodkY roGm;yg/
eEkjzifh ar;aom tar;0gusrsm;
25/ tw¬d eEk tm0kaom Aka'¨g/ t½Sifbk&m; bk&m;onf ½Sdonfr[kwfvm;/
26/ tmr baEÅç Aka'¨g tw¬d/ wifyg . t½Sifbk&m;? bk&m;onf ½Sdyg\/
27/ a'aoEÅd eEk tm0kaom Ak'¨g "r®H/ igh½Sif - bk&m;wdkYonf w&m;udk a[mMuonf r[kwfavm/
28/ tmr baEÅ Ak'¨g "r®H a'aaoEÅd/ [kwfuJh .. t½Sifbk&m;? bk&m;wdkYonf w&m;ukd a[mukef\/
29/ ypwd eEk tm0kaom unm bwåH/ igh½Sif owdkYorD;onf xrif;udk csufonf r[kwfavm/
30/ e ypwd baEÅ unm bwåH/ t½Sifbk&m; owdkYorD;onf xrif;udk rcsuf/
31/ *päod eEk tm0kaom wGH *grH/ igh½Sif oifonf ½GmodkY oGm;onf r[kwfavm/
32/ e *pämrd baEÅ t[H *grH/ t½Sifbk&m; uREfkyfonf ½GmodkY roGm;yg/
eESifhEk tMum; Bud,mxm;aom 0gusrsm;
33/ e *päod Ek wGH r*¾H/ oifonf vrf;odkY roGm;bl;vm;/
34/ tmr . . e *pämrd t[H r*¾H/ [kwfuJh uREfkyfonf vrf;odkY roGm;yg/
35/ e *päod Ek wGH *grH/ oifonf ½GmodkY roGm;bl;vm;/
36/ tmr . .t[H *grH e *pämrd/ [kwfuJh uREfkyfonf ½GmodkY roGm;yg/
37/ e ypod Ek wGH bwåH/ oifonf xrif;udk rcsufblvm;/
38/ tmr t[H bwåH e ypmrd/ [kwfuJh uREfkyfonf xrif;udk rcsufyg/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf52
eESifh eEktMum; Bud,mxm;aom 0gusrsm;
34/ e *päw eEk wGH *grH/ oifonf ½GmodkY oGm;onf r[kwfavm/
35/ tmr t[H *grH e*pämrd/ [kwfuJh uREfkyfonf ½GmodkY roGm;yg/
36/ e ypod eEk wGH bwåH/ oifonf xrif;udk csufonf r[kwfavm/
37/ tmr . . t[H bwåH e ypmrd/ [kwfuJh . . uREkfyfonf xrif;udk rcsufyg/
ã e+*päwd+eEk=roGm;onfr[kwfavm? e+tw¬d+eEk=r½Sdonfr[kwfavm? ea[mwdeEk-rjzpfonfr[kwf
avm? þodkY yk'fpOftwdkif; jrefrmjyefyg/
37/ Aka'¨g a[mwd/ bk&m;onf jzpf\/
38/ Aka'¨g e a[mwd/ bk&m;onf rjzpf/
39/ Aka'¨g a[mwd Ek/ bk&m;onf jzpfoavm/
40/ Aka'¨g a[mwd eEk/ bk&m;onf jzpfonf r[kwfavm/
41/ Aka'¨g e a[mwd Ek/ bk&m;onf rjzpfoavm/
42/ Aka'¨g e a[mwd eEk/ bk&m;onf rjzpfonf r[kwfavm/
tem*wf0gusrsm;
43/ 0odóod Ek wGH £ro®ð 0d[ma& £rH awrmoH/ oifonf þausmif;wdkufü þoHk;vywfvHk;
aeygrnfvm;/
44/ em[H 0odómrd £ro®ð 0d[ma& £rH awrmoH/ igonf þausmif;wdkufü þoHk;vywfvHk;
aevdrfhrnfr[kwf/
45/ t[H 'g&aue o'¨ð armawmf,maee rEÅav;e*&H *rdómrd/ igonf uav;ESifhtwl armfawmf
,Ofjzifh rEÅav;NrKdUodkY oGm;tHh/
46/ r,H £ro®ð 0d[ma& oHCó £rmed pD0&med 'ómr/ igwdkYonf þausmif;wdkufü oHCmtm;
þouFef;wdkYudk vªMuvdrfrnf/
47/ wkarS £ro®m 0d[m&m edu©rdóx/ oifwdkYonf þausmif;wdkufrS xGufMuvdrfhrnf/
48/ £'H pD0&H rr oEÅuH a[ówd/ þouFef;onf ig\ Opömonf jzpfvdrfhrnf/
49/ tmp&da,m trSmuH Mo0g'H 'ówd/ q&monf igwdkYtm; tqHk;trudk ay;vdrfhrnf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf53
50/ rpöK oawå aeówd/ aorif;onf owå0gwdkYudk ac:aqmifvdrfhrnf/
51/ 'g&dum uo®m oHCó tw¬m, bwåH e ypdówd/ uav;ronf tb,fhaMumifh oHCmawmf
wdkY tusKd;iSg qGrf;udk rcsufvdrfhrnfenf;/
ã tum&EÅ pum;vHk;rsm;aemuf½Sd pwkw¬D{u0kpf o onf tm, (-g,) odkY ajymif;Edkifonf/ xdkodkY
ajymif;vmaom tm,(-g,) udk iSgç tvdkYiSgç twGufç [k jrefrmjyefqdkEdkifonf/ yk&doóç
unm, wdkYvdk tm; [k jrefrmrjyef&/ tw¬+o>g,=tw¬m,/ [dw+ o>-g,=[dwm,/
okc+o>-g,=okcg,/ (tw¬m,-tusKd;iSm? [dwm,-pD;yGg;tvdkYiSm? okcg,-csrf;omtvdkYiSg)
ouúwo'´gwdkYüum; iSg [k jrefrmjyefonfjzpfapç rjyefonfjzpfap o onf tm, odkY tNrJ
ajymif;onf/ xdkYaMumifh tm, udk tm;[k jrefrmjyefEdkifonf/ earm Ak'¨g, od'¨H/ Ak'¨g,-bk½Siftm;?
aerm-½Sdcdk;yg\/ od'¨H-vdk&mqE´ NyD;ajrmufygapownf;/
xdkYjyif pwkw¬D{u0kpf o onf tH(-H) odkYvnf; ajymif;Edkifonf/ 'óe+ o> -H ='óeH
"r®ó0e+ o> -H = "r®ó0eH ('óeH-zl;jrifjcif;iSg? "r®ó0eH-w&m;emjcif;iSm)
(tajcjyK85-86)
52/ Aka'¨g auoH tw¬m, OyÜZÆwd/ Ak'¨onf tb,folwdkY tusKd;iSm jzpfawmf(yGifhawmf)rloenf;/
53/ Aka'¨g owåmeH tw¬m, OyZÆwd/ Ak'¨onf owå0gwdkY\ tusKd;iSm jzpfawmf(yGifhawmf)rl\/
54/ Aka'¨g auoH [dwm, okcg, OyÜZÆwd/ Ak'¨onf tb,folwdkY pD;yGm;tvdkYiSg csrf;omjcif;iSm jzpfawmfrloenf;/
55/ Aka'¨g a'0rEkómeH [dwm, okcg, OyÜZÆwd/ Ak'¨onf ewfvlwdkY\ pD;yGm;tvdkYiSg csrf;omjcif;iSm
jzpfawmfrloenf;/
56/ wGH udrw¬m, *grH *päwd/ oifonf tb,ftusKd;iSg ½GmodkY oGm;oenf;/
57/ t[H yd@m, *grH *pämrd/ igonf qGrf;tvkdYiSm ½GmodkY oGm;\/
Bud,mrygaom wkvswf vd*Fwf0gus
58/ £'H auoH bwåH/ þ[monf b,folwdkYtwGuf xrif;vJ/ (£r+od=£'H? bwå+od=bwåH)
59/ £'H tm*EÅKumeH bwåH/ þ[monf {nfhonfwdkYtwGuf xrif;yg/
ã yk'fESpfyk'fwdkY\ teuft"dyÜg,ft& ruGJjym;yJ wlrQjcif;onf wkvswfrnf\/ vdif\teufom ½Sdaom
yk'fonf vd*Fwfrnf\/ £'H t&vnf; xrif;? bwåH t&vnf; xrif;yifjzpfí ESpfyk'fvHk; t"dyÜg,f
ruGJjym;í wkvswfrnf\/ ESpfyk'fvHk;wGif yxrm0dbwfqufay;xm;í vd*Fwfvnf; rnf\/ odkYaomf
emrnfuGJatmif a½SYyk'f £'Hudk wkvswfç aemufyk'fbwåHudk vd*Fwf[k ac:onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf54
60/ t,H ukovavm emr/ þudk&ifonf ukov rnf\/(emremrf)
61/ ukoavm t,H/ ukovonf þudk&ifyJ/ (oAÁemrf)
62/ t,H &mZykawåm/ þolonf rif;om;ygyJ/ (ormofemrf)
63/ t,H 0gaoa|m/ þolonf 0gao|\ om;yJ/ (w'¨wfemrf)
64/ t,H Oy|maum/ þolonf tvkyftauR;yJ/ (udwfemrf)
65/ t,H aAm"d½kau©m/ þ[monf aAm"dyifyg/
66/ {aom ar ow¬m/ þolonf ig\ q&myg/
67/ aom rr o[ma,m/ olonf uRefawmf\ oli,fcsif;yg/
68/ {aom ar twåm/ þ[monf ig\ twåyg/
69/ earaom twåm/ þ[monf ig\ twår[kwfyg/
70/ a'Gar bdu©a0 ypö,m rdpäm'd|d,m OyÜg'g,/ (tH? 1? 86) tmom'kyÜZ[0*f/ &[ef;wdkY rSm;aomt,ludk jzpfapjcif;iSg taMumif;wdkYonf þESpfyg;wdkYwnf;/
71/ {om bdu©a0 wkvm {wH yrmPH rr om0umeH bdu©LeH ,'d'H om&dykwåarm*¾v’m emwd/ (tH? 1? 87) tm,mpe0*f/ &[ef;wdkY igbk&m;\ wynfhjzpfukefaom &[ef;wdkYwGif tMuif om&dykMwmarm*¾vmefwdkYonf ½Sdukef\/ igbk&m;\ wynfhjzpfukefaom &[ef;wdkYwGif þom&dykMwmarm*¾vmefwdkYonf csdefcGifyrm EdIif;½Sdefp&mwnf;/ wif;awmifyrm EIdif;,SOfp&mwnf;/
72/ aom {0rm[ ]] {xm,H ra*¾g t,H y#dy'g/ (tH? 1? 169) o*Fg&0okwf/ xdkjrwfpGmbk&m;onf þodkY ajym\/ vmMuukefavm? þonfum; r*fwnf;? þonfum; tusifhwnf;/
73/ £ar "r®m tukovm/ (tH? 1? 190) auorkwådokwf/ þw&m;wdkYonf tukodkvf w&m;wdkYyJ/
74/ £wdaywH twpäH? £wdaywH tblwH/ (tH? 1? 203) tukovrlvokwf/ þtaMumif;aMumifhvnf; þtaMumif;t&monf rrSef/ þtMumif;aMumifhvnf; þtaMumif;t&monf rrSef/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf55
75/ ur®H acwåH? 0dnmPH ADZH? wPSm aoéa[m/ (tH? 1? 224) yXrb0okwf/ uHonf v,f,majrwnf;? (uHESifhwuGjzpfaom) 0dnmPfonf rsKd;aphwnf;/ wPSmonf a&wnf;/
76/ oGm[H jA[®P aZa|m aoa|m avmuó/ (0d? 1? 4) ed'gef;/ jA[®P xdkigonf wavmuvHk;\ tBuD;tuJwnf;/ wavmuvHk;\ tjrwfqHk;wnf;/
77/ aom ]]£'H 'ku©}}EÅd ,xmblwH tAÇnmoð/ (0d? 1? 6) ed'gef;/ xdkigonf þw&m;onf 'ku©wnf;[lí [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm xdk;xGif;odcJhNyD/
78/ £'H aw wmw ok'dEé rmwk rwåduH/ (0d? 1? 19) yxryg&mZdu/ cspfom; ok'dEé? þa½TaiGOpömonf oif\ tar\ trdrS&aomOpömwnf;/
79/ wOö acg t&an ty&d*¾[dwH/ (0d? 1? 54) 'kwd,yg&mZdu/ xkdxif;jrufa&onfvnf; awmü rodrf;ydkuftyfaom xif;jrufa&ygwnf;/
80/ aom ta*¾g r[mapma&m/ a,m toEÅH tblwH Owå&drEkó"r®H Ov’ywd/(0d? 1? 115) tMuif&[ef;onf xif½Smr½Sdaom rjzpfbl;aom psmefr*fzdkvfw&m;udk 0g<um;ajymqdk\/ xdk&[ef;onf tqdk;qHk;aom olcdk;BuD;wnf;/
81/ £'H yrmPH/ 'g twdkif;twmyJ/
82/ {aom acg tm0kaom bdu©LeH a0,sm0pöua&mwd/ &mZodu©myk'fygVd/ 'g,um? þolonf &[ef;wdkY\ a0,sm0pöudk jyKay;olwnf;/
83/ t[H baEÅ t'¨daum/ ("r®y'? 1? 11) pu©Kygvaw¬&0w¬K/ t½Sifbk&m; uREkfyfonf c&D;oGm;yg/
84/ t[H 0Oösm/ ("r®y'? 1? 30) umV,u©deD0w¬K/ igonf tNrKHryJ/
85/ t,H om ,u©deD/ ("r®y'? 1? 32) umV,u©deD0w¬K/ þrdef;ronf xdk(om;ESpfa,mufudkpm;aom)bDvl;ryJ/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf56
89/ Ak'¨Ky|maum {aom/ ("r®y'? 1? 39) aumorÁu0w¬K/ þ(tmeE´m)onf (ig)bk&m;tvkyftauR;wnf;/
90/ t,H awoH bdu©LeH tnwa&m/ ("r®y'? 1? 58) om&dykwåaw¬&0w¬K/ xdk&[ef;wdkYwGif þ&[ef;onf wyg;tygtoifyJ/
92/ aZ|ykawåm ar Aka'¨g? ued|ykawåm yXrt*¾om0aum? yka&m[dwykawåm 'kwd,t*¾om0aum/ ("r®y'? 1? 64) om&dykwåaw¬&0w¬K/ ig\ om;awmfBuD;u bk&m;? nDi,fom;u yxrt*¾om0u? yka&m[dwfykPÖm;om;u 'kwd,t*¾om0u/
93/ t[H wmw ukrma&m/ ("r®y'? 1? 75) eE´aw¬&0w¬K/ zcif? uREkfyfonf &m[kvm rif;om;yg/
ã wmw udk zcifç tbç cspfom;ç tarmifç nDcspfç tcsif; [k bmomjyefEdkifonf/
94/ £'H awoH ok'dEé'geó zvH/ ("r®y'? 1? 365) y@dwomraP&0w¬K/ þonfum; xdk(bk&m;½Sif)wdkY\ aumif;pGmvªtyfaomtvª\ tusKd;wnf;/(edos'k502)
95/ uwar "r®m ukovm/ (tbd? 1? 17) tb,fw&m;wdkYonf ukodkvfwdkYenf;/
96/ {uapö {0rm[Hok ]]½lyg umrmeH t*¾}}EÅd/ (oH? 1? 79) umr*kPfwdkYwGif ½lyg½kHwdkYonf tjrwfqHk;wnf; [k þodkY tcsKdUu ajymMu\/
97/ tyÜrma'g acg r[m&mZ {aum "ar®m/ (oH? 1? 87) rif;BuD; (ypöKyÜefwrvGef ESpfwefaomtusKd;udk ay;Edkifaom) wyg;aomw&m;qdkwm tyÜrm'yJ/
98/ rma&m t,H ygydrm/ (oH? 1? 133) þolum; ,kwfrmaom rm&fewfwnf;/
99/ t,H aw yawåm/ 'g[m oifh&Jh oydwfyJ/
100/ t,H aw Owå&moa*Fg/ 'g[m oifh&Jh {uoDyJ/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf57
001/ ½lyH bdu©a0 tedpöH? a0'em tedpöm? onm tedpöm? ocFg&m tedpöm? 0dnmPH tedpöH/ ½lyH bdu©a0 'ku©H? a0'em 'ku©m? onm 'ku©m? ocFg&m 'ku©m? 0dnmPH 'ku©H/ ½lyH bdu©a0 tewåm? a0'em tewåm? onm tewåm? ocFg&m tewåm? 0dnmPH tewåm/ (oH?2?18-19)
102/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf58
*kP0g'd*kdPf; (ykHvdef)
*kP0g-*kPf½Sdol
y/ *kP0g? *kP0aEÅm *kP0EÅm? *kP0aEÅm
tm/ abm *kP0H? *kP0? *kP0g abmaEÅm *kP0EÅm? *kP0aEÅm
'k/ *kP0H? *kP0EÅH *kP0aEÅ
w/ *kP0wm? *kP0aEÅe *kP0aEÅ[d? *kP0aEÅbd
p/ *kP0ó? *kP0awm? *kP0EÅó *kP0wH? *kP0EÅmeH?
rD/ *kP0wm? *kP0EÅo®m? *kP0EÅrSm? *kP0EÅm *kP0aEÅ[d? *kP0aEÅbd
q/ *kP0ó? *kP0awm? *kP0EÅó *kP0wH? *kP0EÅmeH?
o/ *kP0wd? *kP0EÅo®ð? *kP0EÅrSd? *kP0aEÅ *kP0aEÅok
*kP0g'd*kdPf; (eykHvdef)
y/ *kP0H? *kP0EÅm? *kP0EÅd? *kP0EÅmed
tm/ abm *kP0H? *kP0? *kP0g b0EÅmed *kP0EÅm? *kP0EÅd? *kP0EÅmed
'k/ *kP0H? *kP0EÅH *kP0aEÅ? *kP0EÅd? *kP0EÅmed
(wwd,mrS pí yHkvdefESifhwl)
*kP0g'd*kdPf;yHkvdef½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ *kP0EÅK + od = *kP0g *kP0EÅK + od = *kP0aEÅm
-g EÅf+K> ? a-g
*kP0EÅK + a,m = *kP0EÅm *kP0EÅK+ a,m = *kPaEÅm
EÅf+K> ? -g aEÅm
tm/ *kP0EÅK + od = *kP0H? *kP0? *kP0g (*kP0EÅm? *kP0aEÅm? yxrma,mESifhwl)
-Hç ?ç -g
'k/ *kP0 EÅK + i =*kP0H *kP0EÅK + i = *kP0EÅH *kP0EÅK+ a,m = *kPaEÅ
0f+ ? ? EÅf+K> ? EÅf+K> ? -g
w/ *kP0EÅK + em = *kP0wm *kP0EÅK + em = *kP0aEÅe *kP0EÅK + [d = *kP0aEÅ[d^bd
wm EÅf+K> ? a-e EÅf+K> ?> a
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf59
p^q/ *kP0EÅK + o = *kP0ó *kP0EÅK + o = *kP0awm *kP0EÅK + o = *kP0EÅó
? ó awm EÅó
*kP0EÅK + eH = *kP0EÅmeH *kP0EÅK + eH = *kP0EÅmeH
wH EÅf+K> ?> -g
rD/ *kP0EÅK + o®m = *kP0wm *kP0EÅ+o®m= *kP0EÅo®m^*kP0EÅrSm^*kP0EÅm(*kP0aEÅ[d^bd=wl)
wm em rSm^-g
o/ *kP0EÅK + o = *kP0wd *kP0EÅK + o®ð = *kP0EÅo®ð^*kP0EÅrSd^*kP0aEÅ^
wd
*kP0EÅK + ok = *kP0aEÅok
EÅf+K> ?> a-
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
43/ odrSd0g/ odaMumifh EÅK \ O onf t odkYajymif;onf/
75/ t0PÖmpa*/tmvkyf od aMumifh EÅK onf od ESifhwuG t(?) tm(-g) tH (-H) odkY ajymif;onf/
73/ tm odrSd/ yxrm od aMumifh EÅK onf od ESifhwuG tm(-g) odkY ajymif;onf/
72/ EÅó ao 0g/ od aMumifh EÅK onf o ESifhwuG EÅó odkY ajymif;onf/
71/ EÅKó aEÅm/ yxrm a,m aMumifh EÅK onf a,m ESifhwuG aEÅm odkY ajymif;onf/
42/ oAÁó 0g tH aook/ tHç o aMumifh EÅK onf t (?) odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
45/ awmwdwm oo®ðemok/ oç o®ðç em aMumifh EÅKonf 0dbwfESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; awmç wdç
wm odkYajymif;onf/
77/ eHrSd wH 0g/ eH aMumifh EÅKonf eH ESifh twl wH odkY ajymif;onf/
41/ EÅKóaEÅma,mokp/ odESifhorS wyg;aom0dbwfaMumihf EÅK \ O onf t odkY ajymif;\/ tEÅjzifh
a,m onf £ (-d) odkY ajymif;onf/
218/ trS wkrS(y)o®mem0/ o®mudk em0dbwf ajymif;vJyHktwkdif; ajymif;Edkifonf/
*kP0g'd*kdPf;eyHkvdef½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ *kP0EÅK + od = *kP0 *kP0EÅK + a,m = *kP0aEÅm *kP0EÅK + a,m = *kP0EÅd
i EÅf+K> ? ed> -g EÅf+K> ? -d
*kP0EÅK + a,m = *kP0EÅmed
EÅf+K> ?> -g ed
tm/ yxrmESifhwl
'k/ yHkvdifESifhwl/ *kPk0EÅK + a,m = *kP0aEÅ (*kP0EÅd? *kP0EÅmed yxrma,mESifhwl)
EÅf+K> ? ed> a-
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf60
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
74/ eyHkvdefwGif odaMumifh odESifhtwl EÅK onf tH(-H) odkY ajymif;onf/
*kP0g'd*kdPf;0ifrsm;
*kP0g *kPf½Sdol Av0g tm;½Sdol ,o0g ta>ct&H½Sdol
[dr0g qD;ESif;½Sdonfç[dr0EÅmawmif b*0g bkef;½SdoljrwfpGmbk&m; owdrm owd½Sdol
owdrm owd½Sdol £'¨drm wefcdk;½Sdol AE¨Krm rdwfaqG½Sdol
tm,o®m touf½Sdol? t½Sif "e0g Opöm½Sdol okw0g tMum;tjrif½Sdol
zv0g toD;½Sdol oDv0g oDv½Sdol ynm0g ynm½Sdol
"dwdrm vHkYv½Sdol *wdrmçrkwdrmçrwdrm ynm½Sdol rkwådrm vGwfjcif;½Sdol
Zkwdrm ta&mif½Sdol od&drm toa&½Sdol [d&drm t½Sif½Sdol
xkwdrm csD;rGrf;zG,f½Sdol *P0g *kdPf;½Sdol ukv0g trsKd;½Sdol
&wdrm arGUavsmfjcif;½Sdol ,wdrm tm;xkwfjcif;½Sdol okpdrm pifMu,fjcif;½Sdol
uvdrm qHk;½kH;jcif;½Sdol Avdrm tcGeftwkyf½dSol uodrm v,fxGef;jcif;½Sdol
½kpdrm wifhw,fjcif;½Sdol Ak'¨drm ÓPf½Sdol pu©Krm rsufpd½Sdol
a[wkrm taMumif;½Sdol aowkrm wHwm;½Sdol auwkrm rSefuif;½Sdol
&m[krm &m[k½Sdol bmPkrm ta&mif½Sdonfçae 0dZÆKrm vQyfppf½Sdol
bkwå0g xrif;pm;NyD;ol {wåm0g þrQtwdkif;t½Snf½Sdonf
,m0g tMuifrQavmuf wm0g tMuifrQavmuf
twdkif;t½Snf½Sdonf twdkif;t½Snf½Sdonf
ã *kP0g-*kPf½Sdaoma,musfm;? (ykHvdeftwGuf) *kP0H-*kPf½Sdaom trsKd; (eyHkvdeftwGuf) ponfjzifh
vdiftvdkuf udkufnDatmif jrefrmjyef&rnf/
ã 0EÅK rEÅK w0EÅK wm0EÅK £rEÅK ypönf;tqHk;½Sdaom yk'ftaygif;onf *kP0g'd*kdPf;0ifrsm;jzpfonf/
odkYjzpfí þ*kdP;f0ifrsm;onf w'¨dwfemrfç udwfemrfrsm; jzpfMuonf/ ([dr0g ü 0EÅK ypönf;?
owdrm ü rEÅK ypönf;? bkwå0g ü w0EÅK ypönf;? {wåm0g ü wm0EÅK ypönf;? pE´drm ü £rEÅK
ypönf; jzpfonf) tcsKyftm;jzifh pum;vHk;wGif tqHk;ü 0gç rm ygNyD; jrefrmjyefü ½Sd ygvQif
*kP0g'd*kdPf0ifrsm;[k rSwfyg/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf61
*päEÅm'd*dkPf;yHkvdif
y *päH? *päaEÅm *päEÅm? *päaEÅm
tm abm *päH? *pä? *päm abmaEÅm *päEÅm? *päaEÅm
'k *päH? *päEÅH *päaEÅ
w *päwm? *päaEÅe *päaEÅ[d? *päaEÅbd
p *päó? *päawm? *päEÅó *päwH? *päEÅmeH
rD *päwm? *päEÅo®m? *päEÅrSm? *päaEÅm *päaEÅ[d? *päaEÅbd
q *päó? *päawm? *päEÅó *päwH? *päEÅmeH
o *päwd? *päo®ð? *päEÅrSd? *päaEÅ *päaEÅok
*päEÅm'd*dkPf;eyHkvdif
y *päH? *päEÅH *päEÅm? *päEÅd? *päEÅmed
tm abm *päH? *pä? *päm b0EÅmed *päEÅm? *päEÅd? *päEÅmed
'k *päH? *päEÅH *päaEÅ? *päEÅd? *päEÅmed
*päEÅm'd*dkPf;yHkvdif½kyfNyD;yHk
y *pä EÅ + od = *pä = *päH *päEÅ+od= *päaEÅm
i a-m
*pä EÅ +a,m= *päaEÅm *päEÅ +a,m= *päEÅm
EÅK aEÅm -g
tm *pä EÅ + od= *päHç *päç *päm (*päaEÅm? *päEÅm yxrma,mESifhwl)
EÅK -Hç ? ç -g
'k *päEÅ + tH = *päEÅH *päEÅ +a,m= *päaEÅ
a-
w *pä EÅ + em = *päwm *päEÅ + em = *päaEÅe
EÅK wm a-e
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf62
*pä EÅ + [d = *päaEÅ[d ^ bd
EÅf +? > a-
p^q *päEÅ + o = *päEÅó *pä EÅ + o = *päawm
ó awm
*pä EÅ + eH = *päwH *pä EÅ + eH = *päEÅmeH
EÅK wH EÅf +? > -g
rD *päEÅ + o®m = *päEÅo®m^rSm^*päEÅm *pä EÅ + o®m = *päwm (*päaEÅ[d^bd wl)
EÅK em
o *päEÅ + o®ð = *päEÅo®ð^rSd^*päaEÅ *pä EÅ + o®ð = *päwd
EÅK
*pä EÅ + ok = *päaEÅok
EÅf +? > a-
*päEÅm'd*dkPf;eyHkvdif½kyfNyD;yHk
y *pä EÅ+ od = *päH *päEÅ + od = *päEÅH
i i
*päEÅ + a,m = *päEÅm *pä EÅ + a,m = *päEÅmed
ed> -g EÅf +? > -g ed
tm *päH? *pä? *päm (yHkvdefESifhwl) *päEÅm? *päEÅmed (yxrma,mESifhwl)
'k *päEÅ + tH = *päEÅH *päEÅ +a,m= *päaEÅ *pä EÅ + a,m = *päEÅmed
a- EÅf +? > -g ed
(wwd,mrSpí useftm;vHk; yHkvdefESifhwl)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf63
tpDt&ifxl;
*kP0g'd*dkPf;
1/ yHkvdefü yxrma,mESifhwuG EÅKonf tm (-g) odkY ajymif;onf/
{x wkarS tm0kaom oDv0g a[mx/
pu©Krm tE¨um a[mEÅd/
2/ eyHkvdefü a,m udk £(-d)odkajymifjcif;rSm *kP0EÅd ponfh 0EÅK ypönf;ü tyÜu jzpfonf/ (v,fwD)
*päEÅm'd*kdPf; psOf;rsOf;rsm;
135/ odrSd *päEÅm'DeH EÅoa'´g tH/ aemufu od ½SdvQif *päEÅm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'fwdkY\ EÅonf tH odkY
ajymif;onf/
136/ aoaook EÅK0/ *päEÅm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'fwdkYaemuf odrSwyg;aom 0dbwf½SdcJhvQif *kP0g'd*dkPf;\
EÅK ajymif;vJyHktwdkif; ajymif;vJrnf/
191/ abm a*wk/ * od aMumifh b0EÅonf abm odkY ajymif;onf/
(*kP0g'd*kdPf; pOf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhvnf; qdkifonf)
*päEÅm'd*kdPf;½kyfxl;rsm;
1/ yHkvdefü tHç o wdkYaMumifh EÅ onf tç o odkY ajymif;onf/ (oajymif;yHkpH yHkpH r&ao;)
,H ,H [d &mZbZwdç oEÅH0g ,'d0g toH/
oDv0EÅH 0doDvH0gç 0oH waó0 *päwd/
udpömEkMuAÁó ua&,s/
2/ yHkvdefü od aESmif;&mwGif EÅ onf tm odkYajymif;onf/ yHkpH-r[m? t&[m
*päEÅm'd*kdPf;0ifrsm;
yd0aEÅm aomufol ypaEÅm csufol ZmeaEÅm odol
ua&maEÅm jyKol b0aEÅm t½Sif oaEÅm olawmfaumif;
t&[aEÅm &[EÅm r[aEÅm BuD;ol ^ jrwfol
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf64
ã o'´eDwdü abmua&mEÅ[k ½SdaomaMumifh ua&mEÅ\ tmvkyfodwGif ½kyfpOf&mü abmua&mEÅç ua&mEÅm
[k yk&dom'd*kdPf;twdkif; ½kyfpOfyg/
yHkvdef ua&mEÅ ½kyfpOfyHk
y u&H ua&maEÅm ua&mEÅm ua&maEÅm
tm abmua&mEÅ ua&mEÅm abmaEÅm ua&mEÅm ua&maEÅm
'k ua&mEÅH ua&maEÅ
w ua&mwm ua&maEÅe ua&maEÅ[d ua&maEÅbd
p ua&mawm ua&mEÅó ua&mwH ua&mEÅmeH
rD ua&mwm ua&mEÅo®m
ua&mEÅrSm ua&mEÅm ua&maEÅ[d ua&maEÅbd
q ua&mawm ua&mEÅó ua&mwH ua&mEÅmeH
o ua&mwd ua&mEÅo®ð
ua&mEÅrSd ua&maEÅ ua&maEÅok
ã b0awm0g abmaEÅm *a,memao/ (arm*¾vme) tmvkyfodESifh a,moHkvHk;ç em o wdkYaMumifh b0EÅ
onf abmEÅ odkYajymif;onf/
abmonf tenf;trsm; ESpfrsKd;jzpfEdkifaom edygwfvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ abm-udk tdk[k4if;
t½Sif[k4if; bmomjyefEdkifonf/ baEÅ-vnf; tenf;trsm; ESpfrsKd;jzpfEdkifaom edygwfjzpfonf/ t½Sif[k
bmomjyefEdkifonf/ t½Sif[k bmomjyefEdkifaom b'EÅç b'´EÅ [k vnf; ½Sdao;\/ xdkyk'frsm;onf
yk&dom'd *kdPf;0ifyk'frsm; jzpfonf/ tdkt½Sif[k bmomjyefEdkifaom tmvkyfodjzifh b'aEÅç b'´aEÅ wdkYum;
edygwfwnf;/ yxrma,mjzifh b'aEÅ vnf; ½SdEdkifonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf65
ã tEÅqHk;aom yk'frsm;onf *päEÅm'd*kdPf;0ifrsm; jzpfonf/ tmcsmwf"mwfudk EÅ qufay;vQif *päEÅm'd*kdPf;
jzpfonf/ tmcsmwf"mwfudk rme qufay;vQif yk&dom'dç pdwåm'dç unm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm; jzpfoGm;Muonf/
zwfpm0gusrsm;
1/ {uH or,H b*0g a'a0ok 0d[&wd wm0wðaook y&dpäwåurlav y@KurÁvodvm,H/ wMw
acg b*0g a'0geH wm0wðomeH tbd"r®uxH uaxod/ (bd?|?1?78)
2/ b*0g yO§H ykpäwd ]] wH uð rnx bdu©a0 ½lyH edpöH 0g tedpöH 0g}}wd/ tedpöH baEÅ/ ,H yemedpöH
'ku©H 0g wH okcH 0gwd/ 'ku©H baEÅ/ (bd?|?1?98)
3/ [E´ 'ged bdu©a0 tmrEÅ,mrd a0g? 0,"r®m ocFg&m? tyÜrma'e orÜma'x/ ('D?|?1? 16)
4/ {uH or,H b*0g tEÅ&m p &mZ*[H tEÅ&m p emVE´H t'¨ger*¾y#dyaEém a[mwd r[wm bdu©K
oHaCe o'¨ð yÍörawå[d bdu©Koaw[d? okydÜa,myd y&dAÁmZaum tEÅ&m p &mZ*[H tEÅ&m p
emVE´H t'¨ger*¾y#dyaEém a[mwd o'¨ð taEÅ0godem jA[®'awåe rmPa0e? wMw ok'H okyÜda,m
y&dAÁmZaum taeuy&d,ma,e Ak'¨ó t0PÖH bmowd? "r®ó t0PÖH bmowd? oHCó
t0PÖH bmowd? okyÜd,ó ye y&dAÁmZuó taEÅ0goD jA[®'awåm rmPa0g taeuy&d,ma,e
Ak'¨ó 0PÖH bmowd? "r®ó 0PÖH bmowd? oHCó 0PÖH bmowd/ 'D? 1? yg? 1
5/ awe acg ye ora,e oÍöa,m emr y&dAÁmZaum &mZ*a[ y#d0owd r[wd,m y&dAÁmZu
y&dom, o'¨ð/ "r®y'? |? 1? 57
6/ bdu©a0 £awm {ue0kwduayÜ 0dyóDemr b*0g avmau O'yg'd/ "r®y'? |? 1? 61
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf66
ã Bud,mwckxuf ydkíygaomgusü a½S;OD;pGmjzpfaomBud,mrsm;ukd ykAÁumvBud,m [kac:\/ 4if;
ykAÁumvBud,mü rl&if;pm;vHk;("mwf)udk ]]wGm? wGme? wke? ,? pö}}wdkYudk qufay;&onf/
]]wGm? wGme? wke? ,? pö}}wdkYudk íç NyD;íç NyD;aemuf [k jrefrmjyef&onf/
yHkpHrsm; - aZwd-atmif\/ aZwGm-atmifjrifí? atmifjrifNyD;í? atmifjrifNyD;aemuf
aewd-,laqmif\/ aewGm-,laqmifí
a[mwd-jzpf\/ [kwGm-jzpfí
a'wd-ay;\/ 'wGm-ay;í
Xmwd-&yf\/ XwGm-&yfí
cg'wd-cJpm;\/ cg'dwGm-cJpm;í
rkÍöwd-vTwf\/ rkÍödwGm-vTwfí
tm'gwd-,l\/ tm'g,-,lí
O|mwd-x\/ O|m,-xí
(u) Aka'¨g ra*¾ XwGm *gr0goDeH "r®H tbmod/ bk&m;onf vrf;ü &yfí ½Gmom;wdkYudk w&m;udk a[mNyD/
(c) uóum ygomaP edoD'dwGm tm[m&H bkÍÆðok/ v,form;wdkYonf ausmfzsmay:ü xdkifí tpmudk
pm;ukefNyD/
(*) t[H 0d[m&H *pädwGm Ak'¨ó yd@ygwH t'goð/ uREfkyfonf ausmif;odkY oGm;í bk&m;tm; qGrf;udk vªcJhonf/
(C) uóum wdPH tm'g, 0eawm *grH tm*rHok/ v,form;wdkYonf jrufudk,lí awmrS ½GmodkY
vmMuukefNyD/
(i) oraPm rEkómeH "r®H bmodwGm 0d[m&H t*rmod/ &[ef;onf vlwdkYtm; w&m;udk a[mí
ausmif;odkY oGm;NyD/
ã tvdkqE´ &nf½G,fcsufudk azmfjy&ef rl&ifpm;vHk;("mwf)odkY wHk qufay;&onf/ wHk udk iSg? tvdkYiSg? &ef [k
jrefrmjyef&onf/
yHkpHrsm; - ,mwd-oGm;\/ ,mwHk-oGm&ef Xmwd-&yf\/ XmwHk-&yf&ef
a'wd-ay;\/ 'gwHk-ay;&ef 0owd-ae\/ 0odwHk-ae&ef
bkÍÆwd-pm;\/ bkÍÆdwkH-pm;&ef *g,wd-oDqdk\/ *g,dwHk-oDqdk&ef
*rwd-oGm;\/ *rdwHk-oGm;&ef vbwd-&\/ vbdwHk-&&ef
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf67
wGm wGme wke wHk ypönf;rsm; qufoG,fyHk
1/ tqHk;onfh "mwfudk wGmqufvQif £(-d) cHí qufyg/ yHkpH cg'dwGm-cJpm;í? ypdwGm-csufí
2/ "mwftm;vHk;aemufu wGm onf , (odkYr[kwf) ,meodkY ajymif;Edkifonf/
ypdwGm=ypd, ypdwGm=ypd,me qdE´dwGm=qdE´d, qdE´dwGm=qdE´d,me
, ,me , ,
ypd,ç ypd,meç csufí/ qdE´d,çqdE´d,me-jzpfí/ AkZÑd,ç AkZÑd,me-odí/ udPd,ç udPd,me-
a&mif;í? u&d,ç u&d,me-jyKí/ apm&d,ç apm&d,me-cdk;í/
3/ tmqHk;onf "mwfaemufu wGm onf ,odkYajymif;NyD; ausaysmufoGm;Edkifonf/
tbdnmç tbdnm,-odí? y#docFgç y#docFg,-qifjcifí? (,çaysmufvQif tbdnmç y#docFg?
,çraysmufvQif tbdnm,ç y#docFg, jzpfonf)
6/ pqHk;"mwfç eqHk;"mwfç u&-"mwfç £-"mwfaemuf wGmqufvQif wcgw&H wGmonf "mwf\
tqHk;Asnf;tu©&mESifhtwl pö odkY ajymif;onf/
pqHk;"mwf yp(usuf) ypö? ypöd,? ypödwGm-&ifhusufí (yp+wGm=ypö)
rkp(vGwf) 0drkpö? 0drkpödwGm-vGwfajrmufí? (rkp+wGm=0drkpö)
eqHk;"mwf tm[pö-xdí (tm+[e+wGm)? Oy[pö-uyfa&mufí (Oy+[e+wGm)?
tm[EÅm-xdkufí(tm+[e+wGm)? Oy[EÅm-uyfa&mufí^n§Of;qJí(Oy+[e+wGm)
u&-"mwfyHkpH ouúpö-t½kdtaojyKí? (oH+u&+wGm? ed*¾[dwfonf uodkYajymif;onf)
t"dudpö-tOD;jyKí^pGJí(t"d+u&+wGm)
£-"mwfyHkpH taypö-zJí(ty+£+wGm)? Oaypö-uyfí?zJí(Oy+£+wGm)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf68
7/ (u) 'g "mwfodkY £(-d)cHí wGm qufvQif 'g-\ tm(-g)onf £,(-d,)odkYajymif;onf/
yHkpH Oyg'd,dwGm-pGJvrf;í? orm'd,dwGm-aqmufwnfí
(c) 'g "mwfodkY £(-d) rcHbJ wGm qufvQif wGm onf £,(-d,)odkYajymif;onf/
yHkpH Oyg'd,-pGJvrf;í? orm'd,-aqmufwnfí
8/ od-"mwfodkY wGmqufvQif wGmonf , odkYajymif;NyD; od rS £(-d)onf tm(-g)odkYajymif;onf/
yHkpH edóm,ç Oyedóm,-trSDjyKí
9/ (u) 'do(jrif)-"mwfodkY wGmç wGme qufvQif wGmç wGmerS wonf aysmufuG,foGm;onf/
yHkpH- 'doGmç 'doGme-jrifí ('do+wGm='doGm ? 'do+wGme='doGme)
(c) 'do-"mwfodkY wGm qufvQif 'dorS oESifhwGmonf |mç |KodkYajymif;NyD; 'dorS'donf 'odkYajymif;onf/
yHkpH '|mç '|K-jrifí/ 'd o + wGm= '|m ^ '|K
' |m ^ |K
(8) 'do "mwfodkY wHkç wAÁ qufvQif 'dorS oESifh wAÁrS o onf | odkYajymif;oonf/
yHkpH '|KH-jrifjcif;iSg? '|AÁH-jriftyf\/ ('do + wHk = '|KH) ('do + wAÁ + od = '|AHÁ)
' | wf+-Hk ' | i 10/
(u) rqHk;aom"mwfodkY wkeç wGmeç wGm qufvQif rESifh wkeç wGmeç wGm onf r® odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
ykHpHrsm; Mouúr®-zJí(Mo+urk+wGm)? tbd&r®-arGUavsmfí (tbd+&rk+wGm)?
tm*r®-vmí^pGJí^taMumifjyKí(tm*rk+wGm)
(c)[qHk;aom"mwfodkY wkeç wGmeç wGm qufvQif [ESifh wkeç wGmeç wGm onf ,S odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
yHkpHrsm; tm½k,-wufí^wufpD;í (tm+½k[+wGm)? Mo*,S-oufí(Mo+*[+wGm)
(*) ' qHk;aom"mwfodkY wkeç wGmeç wGm qufvQif 'ESifh wkeç wGmeç wGm onf ZÆ odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
yHkpHrsm;? OyorÜZÆ-a&mufí^jynfhpHkaoí (Oy+oH+y'+wGm)? qdZÆ ^qdZÆdwGm-jywfí(qd'+wGm)
(C) bqHk;aom"mwfodkY wkeç wGmeç wGm qufvQif rESifh wkeç wGmeç wGm onf AÇ ^'¨g odkY wcgw&H
ajymif;onf/
yHkpHrsm;? tm&bdwGm ^ tm&AÇ ^ tm&'¨g - tm;xkwfí (tm+&b+wGm)
OyvAÇ ^ Oyv'¨g-&í (Oy+vb+wGm)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf69
(i) "qHk;"mwfodkY wGm wGmequfvQif "ESifhwGm^wGmeonf tpOftwdkif; '¨g ̂ '¨ge odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
yHkpHrsm;? 0d'¨g^0d'¨ge-ypfí^xGif;í^azmufí?(0d"+wGm^wGme) Ak'¨g^Ak'¨ge-odí (Ak"+wGm^wGme)
tusOf;csKyfrSwf&ef
r+wGm=r® [+wGm=,S '+wGm=ZÆ
b+wGm=AÇ ^'¨g "+wGm^wGme='¨g^'¨ge
zwfpm0gusrsm;
7/ Ak'¨gp emr "r®H a'aoaEÅm o&PoDvyAÁZÆm'DeH Oyedó,H MoavmauwGm tZÑmo,0aoe "r®H
a'aoEÅd? wo®m wH 'd0oH ow¬m wó Oyedó,H MoavmauwGm "r®H a'aoaEÅm tEkykAÁduxH
uaxod/ ao,sxd'H¿ 'geuxH oDvuxH o*¾uxH umrmeH tm'De0H Moum&H oHudavoH aeu©r®
tmedoHoH yumaowd/ wH okwGm r[mygavm uk#KrÁdaum pdaEÅod ]]y&avmuH *päEÅH ykwå"Dwa&m 0g
bmwa&m 0g abm*g 0g emEk*päEÅd? o&D&rÜd twåem o'¨ð e *päwd? uð ar C&m0gaoe yAÁZdómrD}}wd/
aom a'oem y&da,momae ow¬m&H OyouFrdwGm yAÁZÆH ,mpd/ ("r®?y?|?4? edos?y?14)
ar-ightm;? 0g-ig\? C&m0gaoe-tdrf,maxmifjcif;jzifh? uð-bmtusKd;½SdtHhenf;/
yAÁZdómrd-&[ef;jyKtHh/
ã uð ar C&m0gaoe ü uð onf tusKd;r½Sdjcif;t"dyÜg,f (edyÜa,mZew¬? ed(r)+ya,mZe(tusKd;)+
tw¬(t"dyÜg,f)udk jyonf/ tusKd;r½Sdaomtvkyfudk (C&m0gaoe-[k) wwd,mjzifha&;onf/
8/ tvH 0uúvd? uð aw £rdem ylwduma,e 'da|e? a,m acg 0uúvd "r®H yówd? aom rH
yówd? a,m rH yówd? aom "r®H yówd? "r®H [d 0uúvd yóaEÅm rH yówd? rH yóaEÅm "r®H
yówd/ (oH?2?98)
0uúvd-0uúvd? tvH-roifh? aw-oifhtm;? 'da|e-jriftyfaom? £rdemylwduma,e-þykwfaom
udk,fjzifh? uð-tb,ftusKd;½SdtHhenf;/ tusKd;r½Sdaomtvkyfudk ]]£rdem ylwduma,e 'da|e}}[k wwd,mjzifh
a&;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf70
wGmypö,EÅ (wGmqHk;aom pum;vHk;rsm;) twGuf odrSwfzG,f
½lyod'¨dusrf;u wGmqHk;aom yk'frsm;onf edygwfyk'f[k qdkonf/ ykAÁumvBud,m0daooeç
ty&umvBud,m0daooeç ormeumvBud,m0daooeç vu©Pç [dwf t"dyÜg,fudk azmfjy&ef wGmç
wGmeç wke ypönfrsm; qufay;&onf/
aom ur®H umwkeç uwGme 0gç uwGm 0g *päwd/ aom-xdkolonf? ur®H-trIudk? uwke-
NyKNyD;í? 0g-wenf;? uwGme-jyKNyD;í? 0g-wenf;? uwGm-jyKNyD;í? *päwd-oGm;\/
0guswckwGif Bud,m ESpfrsKd;yg½SdNyD; a½SUBud,mu a½S;ujzpfESifhvQif xdkBud,mudk NyD;í[k jref
rm jyef&rnf/ Oyrm-ypdwGm bkÍÆwd (csufNyD;í+pm;\) [l&mü csufjcif;Bud,mu a½S;OD;pGmjzpfESifhí
pm;jcif;Bud,mu aemufrSjzpfaom t&mrsKd;wnf;/ xdkYjyif ypdwGmESifh bkÍÆwdwGif bkÍÆwd um; t"duBud,m
wnf;/ ypdwGmum; ]]csufNyD;rSpm;onf}}[k pm;jcif;Bud,mudk txl;jyK&aom 0daooeBud,mrQom jzpf onf/
xdkYaMumifh ypdwGm[laom Bud,mrsdK;udk ]]ykAÁumvBud,m0daooe}}[k ac:onf/ (ykAÁumv-a½S;umvüjzpfí?
+Bud,m0daooe-y"meBud,mudktxl;jyKaomyk'f)
wGmypönf;ygaom Bud,m\teufu aemufrSjzpfvQif ]]ty&umvBud,m0daooe}}[k ac:onf/
Oyrm-'Gg&H yd'[dwGm edu©rd? 'Gg&H-wHcg;udk? yd'[dwGm-ydwfawmhrnfjzpfí? edu©rd-xGufNyD/ þü ydwf
jcif; Bud,mu aemufrSjzpf\/ xGufjcif;Bud,mu t&ifjzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh yd'[dwGmudk ]]ty&umv
Bud,m0daooe}}[k ac:onf/
Bud,mESpfckvHk; NydKifwljzpfaomt&mü wGmypö,EÅyk'fudk ]]ormeumvBud,m0daooe}}[k ac:onf/
Oyrm-'a@m "uúpö ywwd/ 'a@m-'kwfonf? "uúpö-"uf"ufrnfí? ywwd-us\/ þü "uf"uf
rnfjcif;Bud,m;ESifh usjcif;Bud,monf wNyKdifeufjzpfavonf/ xdkYaMumifh "uúpö udk ]]ormeumv
Bud,m0daooe}}[k ac:onf/
wGm(ypönf;)udk vu©P(rSwfom;aMumif;) t"dyÜg,fESifh jrefrmjyefqdkEdkifonf/ jrefrmvdk aomf [k
t"dyÜg,f&\/ Oyrm-okwGm Zmedómr/ okwGm-Mum;&ukefaomf? Zmedómr- od&ukeftHh/ þü ]okwGm}
udk rSwfom;aMumif;jzpfí vu©P[k ac:&avonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf71
wGm(ypönf;)udk a[wk(taMumif;) t"dyÜg,fESifh jrefrmjyefqdkEdkifonf/ jrefrmvdk aMumifh [k
t"dyÜg,f&\/ Oyrm-CwH yd0dwGm AvH a[mwd/ CwH-axmywfudk? yd0dwGm-aomuf&jcif;aMumifh? AvH-
tm;onf? a[mwd-jzpf\/ þü yd0dwGm udk tm;½Sdjcif;taMumifjzpfí [dwf[k ac:&onf/
(aqmif) ykAÁm.y&? ormeESifh? vu©P? a[wk? ig;cktw¬? ouftyfpG? wkeçwGmeçwGm/
(tajcjyKo'´g? 328-329)
tEÅ? rme ypönf;twGuf odrSwfzG,f
tEÅ? rme wdkYonf yd#uwfygVdusrf;wdkYü toHk;wGifus,faom ypönfrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ypöKyÜef
twdwf tem*wf umvokH;yg;vHk;udk nTefjyEdkifonf/ odkYaomf ypöKyÜefudk nTefjyonfh pum;vHk;tjzpf
toHk;jyKonfu rsm;onf/ rme? tEÅ eSpfrsKd;vHk;udk vu©Pteuf(aomf) a[wkteuf(aMumifh)jzifhvnf;
jyefqdkEdkifonf/
ypöKyÜefteufjyefqdkyHk
o&rmaem a&m'wd/ o&rmaem - atmufarhqJaomolonf? a&m'wd-idk\/ þü idkaeonfhtcsdef0,f
uGJaeol (odkYr[kwf) aoqHk;oludk atmufarhjcif;Bud,m rNyD;qHk;ao;bJ ypöKyÜefjzpfaeao;aomaMumifh
]]o&rmaem]}[k ygVdpD&onf/ *päaEÅm *PSmwd/ *päaEÅm-oGm;aeqJolonf? *PSmwd-,l\/ enf;wlyif/
*pärmaemç *päaEÅm *PSmwd/ *pärmaemç *päaEÅm-oGm;pOf? *PSmwd-,l\/ oGm;pOf[k qdkaomf
vnf; (um&uüvmaom) tem'&teufrsKd;r[kwf/ oGm;pOf oGm;cdkuf oGm;wkef; [k ypöKyÜefBud,m xif½Sm;
atmif ay;aom teufwnf;/
vu©PteufjyefqdkyHk
*päaEÅm bm&'GgaZm aom? t'´o tpöKwH £oð/ bm&'GGgaZm-bm&'GgZtEG,fjzpfaom?
aom-xdkZlZumykPÖm;onf? *päaEÅm-qufvufíoGm;vaomf? tpöKwH-tpöKwrnfaom? £oð-&aohudk?
t'´o-awGU&NyD/ *päaEÅmü tEÅonf ypöKyÜefumvESifh ]aomf} [k ay;&aom vu©Pteufudk jyqdk\/
[dwfteufjyefqdkyHk
o&rmaem a&m'wd/ o&rmaem-atmufarhjcif;aMuifh? a&m'wd-idk\/ 'óaEÅm tm[/ 'óaEÅm-
jyvdk onf\tjzpfaMumifh? tm[-qdk\/ þü tEÅrmeonf [dwfteufudk jyqdk\/
tcsKyftm;jzifh tEÅç rme awGUvQif ]]*pärmaemç *päaEÅm-oGm;pOf ̂ oGmjcif;aMumifh ̂ oGm;vaomf^
oGm;qJaom}} [k ponfjzifh jyefqdkEdkifonfudk rSwf;om;&m\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf72
rmeonf tmcsmwf twåaemyk'fESifh wl\/ tEÅonf y&óyk'fESifhwl\/ tEÅonf y&óyk'f
xHk;pHtwdkif; uwåm;teufü ouf\/ rmeonf twåaemyk'f xHk;pHtwdkif; uwåm;uHabm teufoHk;rsKd;
vHk;ü ouf\/ wdpaom tmcswf0dbwfaESmif;&mü tpaom 0du&Pypönfrsm;vnf;ouf&ouJhodkY
þy&óyk'ftwåaemyk'frnfaom tEÅ rme aESmif;&müvnf; ]t} paom 0du&Pypönf;rsm; ouf&\/
xdkYaMumifh bl0g'd"mwfaemifjzpfvQif ]t} 0du&P? ½k"m'd"mwfaemifjzpfvQif ed*¾[DwykAÁ ]t} 0du&P?
'd0g'd"mwfaemifjzpfvQif ],} 0du&Pypönf; ouf&rnf ponfjzifh odyg/
*pärmaem^*päaEÅm ½kyfNyD;yHk/ *rf + (bl0g'd) ? + rme + od / *rf + (bl0g'd) ? + tEÅ + od
päf a-m päf a-m
xdkYjyif twåaemyk'fudk y&óyk'fjyefouJhodkY twåaemyk'frnfaom rmeudk y&óyk'f tEÅvnf;jyK Edkif
onf/ þum; ½lyod'¨dtvdkwnf;/ ]torEkbmoEÅó-Ówfur®0gpmjzifh rqdkqHk;rtyfaom &[ef;\}[k
oHCab'u odu©myk'fponfü awGU&onf/
rme tEÅ wdkYonf olwdkYudk,fwdkifvu©Pteuf [dwfteufudk a[maomaMumifh 0dbwfa[mbdkY&m
vu©P [dwfteuf r½Sdawmh&um; vd*Fw¬udk xGef;jyaom yxrm0dbwfjzifhvnf; vu©P [dwf teuf
udk ay;Edkifonf/ ]]*päaEÅm t'´o=oGm;vaomf awGU&NyD? 'óaEÅm tm[=jyvdkjcifaMumifh qdkNyD}}ponf
wnf;/
rme tEÅ qHk;aomyk'fwdkYonf 0daoosESifh wGJMu&aom tyÜ"me 0daooeyk'f jzpfMu&um;
0daoosyk'f\ vdif0kpf0dbwftm;avsmfpGmjzpfMu&onf/
(upönf;bm#D'k 487-489)
rmetEÅtoHk;jyKyHk
(1) ypöKyÜefudwfBud,mrsm;udk emr0dooeyk'frsm;uJhodkY toHk;jyKEdkifonf/
(u) t'´om acg b*0g OyuH 'l&&awm tm*päEÅH/ bk&m;onf ta0;rS vmaeaom Oyuudk jrifNyD/
(c) 0d[m&H *päEÅm rEkóm ra*¾ b*0EÅH yóðok/ ausmif;odkY oGm;aom vlwdkYonf vrf;ü bk&m;udk
awGUjrifukefNyD/
(*) 0ae 0oEÅm bdu©L orxH p 0yóeH p bm0EÅd/ awmü aeukefukefaom &[ef;wdkYonf orx
udk4if; 0dóemudk4if; yGm;ukef\/
(C) ra*¾ uDVEÅm 'g&um b*0EÅH e*&H y0doEÅH yóðok/ vrf;ü upm;ukefaom oli,fwdkYonf
NrKdUodkY 0ifvmaom bk&m;udk jrifukefNyD/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf73
(2) ypöKyÜefudwfBud,mudk 0gusü ty"meBud,myk'ftjzpf toHk;jyKaomtcg y"meBud,mESifh uwåm;wlvQif
uwåm;0dbwfjzifhom xm;&onf/ jyKvkyfpOf jyKvkyfaeqJtcg[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/
(u) b*0g om0w¬d,H 0d[&aEÅm £rH ZmwuH uaxod/ bk&m;onf om0w¬dNrKdUü aepOf þZmwfudk
a[mcJh\/
(c) t[H e*&H *päaEÅm tEÅ&mra*¾ {uH ½ku©H t'´oH/ uREkfyfonf NrKdUodkY oGm;pOf vrf;c&D;ü opfyif
wyifudk jrifNyD/
(3) 0gusü ypöKyÜefudwfBud,mESifh y"meBud,mwdkY uwåm;rwlvQif ypöKyÜefBud,mESifh 4if;\ uwåm;yk'fwdkYonf
Moumo0dbwfjzifh taersm;\/ y"meBud,m\ tcsdefumvudk owfrSwfjyaomaMumifh bm0vu©P
[kvnf; ac:\/
(u) jA[®'awå &ZÆH uma&aEÅ aAm"doawåm jA[®Pukav edAÁwåd/ jA[®'wåonf rif;jyKvwfaomf bk&m;
avmif;onf jA[®PrsKd;ü jzpfcJh\/
(c) aAm"doawå Zm,rmae blrd urÜd/ bk&m;avmif; arG;zGm;vwfaomf ajrBuD;onf wkefvIyfcJh\/
ab'pdEÅmvmyHkpHrsm;
(u) wd|aEÅm^wd|rmaem-&yfqJonf? [kwGm-jzpfí? ua&mwd-jyK\/ (0wårmefumv? uwåm;a[myHkpH)
(c) t[H-igonf? 0dbm0,H(0dbm0,aEÅm)xifpGmjyvwHhonf? [kwGm-jzpfí? u&dómrd-jyKaytHh/(tEÅ\
tem*wfumva[myHk? 0dbm0,Hü tEÅrS EÅudk tHjyK)
(*) XD,rmeH-XDvwHhjcif; (tem*wfumvü abmteufyHkpH)
(C) r,m-igonf? bnrmeH-qdktyfvwHhaompum;udk? wkarS-oifwdkYonf? okPdóx-em&ukefvwHh/
(bnrmeHum; okPdóx[laom tem*wfBud,mudkaxmufítem*wfumvü uHa[myHkpH? þodkY
aemufBud,maxmufí twdwftem*wfa[mEdkifyHkudk upöm,eom&ü ]]udwm "mwGw¬orÁaE¨ç a[mEÅd
umvaEÅ&oGyd}}[k qdkonf)
rSwfcsuf/ udwfBud,mESifhtmcswfBud,mwdkYwGif tmcswfBud,monf y"mevdk&ifjzpfonf/ bmaMumifhenf;
udwfBud,monf j'yfudka[mojzifh emrfyk'fwGifyg0if&í tmcswfonfom tqHk;owfBud,meufudk
a[maomaMumifhwnf;/ xdkaMumifh aemuftmcswfBud,mudkvdkufí rmetEÅ ypö,EÅyk'fwdkYu
twdwftem*wfumvudk a[mMu&onf/ (ab'pdEÅmbm#D 349)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf74
'Gd(2) rS pwk(4) txd *Pef;ocsFmrsm;
Obç 'Gd - ESpfckç ESpfa,muf (vdifoHk;yg;vHk;½kyfpOfwl\/ trsm;udef;om½Sdonf)
y ^ 'k Oabm? Oab
w ^ rD Oabm[dçbd? Oab[dçbd
p ^q ObdEéH
o Oabmok? Oabok
y ^ 'k a'G? 'ka0
w ^ rD 'GD[d? 'GDbd? 'Gd[d?bdç? 'ka0[d^bd
p ^q 'GdEéH? 'k0dEéH
o 'GDok? 'Gdok? 'ka0ok
Ob ½kyfNyD;yHk
y^'k Ob + a,m = Oabm ^ Oab
a-m^a-
w^rD Ob + [d = Oab[d^bd Oab[d = Oabm[d^bd
bf+? > a- bf+a-> a-m
p^q Ob + eH = ObdEéH
-dEéH
o Ob + ok = Oabok Oabok = Oabmok
bf+? > a- bf+a-> a-m
'Gd ½kyfNyD;yHk
y^'k 'Gd + a,m = a'G ? 'ka0
a'Gç 'ka0
w^rD 'Gd + [d = 'GD[d^bd 'Gd + [d = 'ka0[d^bd
'Gf+-d> -D 'ka0
p^q 'Gd + eH = 'GEéH 'Gd + eH = 'k0dEéH
(e)vm 'k0d -dEéH
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf75
o 'Gd + ok = 'DGok 'Gd + ok = 'ka0ok
'Gf+-d> -D 'ka0
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
16/ aem p 'Gg'dawm eHrSd/ eH aMumifh 'Gd pwk tp t|m&otqHk; yk'fwdkYaemif evm/
35/ Obm'dawmerdEéH/ ObESifh a'GrSajymif;vmaom 'k0d aemuf½Sd eHonf £EéHodkYajymif;onf/
38/ okeH[dokp/ okç eHç [d wdkYaMumifh a½SUuo&onf 'DCodkYajymif;onf/
50/ ok[doGuma&m{/ ok [d ok aMumifh tonf {odkYajymif;onf/
61/ awok0k'¨d jzifh Oab[dü {onf a-modkYajymif;onf/
81/ a,mok 'GdEéH a'Gp/ a,m aMumifh 0dbwfESifhtwl 'Gdonf a'Gç 'ka0 odkYajymif;onf/
eH aMumifh a'Gonf 'k0dodkYajymif;onf/
154/ wawma,mearmwkü wkjzifh a,monf a-m odkYajymif;onf/
Ob,(ESpfck ESpfa,muf) ½kyfpOfyHk
yHkvdef
y^'k Oba,m? Oba,
w^rD Oba,[d^bd
p^q Oba,oH?Oba,omeH
o Oba,ok
eyHkvdef
y^'k Oba,m? Ob,med
w^rD Oba,[d^bd
p^q Oba,oH?Oba,omeH
o Oba,ok
£w¬dvdef
y^'k Oba,m? Ob,mçOb,ma,m
w^rD Ob,m[d^bd
p^q Ob,moH?Ob,moH
o Ob,mok
ã yHkvdefü Ob,H (tH0dbwf) Oba,e(em) Ob,ó(o) eyHkvdefü Ob,H(od+tH) £w¬dvdefü
Ob,H(tH) Ob,m,(em?o?o®m?o®ð) [laom {u0kpfudef;vnf; ½SdEdkifonf/ (ed½kwåd'DyedygXf ESm-124)
ã Ob, onf ESpfckwdkY\ taygif;udk azmfjy\/ Ob onf ESpfckwdkY\ tpdwfudk azmfjy\/
(v,fwDy'rmv,usrf; y ESm 276)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf76
wd (oHk;ck) ½kyfpOfyHk
yHkvdef
y^'k wa,m
w^rD wD[d^bd? wd[d^bd
p^q wdPÖH? wdPÖEéH
o wDok? wdok
eyHkvdef
y^'k wDPd
w^rD wD[d^bd? wd[d^bd
p^q wdPÖH? wdPÖEéH
o wDok? wdok
£w¬dvdef
y^'k wdaóm
w^rD wD[d^bd? wd[d^bd
p^q wdóEéH
o wDok? wdok
pwk (av;ck) ½kyfpOfyHk
yHkvdef
y^'k pwåma&m?pwka&m
w^rD pwl[d^bd?pwk[d^bd
pwkAÇd
p^q pwkEéH
o pwlok? pwkok
eyHkvdef
y^'k pwåm&d
w^rD pwl[d^bd?pwk[d^bd
pwkAÇd
p^q pwkEéH
o pwlok? pwkok
£w¬dvdef
y^'k pwaóm
w^rD pwl[d^bd?pwk[d^bd
pwkAÇd
p^q pwóEéH
o pwlok? pwkok
½kyfNyD;yHk
ykH w + a,m = wa,m eyHkvdef wd + a,m = wDPd £w¬dvdef wd + a,m= wdaóm
wd+ eH = wdPÖHçwdPÖEéH wd+ eH =wdóEéH
-dPÖHç -dPÖEéH (óH)vmç ó+-H>e
yHk pwk + a,m = pwåma&m eyHkvdef pwk+ a,m=pwåm&d £w¬dvdif pwk+a,m= pwaóm
pwk + a,m = pwka&m
wf+K> K& a-m
pwk + [d = pwkAÇd pwóEéH(wdóEéHESifhwl)
bd(A)vm
pwk+eH = pwkEéH
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf77
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
16/ aemp'Gg'dawm eHrSd/ po'´gjzifh wd pwkaemif óH vm/
27/ Mooa&p/ pjzifh a,maMumif O onf O& odkYajymif;onf/
36/ £PÖrdPÖEéH wd[docsFm[d/ wd aemufu eH onf £PÖHç £PÖEéHodkY ajymif;onf/
82/ wd pwkEéH wdaóm pwaóm wa,m pwåma&m wDPd pwåm&d/ yHkvdefü wdESifha,monf wa,mç
pwkESifa,monf pwåm? eyHkvdefü wdESifha,monf wDPdç pwkESifha,monf pwåm&d? £w¬dvdifü
wdESifha,monf wdaómç pwkESifha,monf pwaómodkY ajymif;onf/
zwfpmrsm;
9/ em[H bdu©a0 tnH {u"r®rÜd orEkyómrd? a,e tEkyÜEém 0g ukovm"r®m OyÜZÆEÅd? OyÜEém 0g
tukovm "r®m y&d[m,EÅd? ,x,d'H bdu©a0 tyÜrma'g/ tyÜrwåó bdu©a0 tEkyÜEém ap0 ukovm
"r®m OyÜZÆEÅd? OyÜEém p tukovm"r®m y&d[m,EÅDwd/ (tH? 1? yg? ESm-10)
10/ {uyk*¾avm bdu©a0 avmau OyÜZÆrmaem OyÜZÆwd A[kZe[dwm, A[kZeokcg, avmumEk urÜm,
tw¬m, [dwm, okcg, a'0rEkómeH/ uwarm {uyk*¾avm¿ wxm*awm t&[H or®morÁKa'¨g?
t,H acg bdu©a0 {uyk*¾avm avmau OyÜZÆrmaem OyÜZÆwd A[kZe[dwm, A[kZeokcg, avmumEk
urÜm, tw¬m, [dwm, okcg, a'0rEkómeH/ (tH? 1? yg? ESm-22)
11/ a'Grmed bdu©a0 okcged/ uwrmed a'G¿ *d[dokcÍö yAÁZdwokcÍö/ £rmed acg bdu©a0 a'G okcged/
{w'*¾H bdu©a0 £aroH 'GdEéH okcgeH ,xd'H yAÁZdwokcEÅd/ (tH? 1? yg? ESm-79)
12/ a'Gar bdu©a0 "r®m/ uwar a'G¿ [d&D p MowyÜÍö/ £ar acg bdu©a0 a'G"r®mwd/
(tH? 1? yg? ESm-83)
13/ a'Grm bdu©a0 tmom 'kyÜZm[m/ uwrm a'G¿ vmbmom p ZD0dwmom p/ £rm acg bdu©a0
a'G tmom 'kyÜZ[mwd/ (tH? 1? yg? ESm-87)
½Sif;vif;csuf
ã rsOf;wm;xm;aom pum;vHk;rsm;udk Munfhyg/ ]a'G}onf vdefoHk;yg;ü yHkpHwljzpfí okcged(eyHkvdef) "r®m (yHkvdef) tmom
(£w¬dvdef) emrf (Noun) wdkY\ 0doaoe(Adjective) jzpfaomfvnf; yHkpHrajymif;yJ wyHk;pHwnf; jzpfaeonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf78
uHa[m0gus a&;om;yHk
1/ uwåm;udk wwd,mESifh a&;yg/
2/ uHudk yxrmESifha&;yg/
3/ rl&if;"mwfodkY -D, ^, qufNyD; twåaemyk'f0dbwfjzifh Bud,mudk wnfaqmufyg/
ur®Bud,mwnfaqmufyHk
twåaemyk'f 6-vHk;
(Third Person) aw - taEÅ?
(Second Person) ao - a0S?
(First Person) { - arS/
*päD,aw-oGm;tyf\/ *päD,aEÅ-oGm;tyfukef\/
*päD,ao-oGm;tyf\/ *päD,a0S-oGm;tyfukef\/
*päDa,-oGm;tyf\/ *päD,marS-oGm;tyfukef\/
½Sif;jycsuf/ uwåm;0gus (Active Voice) ü yk&daom r*¾H *päwd [k uwåm;yk'fudk yxrmjzifh uHyk'fudk
'kwd,mjzifh a&;&\/ uHa[m0gus (Passive Voice) ü ]yk&daoe}[k uwåm;udk wwd,mESifh
]ra*¾g} [k uHudk yxrmESifh a&;&onf/ Bud,mü uwåm;a[m0gus wGif *päwd-oGm;\ [k jrefrmjyef
&NyD; uHa[mwGif *päD,aw-oGm;tyf\ [k ]tyf}qdkaom pum;vHk; xnfhí jrefrmjyef&onf/ tyftpm;
xdkufç oifh pum;vHk;rsm;udkvnf; toHk;jyKEdkifonf/
aw-taEÅ paom tmcsmwf0dbwfrsm;udk uwåm;wkef;u uwåm;yk'fESifh csdefn§da&;&onf/ uHa[mü
rl uHyk'fESifh csdefn§da&;&rnf/ uHyk'fu (First Person) jzpfrl aw - taEÅ udk oHk;yg? (Second Person)
ao - a0S udk oHk;yg? (Third Person) jzpfrl { - arS udk toHk;jyKyg/
uHa[m0gusü uHESifh Bud,monf tenf;çtenf;csif;? trsm;çtrsm;jcif; wlnD&rnf/ uwåm;um;
tenf;jzpfjzpf trsm;jzpfjzpf aeEdkifonf/ Bud,mESifh uHudkom (Person) 0dbwf udkufatmif n§dyg/
uwåm;um; (Person) oHk;rsKd; oifhovdk aeEdkifonf/
uHa[m0gusyHkpH
u/ yk&daoe ra*¾g *päD,aw/
c/ yk&daoe r*¾g *päD,aEÅ/
*/ yk&daoe wGH *päD,ao/
C/ yk&daoe wkarS *päD,a0S/
i/ yk&daoe t[H *päDa,/
p/ yk&daoe r,H *päD,marS/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf79
u/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? ra*¾g-vrf;udk? *päD,aw-oGm;tyf\/
c/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? r*¾g-vrf;wdkYudk? *päD,aEÅ-oGm;tyfukef\/
*/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? wGH-oifvrf;udk? *päD,ao-oGm;tyf\/
C/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? wkarS-oif;vrf;wdkYudk? *päD,a0S-oGm;tyfukef\/
i/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? t[H-igvrf;udk? *päDa,-oGm;tyf\/
p/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? r,H-igvrf;wdkYudk? *päD,marS-oGm;tyfukef\/
uwåm; 6rsKd;ç uH 1 rsKd;
u/ yk&daoe ra*¾g *päD,aw/ c/ yk&dao[d ra*¾g *päD,aw/
*/ w,m ra*¾g *päD,aw/ C/ wkarS[d ra*¾g *päD,aw/
i/ r,m ra*¾g *päD,aw/ p/ tarS[d ra*¾g *päD,aw/
------- r*¾g *päD,aEÅ/
------- wGH *päD,ao/
------- wkarS *päD,a0S/
------- t[H *päDa,/
------- r,H *päD,marS/
trSm/ yk&daoe paom uwåm; 6rsKd;udk tvJtvSnfxm;Edkifaomfvnf; uHESifh Bud,mwdkYudkum; ]ra*¾g
*päD,aw} [kom xm;&yHkudk Munfhí - r*¾g *päD,aEÅ/ - wGH *päD,ao/ - wkarS *päD,a0S/
- t[H *päDa,/ - r,H *päD,marS/ wdkYüvnf; yk&daoepaom uwåm 6rsKd;wGif tvdk½Sd&m uwåm;
udk xm;Edkifonf[k rSwfyg/
zwfpmrsm;
u/ unm, bwåH ypöaw/ trsKd;orD;onf xrif;udk csuftyf\/
c/ Aka'¨e "ar®m a'oD,aw/ bk&m;onf w&m;udk a[mtyf\/
*/ w,m bwåmed ypöaEÅ/ oifonf xrif;wdkYudk csuftyfukef\/
C/ r,m 'gaee abm*g vAÇaEÅ/ igonf 'geaMumifh pnf;pdrfwdkYudk &tyfukef\/
i/ wkarS[d oDave okcged vAÇaEÅ/ oifwdkYonf oDvaMumifh csrf;omwdkYudk &tyfukef\/
p/ oraP[d bm0em, edAÁmeH ygyD,aw/ &[ef;wdkYonf bm0emaMumifh edAÁmefodkY a&muftyfukef\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf80
q/ y@daw[d 0dem Amav[d 0d[ma&m tm*päD,aw/ ynm½SdwdkYonf vlrdkufwdkYESifh cGJí ausmif;odkY
vmtyf\/
Z/ tarS[d oHCó 'gemed 'D,aEÅ/ igwdkYonf oHCmtm; tvªwdkYukd vªtyfukef\/
ps/ odaó[d tmp&d,ó qwåH "m&D,aw/ wynfhwdkYonf q&mtm; xD;udk aqmiftyf\/
n/ Aka'¨e a'0rEkómeH "ar®m a'oD,aw/ bk&m;onf ewfvlwdkYtm; w&m;udk a[mtyf\/
#/ odaó[d tmp&d,awm odyÜH O*¾,Saw/ wynfhwdkYonf q&mhxHrS twwfudk ol,ltyf\/
X/ Aka'¨e owåmeH tw¬m, "ar®m a'oD,aw/ bk&m;onf owå0gwdkY\ tusKd;iSg w&m;udk a[mtyf\/
!/ r,m yd@m, *garm *päD,aw/ igonf qGrf;tvdkYiSg ½GmodkY oGm;tyf\/
¡/ yk&dao[d tm*EÅKumeH bwåH 'D,aw/ a,musfm;wdkYonf {nfhonfwdkYtusKd;iSg qGrf;udk ay;vªtyf\/
(ygVdodu©m 43-46)
ã twåaemyk'f0dbwfwdkYonf y&óyk'f0dbwfodkY wcgw&H ajymif;vJEdkifí 'D,wd-ay;tyf\? ]]a'oD,wd-
a[mtyf\? *päD,wd-oGm;tyf\}} ponfjzifh y&óyk'f0dbwfyHkpHjzifhvnf; awGUedkifonf/
aw *päD,wd taEÅ *päD,EÅd
ao *päD,od a0S *päD,x
{ *päD,mrd arS *päD,mr
ã uHa[m0gudk rl&if;"mwfodkY udwfypönf;ac: wç wAÁç teD,ç aw,sç rsm; qufí uHa[m
Bud,mjyKvkyfEdkifonf/ udwfBud,mwGif emrf0dbwfqufay;&onf/ odkYjzpfí uHa[m udwfBud,monf uH
yk'fESifh vdif0kpf0dbwfwl&onf/
]w} udk tyfNyD[k jrefrmjyef&onf/ ]]wAÁç teD,ç aw,s}} wdkYudk tyfonfç xdkufonfç oifhonf
[k jrefrmjyef&onf/
rl&if;"mwfodkY wAÁ qufyHk
(u) AsOf;qHk;aom rl&if;"mwfudk £(-d) cHí qufyg/
yHkpHrsm; cg'wd? cg'dwAÁ? pm;oifh\? pm;xdkuf\? pm;tyf\/
pdaEÅwd? pdaEÅwAÁ? BuHpnftyf\? BuHpnfxdkuf\? BuHpnfoifh\/
ykapäwd? ykapäwAÁ? ar;tyf\? ar;oifh\? ar;xdkuf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf81
(c) tmqHk;onf rl&if;"mwfodkY wdkuf½kdufqufyg/
yHkpHrsm; y[m,wd? y[mwAÁ? y,ftyf\/
Xmwd? XmwAÁ? &yftyf\/
ygwd? ygwAÁ? aomuftyf\/
aewd? aewAÁ? aqmiftyf\/
aZwd? aZwAÁ? atmiftyf\/
(*) AsOf;qHk;onfh rl&if;"mwfodkY wAÁquf&mwGif &Hcg wAÁrS wESifh "mwf\tqHk;AsOf;onf yHkpHajymif;vJ
oGm;Muonf/
yHkpHrsm; zkowd? azmXAÁ? awGxdtyf\/ (zko+wAÁ)
|
*rwd? *EÅAÁ? oGm;tyf\/ (*r+wAÁ)
E
0pwd? 0wåAÁ? ajymtyf\/ (0p+wAÁ)
w
rl&if;"mwfodkY teD, qufyHk
yHkpHrsm; cg'wd? cg'eD,H-pm;tyf
ylaZwd? ylZeD,H-ylaZmftyf
&rwd? &reD,H-ESpfouftyf
0gusyHkpH u/ w,m tbd"ar®m odu©dwaAÁm/ oifonf tbd"r®mudk oifoifhonf/
c/ tarS[d y@dwm ao0dwAÁm/ uREkfyfwdkYonf ynm½SdwdkYudk rSD0J(aygif;azmf)oifhMuonf/
]tbd"ar®m}[laom uHyk'fonf yk&daomuJhodkY yHkvdef yxrm {u0kpf 0dbwfjzpfí ]odu©dwaAÁm}
[laom udwfBud,mvnf; yk&daomuJhodkY yHkvdef yxrm {u0kpf 0dbwfjzpf&onf/ ]w,m}um; uHa[m0gusü
ygaom uwåm;jzpfí wwd,mjzpf&onf/
]y@dwm}[laom uHonf yk&domuJhodkY yHkvdef yxrm A[k0kpf 0dbwfjzpfí ]ao0dwAÁm}[laom
udwfBud,mvnf; yHkvdef yxrm A[k0kpf 0dbwfjzpf&onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf82
ã jyKvkyfol uwåm; r½SdyJESifhvnf; rl&if;"mwfodkY wAÁqufí ur®Bud,m wnfaqmufEdkifonf/
4if;Bud,myHkpHonf rsm;aomtm;jzifh ]pdwåH}uJhodkY eyHkvdef {u0kpf0dbwfjzifh taersm;onf/
yHkpH/ {0H ZmedwAÁH-þodkY odtyf\/
{0arwH '|AÁH-þt&mudk þodkY rSwftyf\/
ã wAÁ? teD, qufaom yk'frsm;udk emr0daooe tjzpfjzifh toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ txl;ojzifh teD,
qufaomyk'frsm;udk emr0daooetjzpfjzifhom toHk;rsm;onf/
yHkpH/ 1? y@dawm ao0dwAÁH yk*¾vH ao0wd/ ynm½Sdonf rSD0Jxdkufaomyk*¾Kdvfudk rSD0J\/
2? t[H 'óeD,H tm&r®PH yómrd/ igonf vSyaom tm½kHudk jrif\/
ã wAÁ? teD, qufaom yk'frsm;udk wcgw&H emrfyk'ftjzpfjzifhvnf; toHk;jyKonf/
yHkpH/ *[ywd cg'eD,H abmZeD,H y#d,ma'wd/ ol<u,fonf cJbG,f abmZOfudk pD&if\/
zwfpmrsm;
u/ pwåma&m £ar yk*¾vm e ao0dwAÁm/ av;rsKd;ukefaom þyk*¾KdvfwdkYudk rrSD0Jtyfukef/
c/ wD[d bdu©a0 "ar®[d orEém*awm Amavm a0'dwaAÁm/ &[ef;wdkY oHk;yg;aom w&m;wdkYESifh jynfh
pHkoludk vlrdkuf[k odtyf\/
*/ w,m £ro®ð *gar e 0odwAÁH/ oifonf þ½Gmü raetyf/
C/ tarS[d {0H e pdaEÅwAÁH/ uREkfyfwdkYonf þodkY rBuHpnftyf/
i/ oraP[d £ar pwåma&m "r®m ZmedwAÁm/ &[ef;wdkYonf þav;yg;aomw&m;wdkYudk odtyf
ukef\/
p/ wa,m £ar "r®m y@daw[d y[mwAÁm/ þw&m;oHk;yg;wdkYudk ynm½SdwdkYonf y,ftyfukef\/
(wuúodkvfydkYcscsuf)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf83
q/ r,m yknH uwHç e ygyH/ igonf aumif;rIudk jyKoifh\? raumif;rIudk rjyKoifh/
Z/ yk&daoe 0d[ma&m uawm/ a,musfm;onf ausmif;udk aqmufvkyftyf\/
ps/ yk&daoe omvm uwm/ a,musfm;onf Z&yfudk aqmuftyf\/
n/ yk&daoe a*[H uwH/ a,musfm;onf tdrfudk aqmuftyf\/
#/ yk&dao[d 0d[ma&m uawm/ a,musfm;wdkYonf ausmif;udk aqmuftyf\/
X/ yk&dao[d omvm uwm/ a,musfm;wdkYonf Z&yfudk aqmuftyf\/
!/ yk&dao[d a*[H uwH/ a,musfm;wdkYonf tdrffudk aqmuftyf\/
¡/ yk&daoe 0d[m&m uwm/ a,musfm;onf ausmif;wdkYudk aqmufvkyftyfukef\/
P/ yk&daoe omvma,m uwma,m/ a,musfm;onf Z&yfwkYdudk aqmuftyfukef\/
w/ yk&daoe a*[med uwmed/ a,musfm;onf tdrfwdkYudk aqmuftyfukef\/
x/ yk&dao[d 0d[m&m uwm/ a,musfm;wdkYonf ausmif;wdkYudk aqmuftyfukef\/
'/ yk&dao[d omvma,m uwma,m/ a,musfm;wkYdonf Z&yfwkYdudk aqmuftyfukef\/
"/ yk&dao[d a*[med uwmed/ a,musfm;wkdYonf tdrfwdkYudk aqmuftyfukef\/
(yxrBuD;wef; ygVdo'´gtoHk;tEIef;)
14/ wa,mar bdu©a0 r'g/ uwar wa,m¿ a,mAÁera'g tma&m*sra'g ZD0dwra'g/ (tH?1?yg?145)
15/ wdaóm £rm bdu©a0 orÜ'g/ uwrm wdaóm¿ o'©gorÜ'g oDvorÜ'g ynmorÜ'g/ £rm
acg bdu©a0 wdaóm orÜ'gwd/ (tH?1?yg?291)
16/ wDPdrmed bdu©a0 y@dwynwåmed oyÜK&doynwåmed/ uwrmed wDPd¿ 'geH bdu©a0 y@dwynwåH
oyÜK&doynwåH/ yAÁZÆm bdu©a0 y@dwynwåH oyÜK&doynwåH/ rmwmydwleHH bdu©a0 Oy|meH y@dwynwåH
oyÜK&doynwåH/ (tH?1?yg?149)
17/ wD[d bdu©a0 ta*F[d orEém*awm rdawåm ao0dwaAÁm/ uwar[d wD[d¿ 'k'´oH ''gwd? 'kuú&H
ua&mwd? 'ku©rH crwd/ £ar[d acg bdu©a0 ta*F[d orEém*awm rdawåm ao0dwaAÁm/
(tH?1?yg?291)
½Sif;vif;csuf
ã rsOf;wm;xm;aom pum;vHk;rsm;udk Munfhyg/ ]r'g} yHkvdifemrfjzpfí 4if;\ 0daooeudk wa,m[k yHkvdefyHkpHjzifh
a&;onf/ ]orÜ'g}onf £w¬dvdifjzpfí 4if;\ 0daooeudk ]wdaóm}[k £w¬vdefyHkpHjzifh a&;onf/ ]ynwåmed}onf
eyHkvdef jzpfí 4if;\ 0daooeudk ]wDPd} [k eyHkvdefyHkpHjzifh a&;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf84
18/ wD[d bdu©a0 Xmae[d oa'¨g yoaEém a0'dwaAÁm/ uwar[d wD[d¿ oDv0EÅmeH 'óeumarm
a[mwd? o'¨r®H aomwkumarm a[mwd? 0d*wrvrapäa&e apwom t*g&H tZÑm0owd rkwåpma*g
y,wygPd a0go*¾&awm ,mpa,ma*g 'geoH0dbm* &awm/ £ar[d acg bdu©a0 wD[d Xmae[d
oa'¨g yoaEém a0'dwaAÁm/ (tH?1?yg?149)
19/ wdaóm £rm bdu©a0 0k¹kda,m/ uwrm wdaóm¿ o'¨g0k¹kd oDv0k¹kd ynm0k¹kd/ £rm acg bdu©a0
0k¹kda,mwd/ (tH?1?yg?291)
20/ *E¨Zmwokwå
txacg tm,o®m tmeaE´m a,e b*0g awEkyouFrd? OyouFrdwGm b*0EÅH tbd0ga'wGm
{urEÅH edoD'd? {urEÅH edodaEém acg tm,o®m tmeaE´m b*0EÅH {w'a0gp ----
wDPdrmed baEÅ *E¨Zmwmed? a,oH tEk0gwHa,0 *aE¨m *päwd aem y#d0gwH/ uwrmed wDPd¿
rlv*aE¨m om&*aE¨m ykyæ*aE¨m? £rmed acg baEÅ wDPd *E¨Zmwmed? a,oH tEk0gwHa,0 *aE¨m *päwd
aem y#d0gwH/ tw¬d Ek acg baEÅ udÍöd *E¨ZmwH? ,ó tEk0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd? y#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd?
tEk0gwy#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwDwd/
tw¬meeE´ udÍöd *E¨ZmwH? ,ó tEk0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd? y#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd? tEk0gwy#d0gwrÜd
*aE¨m *päwDwd/ uwrÍö ye *E¨ZmwH? ,ó tEk0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd? y#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd?
tEk0gwy#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwDwd/
£"meE´ ,o®ð *gar 0g ed*ar 0g £w¬D 0g yk&daom 0g Ak'¨H o&PH *awm a[mwd? "r®H
o&PH *awm a[mwd? oHCH o&PH *awm a[mwd? ygPmwdygwm y#d0d&awm a[mwd? t'dEém'gem
y#d0d&awm a[mwd? umarokrdpämpm&m y#d0d&awm a[mwd? rkom0g'g y#d0d&awm a[mwd? ok&mar&,
rZÆyrm'|mem y#d0d&awm a[mwd? oDv0g a[mwd uvsmP"ar®m? 0d*wrvrapäa&e apwom t*g&H
tZÑm0owd? rkwåpma*g y,wygPd a0go*¾&awm ,mpa,ma*g 'geoH0dbm*&awm/
wó 'domok orPjA[®Pm 0PÖH bmoEÅd ]]tokuo®ð emr *gar 0g ed*ar 0g £w¬D 0g
yk&daom 0g Ak'¨H o&PH *awm a[mwd? "r®H o&PH *awm a[mwd? oHCH o&PH *awm a[mwd?
ygPmwdygwm y#d0d&awm a[mwd? t'dEém'gem y#d0d&awm a[mwd? umarokrdpämpm&m y#d0d&awm
a[mwd? rkom0g'g y#d0d&awm a[mwd? ok&mar&, rZÆyrm'|mem y#d0d&awm a[mwd? oDv0g a[mwd
uvsmP"ar®m? 0d*wrvrapäa&e apwom t*g&HtZÑm0owd? rkwåpma*g y,wygPd a0go*¾&awm
,mpa,ma*g 'geoH0dbm*&awm}}wd/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf85
a'0wmydó 0PÖH bmoEÅd ]]tokuo®ð emr *gar 0g ed*ar 0g £w¬D 0g yk&daom 0g Ak'¨H
o&PH *awm a[mwd? "r®H o&PH *awm a[mwd? oHCH o&PH *awm a[mwd? ygPmwdygwm
y#d0d&awm a[mwd? t'dEém'gem y#d0d&awm a[mwd? umarokrdpämpm&m y#d0d&awm a[mwd? rkom0g'g
y#d0d&awm a[mwd? ok&mar&, rZÆyrm'|mem y#d0d&awm a[mwd? oDv0g a[mwd uvsmP"ar®m?
0d*wrvrapäa&e apwom t*g&HtZÑm0owd? rkwåpma*g y,wygPd a0go*¾&awm ,mpa,ma*g
'geoH0dbm*&awm}}wd/ £'H acg wH tmeE´ *E¨ZmwH? ,ó tEk0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd? y#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m
*päwd? tEk0gwy#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwDwd/
e ykyæ*aE¨m y#d0gwarwd?
e pE´eH w*&rv’dum 0g/
owÍö *aE¨m y#d0gwarwd?
oAÁm 'dom oyÜK&aom y0g,wDwd/ (tH?1?yg?226)
21/ pwåm&drmed bdu©a0 o*F[ 0w¬Led/ uwrmed pwåm&d¿ 'geH ay,s0ZÆH tw¬p&d,m ormewåwm
£rmed acg bdu©a0 pwåm&d o*F[0w¬LeDwd/ (tH?1?yg?226)
22/ pwl[d bdu©a0 "ar®[d orEém*awm ,xmbwH edu©dawåm {0H ed&a,/ uwar[d pwl[d¿
ygPmwdygwD a[mwd? t'dEém'g,D a[mwd? umarok rdpämpm&D a[mwd? rkom0g'D a[mwd/ £ar[d
acg bdu©a0 pwl[d "ar®[d orEém*awm ,xmbwH edu©dawåm {0H ed&a,/ (tH?1?yg?382)
23/ pwåma&mar bdu©a0 yk*¾vm oaEÅm oH0dZÆrmem avmuo®ð/ uwar pwåma&m¿ ½lyyÜrmaPm
½lyyÜoaEém? aCmoyÜrmaPm aCmoyÜoaEém? vlcyÜrmaPm vlcyÜoaEém? "r®yÜrmaPm "r®yÜoaEém/
£ar acg bdu©a0 pwåma&m yk*¾vm oaEÅm oH0dZÆrmem avmuo®ðEÅd/ (tH?1?yg?383)
24/ pwaóm £rm bdu©a0 tmbm/ uwrm pwaóm¿ pE´mbm ol&d,mbm t*¾gbm
ynmbm/ £rm acg bdu©a0 pwaóm tmbm/ {w'*¾H bdu©a0 £rmoH pwkEéH tmbmeH
,'d'H ynmbmwd/ (tH?1?yg?456)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf86
yÍö(5) rS t|m&o(18) txd *Pef;ocsFmrsm;
y^'k yÍö
w^rD yÍö[d
p^q yÍöEéH
o yÍöok
(vdefoHk;yg;vHk;½kyfpOfwl\)
½kyfNyD;yHk
y^'k yÍö + a,m = yÍö w^rD yÍö + [d = yÍö[d
Íöf+ ? ? Íöf+?> ?
p^q yÍö + eH = yÍöEéH o yÍö + ok = yÍöok
Íöf+?> ? (E)vm Íöf+?> ?
q-6? owå-7? t|-8? e0-9? 'o-10? {um'o-11? 'Gg'o-12? aw&o-13? pk'´o-14?
yEé&o-15? aomVo-16? owå&o-17? t|m&o-18? þ ocsFmwdkYonf yÍöESifh ½kyfpOfyHkç ½kyfNyD;yHk
tm;vHk;wlMuonf/
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
16/ aem p 'Gg'dawm eHrSd/ eH aMumifh 'Gd pwk tp t|m&otqHk; yk'fwdkYaemif evm/
39/ yÍöm'De rwåH/ ok eH [d wdkYaMumifh yÍö rS t|m&owdkifaom ocsmF*Pef;rsm;\ ]t} onf
a-odkY ajymif;roGm;&ef ]t}odkYajymif;onf/ (aocsmatmifjyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf)
83/ yÍöm'De ruma&m/ a,m ESpfvHk;aMumifh yÍö rS t|m&owdkifaom ocsmF8Pef;rsm;\ ]t}onf
a,mESifhtwl ]t}odkYajymif;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf87
zwfpmrsm;
25/ abmZeH bdu©a0 ''rmaem 'g,aum y#d*¾g[umeH yÍö Xmemed a'wd/ uwrmed yÍö¿ tm,Hk
a'wd? 0PÖH a'wd? okcH a'wd? AvH a'wd? y#dbmeH a'wd/ (tH?2?yg?35)
26/ yÍödrmed bdu©a0 umv'gemed/ uwrmed yÍö¿ tm*EÅKuó 'geH a'wd? *rduó 'geH a'wd?
*dvmeó 'geH a'wd? 'kAÇdau© 'geH a'wd? ,med wmed e0oómed e0zvmed? wmed yXrH oDv0aEÅok
ywd|maywd/ £rmed acg bdu©a0 yÍö umv'gemeDwd/ (tH?2?yg?35)
27/ yÍödrm bdu©a0 orÜ'g/ uwrm yÍö¿ o'¨gorÜ'g oDvorÜ'g okworÜ'g pm*orÜ'g ynm
orÜ'g/ £rm acg bdu©a0 yÍö orÜ'gwd/ (tH?2?yg?46)
28/ yÍödar bdu©a0 puFar tmedoHom/ uwar yÍö¿ t'¨geu©arm a[mwd? y"meu©arm a[mwd?
tyÜgAma"m a[mwd? todwH yDwH cg,dwH om,dwH or®m y&drmPH *päwd? puFrm"d*awm orm"d
pd&|dwdaum a[mwd/ £ar[d acg bdu©a0 yÍö puFar tmedoHomwd/ (tH?2?yg?24)
29/ yÍödrmed bdu©a0 Xmemed orÜóEÅm rmwmydwa&m ykwåH £päEÅd ukav Zm,rmeH/ uwrmed yÍö¿
bawm 0g aem b&dówd? udpöH 0g aem u&dówd? ukv0Haom pd&H Xówd? 'g,ZÆH y#dyZÆdówd?
tx 0g ye aywmeH umvuFwmeH 'u©dPH tEky'ówDwd/ £rmed acg bdu©a0 yÍö Xmemed
orÜóEÅm rmwmydwa&m ykwåH £päEÅd ukav Zm,rmeEÅd/ (tH?2?yg?37)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf88
&wåm'd*kdPf;
yHkvdef Oum&EÅ
bdu©K (&[ef;) ½kyfpOfyHk
y/ bdu©K bdu©L? bdu©a0g
tm/ abm bdu©K abmaEÅm bdu©L? bdu©a0? bdu©a0g
'k/ bdu©KH bdu©L? bdu©a0g
w/ bdu©Kem bdu©L[d? bdu©Lbd? bdu©K[d? bdu©Kbd
p/ bdu©Kó? bdu©aem bdu©LeH? bdu©KeH
rD/ bdu©Ko®m? bdu©Kem bdu©L[d? bdu©Lbd? bdu©K[d? bdu©Kbd
q/ bdu©Kó? bdu©aem bdu©LeH? bdu©KeH
o/ bdu©Ko®ð? bdu©KrSd? bdu©Lok? bdu©Kok
½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ bdu©K + od = bdu©K bdu©K + a,m = bdu©L bdu©K + a,m =bdu©a0g
bdu©f+K> L a0g
tm/ bdu©K? bdu©L? bdu©a0g (yxrm ESifhwl) bdu©K + a,m = bdu©a0
a0
'k/ bdu©K + ? H> -H = bdu©KH bdu©L? bdu©a0g (yxrmESifhwl)
w/ bdu©K + em = bdu©Kem bdu©K + [d = bdu©L[d^bd bdu©K + [d = bdu©K[d^bd
bdu©f+K> L
p^q/ bdu©K + o = bdu©Kó bdu©K + o = bdu©Kaem bdu©K + eH = bdu©LeH
ó aem bdu©f+K> L
bdu©K + eH = bdu©KeH
rD/ bdu©K + o®m = bdu©Ko®m bdu©K + o®m = bdu©KrSm bdu©K + o®m = bdu©Kem
rSm em
(bdu©L[d?bd? bdu©K[d?bd wwd,mESifhwl)
o/ bdu©K + o®ð = bdu©Ko®ð bdu©K + o®ð = bdu©KrSd bdu©K + ok = bdu©Lok
bdu©K + ok = bdu©Kok rSd bdu©f+K> L
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf89
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
169/ aooawm avmyH *odyd/ tH Mo tm odkY rajymif;vJaom tmvkyf odç vd*Fw¬ od onf aysmuf
uG,foGm;onf/
67/ Cyawmp a,meH avmayg/ Cypsv1wdkYrS pum;vHk;aemufu a,monf aysmufuG,foGm;onf/
65/ tuw&óm vawm ,Gmvyeó a0a0g/ yHkvdef Oum&EÅ aemufu a,monf a0ç a0g odkY
ajymif;onf/
68/ vawm a0guma&mp/ yHkvdef O^OD qHk;onf pumvHk;aemufu a,m onf a0g odkYajymif;onf/
46/ a0a0gok avmp/ a0ç a0g aMumifh O onf t odkY ajymif;onf/
31/ tHarmed*¾[DwH psvay[d/ psvy aemuf tHonf ed*¾[dwfodkY ajymif;onf/
38/ okeH[dokp/ okç eHç [d 0dbwfwdkYaMumifh a½SUu o&onf 'DCodkY ajymif;onf/
rajymif;onfh tcgvnf;½Sdonf/
66/ psvawm oó aem 0g/ psv2 wdkY aemufu o onf aem odkYajymif;onf/
tpDt&ifxl;
1/ vaemufu tHonf eHodkYajymif;onf/
yHkpH/ t[H 0aE´ r[m0D&H Ak'¨rm'dpöAE¨KeH/ ('D-2? yg? 229)
t[H-igonf? r[m0D&H-vHk;vBuD;awmfrlaom? tm'dpöAE¨KeH-aerif;\ aqGawmmfjzpfawmfrlaom? Ak'¨H-
bk&m;udk? 0aE´-½Sdcdk;yg\/
2/ a,m udk a0gçaem rjyK&mü a,maMumifh O onf t odkY ajymif;onf/ a[wa,mç ZEÅa,m ponf
jzpf\/ (v,fwDy'rmvmusrf; ywGJ 127)
yHkpH/ taZÆ0 wH uk&a,m ygy,mwk/ (Zm 2? 308) ygü uk½ka,m[k½Sd/ ed½kwåd(108)ü
uk&a,m^uk½ka,m ESpfrsKd; jyonf/ taZÆ0-,aeYüyif? wH-xdk0d"l&trwfudk? uk&a,m-uk½kwdkif;wdkYodkY?
ygy,mwk-a&mufapavm/ (ZmwuygVdr[medygwfedos 'k ESm 65)
1/ £w¬dvif tm qHk;onfh pum;vHk;udk (4if;wdkY\tmudk) ]]C}} [kac:onf/ £w¬dvdif £þ OOD qHk;onhfpum;vHk;
rsm;udk (4if;wdkY\ £þOODudk) ]]y}} [kac:onf/ yHkvdef eyHkvdef £ þ qHk;aompum;vHk;rsm;udk (4if;wdkY\
£þudk) ]]ps}} yHkvdef eyHkvdef O OD qHk;aompum;vHk;rsm;udk (4if;wdkY\ O ODudk) ]]v}} [kac:onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf90
Oum&EÅyHkvdif *kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
bdu©K &[ef; y#K vdr®mol omEk awmifxdyfjyif
bmPk aerif; &m[k tok&def auwk wHcGef^rSefuif;
y*Fk qGHUtol OpäK BuH odE¨K orkj'm
£"k rD;pm a0VK^a0Pk 0g; ae½k^ar½k jrif;rkd&fawmif
*k½k q&m a[wk taMumif; aowk wHwm;
rpöK aorif; AE¨K rdwfaqG owåK &efol
um½k vuform; ½k½k qwfowå0g u#päK ZGef;
uk½k uk½kwdkif;
ã *k½ko'´g0,f a,m0dbwfudk vawma0guma&m p ü um&o'´gjzifh aemjyKí *k½kaem[k ½kyfrsm;ydk\/
a[wko'´g0,f a,m0dbwfjzifh a[wka,m[k ydk\/ ZEÅKo'´güum; ZEÅKa,mç ZEÅKaem [k ESpf½kyfydk\/
(wGJbuftajcjyKo'´g 88)
zwfpmrsm;
30/ txacg ax&meH bdu©LeH {w'a[mod ]]uw¬ Ek acg r,H "r®Íö 0de,Íö o*Fga,,smrm}}wd
txacg ax&meH bdu©LeH {w'a[mod]]&mZ*[H acg r[ma*gp&H y[lwaoemoeH? ,EéLe r,H
&mZ*a[ 0óH 0oEÅm "r®Íö o*Fga,,smrm? e tan bdu©L &mZ*a[ 0óH Oy*apä,sK}}EÅd/
(oDvu©E¨0*¾t|uxm-6)
31/ pwl[d bdu©a0 "ar®[d orEém*awm bdu©K tyPÖuy#dy'H y#dyaEém a[mwd? a,medpó tm&'¨g
a[mwd tmo0geH c,m,/ uwar[d pwl[d¿ £" bdu©a0 bdu©K oDv0g a[mwd? A[kókawm
a[mwd? tm&'¨0D&da,m a[mwd? yn0g a[mwd? £ar[d acg bdu©a0 pwl[d "ar®[d orEém*awm
bdu©K tyPÖuy#dy'H y#dyaEém a[mwd? a,medpó tm&'¨g a[mwd tmo0geH c,m,mwd/
(tH? yg? 1? 388)
32/ {0H ar okwH -- {uH or,H b*0g om0w¬d,H 0d[&wd aZw0ae temxyd@duó tm&mar/
wMw acg b*0g bdu©L tmraEÅod ]]bdu©a0g}}wd/ ]]b'aEÅ}}wd bdu©L b*0awm ypöaómoHk/
(tH? yg? 2? 1)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf91
ow¬m'd*kdPf;
ykHvdef Oum&EÅ
ow¬K (bk&m;) ½kyfpOfyHk
y ow¬m ow¬ma&m (ow¬m)1
tm abmow¬ç ow¬m abmaEÅm ow¬ma&m (ow¬m)
'k ow¬m&Hç (ow¬KH ) ow¬ma&m (ow¬ma&)
w ow¬m&mç ow¬Kem ow¬ma&,dç bdç ow¬L[dç bd
p ow¬Kç ow¬Kaemç ow¬Kó ow¬m&meHç ow¬meHç ow¬LeH
rD ow¬Ko®m2çow¬KrSmçow¬m&mçow¬Kem ow¬ma&[dç bdç ow¬L[dç bd
q ow¬Kç ow¬Kaemç ow¬Kó ow¬m&meHç ow¬meHç ow¬LeH
o ow¬Ko®ðç ow¬KrSdç ow¬&d ow¬ma&okç ow¬Lok
y ow¬K + od = ow¬m ow¬K + a,m = ow¬ma&m
ow¬f+ K> m ow¬f+ K> m& a-m
ow¬K + a,m = ow¬m
m
tm ow¬K + od =ow¬ ow¬K + od = ow¬m
ow¬f+K> m> ? ow¬f+ K> m
(ow¬ma&m? yxrma,mESifwl)
'k ow¬K + tH = ow¬m&H ow¬K + tH = ow¬KH
-H
(ow¬ma&m? yxrma,mESifwl) ow¬K + a,m = ow¬ma&
ow¬f+ K> m& a
w ow¬K + em = ow¬Kem ow¬K + em = ow¬m&m
ow¬f+ K> m& m
ow¬K + [d = ow¬ma&[d^bd
ow¬f+ K> m &
&f+?> a ow¬K + [d = ow¬L[d ^ bd
ow¬f+> L
1 v,fwDy'rmvmjy^o'´eDwdjy ½kyfydk 2 v,fwDy'rmvmjy ½kyfydk
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf92
p^q ow¬K + o = ow¬K ow¬K + o = ow¬Kó
ow¬f+ K> K ó
ow¬K + o = ow¬Kaem ow¬K + eH = ow¬m&meH
aem ow¬f+ K> m &
&f+?> m
ow¬K + eH = ow¬meH ow¬K + eH = ow¬LeH
ow¬f+K > ? > m ow¬f+ K> L
rD ow¬K + o®m = ow¬Ko®m ow¬K + o®m = ow¬KrSm
rSm
ow¬K + o®m = ow¬KeSm ow¬K + o®m = ow¬m&m
em ow¬f+K> m& em > m
(ow¬ma&[d^bd? ow¬L[d^bd wwd,mESifhwl)
o ow¬K + o®ð = ow¬Ko®ð ow¬K + o®ð = ow¬KrSd
rSd
ow¬K + o®ð = ow¬&d
ow¬f+ K> m & -d
?
ow¬K + ok = ow¬ma&ok ow¬K + ok = ow¬Lok
ow¬f+ K> m & ow¬f+ K> L
&f+?> a
ow¬KESifh½kyfpOfyHk^ajymif;vJyHkwlaom pum;vHk;rsm;
ow¬K(omo+&w¬K)bk&m; uwåK(u&+wk)jyKvkyfol bwåK(b&+&dwk)vif(t½Sifocif)
0w¬K(0'^0p+wk)ajymqdkwwfol aewk(eD+wk) ^aewåK-aqmifwwfol
ewåK (ew+&dwk)-ajr; "mwk("m+wk)aqmifwwfol
ã ]]wk}}onf jyKvkyfwwfol[laom(uwåm;) t"dyÜg,fudk jyonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf93
tpDt&ifxl;
ã uwåKç cwåK-trwf? trwfa[m uwåKç cwåK wdkY\ tmvkyfodonf {odkYajymif;í uawåç cawå [k
½SdEdkifonf/ *odaMumifh uwåK\ Oonf tm&odkYajymif;í uwåm&[kvnf; ½SdEdkifonf/ aewåKaemufu
o®ðonf {odkYajymif;í aeawå[kvnf;½SdEdkoonf/
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
148/ ow¬Kydwm'DerSm odo®ð odavmaygp/ odaMumifh ow¬Kydwk ponfwdkY\ tqHk; Oonf tmodkYajymif;
NyD; odonf aysmufuG,foGm;onf/
149/ tanoGm&wåH/ odrSwyg;aom 0dbwfaMumifh ow¬K ydwkwdkY\ tqHk;Oonf tm&odkYajymif;onf/
150/ 0g eHrSd/ eHaMumifh ow¬K ydwkwdkY\ tqHk;Oonf wcgw&H tm&odkYajymif;onf/
151/ ow¬KewåÍö/ eHaMumifh ow¬K ydwkwdkY\ tqHk;Oonf t odkYajymif;onf/
152/ Ooo®ð oavmaygp/ oaMumifh ow¬K ydwkwdkY\ tqHk;Oonf O odkY xyfajymif;onf/ ovnf;
aysmufuG,foGm;onf/ Oxyfajymif;jcif;jzifh cdkifNrJoGm;í tm&odkY rajymif;awmhay/
154/ wawma,mearmwk/ OrS ajymif;vmaom tm&rSaemuf a,monf MoodkY ajymif;onf/
155/ wawmo®drd/ tm&aemufu o®ð onf £odkYajymif;onf/ (wawmjzifhtm&aemufr[kwfaom o®ðudk
vnf; £odkYajymif;onf? bk0dç 'd0d)
156/ emtm/ tm& aemufu em onf tm odkY ajymif;onf/
157/ tma&m&órDuma&/ o®ð onf £odkYajymif;u tm&\ tmonf t odkYajymif;onf/
107/ oAÁa,mederm{/ tm{ okwfcGJjzifh tm&aemufu yxrma,monf tmç 'kwd,ma,monf
{odkYajymif;oonf/
38/ okeH[dokp/ okç eHç [d 0dbwfwdkYaMumifh a½SUu o&onf 'DCodkY ajymif;onf/
rajymif;onfh tcgvnf;½Sdonf/
66/ psvawm oó aem 0g/ psv wdkY aemufu o onf aem odkYajymif;onf/
218/ trS wkrS(y)o®mem0/ o®mudk em0dbwf ajymif;vJyHktwkdif; ajymif;Edkifonf/
ã emç eH ESpfvHk;? aygif; 0dbwfoHk;rsKd;aMumifh O onf tm&odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/ oESpfvHk; od
wdkYaMumifh Oonf tm&odkYrajymif;/ usef0dbwf½SpfrsKd;aMumifh Oonf tm&odkY tNrJajymif;onf/
xdkYaMumifh ]] oHk;aMumifh0duyf? oHk;aMumifhvyf? ½Spf&yftm&NrJ }} [k 0dok'¨g½kHq&mawmfqdkonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf94
ykHvdef Oum&EÅ
ydwk (tb) ½kyfpOfyHk
y ydwm ydwa&mç (ydwm)
tm abmydwç ydwm abmaEÅm ydwa&m (ydwm)
'k ydw&H (ydwkH) ydwa& (ydwa&)
w ydw&mç ydwkem ydwa&[dç ydwa&bd ydwl[dç ydwlbd
p ydwkç ydwkaemç ydwkó ydw&meHç ydwmeHç ydwleH
rD ydwko®mçydwkrSmçydw&mçydwkem ydwa&[dç ydwa&bd ydwl[dç ydwlbd
q ydwkç ydwkaemç ydwkó ydw&meHç ydwmeHç ydwleH
o ydwko®ðç ydwkrSdç ydw&d ydwa&okç ydwlok
ã ½kyfajymif;vJyHkrSm ]]ydwk\ OrSmajymif;vmaom tm&\ tmonf todkY ajymif;½kHom}} xl;\/ usef
tmvHk; ow¬K ESifhwl\/
ydwkESifh½kyfpOfyHk^ajymif;vJyHkwlaompum;vHk;rsm;
ydwk (yg+&dwk) tb bmwk (bZ^bmo+&mwk) tpfudkç nD
Zmrmwk (Ze+&dwkçZerSeonfrodkYajymif;) om;ruf
ydwkponftwGufpOf;rsOf;
158/ ydwm'DerodrSd/ odrSwyg;aom0dbwfaMumifh ydwkponfwdkY\ tm&\ tmonf todkYajymif;onf/
(usefpnf;rsOf;rsm;rSm ow¬Ktwdkif; jzpfonf)
tpDt&ifxl;
ã 1/ awmypönf;aMumifh ydwk\ Oonf £odkYajymif;onf/ ydwdawm
2/ ormofüvnf; ydwk\ ydwk\ Oonf £odkYajymif;onf/ ydwdyau©m
3/ ydwkaemufu em'd{u0kpf ig;vHk;onf ,modkYajymif;onf/ aywsm
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf95
£w¬dvdef Oum&EÅ
rmwk (tar) ½kyfpOfyHk
y rmwm rmwa&m
tm abmwd rmwç rmwm abmwda,m rmwa&m
'k rmw&H (rmwHk) rmwa&m (rmwa&)
w rmw&mç rmwk,mç rmwa&[dç rmwa&bdç rmwl[dç rmwlbd
p rmwkç rmwkóç rmwk,mç rmw&meHç rmwmeHç rmwleH
rD rmw&mç rmwk,mç rmwa&[dç rmwa&bdç rmwl[dç rmwlbd
q rmwkç rmwkóç rmwk,mç rmw&meHç rmwmeHç rmwleH
o rmwko®ðç rmwkrSdç rmw&dç rmwk,mç rmwk,H rmwa&okç rmwlok
(ed½kwåd'DyeDygXf-114)
ã "Dwkç 'k[dwk (orD;) ewåK (ajr;rdef;uav;) ponfwdkYwdkYudk rmwkuJhodkY ½kyfpOfyg/ ajr;rdef;ra[m
ewåKü tm&\ tmudk trajymif;yJ ewåma&mç ewåm&H[k jzpfonf/
tpD&ifxl;
1/ rmwkü emç o(2)ç o®mç o®ð {u0kpf ig;vHk;ü rwsm? o®ðü rwsH [k½SdEdkifonf/
2/ ydwkü emç o(2)ç o®mç o®ð {u0kpf ig;vHk;ü aywsm? o®ðü aywsH [k½SdEdkifonf/
3/ tmvkyfodonf {odkY ajymif;onf/ tpä&d,H eE´rmaw? eE´rmaw-eE´r,fawmf? tpä&d,H-
tHhMozG,f½SdaypG?
½kyfajymif;yHk
rmwk + em = rmwk,m rm wk + em = rwsm
,m r+ m wf+ K ,m
?
yd wk + em = aywsm
y+-d> a w+ K ,m
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
61/ yawm,m/ yaemufu emç oç o®mç o®ð onf ,modkYajymif;onf/
61/ awok0¹d/ rmwkü wk\ Oonf aysmufuG,foGm;NyD; rm\ tonf todkYajymif;onf/
165/ Cyawmo®ð,H0g/ Cyaemufu o®ðonf ,HodkYajymif;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf96
raem*kdPf; tum&EÅ yHkvdef ^ eyHkvdef
od reHç raem remç remed
tm abm reç rem abmaEÅm remç remed
'k reHç raem raeç remed
w raeeç reom rae[dç raebd
p reóç reaom remeH
rD reo®mç rerSmç rem rae[dç raebd
q reóç reaom remeH
o reo®ðç rerSdç reodç rae raeok
ã raem o'´gonf yk&dom'd*kdPf;xuf tHç emç oç o®ð wdkYüom xl;onf/ usef0dbwfrsm;
yk&dom'd*kdPf;ç pdwåm'd*kdPf;wdkYESifh wlonf[k rSwfyg/
½kyfajymif;yHk
re + tH = raem re + em = reom
a-m (o) m
re + o = reaom re + o®ð = reod
(o) a-m (o) -d
pOf;rsOf;rsm;
130/ raem*Pm'dawm o®ðemerdtm/ raem*Pm'd*dkPf;o'´gwdkYrS aemufjzpfukefaom o®ð em wdkYonf
tpOftwdkif; £ tm odkYajymif;onf/
131/ oó.apm/ raem*Pm'd*dkPf;o'´gwdkYrS aemufjzpfukefaom o tH wdkYonf Mo odkYajymif;onf/
133/ ooa&0g.*arm/ aemufo&aMumifh raem*Pm'd*dkPf;o'´gwdkYrS aemufü vdktyfvQif o-vmyg/
132/ {awo.arm avmay/ 0dbwfausNyD;aomf raem*kdPf;o'´gwdkY tqHk;tonf MoodkYajymif;onf/
(132-pOf;rsOf;onf ormofç w'¨dwfyk'frsm; twGufom jzpfonf)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf97
raem*kdPf;vu©Pm
1/ emç oç o®ð ü tpOftwdkif; omç aomç od qHk;aom pum;vHk;(yk'f)½Sdjcif;
2/ Bud,mESifh,SOf&m &Hcg MotqHk;½Sdjcif;(0apm okwGm? raem wGm? reH OwGm)
3/ ormofç w'¨dwfodkY a&mufvQif tv,frSm Moa&muf&jcif; þt*FgoHk;yg;ESifh jynfhpHkaom *kdPf;onf
raem*kdPf;rnf\/
(ed,H) omç aomç od yg? ud&d,m Mo? tv,f Mo? raem*kdPf;[kod/ (v,fwDy'rmvm? y-76)
raem*kdPf; yHkvdif *kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
0apm-pum; 0a,m-t½G,f awaZm-rD;ç wefcdk;
wayg-tusifh apawm-pdwf warm-trdkufarSmif
ta,m-oH(ow¬K) oda&m-OD;acgif; ya,m-a&ç EdkY&nf
oa&m-a&tdkif Oa&m-&ifbwf &a[m-rsufuG,f
ta[m-aeY&uf qaE´m-tvdkç wPSmç qE´apwoduf
,aom-ta>ct&HçtausmftaZm
ã raem*kdPf;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh eyHkvdefjzpfonf/ ykHvdefvnf;jzpfEdkifonf/ odkYjzpfí pdwåm'd*kdPf;
yk&dom'd*kdPf;rsm;uJhodkY ½kyfpOfESifh ½kyfajymif;vJyHkudk em;vnfyg/
ã (OD;awZ uJhodkY emrnfa[m awZç ,oç qE´ wdkYonf ykHvdefyk&dom'd*kdPf; jzpfonf/ ysufjcif;
t"dyÜg,f½Sdaom 0,ç BuD;yGm;jcif;ç ukokdvfaumif;rI t"dyÜg,f½Sdaom t,ç o&½SpfvHk;udk qdkvdkaom
o& wdkYonf ykvdefyk&dom'd*kdPf;jzpfonf/ &a[m onf edygwfvnf; jzpfEdkifonf)
(tajcjyKo'´gwGJbuf-53)
ã em? o®m 0dbwfae&mü ]]aom}}awGUu raem*kdPf;[k rrSwfESifh/
tw¬aom-teuftmjzifh? AsÍÆeaom-o'´gtm;jzifh? okwåaom-okwftm;jzifh? Oyg,aom-
Oyg,fwrsOftm;jzifh? oAÁaom-tvHk;pHktm;jzifh? Xmeaom-wcPjcif;tm;jzifh? 'DCaom-tvsm;(t½Snf)
rS)? Mo&aom-twGif;rS?
pOf;rsOf;rsm;
54/ aom 0g/ tum&EÅyk'f aemufu emonf aom odkYajymif;onf/
55/ 'DaCma&[d/ 'DC Mo& o'´gwdkY aemufu o®monf aomodkY ajymif;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf98
raem*Pm'd*kdPf;
raem*Pm'd*kdPf;onf raem*kdPf;vu©PmoHk;yg;wGif (u) yk&dom'd*kdPf; pdwåm'd*kdPf;xuf eHygwf
wpf ½kyfyHkpHom ydkaom*dkPf; (c) eHygwf ESpf ESifh oHk; ½kyfyHkpHom ydkaom*kdPf;[k eSpfrsKd;½Sd\/
(u) yxr raem*Pm'd*kdPf; ½kyfpOfyHk
y AdvH Advmç Advmed
tm abm Advç Advm b0EÅmed Advmç Advmed
'k AdvH (]]Adavm}}[k r½SdEdkif) Advmç Advmed
w Adaveç Advom Adav[dç Adavbd
p Advóç Advaom AdvmeH
rD Advo®mç AdvrSç Advm Adav[dç Adavbd
q Advóç Advaom AdvmeH
o Advo®ðç AdvrSdç Adavç Advod Adavok
yxr raem*Pm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
AdvH-wGif;? AvH-tm;ç tpGrf;ç ppfonfAdkvfygç tmPm? 'arm-qHk;rjcif;? 0ga[m-qif,mOfpaom
,mOfç twif;½Spfq,fudk ac:aom wpf0g[? xmarmç xmrH-tm;ç tpGrf;? Za&m-tzsm;a&m*g? Z&m-
tdkjcif;? y'H-yk'fç edAÁmefç ajcç ajc&m? rkcH-rsmufESmç cHwGif;
ã þyk'frsm;wGif ed*¾[dwfqHk;aomyk'frsm;udk pdwåm'd*kdPfuJhodkYç MoqHk;aomyk'frsm;udk yk&dom'd*kdPf;uJhodkYç
tmqHk;aom yk'fudk unm'd*kdPf;uJhodkY ½kyfpOfç ½kyfajymif;yHkudk odyg/ emç oç o®ð ü omç aomç od
½kyfydkrsm;xnfhyg/ xdkYjyif xmarm xmrH 0,f em-ü xmraomç xmrkem? o-ü xmrkaem? o®m-ü
xmrkem [k eHygwfwpf raem*kdPf;vu©Pm½kyftjyif xyfí ydkygao;onf/
xmro'´g yHkvdef½kyfpOfyHk
y xmarm xmrm
tm abm xmrç xmrm abmaEÅm xmrm
'k xmrH xmar
w xmareç xmromç xmrkemç xmraom xmar[dç xmarbd
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf99
p xmróç xmraomç xmrkaemç xmrmeH
rD xmro®mç xmrrSmç xmrmç xmrkem xmar[dç xmarbd
q xmróç xmraomç xmrkaemç xmrmeH
o xmro®ðç xmrrSdç xmarç xmrod xmarok
(eyHkvdefxmro'´gudk pdwåm'd*kdPf;twdkif;pOfNyD; ½kyfydkrsm;xnfhyg)
xmr + em = xmraom
aom
xmrkaemç xmrkem ponfudk ur®twdkif; odyg/ pmrsufESm 9-udk jyefMunfhyg/
(c) 'kwd, raem*Pm'd*kdPf; ½kyfpOfyHk
y tmayg tmyg
tm abm tmyç tmyg abmaEÅm tmyg
'k tmyHç tmayg tmay
w tmaye (]tmyom}[k r½Sd) tmay[dç tmaybd
p tmyó (]tmyaom}[k r½Sd) tmygeH
rD tmyo®mç tmyrSmç tmyg tmay[dç tmaybd
q tmyó (]tmyaom}[k r½Sd) tmygeH
o tmyo®ðç tmyrSdç tmay (]tmyod}[k r½Sd) tmayok
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
tmayg-a&? o&a'g-o&'Owkç ESpf? 0ga,m-av? &aZmç&ZH-jrLrIef
(&ZH udk eyHkvdef pdwåm'd*kdPf;pOf&NyD; usefyk'frsm;ukd yk&dom'd*kdPftwdkif; pOf&onf)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf100
zwfpm
30/ pwl[d bdu©a0 "ar®[d orEém*awm t&d,om0aum oAÁ'k*¾wdb,H orwduúaEÅm a[mwd/
uwar[d pwl[d ¿
£" bdu©a0 t&d,om0aum Aka'¨ ta0pöyoma'e orEém*awm a[mwd ]]£wdyd aom
b*0g t&[H or®morÁKa'¨g 0dZÆmp&PorÜaEém ok*awm avmu0d'l tEkwåa&m yk&do'r®om&xd ow¬m
a'0rEkómeH Aka'¨g b*0g}}wd/
"ar® ta0pöyoma'e orEém*awm a[mwd ]]oGu©mawm b*0wm "ar®m oE´d|daum tumvd
aum {[dyódaum Moyae,sdaum ypöwåH a0'dwaAÁm 0dnL[D}}wd/
oHaC ta0pöyoma'e orEém*awm a[mwd ]]okyÜ#dyaEém b*0awm om0uoHaCmç
OZkyÜ#dyaEém b*0awm om0uoHaCmç Ó,y#dyaEém b*0awm om0uoHaCmç omrdpdyÜ#dyaEém
b*0awm om0uoHaCmç ,'d'H pwåm&d yk&do ,k*ged t|yk&doyk*¾vm {o b0*0awm om0uoHaCm
tm[kaea,smç yg[kaea,smç 'u¨daPa,smç tÍÆvdu&PDa,smç tEkwå&H yknau©wåH avmuóm}}wd/
t&d,uaEÅ[d oDav[d orEém*awm a[mwd tca@[d tqda'´[d toAav[d tur®mao[d
bkZdaó[d 0dnLyoaw¬[d ty&mra|[d orm"doH0wåedau[d/ £ar[d bdu©a0 "ar®[d orEém*awm
t&d,om0aum oAÁ'k*¾wdb,H orwduúaEÅm a[mwd/ (oH-3? 'k*¾wdb,okwf-317)
t&d,(wd)t&-Ps jrwfaom?olawmfaumif;
om0u(yk) emMum;ol? wynfh
orwduúEÅ(wd) oH+twd+ur+w(wDudwf)
aumif;pGm vGefajrmufonf
ta0pö(Bud0d) odí? ynmjzifhouf0ifí
yom'(yk)y+o'+P? Munfjcif;? MunfnKdjcif;
orEém*w(wd)oH+tEk+tm*w? jynfhpHkonf
t&[(wd) t&[+t? xdkufaom
or®m(ed) aumif;pGm? rSefpGm
orÁK'¨(wd) oH+Ak"+w?(wDudwf)udk,fwdkifodonf
0dZÆm(xD) 0d'+,? todÓPf
p&P(e)p&+,k? tusifh? oGm;jcif;? ajc? ajcz0g;
ok*w(wd)ok+*w? aumif;aomtvm;½Sdonf
avmu(yk)avmu+t? vlYjynf? bHkoHk;yg;
'r®(wd) 'r+,? qHk;r&maom
om&xd(yk) om&+&xd? qifjrif;ponfudk oifjyol
oGmu©mw(wd)ok+tm+cg+w?
aumif;pGma[mMum;tyfaom
oH'd|du(wd) oH+'do+w=oH'd|+Pdu?
udk,fwdkif awGUEdkifaom w&m;
tumvdu(wd) e+umvdu? tcgrvifh
tusKd;ay;wwfaom
{[d(yÍörD) vmavmh? {wd(0wårmef)oGm;\? a&muf\
{[d-yódu(wd)vmMunfhyg[k tpD&if cHxdkufonf
ypöwåH (ed) rdrdudk,fwdkifç rdrdoEÅmefüç toD;toD;
0dnL (yk) ynm½Sd
okyÜ#dyEé (wd) aumif;pGm usifhtyfonf
OZkyÜ#dyEé (wd) ajzmifhaom tusifh½Sdonf
Ó,yÜ#dyEé (wd) edAÁmeftvdkYiSm usifhtyfonf
omrdpdyÜ#dyEé (wd) ½kdaorIESifh avsmfatmifusifhonf
tm[kae,s(wd)tm+[k+teD,=ta0;rSaqmifí
ay;vªjcif;udk cHxdkufonf
yg[kae,s(wd)yg[ke+Ps={nfhonfzdkYtvªudk cHxdkufonf
'u©daP,s(wd)'u©dPm+Ps=jrwfaomtvªudk cHxdkufonf
tÍÆvdu&PD,(wd)tÍÆvd+u&PD,=vuftkyfcsDjcif;iSg
xdkufonf
cufqpfpum;vHk;t"dyÜg,f
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf101
omrnumv
yÍörDBud,m
wckckvkyfzdkY apcdkif;vdkonfhtcgç wdkufwGef;onfhtcgç qkawmif;onfhtcgç qkay;onfhtcg
ponfwdkYü þyÍörDBud,mudk toHk;jyKonf/ þyÍörDBud,monf ypöKyÜef twdwf tem*wfumvwdkYwGif
umvwckckudkom rnTefjy/ umvomrefudkom nTefjyonf/ odkYjzpfí umvoHk;yg;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifonf[k
,lq&rnf/
a,m8 {u0kpf A[k0kpf
emr wk tEÅK
wkrS [d x
trS rd r
a,m* {u0kpf A[k0kpf
emr bkÍÆwk bkÍÆEÅK
wkrS bkÍÆ? bkÍÆm[d bkÍÆx
trS bkÍÆmrd bkÍÆmr
tpDt&ifxl;
1/ taemif [d wcgw&H ausaysmuf? yHkpH-bkÍÆ
2/ [dç rdç r a½SUu t> tm ajymif;? ykpH-bkÍÆm[d? bkÍÆmrd? bkÍÆmr
yHkpHrsm; 1/ ua&mwk ukovH/ ukovH-ukodkvfudk? ua&mwk-jyKygavm/
2/ okcH aw a[mwk/ aw-oifhtm;? okcH1-csrf;omonf? a[mwk-jzpfygapownf;/
3/ t[H okcD b0grd/ t[H-igonf? okcD-csrf;om½Sdonf? a[mrd-jzpf&ygvdk\/
4/ wkarS 'ku©m rkpöx/ wkarS-oifwdkYonf? 'ku©m-qif;&JrS? rkpöx-vGwfajrmufMuygap/
5/ wkarS okcdwm a[mx/ wkarS-oifwdkYonf? okcdwm-csrf;omjcif;½SdMuukefonf?
a[mx-jzpfMuygapukefownf;/
6/ b0gba0 t[H t,H okrermvm0 yd,m a[mrd/
b0gba0-b0wdkif;b0wdkif;ü? t[H-igonf? t,H okrermvm0-þjrav;yef;uJhodkY?
yd,m2-cspfp&maumif;olonf? b0grd-jzpf&ygvdk\/
1 okc^okcdw(wd) csrf;om? okcD(yk) csrf;omol? okcD(wd) csrf;omjcif;½Sdonf 2 yd,(wd)cspftyfaom? yd,(yk) cspftyfaomolç vifç wufrç wuf? yd,(e) cspftyfaomt&m?
yd,m(xD) cspftyfaomr,m;
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf102
arwåmydkY
taem"d
(1) oaAÁ owåm ta0&m a[mEÅK? tAsmyZÆm a[mEÅK? teDCm a[mEÅK? okcD twåmeH y&d[&EÅK (arwåm)/
'ku©m rkpöEÅK (u½kPm)/ ,xmv'¨orÜwådawm rm 0d*päEÅK (rk'dwm) ur®óum (Oayu©m)/
(2) oaAÁ ygPm . . ./
(3) oaAÁ blwm . . ./
(4) oaAÁ yk*¾vm . . ./
(5) oaAÁ twåbm0y&d,myEém . . ./
Mo"d
(6) oAÁm £w¬da,m . . ./
(7) oaAÁ yk&dom . . ./
(8) oaAÁ t&d,m . . ./
(9) oaAÁ te&d,m . . ./
(10) oaAÁ a'0g . . ./
(11) oaAÁ rEkóm . . ./
(12) oaAÁ 0dedygwdum ta0&m a[mEÅK? tAsmyZÆm a[mEÅK? teDCm a[mEÅK? okcD twåmeH
y&d[&EÅK (arwåm)/ 'ku©m rkpöEÅK (u½kPm)/ ,xmv'¨orÜwådawm rm 0d*päEÅK (rk'dwm)
ur®óum (Oayu©m)/
yk&w¬drm, 'dom, ypädrm, 'dom, Owå&m, 'dom, 'u©dPm, 'dom,ç yk&w¬drm,
tEk'dom, ypädrm, tEk'dom, Owå&m, tEk'dom, 'u©dPm, tEk'dom, oaAÁ owåm (y)
oaAÁ 0dedygwdum (y) ur®óum/
ygVd-jrefrm tbd"mef
a[mEÅK-jzpfMuygap
t-a0&(wd) &efr½Sdonf
t-AsmyZÆ(yk?e)pdwfqif;&Jjcif;r½Sdol
teDC(wd) qif;&Jr½Sdol
y&d+[&-aqmif
'ku©(e)qif;&J
rkpö-vGwf
,xmv'¨orÜwåd(xD)-&NyD;pnf;pdrf
0d*pä-ukefcef;çuif;aysmufçysufpD;
ur®+ou=ur®óu(wd)
uHomvQif udk,fydkifOpöm½Sdol
ygP(yk) xGufouf0ifouf½Sdaom
owå0g
blw(yk?e) cE¨mig;yg;xif½Sm;jzpfol
yk*¾v(y) yk*¾Kdvf? owå0g
twåbm0+y&d,myEé(wd) twåabmü
tusKHk;0ifol
t&d,(wd) t&d,m
te&d,(e+t&d,) (wd) ykxkZOf
a'0(y) ewf
rEkó(y)vl
£w¬d(£) rdef;r
0dedygwdu(wd) tyg,fbHkom;
Mo"d(y) ydkif;½Sm;jcif;
taem"d(e+Mo"d) (wd) tydkif;t½Sm;
r½Sdaom
yk&w¬dr(wd) ta½SUjzpfaom
Owå&(wd) ajrmuft&yfjzpfaom
'u©dP(wd) awmift&yfjzpfaom
ypädr(wd)taemuft&yfjzpfaom
'dom(£)t&yfrsufESm
tEk'dom(£)taxmifht&yf
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf103
ig;yg;oDv cH,laqmufwnfyHk
t[H baEÅ wdo&aPe o[ yÍöoDvH "r®H ,mpmrd tEk*¾[H uwGm oDvH a'x ar baEÅ/
('kwd,rÜd - -) (wwd,rÜd - -)
,r[H 0'grd wH 0a'x/ tmr baEÅ/
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/
Ak'¨H o&PH *pämrd/
"r®H o&PH *pämrd/
oHCH o&PH *pämrd/ 'kwd,rÜd ----? wwd,rÜd/
o&P*reH y&dykPÖH/ tmr baEÅ/
ygPmwdygwm a0&rPd odu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
t'dEém'gem a0&rPd odu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
umarok rdpämpm&m a0&rPd odu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
rkom0g'g a0&rPd odu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
ok&mar&,rZÆyrm'|mem a0&rPd odu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
£'H ar yknH tmo0u©,H 0[H a[mwk/ £'H ar oDvH edAÁmeó ypöa,m a[mwk/
wdo&aPe o[ yÍöoDvH "r®H om"kuH uwGm tyÜrma'e orÜma'x/ tmr baEÅ/
ygVd-jrefrm tbd"mef
wd(3-vdif)oHk; 'kwd,(wd)ESpfckajrmuf yd(ed)vnf; rdpäm(As)rSm;,if;
o&P(e)udk;uG,f&m wwd,(wd)oHk;ckajrmuf y&dykPÖ(wd)jynfhpHkNyD tmpm&(e)tusifh
o[(As)wuGoDv(e) oDv?tavh?tusifh twdygw(yk) vsifpGm rkom(As)rSmaompum;
yÍö(wdvdif)5 0'(blçpk)ajymqdk usapjcif;?owfjcif; 0g'(yk)ajymjcif;
"r®-usifh0wf?odu©myk'f tmr(As)0efcHjcif;?[kwfuJh t'dEé(wd)ray;tyfaom ok&m(£)csuft&uf
,mp(bl)awmif; baEÅ(ed)t½Sifbk&m; tm'ge(e),ljcif; ar&,(yk)yef;ponfa&mt&uf
tEk*¾[(yk)csD;ajr§mufjcif; earm(As)½Sdcdk;jcif;(onf^udk) umr(yk)vdkcsifp&m rZÆ(e)t&uf
yrm'(yk)arhjcif; Xme(e)taMumif;?wnfjcif; a0&rPD(£)a½SmifMuOfjcif; odu©my'(e)usifh0wf?odu©myk'f
orm'd,-aumif;pGm tmo0(yk)tmoa0w&m; 0[(wd)½Gufaqmif om"kuH(ed)aumif;pGm
aqmufwnf c,(yk)ukefjcif; edAÁme(e)Nidrf;jcif; orÜma'-jynfhpHkap
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf104
omrnumv
owårDBud,m
wckckvkyfzdkY olwyg;tm; cGifhjyKonfhtcgç BuHpnfawG;awmrIudk azmfjyonfhtcgç ponfwdkYü
þowårDBud,mudk toHk;jyKonf/ þowårDBud,monfvnf; ypöKyÜef twdwf tem*wfumvwdkYwGif
umvwckckudkom rnTefjy/ umvomrefudkom nTefjyonf/ odkYjzpfí umvoHk;yg;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifonf[k
,lq&rnf/
a,m8 {u0kpf A[k0kpf
emr {,s {,sKH
wkrS {,smod {,smx
trS {,smrd {,smr
a,m* {u0kpf A[k0kpf
emr *apä,sç *apä *apä,sKHç *päKH
wkrS *apä,smodç *apä *apä,smx
trS *apä,smrdç *apä *apä,smr
tpDt&ifxl;
{,sç {,smodç {,smrd > { ajymif;? ykpH-*apä
{,sKH > OH ajymif;? ykpH-*päKH
owårDtoHk;jyKyHk
cGifhjyKjcif;/ wGH *grH *apä,smod/
wGH-oifonf? *grH-½GmodkY? *apä,smod-oGm;csifoGm;awmh/
BuHqjcif;/ t,H t&[m ba0,s/
t,H-þolonf? t&[m-&[EÅmonf? ba0,s-jzpfavmuf&m\/
qkawmif;jcif;/ t[H Aka'¨g ba0,sH/
t[H-igonf? Aka'¨g-bk&m;onf? ba0,sH-jzpf&ygvdk\/
wdkufwGef;^awmif;yefjcif;/ rmP0H tZÑmay,smod/
(wGH-oifonf) rmP0H-vkvifudk? tZÑmay,smod-o&ZÑm,fapygavm?
(pmcsay;ygavm)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf105
ygVdzwfpm
yxryg&mZdu arxke"r® odu©my'
a,m ye bdu©K bdu©LeH odu©momZD0ormyaEém odu©H typöu©m, 'kAÁvsH tem0duwGm arxkeH
"r®H y#daoa0,s? tEÅraom wd&dpäme*wm,yd? yg&mZdaum a[mwd toH0gaom/
ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef
odu©m (£) tusifh omZD0(wd)o+tmZD0 touf½Sdonf ormyEé(wd)aumif;pGma&muftyfonf
ypöu©m,(Bud?0d)ywd+tm+cg+wGm 'kAÁvs(e)'kAÁv+, tm;enf;aomtjzpf tm0duwGm(Bud?0d) tm0d+u&+wGm
y,fçpGefYçcs í arxke(e)arxkefrSD0Jjcif; xifpGmjyKí
"r®(yk)tusifh y#d+ao0-rSD0J tEÅraom(As) tEÅ+£r+aom
yg&mZdu (wd) omoemrS toH0go(wd) &[ef;aumif;ESifhaygif; (£onftajymif;) t,kwfqHk;tm;jzifh
qHk½IH;aptyfol?yg&mZduusol cGifh r½Sdol
'kwd,yg&mZdu t'dEém'ge odu©my'
a,m ye bdu©K *grm 0g t&nm 0g t'dEéH ax,socFgwH tm'da,s,s? ,xm½lay t'dEém'gae
&mZmaem apm&H *a[wGm [ae,sKH 0g AaE¨,sKH 0g yAÁmaZÆ,sKH 0g ]] apma&mod Amavmod rlaVSmod
axaemoD}} wd wxm½lyH bdu©K t'dEéH tm'd,rmaem t,rÜd yg&mZdaum a[mwd toH0gaom/
(0denf;i,fav;apmifygXf-ESm 4)
ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef
ax,s (e) cdkjcif; ocFgw (wd) qdktyfonf tm'd, (tm+'g+,) ,l
,xm½ly (wd) tMuifodkYoabm½Sdaom &mZm (yk) rif; apm& (yk) cdk;ol
wxm½ly (wd) tMuifodkYoabm½Sdaom *a[wGm(*[+wGm),lí [e(bl)owfjcif;ç n§if;qJjcif;
AE¨-(bl?pk) wkwfaESmifjcif; Amv(wd) vlrdkuf?i,f½G,fol axe(wd)olcdk;
yAÁmaZ,sKH(y+0Z+aP+{,sKH) tod (to+od) jzpf\ rlVS (wd) awGa0ol? vlrdkuf
xGufoGm;ap y&d+bmo-uJh&Jh?qJa&;?Budrf;armif;
ã ax,socFgwH ü ed*¾[dwf(ao;ao;wif)onf yxrm od0dbwfrS ajymif;vmonf/ odkYaomf jzifh [k
bmomjyef&rnf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf106
£w¬dvdef oAÁemrf½kyfpOfrsm;
oAÁo'´g½kyfpOfyHk
y oAÁm oAÁmç oAÁma,m
tm abmwd oaAÁ abmwda,m oAÁmç oAÁma,m
'k oAÁH oAÁmç oAÁma,m
w oAÁm, oAÁm[dç oAÁmbd
p oAÁm,ç oAÁóm oAÁmoHç oAÁmomeH
r oAÁm, oAÁm[dç oAÁmbd
q oAÁm,ç oAÁóm oAÁmoHç oAÁmomeH
o oAÁm,Hç oAÁóH oAÁmok
(þ½kyfpOfü trsm;pkrSm unm'd*kdPf;ESifh wl\/ oAÁómç oAÁmoHç oAÁmomeHç oAÁóH om xl;\)
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
128/ Cyawm o®ð omeH oHom/ Cytrnf½Sdaom oAÁemrfwdkY aemufu o®ðç o 0dbwfwdkYonf
tpOftwdkif; wcgw&H oHç o wdkY ajymif;onf/
11/ oHomaoGu 0paeok p/ {u0kpf0dbwf oH om tjyKaMumifh o vm/
15/ aCm&óH/ {u0kpfjzpfukefaom oHç om tjyKwdkYaMumifh Ctrnf½Sdaom tmonf todkYajymif;onf/
½kyfajymif;vJyHk
oAÁ m + o = oAÁóm oAÁm + eH = oAÁmoH
? (o) om oH
oAÁm + eH = oAÁmomeH oAÁ m + o®ð = oAÁóH
omeH ? (o) oH
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf107
8 yg;oDv cH,laqmufwnfyHk
t[H baEÅ wdo&aPe o[ t|*ForEém*wH OaygoxoDvH "r®H,mpmrd? tEk*¾[H uwGm
oDvH a'x ar baEÅ/ 'kwd,rÜd . . . . / wwd,rÜd . . . . . /
,r[H 0'grd wH 0a'x/
tmr baEÅ
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/
Ak'¨H o&PH *pämrd/
"r®H o&PH *pämrd/
oHCH o&PH *pämrd/ ('kwd,rÜd .../ wwd,rÜd.../)
o&P *reH y&dykPÖH/
tmr baEÅ/
1/ ygPmwdygwm a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
2/ t'dEém'gem a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
3/ tjA[®p&d,m a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
4/ rkom0g'g a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
5/ ok&mar&,rZÆyrm'|mem a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
6/ 0dumvabmZem a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
7/ epö *Dw 0g'dw 0dolu 'óe rmvm*E¨ 0davye "m&P
0dbloeXmem a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
8/ Opömo,e r[mo,em a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
£'H ar yknH tm0ou©,H 0[H a[mwk/
£'H ar oDvH edAÁmeó ypöa,m a[mwk/
wdo&aPe o[ t|*ForEém*wH OaygoxoDvH "r®H om"kuH uwGm tyÜrma'e orÜma'x/
tmr baEÅ/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf108
ygVd-jrefrm tbd"mef
t|*F+orEém*w (wd) Oaygox+oDv(e) OykofoDv tjA[®+p&d,(e) rjrwfaomtusifh
8-yg;aom t*FgESifh jynfhpHkaom 0dumv+abmZe(e) aevGJtcgpm;jcif; epö(e) ujcif;
*Dw(e)aw;?oDcsif;?oDcsif;qdkjcif; 0g'dw(e)BuKd;wyfwl&d,m? wD;rIwfjcif; 0dolu(e) yGJobif
'óe(e) ('óe+o0e) rmvm(xD) yef; *E¨(yk) eHYom
0d½ly{uaoof=Munfh½I 0davye(e) eHomjzifhvdrfjcif;ç "m&P(e?xD)yefqifjcif;?0wfqifjcif;
em;axmifjcif; (om&w¬#D) vdrf;p&meHYom r@e(e)vufaumufponfjzifh
0dbloe(xD?e) wefqmqifjcif;ç 0dbloe+Xme(e)wefqmqifjcif;taMumif; cE¨mudk tvSqifjcif;? rdwfuyfjc,fjcif;
tqifwefqm Opöm+o,e(e) (vuf½Spfopfxuf) r[m+o,e(e)jrwfaomtdyf&mae&m
jrifhaomtdyf&mae&m
£w¬dvdef
oAÁemrf wo'´g ½kyfpOfyHk
{u0kpf A[k0kpf
y/ om emç ema,mç wmç wma,m
'k/ eHç wH emç ema,mç wmç wma,m
w/ em,ç wm, em[dç embdç wm[dç wmbd
p/ wdómçwómçeómçtóm
wdóm,çwóm,çeóm,çtóm, emoHç emomeHç wmoHç wmomeH
em,ç wm,
rD/ em,ç wm, em[dç embdç wm[dç wmbd
q/ wdómçwómçeómçtóm
wdóm,çwóm,çeóm,çtóm, emoHç emomeHç wmoHç wmomeH
em,ç wm,
o/ wdóHç wóHç eóHç tóHç em,Hç wm,H emokç wmok
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf109
y/ w + m + od = om w + m + a,m = wm w + m + a,m = wma,m
o w + m + a,m = em w + m + a,m = ema,m
e e
'k/ w + m + i = wH w + m + i = eH (trsm;udef; yxrmESifhwl)
e
w/ w + m + em = wm, w + m + em = em,
m, e m,
rD/ w + m + [d = wm[d^bd w + m + [d = em[d^bd
e
p^q/ w + m + o = wdóm w + m + o = wóm^eóm^tóm
-d (o)om e^t ? (o)om
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
11/ oHomaoGu 0paeok p/ {u0kpf0dbwf oH om tjyKaMumifh o vm/
12/ {wdrmord/ {u0kpf0dbwf oHomtjyKaMumifh {wmç £rmwdkY\ tmonf £odkYajymif;onf/
13/ wóm 0g/ {u0kpf0dbwf oHomtjyKaMumifh wm\ tmonf £odkYajymif;onf/
14/ wawm oó óm,/ ]wm {wm £rm}wdkY aemufu o onf óm, wdkY ajymif;onf/
60/ Cawm em'DeH/ Ctrnf½Sdaom tm\ aemufü½Sdaom em o o®m o o®ð wdkYonf tm, odkY
ajymif;onf/
67/ Cyawmp a,meH avmayg/ C y ps v wdkY\ aemufü½Sdaom a,monf wcgw&H aysmufuG,f
oGm;onf/
123/ {wawoH awm/ od aMumifh eyHkvdefr[kwfaom {w \ wESifh w onf o odkYajymif;onf/
124/ wó 0g ew¬H oAÁw¬/ vdeftm;vHk;ü w onf e odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
125/ oo®mo®ð oHomoGwåH/ o o®m o®ð 0dbwfESifh 0dbwfrS ajymif;vmaom oH omaMumifh w onf
t odkY ajymif;onf/
165/ Cyawm o®ð,H0g/ C y wdkY\ aemuf½Sdaom o®ð onf wcgw&H ,H odkY ajymif;onf/
169/ aooawm avmyH *odyd/ od onf a-gç -gç ? H odkY rajymif;u aysmufuG,foGm;onf/
185/ £w¬d,rawm tmypöa,m/ tum&EÅpum;vHk;rsm;aemufwGif £w¬dvdifyg[k ajymjy&ef -g qufay;
&rnf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf110
w + m + o = wdóm, w + m + o = wóm,^eóm,^tóm,
-d óm, e^t ? óm,
w + m + o = wm,^em, w + m + eH = wmoH^wmomeH
e m, oH^omeH
w + m + eH = emoH^emomeH
e oH^omeH
o/ w + m + o®ð = wm,H w + m + o®ð = em,H
,H e ,H
w + m + ok = wmok w + m + ok = emok
e
£w¬dvdef
oAÁemrf {wo'´g ½kyfpOfyHk
{u0kpf A[k0kpf
y/ {om {wmç {wma,m
'k/ {wH {wmç {wma,m
w/ {wm, {wm[dç {wmbd
p/ {wm,ç {wdómç {wdóm, {wmoHç {wmomeH
rD/ {wm, {wm[dç {wmbd
q/ {wm,ç {wdómç {wdóm, {wmoHç {wmomeH
o/ {wm,Hç {wdóH {wmok
(½kyfajymif;yHk w o'´gtwdkif; odyg)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf111
£w¬dvdef
oAÁemrf £r o'´g ½kyfpOfyHk
{u0kpf A[k0kpf
y/ t,H £rmç £rma,m
'k/ £rH £rmç £rma,m
w/ £rm, £rm[dç £rmbd
p/ £rm,ç tómç tóm,
£rdómç £rdóm, £rmoHç £rmomeH
rD/ £rm, £rm[dç £rmbd
q/ £rm,ç tómç tóm,
£rdómç £rdóm, £rmoHç £rmomeH
o/ £rm,Hç tóHç £rdóH £rmok
y/ £rm + od = t,H
t,H
p^q/ £r + m + o = tóm
t ? (o) om
(usef½kyfajymif;yHkrsm;udk £w ¬dvdif w o'´gtwdkif; odyg)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf112
wwd,yg&mZdu rEkó0d*¾[ odu©my'
a,m ye bdu©K oÍödpö rEkó0d*¾[H ZD0dwm a0a&may,s ow¬[m&uH 0gçó y&da,ao,s?
r&P0PÖH 0g oH0aPÖ,s? r&Pm, 0g orm'ay,s ]]tarÇm yk&do uð wk,Sdrdem ygyaue 'kZÆD0dawe?
rwH aw ZD0dwm aoa,sm}}wd/ £wd pdwåraem pdwåouFayÜg taeuy&d,ma,e r&P0PÖH 0g
oH0aPÖ,s? r&Pm, 0g orm'ay,s? t,rÜd yg&mZdaum a[mwd toH0gaom/
ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef
oÍödpö(Bud?0d)(oH+pdw+wGm)aumif;pGmaphaqmfí rEkó(yk) vl 0d*¾[(yk) cE¨mudk,f
a0ga&may,s(0d+t0+½k[+aP+{,s)cGJtHh ZD0dw(e) touf ow¬(e) vufeuf
[m&u(wd)aqmifwwfaom r&P(e)aojcif; 0PÖ(yk) *kPfaus;Zl;
y&da,ao,s(y&d+£o+{,s)½SmtHh ygyu(wd),kwfrmaom 'kZÆD0dw(e)raumif;aom
oH0aPÖ,s(oH+0PÖ+aP+{,s)csD;rGrf;^xif½Sm;jytHh rw(e)aojcif; touf½Sifjcif;
orm'ay,s(oH+tm+'g+Pmay+{,s) aumif;pGm,laptHh aoa,s(t) jrwf\
pdwåouFyÜ(yk)pdwfüjzpfaom tBuH taeu(wd)rsm;aom
y&d,m,(y) taMumif;? tvSnfh? tBudrf
pwkw¬yg&mZdu Owå&drEkó"r® odu©my'
a,m ye bdu©K tebdZmeH Owå&drEkó"r®H tw¬Kyem,duH tvr&d,ÓP'óeH ork'gpa&,s
]]£wd Zmemrd? £wd yómrD}}wd? wawm tya&e ora,e orEk*¾g[D,rmaem 0g torEk*¾g[D,rmaem
0g tmyaEém 0dok'¨gayau©m {0H 0a',s ]]tZmear0H tm0kaom t0pH Zmemrd tyóH yómrdç wkpäH
rkom 0dvyd}}EÅd? tnMw t"drmem? t,rÜd yg&mZdaum a[mwd toH0gaom/
ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef
rEkó"r®(yk) ukovur®yx 10-yg; tbdZme(e)odjcif; Owå&d(wd)vGefaom
twåKyrm,du(wd)twå+Oyem,du tvH+t&d,+ÓP'óe(wd) wawm(As)xdkrS?xdkYaMumifh
rdrdü uyfaqmifí pGrf;Edkifaom t&d,mÓPftjrif½Sd ty&(wd)tjcm;? wyg;
ork'gpa&,s(oH+O+tm+p&+{,s) ajymjytHh tmyEé(wd) tm+y'+w?a&mufol tnMw(As)MuOfí
orEk*¾g[D,raem (oH+tEk+*[+aP+,+rme) t"drme(yk)&NyD[kxifjcif; wkpä(wd)qdwfokOf;aom
ppfaq;tyfaomf rkom(As)rkom;
0dok'¨(wd)0d+ok"+w? pifMu,faom 0dvyð(0d+vy+£H)ajymqdkNyD
tayu©(wd)ty+£u©+t? tvdk½Sdaom^ol t0pH(t+0p+tZÆwåeD t rS
tHajymif;) ajymcJhNyD
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf113
ykv’dif trk (xdk^þ) o'´g
½kyfpOfyHk
y tokç trk trl
'k trHk trl
w trkem trl[dç trlbdç trk[dç trkbd
p trkóç t'kó trloHç trlomeHç trkoHç trkomeH
rD trko®mç trkrSmç trkem trl[dç trlbdç trk[dç trkbd
q trkóç t'kó trloHç trlomeHç trkoHç trkomeH
o trko®ðç trkrSd trlokç trkok
pnf;rsOf;rsm;/ 37/ a,mok uwedum&avmayok 'DCH/ a,m0dbwfond edodkY ajymif;NyD;vQif4if;
odkYr[kwf a,m0dbwfonf ausajymufNyDvQif4if; a½SYu o&onf 'DCodkYajymif;onf/
67/ Cyawmp a,meH avmayg/ Cypsv wdkYrS pum;vHk;aemufu a,monf
aysmufuG,foGm;onf/
79/ trkóm'Hk/ eyHkvdifü tHç od wdkYaMumifh trk onf tHç od ESifh twl t'Hk odkY
ajymif;onf/ (o aMumifhvnf; t'kH ajymif;Edkif ao;onf)
122/ trkó armoH/ od aMumifh eyHkvdifr[kwfaom trk \ r onf o odkY
ajymif;onf/
127/ oAÁawm aum/ yk'ftm;vHk;aemufü u tu©&m xyfa&;Edkifonf/
½kyfNyD;yHk
trk + od = tok trk + od = trk trk + a,m = trl
rf> of+K r+K> L
trk + ?H = trHk trk + a,m = trl
H rf+K> L
trk + em = trkem trk + [d = trl[d^bd trk[d? trkbd
rf+K> L
(p^q) trk + o = trkó trk + o = t'kó trk + o = trkaem
ó t'kH(ed*¾[dwfacs) aem
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf114
trk + eH = trloH^trlomeH trk + eH = trkoH^trkomeH
rf+K> L oH^omeH oH^omeH
trk + o®m = trko®mç trkrSmç trkem1 trk + [d = trl[d^bd trk+[d= trk[d^bd
rSm^em rf+K> L
trk + o®ð = trko®ð^trkrSd trk + ok = trlok trk + ok = trkok
rSd rf+K> L
eykv’dif trk (xdk^þ) o'´g
½kyfpOfyHk
y t'kHç trHk trlç trled
'k t'kHç trHk trlç trled
trk + od = t'Hk trk + od = t'Hk trk + a,m = trl trk + a,m =trled
t'kH ? H rf+K> L rf+K> L ed
trk + ? H = t'kH trk + ? H = trHk
t'Hk H
£w¬dvdif trk (xdk^þ) o'´g
½kyfpOfyHk
y tokç trk trlç trka,m
'k trHk trlç trka,m
w trk,m trl[dç trlbdç trk[dç trkbd
p trk,mç trkóm trloHç trlomeHç trkoHç trkomeH
rD trk,m trl[dç trlbdç trk[dç trkbd
q trk,mç trkóm trloHç trlomeHç trkoHç trkomeH
o trk,mçtrkóHçtrk,2H trlokç trkok
1 v,fwDy'rmvmjy 2 v,fwDy'rmvmjy
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf115
trk + od = tok trk + od = trk trk + a,m = trl trk + a,m = trka,m
rf>of+K rf+K> L
trk + ? H = trHk (trl? trka,m yxrmESifhwl)
H
trk + em = trk,m trk + [d = trl[d^trlbd
,m rf+K> L
(p^q) trk + o = trk,m trk + o = trkóm trk + eH = trloH^trlomeH
,m (o)om rf+K> L oH^omeH
trk + o®ð = trk,m^trk,H trk + o®ð = trkóH trk + ok = trlok
,m^,H (o)oH rf+K> L
ã tok trk wdkYaemuf u tu©&mqufí tokaumç tokuHç tokum? trkaumç trkuHç trkum
ponfjzifh yk&dom'd*dkPf; pdwåm'd*kdPf; unm'd*kdPf; wdkYtwdkif; ½kyfpOf&rnf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf116
"m&Py&dwfawmf
Ak'¨geH ZD0dwó e ouúm auepd tEÅ&ma,m umwHk? wxm ar a[mwk/
twDwHao Ak'¨ó b*0awm tyÜ#d[wHH ÓPH? tem*wHao Ak'¨ó b*0awm tyÜ#d[wH
ÓPH? ypöKyÜEéHao Ak'¨ó b*0awm tyÜ#d[wH ÓPH/
£ar[d wD[d "ar®[d orEém*wó Ak'¨ó b*0awm oAÁH um,ur®H ÓPykAÁ*FrH ÓPmEky&d0wåH?
oAÁH 0pDur®H ÓPykAÁ*FrH ÓPmEky&d0wåH? oAÁH raemur®H ÓPykAÁ*FrH ÓPmEky&d0wåH/
£ar[d q[d "ar®[d orEém*wó Ak'¨ó b*0awm ew¬d qE´ó [med? ew¬d "r®a'oem,
[med? ew¬d 0D&d,ó [med? ew¬d 0dyóem, [med? ew¬d orm"dó [med? ew¬d 0drkwåd,m [med/
£ar[d 'Gg'o[d "ar®[d orEém*wó Ak'¨ó b*0awm ew¬d '0g? ew¬d &0g? ew¬d tzk#H?
ew¬d a0*g,dwwåH? ew¬d tAsm0#raem? ew¬d tyÜ#docFgEkayu©m/
£ar[d t|m&o[d "ar®[d orEém*wó Ak'¨ó b*0awm earm owåEéH or®morÁK'¨geH/
ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef
ouúm(As)pGrf;Edkif\(Bud,mtaejzifhoHk;onf) '0g(As) jrL;wl;jcif;
oauúmwd(Bud)ou+Mo+wd? pGrf;Edkif\ &0g(£)vGJvGJacsmfacsmfjyKjcif;
twDw+tHo=twDwHo(yk) vGefNyD;aomtzdkY zk#(wd) z& ^zko+w=ysHUESYH^awGUxd
t+yÜy#d[w^#(wd)rydwfyifrwm;qD;tyfaom tzk#(wd)reSHYrxdrjynfhaom
ykAÁ*Fr(wd)a½SUoGm;jzpfaom a0*g,dw(e)taqmwvsifjyKvkyfjcif;
tEky&d0wå(wd) (tEk+y&d+0wk+w) Asm0#(wd)0d+tm+0#+t^0d+tm+0&+w
tpOfvdkufwwfaom tm;xkwf^vHkYv^aMumifhMujyKaom^ol
[med(£)[m+ed=,kwfjcif; y#docFge(e)ywd+oH+cg+,k=pl;prf;qifjcifjcif;
a'oem(£)a[mawmfrljcif; tyÜ#docFge(e)rqifjcifjcif;(arm[)
0drkwdå(£) zvormywf?udavomrSvGwfjcif;
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf117
&wåm'd*dkPf; (£w¬dvdef)
(u) £um&EÅ
(c) Oum&EÅ
(*) ODum&EÅ
(u) £um&EÅ
y &wåd &wåDç &wåda,mç &awsm
tm abmwd &wåd abmwda,m &wåDç &wåda,mç &awsm
'k &wåð &wåDç &wåda,mç &awsm
w &wåd,mç &wsm &wåD[dç &wåDbdç &wåd[dç &wådbd
p &wåd,mç &wsm &wåDeHç &wådeH
rD &wåd,mç &wsm &wåD[dç &wåDbdç &wåd[dç &wådbd
q &wåd,mç &wsm &wåDeHç &wådeH
o &wåd,mç &wsm &wåDokç &wådok
&wåd,Hç &wsHç &awåm
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
41/ AsÍÆaem p 0doanma*g/ ed*¾[dwfaemufu o&ausNyD;aomf AsOf;ESpfvHk;rS wvHk;jzpfonf/ AsOf;oHk;vHk;
½SdvQif AsOf;wlESpfvHk; rS tpvHk; aysmufonf/
8/ aw £w¬dcsm ayg/ £w¬dvdif um&EÅ £ þ O OD wdkYudk y [k emrnfhay;onf/
17/ trm yawm o®ðo®meH 0g/ yrnfaom £þ rS aemuf o®ðo®monf tpOftwdkif tH tm odkY ajymif;
onf/ em ESifh o vnf; tm odkY ajymif;onf/
18/ tm'dawm Mo p/ tm'd ESifh &wåd o'´gaemif o®ð onf Mo odkYajymif;onf/
21/ y onó p/ 0dbwfrS ajymif;vmonfh Mo tm tH o&aMumifh £ þ onf , odkY ajymif;onf/
31/ tHarmed*¾[DwH psvay[d/ psvy aemuf tHonf ed*¾[dwfodkY ajymif;onf/
33/ taCm &ó aru0pe a,moGydp/ {u0kpf0dbwf a,m0dbwfaMumifh Cr[kwfaom 'DConf
&óodkYajymif;onf/ od0dbwfaMumifhum; &óodkYrajymif;/
37/ a,mok uwedum&avmayok 'DCH/ a,m0dbwfond edodkY ajymif;NyD;vQif4if; odkYr[kwf
a,m0dbwfonf ausajymufNyDvQif4if; a½SYu o&onf 'DCodkYajymif;onf/
38/ okeH[dokp/ okç eHç [d 0dbwfwdkYaMumifh a½SUu o&onf 'DCodkY ajymif;onf/
rajymif;onfh tcgvnf;½Sdonf/
67/ Cyawmp a,meH avmayg/ C y ps v wdkY\ aemufü½Sdaom a,monf wcgw&H aysmufuG,f
oGm;onf/
123/ {wawoH awm/ od aMumifh eyHkvdefr[kwfaom {w \ wESifh w onf o odkYajymif;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf118
124/ wó 0g ew¬H oAÁw¬/ vdeftm;vHk;ü w onf e odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
125/ oo®mo®ð oHomoGwåH/ o o®m o®ð 0dbwfESifh 0dbwfrS ajymif;vmaom oH omaMumifh w onf
t odkY ajymif;onf/
154/ wawma,mearmwkü wkjzifh a,monf a-m odkYajymif;onf/
165/ Cyawm o®ð,H0g/ C y wdkY\ aemuf½Sdaom o®ð onf wcgw&H ,H odkY ajymif;onf/
169/ aooawm avmyH *odyd/ od onf a-gç -gç ? H odkY rajymif;u aysmufuG,foGm;onf/
193/ psvyg &óH/ *odaMumifh psvy rnfaom þOD wdkYonf &óodkYajymif;onf/
£w¬dvdef £um&EÅ &wåd ½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ &wåd + od = &wåd &wåd + a,m = &wåD &wåd + a,m = &wåda,m
wåf+-d> -D
&wåd + a,m = &awsm
wåf+-d> -s a-m
tm/ (yxrmESifhwl)
'k/ &wåd + tH = &wåð &wåD &wåda,m &awsm (yxrmtrsm;udef;ESifhwl)
-H
w^rD/ &wåd + em^o®m = &wåd,m &wåd + em^o®m = &wåd,m
,m wåf+-d> -s m
&wåd + [d = &wåd[d^bd &wåd + [d = &wåd[d^bd
bd wåf+-d> -D
p^q/ &wåd + o = &wåd,m &wåd + o = &wåd,m &wåd+eH=&wådeH &wåd+ eH=&wådeH
,m wåf+-d> -s m wåf+-d> -D
o/ &wåd + o®ð = &wåd,H &wåd + o®ð = &wsH &wåd + o®ð = &wåð
,H wåf+-d> -s ? H ? H> -H
&wåd + o®ð = &awåm &wåd+ok=&wådeH &wåd+ ok= &wådok
a-m wåf+-d> -D
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf119
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
&wåd-nnfh rwd-odjcif; embd-csuft&yf aAm"d-odjcif;
cEÅd-onf;nnf;cHjcif; ,k0wd-tysKd Moo"d-aq; ygVd-ygVdyk'ftpOf
od'¨d-NyD;pD;jcif; £'¨d-wefcdk; udwåd-ausmfaZmjcif; ,kwåd-toifh,kwdå
t*kFvd-vufacsmif; 'kE´Kbd-pnfBuD;
(c) Oum&EÅ
y/ ,m*k ,m*lç ,m*ka,m
tm/ abmwd ,m*k abmwda,m ,m*lç ,m*ka,m
'k/ ,m*kH ,m*lç ,m*ka,m
w/ ,m*k,m ,m*l[dç ,m*lbdç ,m*k[dç ,m*kbd
p/ ,m*k,m ,m*leHç ,m*keH
rD/ ,m*k,m ,m*l[dç ,m*lbdç ,m*k[dç ,m*kbd
q/ ,m*k,m ,m*leHç ,m*keH
o/ ,m*k,mç ,m*k,H ,m*lokç ,m*kok
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
,m*k-,m*k(,ufref;) "mwk-"mwfoabm a"Ek-EGm;r ''´K-ayG;çn§if;
u@K-,m;em ua&Pk-qifr &ZÆK-BuKd; oók-a,mu©r rdef;r
yd,*kF-ysOf;ryif OVK-Mu,fwm&m
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf120
(c) ODum&EÅ
y/ 0"l 0"lç 0"ka,m
tm/ abmwd 0"k abmwda,m 0"lç 0"ka,m
'k/ 0"Hk 0"lç 0"ka,m
w/ 0"k,m 0"l[dç 0"lbd
p/ 0"k,m 0"leH
rD/ 0"k,m 0"l[dç 0"lbd
q/ 0"k,m 0"leH
o/ 0"k,mç 0"k,H 0"lok
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
0"l-acR;r?rdef;r ZrÁL-oajyyif prl-ppfonf
o&bl-wufwl o&Al-rudk#fç o&zl upäL-0Jem
okbl-aumif;aom (vSaom) rsufcHk;
0grl½l-wifhw,faom aygif½Sdaom rdef;r
em*emol½l-qif\ESmarmif;uJhodkY t&if;wkwfí tzsm;ao;vsuf vHk;aom aygif½Sdaom rdef;r
okwEl-wifhw,faom udk,f½Sdaom rdef;r
tm/ 0"l + od = 0"k 0"l + ?H = 0"kH
"f+L>K "f+L>K -H
w/ 0"l + em = 0"k,m
"f+L>K ,m
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf121
&wåm'd*dkPf; (ykv’dif)
(u) tmum&EÅ (C) O
(c) £um&EÅ (i) OD
(*) þum&EÅ (p) Mo
(u) tmum&EÅ (om-acG;)
y om omç omaem
tm a[ oç om abmaEÅm omç omaem
'k oHç omeH aoç omae
w omem omae[dç omaebd
p omó omeH
rD omem omae[dç omaebd
q omó omeH
o omae omaeok (tajcjyKo'´gwGJzuf-82)
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
33/ taCm &ó aru0pe a,moGydp/ {u0kpf0dbwf a,m0dbwfaMumifh Cr[kwfaom 'DConf
&óodkYajymif;onf/ od0dbwfaMumifhum; &óodkYrajymif;/
34/ e odo®dr eyHkoumed/ odaMumifh eyHkvdifr[kwfaom £w¬dvdif ykv’dif 'DCo&onf &óodkYrajymif;/
106/ [d0dbwådrSdp/ [d0dbwfaMumifh ykr\ tqHk;tonf tme odkYjymif;onf/ pjzifh 0dbwftm;vHkaMumifh
rC0,k0wdkY\ tqHk;tonf &Hcg tmeodkYajymif;onf/
½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ om + od = om om + a,m = om
of+m>? m
tm/ om + od = oç om om (yxrma,mESifhwl)
of+m>?> m>?
'k/ oH+ ?H = oH om om + ?H = omeH
of+m>?>me
(usef½kyfajymif;yHkudk enf;,lí odyg)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf122
(c) £um&EÅ (t*¾d-rD;)
y t*¾dç t*¾ded t*¾Dç t*¾a,m
tm abm t*¾d abmaEÅm t*¾Dç t*¾a,m
'k t*¾ð t*¾Dç t*¾a,m
w t*¾dem t*¾D[dç t*¾Dbdç t*¾d[dç t*¾dbd
p t*¾dóç t*¾daem t*¾DeHç t*¾deH
rD t*¾do®mç t*¾drSmç t*¾dem t*¾D[dç t*¾Dbdç t*¾d[dç t*¾dbd
q t*¾dóç t*¾daem t*¾DeHç t*¾deH
o t*¾do®ðç t*¾drSd t*¾Dokç t*¾dok
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
44/ t*¾dóded/ odaMumifh t*¾d\ tqHk;£onf £edodkYajymif;onf/
45/ a,moG uw&aóm apsm/ a,mwdkYaMumifh yif&óps £onf todkYajymif;onf/
t*¾d + od = t*¾ded
*¾f+-d>-ded
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
t*¾d-rD; tm'd-tp Asm"d-tem ra[od-bk&m;½Sif
£od-&aoh £od-&aoh&[ef; *P²d-txHk;tzGJUçcufqpf rked-bk&m;½Sif
ukpäd-0rf; tod-oefvsuf ygPd-vuf t[d-a>r
udrd-ydk;avmuf t&d-&efol Ówd-aqGrsKd; Avd-tcGeftwkwf
twdxd-{nfhonf
ã t*¾ded vdk £ed ajymif;onfh½kyfonf t*¾düom ½Sdonf/ tm'dponfü tm'ded[k r½Sd/
ã tm'd ½kyfpOfwGif o®ðü ]]tm'dawm Mop}}okwfjzifh tm'daemuf o®ðudk tH Mo ajymif;í tm'do®ðçrSd
tjyif tm'ð tma'g ESpf½kyfydkonf/
ã £od rked wGif tmvkyfodü Cawpokwf pnf;rsOf;t& odonf {odkYajymif;í £ao rkae [k
½SdEdkifonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf123
(*) þum&EÅ ('@D-'kwf½Sdol)
y '@D '@Dç '@daem
tm abm '@d abmaEÅm '@Dç '@daem
'k '@ðç '@deH '@Dç '@daem
w '@dem '@D[dç '@Dbd
p '@dóç '@daem '@DeH
rD '@do®mç '@drSmç '@dem '@D[dç '@Dbd
q '@dóç '@daem '@DeH
o '@do®ðç '@drSdç '@ded '@Dok
pnf;rsOf;
173/ eHpsawm uw&óm/ jyKjyifNyD;aom ps&órSaemuf tHonf eHodkYajymif;onf/
174/ a,meaem/ jyKjyifNyD;aom ps&órSaemuf a,mwdkYonf aemodkYajymif;onf/
175/ o®ðed/ jyKjyifNyD;aom ps&órSaemuf o®ðonf edodkYajymif;onf/
*kdPf0ifyk'frsm;
'@D-'kwf½Sdol *PD-*kdPf;q&m oHCD-oHCOuú| omrD-t½Sifocif
*grD-oGm;avh½Sdol a,m*D-tm;xkwfjcif;½Sdol a&m*D-a&m*g½Sdol okcD-okc½Sdol
'ku©D-'ku©½Sdol pm&D-usifhavh½Sdol pm*D-pGefYusJavh½Sdol
'gXD-tpG,f½Sdaom a>rçjcaoFh? usifpG,f½Sdol
*grPD-½GmolBuD;ç tBuD;tcsKyf
ukovD-ukodkvf½Sdolç usef;rmol
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf124
(C) Oum&EÅ (bdu©K-&[ef;) (pmrsufESm 87-rSm Munfhyg)
(i) ODum&EÅ (o,rÇL-q&mr½SdbJtvdktavsmufjzpfEdkifaombk&m;)
y o,rÇL o,rÇLç o,rÇKa0g
tm abm o,rÇK abmaEÅm o,rÇLç o,rÇKa0g
'k o,rÇKH o,rÇLç o,rÇKa0g
w o,rÇKem o,rÇL[dç o,rÇLbd
p o,rÇKóç o,rÇKaem o,rÇLeH
rD o,rÇKem o,rÇL[dç o,rÇLbd
q o,rÇKóç o,rÇKaem o,rÇLeH
o o,rÇKo®ðç o,rÇKrSd o,rÇLok
*kdPf0ifyk'frsm;
0wåbl-0wåtok&mudk vGrf;rdk;Edkifaom jA[®m orÇL-aumif;pGmjzpfol
ybl-tpdk;&ol 0dbl-txl;jzpfonf
y&mbdbl-olwyg;ukd vGrf;rdk;Edkifol oAÁnL-tvHk;pHkudkodol
a0'*l-r*fÓPfjzifh edAÁmefa&mufol 0dnL-ynm½Sd
o[bl-wuGjzpfonf
ã tbdblç 0wåblç orÇLç yblç 0dblç y&mbdbl wdkYudk o,rÇL twdkif; ajymif;yg/ oAÁnL a0'*l
0dnL ponfwdkYü a,mwdkYonf a0godkYrajymif;yJ aemodkYajymif;onf/ o[blü a,mwdkYonf a0gçaem
ESpfrsKd;vHk; ajymif;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf125
(p) Moum&EÅ (a*g-EGm;)
y a*g *ga0gç *a0g
tm a[ a*g abmaEÅm *ga0gç *a0g
'k *0Hç *g0Hç *g0Hk *ga0gç *a0g
w *ga0eç *a0e a*g[dç a*gbd
p *g0óç *0ó *0Hç a*geHç *kEéH
rD *g0o®mç*g0rSmç *g0g
*0o®mç *0rSmç *0g a*g[dç a*gbd
q *g0óç *0ó *0Hç a*geHç *kEéH
o *g0o®ðç*g0rdSç *ga0
*0o®ðç *0rSdç *a0 *ga0okç *a0okç a*gok
pnf;rsOf;
22/ *g0ao/ oaMumifh a*g\ Moonf tm0 odkYajymif;onf/
23/ a,mokp/ a,mç emç o®mç o®ðç ok wdkYaMumifh a*g\ Moonf tm0 odkYajymif;onf/
24/ t0HrSdp/ tH aMumifh a*g\ Moonf tm0^t0 odkYajymif;onf/ a,mç emç oç o®mç o®ðç ok
wdkYaMumifh a*g\ Moonf t0 odkYajymif;onf/
25/ tm0ók0g/ tHaMumifh tm0\ tonf OodkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
26/ wawme-rH ywdrSm-vkawå p ormao/ywdo'´gaMumifh tvkwåormofü a*gaemufu eHonf
tHodkYajymif;onf/ a*g\ Moonf t0odkY ajymif;onf/ ormofr[kwf&mwGifvnf; eHonf tHodkY
ajymif;í a*g\ Movnf; t0odkYajymifEdkifonf/
29/ a*gPeHrSd0g/ eHaMumifh a*gonf a*gPodkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
30/ ok[demokp/ ok [d em 0dbwfwdkYaMumifh a*gonf a*gPodkY ajymif;onf/ eHçokç[dçem wdkYtjyif
odponfh 0dbwfwdkYaMumifhvnf; a*gonf a*gPodkYajymif;onf/ (tusOf;tm;jzifh 0dbwftm;vHk;aMumifh
a*gonf a*gPodkY ajymif;Edkifonf[k rSwfyg) eHaMumifh a*gonf *kodkYajymif;onf/
16/ aem p 'Gg'dawm eHrSd/ a*g aemufu eH\ a½SU evm/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf126
&wåm'd*dkPf; (eyHkvdif)
(u) £um&EÅ (C) ODum&EÅ
(c) þum&EÅ (i) Moum&EÅ
(*) Oum&EÅ
(u) £um&EÅ (t|d-t½dk;)
y t|d t|Dç t|Ded
tm a[ t|d a[ t|Dç t|Ded
'k t|ð t|Dç t|Ded
w t|dem t|D[dç t|Dbd
p t|daemç t|dó t|DeH
rD t|do®mç t|drSmç t|dem t|D[dç t|Dbd
q t|daemç t|dó t|DeH
o t|do®ðç t|drSd t|Dok
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
166/ a,meH ed eyHkoau[d/ £ þ O OD Mo um&ef 5 rsKd;aemif a,m0dbwfonf &Hcg ed ajymif;onf/
37/ a,mok uwedum&avmayok 'DCH/ a,m0dbwfond edodkY ajymif;NyD;vQif4if; odkYr[kwf
a,m0dbwfonf ausajymufNyDvQif4if; a½SYu o&onf 'DCodkYajymif;onf/
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
t|d-t½kd; tu©dçtpäd-rsufvHk;
ow¬d-aygif 0g&d-a&
'"d-EdkY"rf; oyÜd-axmywf
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf127
(c) þum&EÅ (okcum&D-csr;omudkjyKavh½Sdaom'ge)
y okcum&dd okcum&DDç okcum&Ded
tm a[ okcum&dd a[ okcum&DDç okcum&Ded
'k okcum&ð okcum&DDç okcum&Ded
w okcum&dddem okcum&D[ddç okcum&Dbd
p okcum&dddaemç okcum&dddó okcum&DeH
rD okcum&dddo®mç okcum&ddrSmç
okcum&dem okcum&D[ddç okcum&Dbd
q okcum&dddaemç okcum&dddó okcum&DeH
o okcum&ddo®ðç okcum&ddrSd okcum&Dok
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
33/ taCm &ó aru0pe a,moGydp/ {u0kpf0dbwf a,m0dbwfaMumifh Cr[kwfaom 'DConf
&óodkYajymif;onf/ od0dbwfaMumifhum; &óodkYrajymif;/
34/ e odo®dr eyHkoumed/ odaMumifh eyHkvdifr[kwfaom £w¬dvdif ykv’dif 'DCo&onf &óodkYrajymif;/
(odaMumifh eyHkvdif 'DCo&onf &óodkY ajymif;onf[k qdkvdkonf)
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
okcum&D-csrf;omudk jyKavh½Sdaom 'ge
oDC,m,D-vsifjrefpGm oGm;avh½Sdaom pdwf
ã okcum&D-csrf;omudk jyKavh½Sdaom a,musfm;? oDC,m,D-vsifjrefpGm oGm;avh½Sdaoma,musfm;
[k jrefrmjyefvQif yHkvdif '@Dtwdkif;pOf&rnf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf128
(*) Oum&EÅ (tm,k-touf)
y tm,k tm,lç tm,led
tm abm tm,k b0EÅmed tm,lç tm,led
'k tm,Hk tm,lç tm,led
w tm,kem (tm,kom) tm,l[dç tm,lbd
p tm,kaemç tm,kó tm,leH
rD tm,ko®mç tm,krSmç tm,kem tm,l[dç tm,lbd
q tm,kaemç tm,kó tm,leH
o tm,ko®ðç tm,krSd tm,lok
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
tm,k-touf pu©K-rsufpd 0ok-(a½TçaiG)&wem 'g½k-opfom;
r"k-ysm;&nf trÁK-a& wdyk-ovGJrnf;(cJykyf) [d*kF-½Sdef;cdk
od*Fkç od*¾K-csif; rwåK-&ufwuf 0w¬K-wnfae&m Zwk-csdwf
omvk-MumpG,f tók-rsuf&nf zvk-tqpf AdE´K-taysmuftvHk;
ã em0dbwfü om qHk;aom yHkpHonf tm,ktwGufom jzpfonf/ tjcm;*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;ü r½Sd/ pu©K
ponfü pu©Kem[k w½kyfom ½Sdonf/ pu©Kom[k r½Sd/
ã tm,konf ykvd’ifvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ ykv’difjzpfu bdu©K twdkif; ½kyfpOf&onf/
ã trÁKü o®ðonf ed odkY ajymif;NyD; trÁKedd[k ½SdEdkifonf/ (v,fwDy'rmvm y 155)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf129
(C) ODum&EÅ (a*gMwbl-a*gMwbkpdwf)
y a*gMwbk a*gMwblç a*gMwbled
tm abm a*gMwbk b0EÅmed a*gMwblç a*gMwbled
'k a*gMwbHk a*gMwblç a*gMwbled
w a*gMwbkem a*gMwbl[dç a*gMwblbd
p a*gMwbkóç a*gMwbkaem a*gMwbleH
rD a*gMwbko®mça*gMwbkrSmça*gMwbkem a*gMwbl[dç a*gMwblbd
q a*gMwbkóç a*gMwbkaem a*gMwbleH
o a*gMwbko®ðç a*gMwbkrSd a*gMwblok
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
"r®nL-w&m;udkodaom ÓPf
tbdbl-vTrf;rdk;aom(ÓPfçpdwf)
(p) Moum&EÅ (pdwå*k-qef;Mu,faom EGm;aMumif;ç EGmusm;½Sdaom trsKd;)
y pdwå*k pdwå*lç pdwå*led
tm abm pdwå*k b0EÅmed pdwå*lç pdwå*led
'k pdwå*kHk pdwå*lç pdwå*led
w pdwå*kkem pdwå*l[dç pdwå*lbd
p pdwå*kóç pdwå*kaem pdwå*leH
rD pdwå*kko®mç pdwå*kkrSmç pdwå*kkem pdwå*l[dç pdwå*lbd
q pdwå*kaemç pdwå*kkó pdwå*leH
o pdwå*kko®ðç pdwå*kkrSd pdwå*lok
ã pdwå-qef;Mu,faom+a*g-EGm;=pdwåa*g-qef;Mu,faomEGm;½Sdol/ ]]pdwåa*g}}onf pum;vHk;ESpfck
aygif;pyfxm;aom ormofpum;vHk;jzpfonf/ ygVdo'´gxHk;pHt& ]]pdwåa*g}}onf ]]pdwå*k}}[k MorS OodkY
ajymif&onf/ ]]pdwåa*g}}onf rl&if;jzpfNyD; ]]pdwå*k}}onf ajymif;vJNyD;yHkpH jzpfonf/ rl&if;udk Munfhí
MoqHkonfh pum;vHk;[k ajymEdkifovdk ajymif;vJNyD;yHkpHMunfhí OqHk;onfh pumvHk;[kvnf; ajymEdkifonf/
odkUaomf ½kyfajymif;vJyHk avhvmonftcg rl&if;pum;vHk;tjzpf ]]pdwå*k}} [k OqHk;onfh pum;vHk;tjzpfESifh
avhvm&onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf130
ykrm'd*kdPf; ykv’dif tum&EÅ
ykr (a,musfm;) ykv’dif ½kyfpOf
y ykrmç ykarm ykrmaemç ykrm
tm a[ ykrHç ykrç ykrm abmaEÅm ykrmaem ykrm
'k ykrmeHç ykrH ykrmaemç ykar
w ykrkemçykrmemçykare ykrmae[dç ykrmaebdç ykar[dç ykarbd
p ykrkaemç ykró ykrmeH
rD ykrkemç ykro®mç ykrrSmç ykrm ykrmae[dç ykrmaebdç ykar[dç ykarbd
q ykrkaemç ykró ykrmeH
o ykrmaeç ykro®ðç ykrrSdç ykar ykrmaeokç ykarokç ykrmok
ã rsOf;wm;xm;aom pum;vHk;rsm;onf yk&dom*dkPf;twdkif; jzpfonf/
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
101/ ykrEÅóm odrSd/ odaMumifh ykrç rC0ç ,k0ç t'¨ wdkY\ tonf 0dbwfESifhtwl tmodkY ajymif;onf/
102/ trmvyaeu0pae/ tmvkyf{u0kpf od0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfESifhwuG ykr\ tqHk;tonf tHodkY
ajymif;onf/
103/ ormao p 0dbmom/ ykrESifh tjcm;pumvHk; ESpfck aygif;pyf&mwGifvnf; tmvkyf{u0kpf od0dbwf
aMumifh 0dbwfESifhwuG ykr\ tqHk;tonf tHodkY &Hcg ajymif;onf/ (a[ £w¬dykrH=tHajymif;yHk?
a[ £w¬dykrç £w¬dykrm=trHajymif;onfhyHk)
104/ a,moGm aem/ a,m0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfESifhwuG ykr\ tqHk;tonf tmeodkY ajymif;onf/
105/ tmae o®ðrSd 0g/ o®ð0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfESifhwuG ykr\ tqHk;tonf tmaeodkY &Hcg ajymif;onf/
106/ [d0dbwådrSdp/ [d0dbwfaMumifh ykrtqHk;tonf tmaeodkYajymif;onf/ 0dbwftm;vHk;aMumifh rC0
,k0ponfwdkY\ tqHk;tonf tmeodkY &Hcg ajymif;onf/
107/ oko®d rm0g/ ok0dbwfaMumifh ykrtqHk;tonf &Hcg tmodkY ajymif;onf/
108/ OemrSd p/ emçoço®maMumifh ykrçur®çxmrçt'¨ wdkY\ tonf O (odkYr[kwf) tmodkY ajymif;onf/
½kyfajymif;vJyHk
y/ ykr + od = ykrm ykr + a,m = ykrmaem
rf+? > m tmaem
tm/ ykr + od = ykrH 'k/ ykr + ?H = ykrmeH
rf+? > ?H rf+? > tme
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf131
w/ ykr + em = ykrkem ykr + em = ykrmem ykr + [d = ykrmae[d
rf+? > K rf+? > tm rf+?>tmae
p^q/ ykr + o = ykrkaem o/ ykr + o®ð = ykrmae ykr + ok = ykrmaeok
rf+?>K aem rf+? >tmae rf+?>tmae
ã ,k0 \ tonf (u) tmeodkY ajymif;ívnf;aumif; (c) rajymif;bJvnf;aumif; ESpfrsKd;½SdEdkifonf/
(u) ,k0 (vlysKd) ykv’dif½kyfpOf
y/ ,k0g ,k0gç ,k0gaem
tm/ abm ,k0ç ,k0g abmaEÅm ,k0gç ,k0gaem
'k/ ,k0H ,ka0ç ,k0gaem
w/ ,ka0eç ,k0gem ,ka0[dç ,ka0bd
p/ ,k0ó ,k0geH
rD/ ,k0o®mç ,k0rSmç ,k0g ,ka0[dç ,ka0bd
p/ ,k0ó ,k0geH
o/ ,k0o®ðç ,k0rSdç ,ka0 ,ka0okç ,k0gok
y/ ,k0 + od = ,k0g ,k0 + a,m = ,k0gaem ,k0 + em^ok = ,k0gem^,k0gok
0f+? > m tmaem 0f+?>m
(usef½kyfrsm; yk&dotwdkif; odyg)
(c) ,k0 (vlysKd) ykv’dif½kyfpOf
y/ ,k0gaem ,k0gem
tm/ abm ,k0geç ,k0gem abmaEÅm ,k0gem
'k/ ,k0geH ,k0gae
w/ ,k0gaee ,k0gae[dç ,k0gaebd
p/ ,k0geó ,k0gemeH
rD/ ,k0geo®mç,k0gerSmç,k0gem ,k0gae[dç ,k0gaebd
q/ ,k0geó ,k0gemeH
o/ ,k0geo®ðç ,k0gerSdç ,k0gae ,k0gaeok
ã odpaom tvHkpHkaom 0dbwfaMumifh ,k0\ tudk tmeajymif;í yk&dotwdkif; ajymif;vJ&onf/
rC0(oMum;)udkvnf; ,k0twdkif; ½kyfpOf ½kyfajymif;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf132
t'¨ (tcsdefumv^c&D;) ykv’dif½kyfpOf
y/ t'¨g t'¨gaem
tm/ abm t'¨ç t'¨g abmaEÅm t'¨gaem
'k/ t'¨geH t'¨gaem
w/ t'¨Kem t'¨gae[dç t'¨gaebd
p/ t'¨Kaem t'¨geH
rD/ t'¨Kem t'¨gae[dç t'¨gaebd
q/ t'¨Kaem t'¨geH
o/ t'¨edç t'¨gae t'¨gaeokç t'¨gok
ã tH0dbwfjzifh t'¨geHç [d0dbwfjzifh t'¨gae[dç o®ð0dbwfjzifh t'¨gae wdkYü t'¨\ tonf tmeodkY
ajymif;onf/ o®ð0dbwfjzifh t'¨edü o®ðonf edodkY ajymif;onf/ usef½kyfrsm;onf ykrtwdkif; jzpfonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf133
&mZm'd*kdPf; ykv’dif tum&EÅ
&mZ (rif;) ykv’dif ½kyfpOf
y &mZm &mZmaem
tm abm &mZç &mZm abmaEÅm &mZmaem
'k &mZmeHç &mZH &mZmaem
w &nmç &mZdemç &maZe &mZl[dç &mZlbd? &maZ[dç &maZbd
p &anmç &mZdaem &nHç &mZleHç &mZmeH
rD &nm &mZl[dç &mZlbd? &maZ[dç &maZbd
q &anmç &mZdaem &nHç &mZleHç &mZmeH
o &anç &mZded &mZlokç &maZok
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
84/ &mZó &anm &mZdaem ao/ oaMumifh &mZonf 0dbwfESifhtwl &anm &mZdaemodkY ajymif;onf/
85/ &nH eHrSd 0g/ eHaMumifh &mZonf 0dbwfESifhtwl &nHodkY ajymif;onf/
86/ emrSd &nm 0g/ emaMumifh &mZonf 0dbwfESifhtwl &nmodkY ajymif;onf/
87/ o®ðrSd &an &mZded/ o®ðaMumifh &mZonf 0dbwfESifhtwl &anç &mZdedodkY ajymif;onf/
00/ &mZódemrSd(arm*¾vmefusrf;)emaMumifh &mZ\ tonf £odkYajymif;onf/
118/ &mZó &mZk okeH[dok p/ okçeHç[d wdkYaMumifh &mZonf &mZkodkY wcgw&Hajymif;onf/
137/ jAwåoc&mZm'dawm trmeH/ jA[®ç twåç ocç &mZ wdkYaemufu tHonf tmeHodkY ajymif;onf/
138/ osmp/ jA[®ç twåç ocç &mZ wdkY aemufu odonf tmodkY ajymif;onf/
139/ a,mermaem/ jA[®ç twåç ocç &mZ wdkY aemufu a,mwkdYonf tmaemodkY ajymif;onf/
140/ ocawm pm a,maem/ oc aemufu a,mwkdYonf tma,m (odkYr[kwf) aemodkY ajymif;onf/
141/ o®d ar/ oc aemufu o®ðonf {odkY ajymif;onf/
142/ jA[®awm *ó p/ jA[® aemufu (tmvkyfod) *od onf {odkY ajymif;onf/
143/ ocEÅód aem em eH aook/ (a,mrSajymif;vmonfh) aemç emç eH o 0dbwfwdkYa½SUu oc\
tonf £odkYajymif;onf/
143/ tma&m [drSd 0g/ [daMumifh oc\ tonf wcgw&H tm&odkYajymif;onf/
144/ oke rHok0g/ okç eHç tH 0dbwfwdkYaMumifh oc\ tonf wcgw&H tm&odkYajymif;onf/
145/ jA[®awmwk o®ð ed/ jA[®ç ur®ç pr®ç rk'¨ç t'¨ wdkYaemufu o®ðonf edodkYajymif;onf/
146/ OwåH oemok/ oç emç eH wdkYaMumifh jA[®\ tonf OodkYajymif;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf134
160/ twåaEÅm [do®d rewåH/ [dç ok 0dbwfaMumifh twå\ tonf teodkYajymif;onf/
161/ wawm o®ðed/ twåaemufu o®ðonf edokdY ajymif;onf/
162/ oóaem/ twåaemufu oonf aemokdY ajymif;onf/
163/ o®mem/ twåaemufu o®monf emokdY ajymif;onf/
½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ &mZ + od = &mZm &mZ + a,m = &mZmaem 'k/ &mZ + tH = &mZmeH
tm tmaem tmeH
w/ &mZ+em = &nm &mZ + em = &mZdem &mZ + [d =&mZl[d
&nm Zf+?> -d &mZk (Zf+K> L)
p^q/ &mZ+o =&anm^&mZdaem &mZ+eH = &nH &mZ + eH =&mZleH
&anm^&mZdaem &nH &mZk (Zf+K> L)
rD/ &mZ + o®m = &nm &mZ + o®ð = &an^&mZded &mZ + ok =&mZlok
&nm em &an^&mZded &mZk (Zf+K> L)
(usefonfh ½kyfajymif;yHkrsm;onf yk&dom'd*kdPf;twdkif; jzpfonf)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf135
jA[® (jA[®m) ykv’dif ½kyfpOf
y jA[®m jA[®maem
tm a[ jAa[® abmaEÅm jA[®maem
'k jA[®meHç jA[®H jA[®maem
w jA[®Kem jAa[®[dç jAa[®bd
p jA[®Kaemç jA[®ó jA[®LeHç jA[®meH
rD jA[®Kem jAa[®[dç jAa[®bd
q jA[®Kaemç jA[®ó jA[®LeHç jA[®meH
o jA[®ed jAa[®ok
½kyfNyD;yHk
tm jA[® + od = jAa[® w jA[® + em = jA[®Kem
a- [®f+?> K
o jA[® + o®ð = jA[®ed
ed
twå (twåç rdrdudk,f) ykv’dif ½kyfpOf
y twåm twåmaem
tm abm twåç twåm abmaEÅm twåmaem
'k twåmeHç twåH twåmaem
w twåemç tawåe twåae[dç twåaebd
p twåaem twåmeH
rD twåem twåae[dç twåaebd
q twåaem twåmeH
o twåed twåaeokç tawåok
½kyfNyD;yHk
w twå + [d = twåae[d
wåf+?> ?e
ef+?> a
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf136
ã tmwkr (udk,fç rdrdudk,f) udkvnf; yxrmç tmvkyfç 'kwd,mü twåESifhtwl ½kyfpOf^½kyfNyD;í
wwd,mrSpí owårDtxd yk&doESifhtwl ½kyfpOf^½kyfNyD;yg/
oc (taqGcifyGef;ç rdwfaqG) ykv’dif ½kyfpOf
y ocg ocgaemç ocga,mç ocdaem
tm abm ocç ocgç oac abmaEÅm ocgaemç ocga,mç ocdaem
'k ocgeHç ocg&Hç ocH ocgaemç ocga,mç ocdaem
w ocdem ocga&[dç ocga&bdç oac[dç oacbd
p ocdaemç ocdó ocDeHç ocg&meHç ocgeH
rD ocdem ocga&[dç ocga&bdç oac[dç oacbd
q ocdaemç ocdó ocDeHç ocg&meHç ocgeH
o oac ocga&okç oacok
½kyfNyD;yHk
y oc + a,m = ocga,m oc + a,m = ocdaem
-ga,m cf+?> -d aem
'k oc + ?H = ocg&H oc + em = ocdem
cf+?> -g& cf+?> -d
w oc + [d = ocga&[d p^q oc + o = ocdó
cf+?> -g& cf+?> -d ó
&f>?>a
oc + o = ocDeH o oc + o®ð = oac
cf+?> -d> -D eH a
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf137
e'g'd*kdPf;
£w¬dvdif þum&EÅ
e'D (jrpf) ½kyfpOf
y e'D e'Dç e'da,m (eaZÆm)
tm abmwd e'd abmwda,m e'Dç e'da,m (eaZÆm)
'k e'ðç e'd,H e'Dç e'da,m (eaZÆm)
w e'd,m (eZÆm) e'D[dç e'Dbd
p e'd,m (eZÆm) e'DeH
rD e'd,m (eZÆm) e'D[dç e'Dbd
q e'd,m (eZÆm) e'DeH
o e'd,mç e'd,Hç eZÆH e'Dok
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
17/ trm yawm o®ðo®meH 0g/ yrnfaom £þ rS aemuf o®ðo®monf tpOftwdkif; tH tm odkY ajymif;
onf/ em ESifh o vnf; tm odkY ajymif;onf/
21/ y onó p/ 0dbwfrS ajymif;vmonfh Mo tm tH o&aMumifh £ þ onf , odkY ajymif;onf/
31/ tHarmed*¾[DwH psvay[d/ psvy aemuf tHonf ed*¾[dwfodkY ajymif;onf/
33/ taCm &ó aru0pe a,moGydp/ {u0kpf0dbwf a,m0dbwfaMumifh Cr[kwfaom 'DConf
&óodkYajymif;onf/ od0dbwfaMumifhum; &óodkYrajymif;/
61/ yawm,m/ yrnfaom £þ OODaemufu em o o®m o o®ð wdkYonf ,modkYajymif;onf/
67/ Cyawmp a,meH avmayg/ C y ps v wdkY\ aemufü½Sdaom a,monf wcgw&H aysmufuG,f
oGm;onf/
154/ wawma,mearmwkü wkjzifh a,monf a-m odkYajymif;onf/
165/ Cyawm o®ð,H0g/ C y wdkY\ aemuf½Sdaom o®ð onf wcgw&H ,H odkY ajymif;onf/
169/ aooawm avmyH *odyd/ od onf a-gç -gç ? H odkY rajymif;u aysmufuG,foGm;onf/
172/ tH,rDawm yonawm/ yrnfaom þaemufu tHonf ,H odkYajymif;onf/
193/ psvyg &óH/ *odaMumifh psvy rnfaom þOD wdkYonf &óodkYajymif;onf/
217/ ,0wH wve'um&meH AsÍÆemed pvÚZ um&wåH/ ,tu©&m½SduHkaom wve' wdkYonf tpOftwdkif;
pvÚZ odkY ajymif;onf/(ajymif;NyDvQif a'Gabmf jzpfoGm;onf)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf138
½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ e'D + a,m = eaZÆm 'k/ e'D + ? H =e'd,H
'f+-D> -s ='s> Z> ZÆ a-m 'f+-D> -d ,H
w/ e'D + em =e'd,m e'D + em = eZÆm
'f+-D> -d ,m 'f+-D> -s ='s> Z> ZÆ m
o/ e'D + o®ð =e'd,H e'D + o®ð = eZÆH
'f+-D> -d ,H 'f+-D> -s ='s> Z> ZÆ ?H
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
e'D-jrpf £w¬Dç em&D-rdef;r ukrm&Dç w½kPD-tysKd jA[r®PD-ykPÖm;r
ocD-rdwfaqGr rmwkvmeD-ta': od&D-Muufoa& abmwD-t½Sifr
*g0D-EGm;r 'goD-uRefr ykx0Dç yx0D-ajr
*päwDç*päEÅD-c&DoGm;aomrdef;r *kP0wDç*kP0EÅD-*kPf½Sdaomrdef;r
ã *kP0g'd*kdPf;0ifyk'fç *päEÅm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;udk þqufay;u e'g'd*kdPf;0ifrsm; jzpfoGm;Muonf/
ã aZÆm ZÆm ZÆH yHkpHrsm;onf e'DtwGufomjzpfí usef*kdPf0ifyk'frsm; ½kyfpOf&mwGif aZÆm ZÆm ZÆHrsm;
csefí pOf&rnf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf139
*[ywm'd*kdPf;
£w¬dvdif þum&EÅ
*[ywmeD (tdrf½Sifr) ½kyfpOf
y *[ywmeDD *[ywmeDDç *[ywmeda,m
tm abmwd *[ywmed abmwda,m *[ywmeDç *[ywmeda,m
'k *[ywmeðç*[ywmed,H *[ywmeDç *[ywmeda,m
w *[ywmed,m *[ywmeD[dç *[ywmeDbd
p *[ywmed,m *[ywmeDeH
rD *[ywmed,m *[ywmeD[dç *[ywmeDbd
q *[ywmed,m *[ywmeDeH
o *[ywmed,mç *[ywmed,H *[ywmeDok
*dkPf;0ifyk'frsm;
bdu©KeD-&[ef;r &mZdeD-rdzk&m;(rif;uawmf) '@deD-'kwf½Sdaomrdef;r
aygu©&PD-a&uef ,u©deD-bDvl;r y&pdwå0d'leD-olrsm;pdwfudkodEdkifaom
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
(13) 0gya&mto½lyg/ ½kyfoGifrwlaom o&rsm;awGUqHkvQif &Hcg aemufo&aysmufuG,foGm;onf/
(16) ykaAÁmp/ aemufo&ausNyD;aomf a½SU&óo&onf wcsKdU 'DCodkYajymif;onf/
(40) ywdódeDrSd/ £eDaMumifh ywd\ tqHk;£onf todkY ajymif;onf/
(&8) w'¨dw ormo udwum emrH 0g wa0 wkem'Dok p/ w'¨dwfyk'f ormofyk'f udwfyk'fwdkYudk
emrfyk'ftjzpf owfrSwfEdkifonf/ owfrSwfNyD;&if emrf0dbwfqufay;EdkifNyD/ wGmç wHk ponf qHk;onfh
pum;vHk;wkYudk emrftrnfay;p&mrvdk/ edygwfyk'fjzpfí wdkuf½kduf emrf0dbwfqufay;Edkifonf/
(188) ywd bdu©K &mZD-um&-aEÅ[d £eD/ £w¬dvdefü ywdç bdu©Kç &mZç þum&EÅo'´gç 0d'l paom
ODum&EÅo'´gç ,u© paom tum&EÅo'´gwdkYaemif £eD qufay;&onf/
(60) uGpm'drZÑKwå&meH 'DC&óm ypöa,ok p/ aemufü ypönf;aESmif;onf jzpfapç raESmif;onf
jzpfap yk'f\ tptv,ftqHk;wdkYü 'DC &ó jyKEdkifonf/
(61) awok 0k'¨davmyg-*r 0dum& 0dy&Dwm-a'om p/ yk'f\ tptv,ftqHk;wdkYü tcsKdUt&mü 0k'¨djyK
jcif; azmufjyefjcif; ajymif;jyefjzpfjcif; tma'ojyKjcif;rsm; jzpfEdkifonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf140
½kyfNyD;yHk
*[ywd + -deD = *[ywmeD + od = *[ywmeD bdu©K + -deD = bdu©KeD
wf+-d> -? -deD -deD
-g
&mZ + -deD = &mZdeD '@D + -deD = '@deD
Zf+ ? @f+-D
y&pdwå0d'l + -deD = y&pdwå0d'leD ,u© + -deD = ,u©deD
aygu©PD (a&uef) ½kyfpOf
y aygu©&PD aygu©&PDç aygu©&Pda,mç aygu©&anm
tm abmwd aygu©&Pd abmwda,m aygu©&PDç aygu©&Pda,mç aygu©&anm
'k aygu©&Pðç aygu©&Pd,H aygu©&PDç aygu©&Pda,mç aygu©&anm
w aygu©&Pd,mç aygu©&nm aygu©&PD[dç aygu©&PDbd
p aygu©&Pd,mçç aygu©&nm aygu©&PDeH
rD aygu©&Pd,mç aygu©&nm aygu©&PD[dç aygu©&PDbd
q aygu©&Pd,mç aygu©&nm aygu©&PDeH
o aygu©&Pd,mç aygu©&nm
aygu©&Pd,Hç aygu©&nH aygu©&PDok
½kyfNyD;yHk
aygu©&(Mumça&)+-D(½Sd)= aygu©&D + -deD = aygu©&PD + od = aygu©&PD
&f+-D> ? ef> -Pf+-D
aygu©&PD + a,m = aygu©&anm aygu©&PD + emçoço®mçoço®ð> m=aygu©&anm
Pf+-D> s=Psf> Ú> n a-m Pf+-D> s=Psf> Ú> n
aygu©&PD + o®ð> -H=aygu©&nH
Pf+-D> s=Psf> Ú> n
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf141
£w¬dvdefa[mo'´g
£w¬dvdefa[mo'´grsm;jzpfaMumif; azmfjy&ef rl&if;pum;vHk;rsm;ü tmç þç £eD qufay;&onf/
(1) tzdktr ESpfrsKd;t"dyÜg,fudk azmfjyEdkifonfh pum;vHk;rsm;udk trt"dyÜg,fESifh ajymqdkoHk;EIH;vdkonfh
tcg rsm;aomtm;jzifh þ (-D) qufay;&onf/ yHkpH -okec(acG;xD;çacG;r) olu&(0ufxD;ç0ufr)
ruú#(arsmufxD;çarsmufr) ,u©(bDvl;txD;çtr) / okecD(acG;r) olu&D(0ufr) ruú#D(arsmufr)
,u©D(bDvl;r) odkYaomf wcgw&H £eD(-deD)vnf; qufay;wwfonf/ yHkpH - ,u©deD (bDvl;r)
(2) P0ç Pduç aP,sç Pç EÅç EÅKç qufxm;onfhyk'frsm;ü þ(-D)qufay;&onf/
P0 = rme0D (xD) tysKdr rme0(yk)vlysKd
Pdu=em0duD (xD) avSolBuD;uawmf em0du (yk) avSolBuD;
aP,s=a0eaw,sD (xD) *VKefr\orD; a0eaw,s (yk) *VKef
PD=a*gwrD (xD) a*gwrD rdzk&m; a*gwr (yk) a*gwrzk&m;
EÅ=*päEÅD (xD) oGm;aomrdef;r *päEÅ (yk) oGm;aoma,musfm;
EÅK=*kP0EÅD (xD) *kPf½Sdaomrdef;r *kP0EÅ (yk) *kPf½Sdaoma,musfm;
(3) tum&EÅ 0daooeyk'faemufrSm tm (-m) qufay;&onf/
tbd½lyg unm/ eDvm rmvm/ aombem 0"l/
tbd½ly (wd) wifhw,faom
eDv (wd) nKdçpdrf;ndKaom
aombe (wd) wifhw,faom
(4) *[ywm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;jzpfaom £çþçOçOD qHk;onfhyk'fü £eD (-deD) qufay;&onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf142
ykv’dif½kyfpOfrsm;
tum&EÅ (yk&dom'd*dkPf;)
y yk&daom yk&dom
tm abmyk&doçyk&dom abmaEÅm yk&dom
'k yk&doH yk&dao
w yk&daoe yk&dao[d^bd
p^q yk&doó yk&domeH
rD yk&doo®mçyk&dorSmçyk&dom yk&dao[d^bd
o yk&doo®ðçyk&dorSdçyk&dao yk&daook
tum&EÅ(raem*kdPf;)
y raem rem
tm abm reçrem abmaEÅm rem
'k reHçraem rae
w raeeçreom rae[d^bd
p^q reóçreaom remeH
rD reo®mçrerSmçrem rae[d^bd
o reo®ðçrerSdçraeçreod raeok
tum&EÅ (ykrm'd*dkPf;)
y ykrmçykarm ykrmaemç ykrm
tm a[ ykrHçykrçykrm abmaEÅm ykrmaemçykrm
'k ykrmeHçykrH ykrmaemçykar
w ykrkemçykrmemçykare ykrmae[dçbdçykar[dçbd
p^q ykrkaemçykró ykrmeH
rD ykrkemçykro®mçykrrSmçykrm ykrmae[dçbdçykar[dçbd
o ykrmaeçykro®ðçykrrSdçykar ykrmaeokçykarokçykrmok
tum&EÅ (ykrm'd*dkPf;)
y ,k0g ,k0gç ,k0gaem
tm abm ,k0ç,k0g abmaEÅm ,k0gç,k0gaem
'k ,k0H ,ka0ç ,k0gaem
w ,ka0eç,k0gem ,ka0[dç,ka0bd
p^q ,k0ó ,k0geH
rD ,k0o®mç,k0rSmç,k0g ,ka0[dç,ka0bd
o ,k0o®ðç,k0rSdç,ka0 ,ka0okç,k0gok
tum&EÅ (ykrm'd*dkPf;)
y ,k0gaem ,k0gem
tm abm ,k0geç,k0gem abmaEÅm ,k0gem
'k ,k0geH ,k0gae
w ,k0gaee ,k0gae[dç,k0gaebd
p^q ,k0geó ,k0gemeH
rD ,k0geo®mç,k0gerSmç,k0gem ,k0gae[dç,k0gaebd
o ,k0geo®ðç,k0gerSdç,k0gae ,k0gaeok
tum&EÅ (&mZm'd*dkPf;)
y &mZm &mZmaem
tm abm &mZç&mZm abmaEÅm &mZmaem
'k &mZmeHç &mZH &mZmaem
w &nmç&mZdemç&maZe &mZl[dçbd?&maZ[dçbd
p^q &anmç &mZdaem &nHç &mZleHç &mZmeH
rD &nm &mZl[dçbd?&maZ[dçbd
o &anç &mZded &mZlokç &maZok
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf143
tum&EÅ (&mZm'd*dkPf;)
y jA[®m jA[®maem
tm a[ jAa[® abmaEÅm jA[®maem
'k jA[®meHç jA[®H jA[®maem
w jA[®Kem jAa[®[dçbd
p^q jA[®Kaemç jA[®ó jA[®LeHç jA[®meH
rD jA[®Kem jAa[®[dçbd
o jA[®ed jAa[®ok
tum&EÅ (&mZm'd*dkPf;)
y twåm twåmaem
tm abm twåçtwåm abmaEÅm twåmaem
'k twåmeHç twåH twåmaem
w twåemç tawåe twåae[dçbd
p^q twåaem twåmeH
rD twåem twåae[dçbd
o twåed twåaeokçtawåok
tum&EÅ (&mZm'd*dkPf;)
y ocg ocgaemçocga,mçocdaem
tm abm ocçocgçoac abmaEÅm ocgaemçocga,mçocdaem
'k ocgeHç ocg&Hç ocH ocgaemçocga,mçocdaem
w ocdem ocga&[dçbdçoac[dçbd
p^q ocdaemç ocdó ocDeHçocg&meHçocgeH
rD ocdem ocga&[dçbdçoac[dçbd
o oac ocga&okçoacok
tum&EÅ (*kP0g'd*dkPf;)
y *kP0g? *kP0aEÅm *kP0EÅm? *kP0aEÅm
tm abm *kP0H? *kP0? *kP0g abmaEÅm *kP0EÅm? *kP0aEÅm
'k *kP0H? *kP0EÅH *kP0aEÅ
w *kP0wm? *kP0aEÅe *kP0aEÅ[d? *kP0aEÅbd
p^q *kP0ó? *kP0awm? *kP0EÅó *kP0wH? *kP0EÅmeH?
rD *kP0wm? *kP0EÅo®m? *kP0EÅrSm? *kP0EÅm *kP0aEÅ[d? *kP0aEÅbd
o *kP0wd? *kP0EÅo®ð? *kP0EÅrSd? *kP0aEÅ *kP0aEÅok
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf144
tum&EÅ(*päEÅm'd*kdPf;)
y *päH? *päaEÅm *päEÅm? *päaEÅm
tm abm *päH? *pä? *päm abmaEÅm *päEÅm? *päaEÅm
'k *päH? *päEÅH *päaEÅ
w *päwm? *päaEÅe *päaEÅ[d? *päaEÅbd
p^q *päó? *päawm? *päEÅó *päwH? *päEÅmeH
rD *päwm? *päEÅo®m? *päEÅrSm? *päaEÅm *päaEÅ[d? *päaEÅbd
o *päwd? *päo®ð? *päEÅrSd? *päaEÅ *päaEÅok
tmum&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)
y om om
a[ oçom a[ om
'k oH ao
w aoe om[dçbd
p^q oóçom, omeH
rD oo®mçorSmço om[dçbd
o oo®ðçorSdçao omok
(v,fwDemrfy'rmvm-113)
£um&EÅ(&wåm'd*kdPf;)
y t*¾dç t*¾ded t*¾Dçt*¾a,m
tm abm t*¾d abmaEÅm t*¾Dçt*¾a,m
'k t*¾ð t*¾Dç t*¾a,m
w t*¾dem t*¾D[dçbd?t*¾d[dçbd
p^q t*¾dóçt*¾daem t*¾DeHç t*¾deH
rD t*¾do®mçt*¾drSmçt*¾dem t*¾D[dçbd?t*¾d[dçbd
o t*¾do®ðç t*¾drSd t*¾Dokç t*¾dok
þum&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)
y '@D '@Dç '@daem
tm abm '@d abmaEÅm '@Dç'@daem
'k '@ðç '@deH '@Dç'@daem
w '@dem '@D[dçbd
p^q '@dóç '@daem '@DeH
rD '@do®mç '@drSmç '@dem '@D[dçbd
o '@do®ðç '@drSdç '@ded '@Dok
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf145
ODum&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)
y o,rÇL o,rÇLço,rÇKa0g
tm abm o,rÇK abmaEÅm o,rÇLço,rÇKa0g
'k o,rÇKH o,rÇLço,rÇKa0g
w o,rÇKem o,rÇL[dçbd
p^q o,rÇKóço,rÇKaem o,rÇLeH
rD o,rÇKem o,rÇL[dçbd
o o,rÇKo®ðço,rÇKrSd o,rÇLok
Oum&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)
y bdu©K bdu©L? bdu©a0g
tm abm bdu©K abmaEÅm bdu©Lçbdu©a0çbdu©a0g
'k bdu©KH bdu©L? bdu©a0g
w bdu©Kem bdu©L[dçbd?bdu©K[dçbd
p^q bdu©Kóçbdu©aem bdu©LeH? bdu©KeH
rD bdu©Ko®mçbdu©Kem bdu©L[dçbd?bdu©K[dçbd
o bdu©Ko®ðçbdu©KrSd? bdu©Lokçbdu©Kok
Oum&EÅ (ow¬m'd*kdPf;)
y ow¬m ow¬ma&m (ow¬m)
tm abmow¬ç ow¬m abmaEÅm ow¬ma&m (ow¬m)
'k ow¬m&Hç (ow¬KH ) ow¬ma&m (ow¬ma&)
w ow¬m&mç ow¬Kem ow¬ma&,dç bdç ow¬L[dç bd
p ow¬Kç ow¬Kaemç ow¬Kó ow¬m&meHç ow¬meHç ow¬LeH
rD ow¬Ko®mçow¬KrSmçow¬m&mçow¬Kem ow¬ma&[dç bdç ow¬L[dç bd
q ow¬Kç ow¬Kaemç ow¬Kó ow¬m&meHç ow¬meHç ow¬LeH
o ow¬Ko®ðç ow¬KrSdç ow¬&d ow¬ma&okç ow¬Lok
Moum&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)
y a*g *ga0gç *a0g
tm a[ a*g abmaEÅm *ga0gç *a0g
'k *0Hç*g0Hç*g0Hk *ga0gç *a0g
w *ga0eç*a0e a*g[dçbd
p^q *g0óç*0ó *0Hç a*geHç *kEéH
rD *g0o®mç*g0rSmç*g0g
*0o®mç*0rSmç*0g a*g[dçbd
o *g0o®ðç*g0rdSç*ga0
*0o®ðç*0rSdç*a0 *ga0okç*a0okça*gok
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf146
eykv’dif½kyfpOfrsm;
tum&EÅ pdwåm'd*kdPf;
y pdwåH pdwåm pdwåmed
tm abm pdwåçpdwåm b0EÅmed pdwåm pdwåmed
'k pdwåH pdawå pdwåmed
w pdawåe pdawå[dçbd
p^q pdwåó pdwåmeH
y pdwåo®m pdwårSm pdwåm pdawå[dçbd
o pdwåo®ð pdwårSd pdawå pdawåok
tum&EÅ *kP0g'd*kdPf;
y *kP0Hç*kP0EÅH *kP0EÅmç*kP0EÅmedç*kP0EÅd
tm a[*kP0Hç*kP0ç *kP0EÅmç*kP0EÅmedç*kP0EÅd
*kP0g
'k *kP0EÅH *kP0aEÅç*kP0EÅmedç*kP0EÅd
(wwd,mrSpí usef ykv’difESifhwlonf)
tum&EÅ *päEÅm'd*kdPf;
y *päHç*päEÅH *päEÅmç*päEÅmed
tm a[*päHç*päç*päm *päEÅmç*päEÅmed
'k *päEÅH *päaEÅç*päEÅmed
(wwd,mrSpí usef ykv’difESifhwlonf)
ã ½lyod'¨dtvdk to'¨gyk'fudk tmum&EÅeyHkvdif[kqdkonf/ tESifho'¨gudk aygif;pyfNyD; to'¨g[k
ormofyk'fjzpfvmonf/ o'¨gr½SdaomtrsKd;[kqdkvdkonf/ ormofjzpfNyD;aomtcg to'¨g-[k
toH½SnfrS to'¨-[k toHwdkodkY ajymif;oGm;onf/ toHwdkajymif;NyD;rS to'¨Hç to'¨gç to'¨ged-[k
pdwåESifhtwlwl*kdPf;pOf&onf/ xdkodkYjzpfí o'´eDwdusrf;u to'¨-udk tmum&EÅ[k rqdkyJç tum&EÅ[k
qdkonf/
£um&EÅ (&wåm'd*dkPf;)
y t|d t|Dçt|Ded
tm a[ t|d a[ t|Dçt|Ded
'k t|ð t|Dç t|Ded
w t|dem t|D[dçbd
p^q t|daemçt|dó t|DeH
rD t|do®mçt|drSmçt|dem t|D[dçbd
o t|do®ðçt|drSd t|Dok
£um&EÅ (&wåm'd*dkPf;)
y okcum&d okcum&Dç okcum&Ded
tm a[ okcum&dd a[ okcum&Dçokcum&Ded
'k okcum&ð okcum&Dç okcum&Ded
w okcum&dem okcum&D[dçbd
p^q okcum&daemçokcum&dó okcum&DeH
rD okcum&dddo®mçrSmçokcum&dem okcum&D[dçbd
o okcum&do®ðçokcum&drSd okcum&Dok
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf147
Oum&EÅ (&wåm'd*dkPf;)
y tm,k tm,lç tm,led
tm abm tm,k b0EÅmed tm,lç tm,led
'k tm,Hk tm,lç tm,led
w tm,kem tm,l[dçbd
p^q tm,kaemçtm,kó tm,leH
rD tm,ko®mçrSmç tm,kem tm,l[dçbd
o tm,ko®ðçtm,krSd tm,lok
ODum&EÅ (&wåm'd*dkPf;)
y a*gMwbk a*gMwblça*gMwbled
tm abm a*gMwbk b0EÅmed a*gMwblça*gMwbled
'k a*gMwbHk a*gMwblça*gMwbled
w a*gMwbkem a*gMwbl[dçbd
p^q a*gMwbkóça*gMwbkaem a*gMwbleH
rD a*gMwbko®mçrSmça*gMwbkem a*gMwbl[dçbd
o a*gMwbko®ðça*gMwbkrSd a*gMwblok
Moum&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)
y pdwå*k pdwå*lç pdwå*led
tm abm pdwå*k b0EÅmed pdwå*lç pdwå*led
'k pdwå*kHk pdwå*lç pdwå*led
w pdwå*kkem pdwå*l[dç pdwå*lbd
p pdwå*kóç pdwå*kaem pdwå*leH
rD pdwå*kko®mç pdwå*kkrSmç pdwå*kkem pdwå*l[dç pdwå*lbd
q pdwå*kaemç pdwå*kkó pdwå*leH
o pdwå*kko®ðç pdwå*kkrSd pdwå*lok
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf148
£w¬dv’dif½kyfpOfrsm;
tmum&EÅ (unm'd*kdPf;)
y unm unmçunma,m
tm abmwduan abmwda,m unmçunma,m
'k unH unmçunma,m
w unm, unm[d unmbd
p^q unm, unmeH
y unm, unm[d unmbd
o unm,çunm,H unmok
£um&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)
y &wåd &wåDç&wåda,mç&awsm
tm abmwd&wåd abmwda,m&wåDç&wåda,mç&awsm
'k &wåð &wåDç&wåda,mç&awsm
w &wåd,mç&wsm &wåD[dçbdç&wåd[dçbd
p^q &wåd,mç&wsm &wåDeHç&wådeH
rD &wåd,mç&wsm &wåD[dçbdç &wåd[dçbd
o &wåd,mç&wsm &wåDokç &wådok
&wåd,Hç&wsHç&awåm
þum&EÅ(e'g'd*kdPf;)
y e'D e'Dç e'da,m (eaZÆm)
tm abmwde'd abmwda,me'Dçe'da,m(eaZÆm)
'k e'ðçe'd,H e'Dç e'da,m (eaZÆm)
w e'd,m (eZÆm) e'D[dçbd
p^q e'd,m (eZÆm) e'DeH
rD e'd,m (eZÆm) e'D[dçbd
o e'd,mçe'd,HçeZÆH e'Dok
þum&EÅ(*[ywm'd*kdPf;)
y *[ywmeD *[ywmeDDç*[ywmeda,m
tm abmwd *[ywmed abmwda,m *[ywmeDç
*[ywmeda,m
'k *[ywmeðç*[ywmed,H *[ywmeDç
*[ywmeda,m
w *[ywmed,m *[ywmeD[dçbd
p^q *[ywmed,m *[ywmeDeH
rD *[ywmed,m *[ywmeD[dçbd
o *[ywmed,mç*[ywmed,H *[ywmeDok
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf149
ODum&EÅ(&wåm'd*kdPf;)
y 0"l 0"lç 0"ka,m
tm abmwd0"k abmwda,m 0"lç0"ka,m
'k 0"Hk 0"lç 0"ka,m
w 0"k,m 0"l[dçbd
p^q 0"k,m 0"leH
rD 0"k,m 0"l[dçbd
o 0"k,mç0"k,H 0"lok
Oum&EÅ(ow¬m'd*kdPf;)
y rmwm rmwa&m
tm abmwd rmwçrmwm abmwda,m rmwa&m
'k rmw&H(rmwHk) rmwa&m (rmwa&)
w rmw&mç rmwk,mç rmwa&[dçbdçrmwl[dçbd
p^q rmwkçrmwkóçrmwk,m rmw&meHçrmwmeHçrmwleH
rD rmw&mçrmwk,mç rmwa&[dçbdçrmwl[dçbd
o rmwko®ðçrmwkrSdçrmw&dç
rmwk,mç rmwk,H rmwa&okç rmwlok
Oum&EÅ(&wåm'd*kdPf;)
y ,m*k ,m*lç ,m*ka,m
tm abmwd,m*k abmwda,m,m*lç,m*ka,m
'k ,m*kH ,m*lç,m*ka,m
w ,m*k,m ,m*l[dçbdç ,m*k[dçbd
p^q ,m*k,m ,m*leHç,m*keH
rD ,m*k,m ,m*l[dçbdç ,m*k[dçbd
o ,m*k,mç,m*k,H ,m*lokç,m*kok
Moum&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)
y a*g *ga0gç *a0g
tm a[ a*g abmaEÅm *ga0gç *a0g
'k *0Hç*g0Hç*g0Hk *ga0gç *a0g
w *ga0eç*a0e a*g[dçbd
p^q *g0óç*0ó *0Hç a*geHç *kEéH
rD *g0o®mç*g0rSmç*g0g
*0o®mç*0rSmç*0g a*g[dçbd
o *g0o®ðç*g0rdSç*ga0
*0o®ðç*0rSdç*a0 *ga0okç*a0okça*gok
ã £w¬dvdifa*gESifh ykv’difa*gonf ½kyfpOfwlonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf150
oAÁemrf½kyfpOfrsm;
ykv’dif(oAÁ)
y oaAÁm oaAÁ
tm abm oAÁçoAÁm abmaEÅm oaAÁ
'k oAÁH oaAÁ
w oaAÁe oaAÁ[d^bd
p^q oAÁó oaAÁoHçoaAÁomeH
rD oAÁo®mçrSm oaAÁ[d^bd
o oAÁo®ðçoAÁrSd oaAÁok
eykv’diff(oAÁ)
y oAÁH oAÁmed
tm abm oAÁçoAÁm b0EÅmed oAÁmed
'k oAÁH oAÁmed
w oaAÁe oaAÁbd^bd
p^q oAÁó oaAÁoHçoaAÁomeH
rD oAÁo®mçrSm oaAÁ[d^bd
o oAÁo®ðçoAÁrSd oaAÁok
£w¬dv’diff(oAÁ)
y oAÁm oAÁmçoAÁma,m
tm abmwd oaAÁ abmwda,m oAÁmçoAÁma,m
'k oAÁH oAÁmçoAÁma,m
w oAÁm, oAÁm[dçbd
p^q oAÁm,çoAÁóm oAÁmoHçoAÁmomeH
rD oAÁm, oAÁm[dçbd
o oAÁm,HçoAÁóH oAÁmok
ã uw&ç uwrç £w&ç tnç tnw&ç
tnwr wdkYonf ykv’dif eykv’difü oAÁESifh
½kyfpOf tvHk;pHkwlonf/ £w¬dvdifwGif oço®ðü
uw&ponf\ tonf £odkYajymif;í
uw&dómç uw&dóH ponfjzifh oAÁxuf
½kyfpOfydkonf/
ykv’dif(ykAÁ)
y ykaAÁm ykaAÁçykAÁm
tm abmykAÁçykAÁm abmaEÅm ykaAÁçykAÁm
'k ykAÁH ykaAÁ
w ykaAÁe ykaAÁ[d^bd
p^q ykAÁó ykaAÁoHçykaAÁomeH
rD ykAÁo®mçrSmçykAÁm ykaAÁ[d^bd
o ykAÁo®ðçykAÁrSdçykaAÁ ykaAÁok
£w¬dv’dif(ykAÁ)
y ykAÁm ykAÁmçykAÁma,m
tm abmwd ykaAÁ abmwda,m ykAÁmçykAÁma,m
'k ykAÁH ykAÁmçykAÁma,m
w ykAÁm, ykAÁm[dçbd
p^q ykAÁm,çykAÁóm ykAÁmoHçykAÁmomeH
rD ykAÁm, ykAÁm[dçbd
o ykAÁm,HçykAÁóH ykAÁmok
ã ykAÁ eykv’dif½kyfpOfyHkrSm oAÁtwdkif;om jzpfonf/ y&ç ty&ç 'u©dPç Owå&ç t"& wdkYudkvnf; ykAÁ
twdkif; ½kyfpOf&onf/ odkYaomf 'u©dPç Owå& \ £w¬dvdif½kyfpOf&mwGif o®ðü o®ðonf tm,odkYvnf;
ajymif;í 'u©dPm,ç 'u©Pm,Hç 'u©dPóH? Owå&m,ç Owå&m,Hç Owå&óH [k jzpfonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf151
ã , onf vdifoHk;vHkü oAÁESifh tvHk;pHk wlonf/
ykv’dif (w)
y aom aeçaw
'k eHçwH aeçaw
w aeeçawe ae[dçbdçaw[dçbd
p^q eóçtóçwó aeoHçaeomeHç
awoHçawomeH
rD eo®mçto®mçwo®mçerSmçwrSm ae[dçbdçaw[dçbd
o eo®ðçto®ðçwo®ðçerSdçwrSd aeokçawok
eykv’dif (w)
y eHçwH emedçwmed
'k eHçwH emedçwmed
wwd,mrSpí ykv’difESifhwl
£w¬dvdif (w)
y om emç ema,mç wmç wma,m
'k eHç wH emç ema,mç wmç wma,m
w em,ç wm, em[dç embdç wm[dç wmbd
p^q wdómçwómçeómçtóm
wdóm,çwóm,çeóm,çtóm, emoHç emomeHç wmoHç wmomeH
em,ç wm,
rD em,ç wm, em[dç embdç wm[dç wmbd
o em,Hç wm,H emokç wmok
ykv’dif ({w)
y {aom {aw
'k {wH {aw
w {awe {aw[dçbd
p^q {wó {awoHç{awomeH
rD {wo®mç{wrSm {aw[dç{awbd
o {wo®ð? {wrSd {awok
eykv’dif ({w)
y {wH {wmed
'k {wH {wmed
£w¬dvdif ({w)
y {om {wmç {wma,m
'k {wH {wmç {wma,m
w {wm, {wm[dç {wmbd
p^q {wm,ç{wdómç
{wdóm, {wmoHç{wmomeH
rD {wm, {wm[dç {wmbd
o {wm,Hç {wdóH {wmok
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf152
ykv’dif (£r)
y t,H £ar
'k £rH £ar
w taee? £rdem £ar[dçbd?{[dçbd
p^q £ró? tó £aroHç£aromeH?
{oHç{omeH
rD £ro®m? £rrSm? to®m £ar[dçbd?{[dç{bd
o £o®ð? £rrSd? to®ð £arokç{ok
eykv’dif (£r)
y £'H? £rH £rmed
'k £'H? £rH £rmed
wwd,mrSpí ykv’difESifhwl
£w¬dvdif (£r)
y t,H £rmç £rma,m
'k £rH £rmç £rma,m
w £rm, £rm[dç £rmbd
p^q £rm,çtómçtóm,
£rdómç £rdóm, £rmoHç £rmomeH
rD £rm, £rm[dç £rmbd
o £rm,HçtóHç£rdóH £rmok
ykv’dif (trk)
y tokçtrk trl
'k trHk trl
w trkem trl[dçbdçtrk[dçbd
p^q trkóçt'kó trloHçtrlomeHç
trkoHçtrkomeH
rD trko®mçtrkrSmçtrkem trl[dçbdçtrk[dçbd
o trko®ðçtrkrSd trlokçtrkok
£w¬dvdif (trk)
y tokçtrk trlçtrka,m
'k trHk trlçtrka,m
w trk,m trl[dçbdçtrk[dçbd
p^q trk,mçtrkóm trloHçtrlomeHç
trkoHçtrkomeH
rD trk,m trl[dçbdçtrk[dçbd
o trk,mçtrkóHçtrk,H trlokç trkok
eykv’dif (trk)
y t'kHçtrHk trlç trled
'k t'kHç trHk trlç trled
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf153
ykv’dif (uð)
y aum au
'k uH au
w aue au[dçbd
p^q uóçudó auoH? auomeH
rD uo®mçurSm au[dçbd
o uo®ðçudo®ðçurSdçudrSd auok
eykv’dif (uð)
y uð umed
'k uð umed
£w¬dvdif (uð)
y um umçuma,m
'k uH umçuma,m
w um, um[dçumbd
p^q um,çuóm umoHçumomeH
rD um, um[dçbd
o um,Hç uóH umok
ã {u-1çtwlçtwlr½Sdç tazmfryg
ykv’dif ({u)
y {aum
'k {uH
w {aue
p^q {uó
rD {uo®mçrSm
o {uo®ðçrSd
eykv’dif ({u)
y {uH
'k {uH
w {aue
p^q {uó
rD {uo®mçrSm
o {uo®ðçrSd
£w¬dvdif ({u)
y {um
'k {uH
w {um,
p^q {um,ç{udóm
rD {um,
o {um,Hç{udóH
ã {u-wyg;wjcm;
ykv’dif ({u)
y {au
'k {au
w {au[d^bd
p^q {auoH^omeH
rD {au[d^bd
o {auok
eykv’dif ({u)
y {umed
'k {umed
w {au[d^bd
p^q {auoH^omeH
rD {au[d^bd
o {auok
£w¬dvdif ({u)
y {umç{uma,m
'k {umç{uma,m
w {um[d^bd
p^q {uoHç{umomeH
rD {um[d^bd
o {umok
ã {uonf a&maESmjcif;ç tjrwfç trSef teufudk azmfjyu yk&dom'dçpdwåm'dçunm'd*kdPfwdkYtwdkif;
½kyfpOf&rnf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf154
Obç 'Gd - ESpfckç ESpfa,muf (vdifoHk;yg;vHk;½kyfpOfwl\/ trsm;udef;om½Sdonf)
y ^ 'k Oabm? Oab
w ^ rD Oabm[dçbd? Oab[dçbd
p ^q ObdEéH
o Oabmok? Oabok
y ^ 'k a'G? 'ka0
w ^ rD 'GD[d? 'GDbd? 'Gd[d?bdç? 'ka0[d^bd
p ^q 'GdEéH? 'k0dEéH
o 'GDok? 'Gdok? 'ka0ok
Ob,(ESpfck ESpfa,muf) ½kyfpOfyHk
wd (oHk;ck) ½kyfpOfyHk
pwk (av;ck) ½kyfpOfyHk
yHkvdef
y^'k pwåma&m?pwka&m
w^rD pwl[d^bd?pwk[d^bd
pwkAÇd
p^q pwkEéH
o pwlok? pwkok
eyHkvdef
y^'k pwåm&d
w^rD pwl[d^bd?pwk[d^bd
pwkAÇd
p^q pwkEéH
o pwlok? pwkok
£w¬dvdef
y^'k pwaóm
w^rD pwl[d^bd?pwk[d^bd
pwkAÇd
p^q pwóEéH
o pwlok? pwkok
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf155
yÍö(5) rS t|m&o(18) txd *Pef;ocsFmrsm;
y^'k yÍö
w^rD yÍö[d
p^q yÍöEéH
o yÍöok
(vdefoHk;yg;vHk;½kyfpOfwl\)
wkrS (tvdif) ½kyfpOfyHk
y wGHç wk0H wkarSç a0g
'k wHç w0Hç wk0Hç wGH wkarSç wkrSmuHç a0g
w w,mç wG,mç aw wkarS[dç wkarSbdç a0g
p^q w0ç wk,SHç wkrSHç aw wkrSmuHç wkrSHç a0g
rD w,mç wG,m wkarS[dç wkarSbdç a0g
o w,dç wG,d wkarSok
trS (tvdif) ½kyfpOfyHk
y/ t[H r,Hç tarSç aem
'k/ rHç rrH tarSç trSmuHç aem
w/ r,mç ar tarS[dç tarSbdç aem
p/ rrç r,SHç trSHç rrHç ar trSmuHç to®muHç trSHç aem
rD/ r,mç ar tarS[dç tarSbdç aem
q/ rrç r,SHç trSHç rrHç ar trSmuHç to®muHç trSHç aem
o/ r,d tarSokç tao®ok
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf156
tmcsmwf
uwåm; uH[lonfrSm emrf\qdkif&mjzpfonf/ Bud,mum;tmcsmwf\ qdkif&mjzpf\/ ygVdudk pDuHk;
EIef;zGJU&mü uH uwåm; Bud,mwdkYom tcsKyftjcm y"meaywnf;/ 179-tjcjyK
tmcsmwfBud,m wnfaqmuf&mwGif tmcsmwf0dbwfudk toHk;jyK&rnf/ tmcsmwf0dbwfonf
0wårmef 0dbwfç yÍörD0dbwfç owårD0dbwfç ya&mu©m0dbwfç [d,swåeD0dbwfç tZÆwåeD0dbwfç
b0dóEÅ0dbwfç umvm wdywåd0dbwf [lí ½SpfrsKd;½Sd\/ wrsKd;wrsKd;ü 12-vHk;pD ½Sd\/ a½SU 6-vHk;udk
y&óyk’f[k emrnfrSJYí aemuf 6-vHk;udk twåaemyk'f[k emrnf rSJYavonf/ a½SU 6-vHk;wGifvnf; a½SUqHk;
2-vHk;udk a½SUqHk;uxm;aomaMumifh yXrykk&dof[k ac:onf/ tv,f 2-vHk;udk tv,frSmxm;aomaMumihf
rZÑdryk&dof[k ac:onf/ aemufqHk; 2-vHk;udk aemufqHk;usaomaMumifh Owåryk&dof[k ac:onf/ twåaemykf’f
aemuf 6-vHk;udkvnf; y&ótwdkif; 2-vHk;pDudk yXr rZÑdr Owår[k ac:yHk odyg/ ]]yk&do}}onf
jynfhpHkjcif;[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/ yk'fwckckonf 0dbwfrygvQif rjynfhpHkao;ç tmcsmwf0dbwfygrS jynfhpHkonf/
xdkYaMumifh tmcswf0dbwfudk yk&do(yk&dof)[k rSnfhac:onf/
tmcsmwf0dwf 8-rsKd;wGif wrsKd;wrsKd;ü 0dbwf 12-vHk;½SdaomaMumifh tmcsmwf0dbwf 96-vHk;½Sd\/
xdkwGif y&óyk’f 48-vHk;ç twåaemyk’f 48-vHk;½Sd\/ tmcswf0dwbf 96-vHk;udk yXr rZÑdr Owåryk&dof oHk;
rsKd;jzifh cGJjcm;vQif yXryk&dof-32? rZÑdryk&dof-32? Owåryk&dof-32 jzpf\/
tmcswf0dbwf 8-rsKd;
0wårmemwd tEÅd od x rd r aw taEÅ ao a0S { arS
yÍörDwk tEÅK [d x rd r wH tEÅH ók a0Sg { tmrao
owårD{,s {,sKH {,smod {,smx {,smrd {,smr {x {&H {axm {,sma0Sg {,sH {,smarS
ya&mu©mt O { w¬ t rS w ¬ a& aw¬m a0Sg £ arS
[d,swåeDtm OK Mo w¬ t rSm w¬ w¬KH ao 0SH £H rSao
tZÆwåeDþ OH Mo w¬ £H rSm tm OK ao 0SH t arS
b0dóEÅDówd óEÅd ówd óx ómrd ómr óaw óaEÅ óao óa0S óH ómarS
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf157
tenf;qHk; uwåm;ESifhBud,m ESpfrsKd;ygaom pum;&yfESifh uwåm;ç uHç Bud,m oHk;rsKd;ygaom
pum;&yfudk 0gus[kac:onf/ 0gusonf uwåm;a[m0gus (Active Voice) uHa[m0gus (Passive
Voice) [k ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/ uwåm;a[m0gusü uwåm;udk yxrm0dbwfjzifh a&;&onf/ uHudk
‘‘'kwd,mjzifha&;&onf/ uHa[m0gusü uHudk yxrm0dbwfjzifh a&;&onf/ uwåm;udk wwd,m0dbwfjzifh
a&;&onf/
uwåm;ae&m uHae&mwGif a&;&rnfh pum;vHk;rsm;onf emro'´gç (Third Person) wkrSo'´gç
(Second Person) trSo'´gç (First Person) [k oHk;rsKd;½Sd\/ xdkwGif ]] oif }} [k t"dyÜg,f&aom
pum;vkH; rsm;udk wkrSo'´g[k ac:onf/ ]] ig }} [k t"dyÜg,f&aom pum;vHk;rsm;udk trSo'´g[k
ac:onf/ oif ESifh ig rSwyg; a,musfm;(yk&do) trsKd;orD;(unm) pdwf(pdwå) aumif;rI(ukov)
opfyif(½ku©) ponhf pum;vHk;rsm;udk emro'´g[k ac:onf/
uwåm;a[m0gus
uwåm;a[m 0gusü uwåm;onf emro'´g jzpfygu Bud,mudk yxryk&dof ( wdç tEÅd )
ponfjzifh a&;&onf/ uwåm;onf tenf;jzpfygu wd-jzifh a&;&rnf/ uwåm;onf trsm;jzpfygu tEÅd-
jzifh a&;&rnf/
yHkpH/ yk&daom-a,musfm;onf r*¾H-vrf;udk *päwd-oGm;\/
(uwåm;)emro'´g tenf;udef; uH yxryk&dofBud,m tenf;udef;
yk&dom-a,musfm;wdkYonf r*¾H-vrf;udk *päEÅd-oGm;ukef\/
(uwåm;)emro'´g tenf;udef; uH yxryk&dofBud,m tenf;udef;
uwåm;a[m 0gusü uwåm;onf wkrSo'´gjzpfygu Bud,mudk rZÑdryk&dof ( odç x ) jzifh
a&;&rnf/ uwåm;onf tenf;jzpfygu od-jzifhç trsm;jzpfygu x-jzifh a&;&rnf/
yHkpH/ wGH-oifonf r*¾H-vrf;udk *päod-oGm;\/
(uwåm;)wkrSo'´g tenf;udef; uH rZÑdryk&dofBud,m tenf;udef;
wkarS-oifwdkYonf r*¾H-vrf;udk *päx-oGm;ukef\/
(uwåm;)wkrSo'´g trsm;udef; uH rZÑdryk&dofBud,m trsm;udef;
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf158
uwåm;a[m 0gusü uwåm;onf trSo'´gjzpfygu Bud,mudk Owåryk&dof ( rdç r ) jzifh
a&;&rnf/ uwåm;onf tenf;jzpfygu rd-jzifhç trsm;jzpfygu r-jzifh a&;&rnf/
yHkpH/ t[H-igonf r*¾H-vrf;udk *pämrd-oGm;\/
(uwåm;)trSo'´g tenf;udef; uH Owåryk&dofBud,m tenf;udef;
r,H-igwdkYonf r*¾H-vrf;udk *pämr-oGm;ukef\/
(uwåm;)trSo'´g trsm;udef; uH Owåryk&dofBud,m trsm;udef;
ã uwåm;a[m 0gusü
1/ uwåm;udk yxrmESifh a&;yHk
2/ uHudk 'kwd,mESifh a&;yHk
3/ uwåm;ESifh Bud,mudk tenf; trsm;ç o'´g yk&dof udkufnDatmif a&;yHk wdkYudk
owdjyKyg/
uHa[m0gus
uHa[m 0gusü uHonf emro'´g jzpfygu Bud,mudk yxryk&dof ( wdç tEÅd ) ponfjzifh
a&;&onf/ uwåm;onf tenf;jzpfygu wd-jzifh a&;&rnf/ uwåm;onf trsm;jzpfygu tEÅd-jzifh
a&;&rnf/uHa[mBud,mudk rl&if;"mwf (*päf-ponf) + -D, odkYr[kwf , (uHa[moauFwjyypönf;) +
tmcsmwf0dbwf (wdç tEÅdponf) jzifh a&;&onf/
yHkpH - *päf-oGm; + -D,-tyf + wd-\ = *päD,wd-oGm;tyf\
rl&if;"mwf uHa[mypönf; tmcswf0dbwf
yHkpH/ yk&daoe-a,musf;onf ra*¾g-vrf;udk *päD,wd-oGm;tyf\/
uwåm; (uH) emro'´g tenf;udef; Bud,m tenf;udef;
yHkpH/ yk&daoe-a,musf;onf r*¾g-vrf;wdkYudk *päD,EÅd-oGm;tyfukef\/
uwåm; (uH) emro'´g trsm;udef; Bud,m trsm;udef;
yHkpH/ yk&daoe-a,musf;onf wGH-oifvrf;udk *päD,od-oGm;tyf\/
uwåm; (uH) wkrSo'´g tenf;udef; Bud,m tenf;udef;
yHkpH/ yk&daoe-a,musf;onf wkarS-vrf;wdkYudk *päD,x-oGm;tyfukef\/
uwåm; (uH) wkrSo'´g trsm;udef; Bud,m trsm;udef;
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf159
yHkpH/ yk&daoe-a,musf;onf t[H-igvrf;udk *päD,mrd-oGm;tyf\/
uwåm; (uH) trSo'´g tenf;udef; Bud,m tenf;udef;
yHkpH/ yk&daoe-a,musf;onf r,H-igvrf;wdkYudk *päD,mr-oGm;tyfukef\/
uwåm; (uH) trSo'´g trsm;udef; Bud,m trsm;udef;
ã uHa[m 0gusü
1/ uHudk yxrmESifh a&;yHk
2/ uwåm;udk wwd,mESifh a&;yHk
3/ uHESifh Bud,mudk tenf; trsm;ç o'´g yk&dof udkufnDatmif a&;yHk wdkYudk owdjyKyg/
ã a[m&m a[m&m yXrm/ / Bud,monf uwåm;udk a[maom Bud,mç uHudk a[maom
Bud,m[k 2-rsKd;½Sd\/ uwåm;udk a[m&mü uwåm;udk yxrm0dbwfjzifh ygVdpD&onf? yHkpHum;-]]yk&daom
*päwd}}wnf;/ uHudk a[m&müvnf; uHudk yxrm0dbwfjzifhyif ygVdpD&onf? yHkpHum;-]]ra*¾g *päD,wd}}
wnf;/ xdkodkY a[m&mü Bud,mESifhuwåm;ç Bud,mESifhuHwdkYonf {u0kpf A[k0kpfcsif; (rsm;aomtm;jzifh)
wlMu&onf/
ã ra[muwåm-wwd,mç uHrSm 'kwdESifh/ / Bud,mu ra[mtyfaom t0kwåuwåm;udk
wwd,m0dbwfjzifh ygVdpD&rnf? yHkpHum;-]]yk&daoe *päD,wd/}} wnf;/ Bud,monf ra[mtyfaom
t0kwåuHudk 'kwd,m0dbwfjzifh ygVdpD&rnf/ yHkpHum;-]]r*¾H *päwd}} wnf;/ þuJhodkY ra[mtyfaom uH
uwåm;wdkYrSm Bud,mESifh {u0kpfcsif; A[k0kpfcsif; wlMuonfjzpfap rwlMuonfjzpfap aeEdkifavawmhonf/
ã ra[morQ t0kwåü o'´oHk;oG,f 0kpfESpfoG,f/ / ra[mtyfaom t0kwå uH uwåm;wdkYü
emr wkrS trS[laom o'´ 3-rsKd;udkvnf;aumif;ç {u0kpf A[k0kpf 2-rsKd;udkvnf;aumif; vJvS,fí
tqifhqifh oGif;Edkif onf/
(tajcjyKo'´g-188) emra,m* {u0kpf
uwåm;a[m 6-0gus uHa[m 6-0gus
yk&daom r*¾H *päwd/ yk&daoe ra*¾g *päD,wd/
yk&daom ra*¾ *päwd/ yk&dao[d ra*¾g *päD,wd/
yk&daom wH *päwd/ w,m ra*¾g *päD,wd/
yk&daom wkarS *päwd/ wkarS[d ra*¾g *päD,wd/
yk&daom rH *päwd/ r,m ra*¾g *päD,wd/
yk&daom tarS *päwd/ tarS[d ra*¾g *päD,wd/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf160
uwåm;a[m 6-0gus teufay;yHk
yk&daom-a,musfm;onf? r*¾H-vrf;udk? ra*¾-vrf;wdkYudk? wH-oifvrf;udk? wkarS-oifvrf;wdkYudk?
rH-igvrf;udk? tarS-igvrf;wdkYudk? *päwd-oGm;\/
uHa[m 6-0gus teufay;yHk
yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? yk&dao[d-a,musfm;wdkYonf? w,m-oifonf? wkarS[d-oifwdkYonf?
r,m-igonf? tarS[d-igwdkYonf? ra*¾g-vrf;udk? *päD,wd-oGm;\/
emra,m* A[k0kpf
uwåm;a[m 6-0gus uHa[m 6-0gus
yk&dom r*¾H *päEÅd/ yk&daoe r*¾g *päD,EÅd/
yk&dom ra*¾ *päEdÅ/ yk&dao[d r*¾g *päD,EÅd/
yk&dom wH *päEÅd/ w,m r*¾g *päD,EÅd/
yk&dom wkarS *päEÅd/ wkarS[d r*¾g *päD,EÅd/
yk&dom rH *päEÅd/ r,m r*¾g *päD,EÅd/
yk&dom tarS *päEÅd/ tarS[d r*¾g *päD,EÅd/
wkrSa,m* {u0kpf
uwåm;a[m 6-0gus uHa[m 6-0gus
wGH r*¾H *päod/ yk&daoe wGH *päD,od/
wGH ra*¾ *päod/ yk&dao[d wGH *päD,od/
wGH wH *päod/ w,m wGH *päD,od/
wGH wkarS *päod/ wkarS[d wGH *päD,od/
wGH rH *päod/ r,m wGH *päD,od/
wGH tarS *päod/ tarS[d wGH *päD,od/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf161
wkrSa,m* A[k0kpf
uwåm;a[m 6-0gus uHa[m 6-0gus
wkarS r*¾H *päx/ yk&daoe wkarS *päD,x/
wkarS ra*¾ *päx/ yk&dao[d wkarS *päD,x/
wkarS wH *päx/ w,m wkarS *päD,x/
wkarS wkarS *päx/ wkarS[d wkarS *päD,x/
wkarS rH *päx/ r,m wkarS *päD,x/
wkarS tarS *päx/ tarS[d wkarS *päD,x/
trSa,m* {u0kpf
uwåm;a[m 6-0gus uHa[m 6-0gus
t[H r*¾H *pämrd/ yk&daoe t[H *päD,mrd/
t[H ra*¾ *pämrd/ yk&dao[d t[H *päD,mrd/
t[H wH *pämrd/ w,m t[H *päD,mrd/
t[H wkarS *pämrd/ wkarS[d t[H *päD,mrd/
t[H rH *pämrd/ r,m t[H *päD,mrd/
t[H tarS *pämrd/ tarS[d t[H *päD,mrd/
trSa,m* A[k0kpf
uwåm;a[m 6-0gus uHa[m 6-0gus
r,H r*¾H *pämr/ yk&daoe r,H *päD,mr/
r,H ra*¾ *pämr/ yk&dao[d r,H *päD,mr/
r,H wH *pämr/ w,m r,H *päD,mr/
r,H wkarS *pämr/ wkarS[d r,H *päD,mr/
r,H rH *pämr/ r,m r,H *päD,mr/
r,H tarS *pämr/ tarS[d r,H *päD,mr/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf162
tmcsmwftESpfcsKyf
(1)0wårmef
wdç tEÅd? odç x? rdç r? awç taEÅ? aoç a0S? {ç arS/
y&óyk'f twåaemyk'f
a,m* {u0kpf A[k0kpf {u0kpf A[k0kpf
emr *päwd? *apä *päEÅd? *päa& *päaw *päaEÅ?*päa&
wkrS *päod *päx *päao *päa0S
trS *pämrd?*apä *pämr *apä *päarS
tpDt&ifxl;
1/ wdç rd > { ajymif;? ykpH-*apä 2/ rdç r \ a½SYu t > tmajymif; ykpH-*pämrd? *pämr
3/ *½ka½S;½Sd &ó\aemuf tEÅdç taEÅ > a& ajymif; ykpH-*päa&
1/ (u) jzpfaeqJudk ajymqdka&;om;yHk
yg#vdykwåH *päwd/
om0w¬d,H y0dowd/
0d[&wd aZw0ae/
(c) jzpfaeqJrS tNrJ &yfpJoGm;onfudk ajymqdka&;om;yHk
t[H rHoH e cg'grd/ (t&ifupm;ayrJh cka&maemifyg rpm;awmh)
(8) qufvufjzpfaerIudk ajymqdka&;om;yHk
t[H abm rHoH cg'grd/ (oufoufvGwf rpm;ol? pm;NyD;ç pm;qJç pm;vwåHY)
£[ rv’m ,kZÆEÅd/ (tNrJwrf; rxdk;ayrJh rMumrMumxdk;onf)
(yg#vdykwåH-yg#vdykwfjynfodkY?*päwd-oGm;\?om0w¬d,H-om0w¬djynfodkY?y0dowd-(qGrf;tvdkYiSg)0if\?aZw0ae-
aZw0ef ausmif;ü? 0d[&wd-ae\ t[H-igonf? rHoH-tom;udk? ecg'grd-rpm;yg/ abm-tarmif? t[H-ig-
onf? rHoH-tom;udk? cg'grd-pm;yg\/ £[-þt&yfü? rv’m-vufa0SYorm;wdkYonf? ,kZÆEÅd-xdk;owfMuukef\)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf163
2/ jzpfNyD;umpESifh jzpfcgeD;udk ajymqdka&;om;yHk
ukawm b0H tm*päwd? yg#vdykwåawm tm*pämrd/ (jzpfNyD;ump)
uk[ð *päod? om0w¬d,H *pämrd/ (jzpfcgeD;)
r,H bPmr/ (jzpfcgeD;)
(b0H-t½Sif? ukawm-tb,ft&yfrS? tm*päwd-vmcJhygoenf;? yg#vdykwåawm-yg#vdykwfjynfrS? tm*päwd-
vcJhyg\/ uk[ð-tb,ft&yfodkY? *päwd-oGm;rvdkYvJ? om00w¬d,H-om0w¬djynfodkY? *pämrd-oGm;rvdkY)
3/ ,m0 yka& yk&moHk;NyD; jzpfvmrnfudk ajymvdkaomtcg oHk;yHk
,m0g[H tm*pämrd? wm0 £a"0 a[mwd/ (igvmonfhwdkifatmif þae&myif ae&pf)
"r®Íö 0de,Íö o*Fg,mrç yka& 'dyÜwd t"ar®m/ (t"r®rxGef;um;rSD "r®0de,udk o*Fg,emwifMupdkY)
yk&m 0ówd a'a0g(rdk;r½GmrSD) £ar 'aEÅ qdE´ç yk&m r&mrd (raorSD þtpG,fudk jzwf,lyg)
{,smodç yk&m [nmrd ( towfrcH&cif vdkufcJhyg)
4/ {uefjzpfrnfh t&mç rvGJraoG jzpfrnfht&mç umvoHk;yg;ESifh oufqdkifonhft&mudk ajymyHk
ed&,H Ele *pämrd? ew¬d ar {w¬ oHoa,m(i&JodkY pifppf oGm;&rnf? þudpöü igtwGuf
oHo,r½Sd)
"k0H Aka'¨g b0gr[H (rcRwf ig bk&m; jzpfvdrfhrnf)
reom ap y'ka|e bmowd 0g ua&mwd 0g(ysufaompdwfjzifh wu,f ajymonfjzpfap jyKvkyf
onfjzpfap)
5/ u'gç u&[dESifh jzpfvmrnfudk ajymvdk&mü wcgw&H 0wårmefoHk;
u'g *päwd (b,fawmhoGm;rvJ)
u&[d *päwd^ u'g *rdówd/ (b,fawmh oGm;rvJ)
u'g um0dEéH yómrd/ (b,ftcgü AdóEdk;udk jrif&ygtHhenf;)
u&[d ouF&H 'u©mrd (b,ftcgrS ra[oG&udk jrif&ygtHhenf;)
6/ tar;t"dyÜg,fjy uðç uw&ç uwrESifh &vdkonfudk ar;&mü wcgw&H 0wårmefoHk;
uwa&m^uwarm bdu©H *PSmwd^*PSdówd (tb,folonfxrif;udk ,lvdkvwHåUenf;)
aum bdu©H &mwd^&mówd (tb,folonf xrif;udk ,lvdk vwåHUenf;)
7/ tvdk½Sdtyfaom xrif;ponfjzifh NyD;pD;jcif;udk odtyf&m0,f (aMumif;usKd;qufjy&m0,f) wcgw&H
0wårmefoHk;
a,m tEéH ''gwd^'gówd? aom o*¾H ,mwd^,mówd (xrif;ay;olonf ewfjynfa&mufvwåHU)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf164
8/ awmifhwonfudk ajymvdk&mü twdwf ypöKyÜef tem*wf 0dbwfrsm; oHk;Edkifonf
a'a0g ap t0ód^0ówd^0ódówd? r,H 0ydrSm^0ygr^0ydómr (rdk;½GmNyD;^½GmqJ^½GmvwåHUjzpfvQif
igwdkY pdkufysKd;NyD;^ pdkufysKd;qJ^ pdkufysKd;vwåHYjzpfrSmyJ)
9/ tar;udk eEk^e^Ekjzifh ar;ajz&mü twdwfteuf 0wårmefouf
tumod u#H a'0'wå? eEk ua&mrd abm
tumod u#H a'0'wåç e ua&mrd abmç emumoð 0g/
tumod u#H a'0'wå? Ek ua&mrdç t[H Ek umoð 0g/
(a'0'wå-a'0'wf? u#H-oifzsmudk? tumod-jyKNyD;avm(,ufNyD;avm)
abm-t½Sif? ua&mrdeEk-jyKNyD;r[kwfygavm)
11/ qdkif&mteufudk jypGrf;Edkif&mü twdwfteuf 0wårmefouf
t,H w'g e b0wd/ (w'g-xdktcgü? t,H-þab;onf? eb0wd-rjzpfEdkifygNyD)
(2) yÍörD
wkç tEÅK? [dç x? rdç r? wHç tEÅH? ókç a0Sg? {ç tmrao?
y&óyk'f twåaemyk'f
a,m* {u0kpf A[k0kpf {u0kpf A[k0kpf
emr bkÍÆwk bkÍÆEÅK bkÍÆwH bkÍÆEÅH
wkrS bkÍÆ? bkÍÆm[d bkÍÆx bkÍÆók bkÍÆa0Sg
trS bkÍÆmrd bkÍÆmr bkaÍÆ bkÍÆmrao
tpDt&ifxl;
1/ taemif [d wcgw&H ausaysmuf? yHkpH-bkÍÆ
2/ [dç rdç r a½SUu t> tm ajymif;? ykpH-bkÍÆm[d? bkÍÆmrd? bkÍÆmr
apcdkif;jcif;/ ua&mwk ukovH/ okPmwk ar baEÅ oHaCm/ *grH *päwk abm 'ged/
awmif;wjcif;/ okcH aw a[mwk oAÁ'g/ t[H okcD b0grd/
usdefpmqdkjcif;/ {udum o,ae aowk? ,m aw tarÁ t0g[&d (pGyfpGJcH&í r[kwfaMumif;jyqdkjcif;)
usdefqJjcif;/ wH tEkAE¨wk r[ðoD/ tu©,H a[mwk aw b,H/ rk'¨g zvwk owå"m/
awmif;jcif;/ ''g[d y0&H *ZH/ ''g[d ar *gr0&H/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf165
qufpyfar;jcif;/ udEéK abm tbd"r®H 0g okaPmrdç O'g[k 0de,H 0g okaPmrd/ uð abm a0'H
t"d,mrdç O'g[k wuúH t"d,mrd/ (½kd;½kd;tar;r[kwfç udpöESpfck qufpyfar;jcif;)
qkawmif;jcif;/ t,H okrermvm0 yd,m a[mrd b0gba0/ £rH [w¬ð 0DwyDawe oav’e
0dZÑmaywGm ZD0dwu©,H ygaywGm qAÁPÖ&o®ð 0doZÆaEÅ ,ru'aEÅ tm[&maywHk
orw¬m a[mrd/
awmif;yefjcif;/ a'aowk baEÅ b*0g "r®H/
jynGef;pDpifpDrHjcif;/ {0H yknH ua&mwk abm/
t"d|mefjyKjcif;/ £[ yAÁawm a[mwk/
ac:iifjcif;/ tm*päwk b0H/
yifhzdwfjcif;/ {w¬ edoD'wkç £'H tmoeH/ t"d0gaowk ar bwåHç b*0g oGmwem, wH/
cGifhjyKjcif;/ ykpäwk b0H yÚ§H/
tcsdefwefaMumif;ajymjyjcif;/ umav a'0 r[m0D&ç OyÜZÆ rmwkukpäd,H/
(ukovH-ukodkvfudk? ua&mwk-jyKygavm/ baEÅ-t½Sifbk&m;? oHaCm-oHCmawmfonf? ar-wynfhawmf
\ pum;udk?okPmwk-em;axmifawmfrlyg/ abm-atmif? 'ged-,cktcgü? *grH-½GmodkY? *päwk-oGm;yg/ aw-
oifhtm;? okcH-csrf;omonf? oAÁ'g-tcgcyfodrf;? a[mwk-jzpfygaponf;? ,m-tMuifolronf? aw-oif\?
tarÁ-o&ufoD;wdkYudk? t0g[&d-cdk;[lNyD? om-xdko&ufoD; cdk;olronf? {udum-wpfa,mufwnf;? o,ae-
tdyf&mü? aowk-tdyf&ygapom;/ wH-oifhudk? r[ðoD-uRJronf? tEkAE¨wk-vdkufygapownf;? aw-oifhtm;?
b,H-ab;onf? tu©,H-rukefEdkifonf? a[mwk-jzpfygapownf;/ rk'¨g-OD;acgif;onf? owå"m-ckESpfpdwf?
zvwk-uGJygapownf;/ y0&H-jrwfaom? *ZH-qifudk? ''g[d-ay;awmfoem;rlyg/ ar-uRefawmfrsKd;tm;?
*gr0&H-½Gmpm;qkudk? ''g[d-ay;awmfrlyg/ abm-t½Sif? tbd"r®H0g- tbd"r®mudkrlvnf;? okaPmrd udEéK-em&rSm
avm? O'g[k-odkYr[kwf? 0de,H0g-0denf;udkrlvnf;? okaPmrd udEéK-em&rSm avm/ abm-t½Sif? a0'H0g-
aA'ifudkrlvnf;? t"D,mrduð-oif&rSmavm? O'g[k-odkYr[kwf? wuúH0g-wufusrf;udkrlvnf;? t"D,mrduð-
oif&rSmavm/ b0gba0-b0wdkif;ü? t,H okrermvm0-þjrav;yef;uJhodkY? yd,m-cspf&mhowdkY orD;onf?
a[mrd-jzpf&ygvdk\? £rH[w¬ð-þqifudk? 0DoyDawe-tqdwfvlaom? oav’e-rQm;jzifh? 0dZÑmaywGm-ypfcGif;
apí? ZD0wu©,H-toufukefjcif;odkY? ygaywGm-a&mufapí? qAÁPÖ&o®ð-ta&mifajcmufrsKd;udk? 0doZÆaEÅ-
vTwfukefaom? ,ru'aEÅ-tpG,ftpHkwdkYudk? tm[&maywHk-aqmifapjcif;iSg? orw¬m-pGrf;Edkifolonf? a[mrd-
jzpf&ygvdk\/ baEÅ-jrwfpGmbk&m;? b*0g-jrwfpGmbk&m;onf? "r®H-w&m;udk? a'aowk-a[mawmfrlyg/
abm-tarmif? yknH-aumif;rIudk? {0H-þodkY? ua&mwk-jyKyg/ £[-þt&yfü? yAÁawm-awmif;BuD;onf?
a[mwk-ay:aygufygapownf;/ b0H-t½Sif? tm*päwk-<uawmfrlyg/ £'H-þum;? tmoeH-ae&mwnf;? {w¬-
þae&mü? edoD'wk-xdkifawmfrlyg/ baEÅ-jrwfpGmbk&m;? oGwem,-eufjzefqGrf;twGuf? ar-wynfhawmf\?
bwåH-qGrf;udk? t"d0gaowk-vufcHawmfrlyg/ b0H-t½Sifonf? yÚ§H-jyóemudk? ypäwk-ar;awmh/ r[m0D&-
vHkYvBuD;jrwfaom? a'0-tavmif;awmfewfom;? umavm-tcsdefwefygNyD? rmwkukpäd,H-r,fawmh0rf;ü? OyÜZÆ-
jzpfawmfrlyg)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf166
(3)owårD
{,sç {,sKH? {,smodç {,smx? {,smrdç {,smr? {xç {&H? {axmç {,sma0Sg? {,sHç {,smarS/
y&óyk'f twåaemyk'f
a,m* {u0kpf A[k0kpf {u0kpf A[k0kpf
emr 'daAÁ,sç 'daAÁ 'daAÁ,sKH 'daAÁx 'daAÁ&H
wkrS 'daAÁ,smodç 'daAÁ 'daAÁ,smx 'daAÁaxm 'daAÁ,sma0Sg
trS 'daAÁ,smrdç 'daAÁ 'daAÁ,smr 'daAÁ,sHç 'daAÁ 'daAÁ,smarS
tpDt&ifxl;
{,sç {,smodç {,smrdç {,sH > { ajymif;? ykpH-'daAÁ
owårDtoHk;jyKyHk
cGifhjyKjcif;/ wGH *grH *apä,smod/
BuHqjcif;/ t,H t&[m ba0,s/
ar;jcif;/ uð Ek abm "r® raZÑ,sHç O'g[k 0de,H taZÑ,sH?
(½kd;½kd;tar;r[kwf? t&m0w¬KESpfck qufpyfar;jcif;)
qkawmif;jcif;/ y&'g&H e *apä,s/
cGifhawmif;jcif;/ vab,sm [H baEÅ b*0awm oEÅdau yAÁZÆHç vab,sH OyorÜ'H/
wdkufwGef;^awmif;yefjcif;/ rmP0H tZÑmay,smod/
enf;ay;^pDrHjcif;/ *grH abm {0H *apä,s/
ac:iifjcif;/ £" b0H edoDa',s/
yifhzdwfjcif;/ *gro®ð b0H bkaÍÆ,s/
pGrf;Ekdif;jcif;/ aum £rH 0dZ#a, Z#H/
xdkufwefjcif;/ b0H cvk &ZÆH ua&^ua&,s/
apcdkif;jcif;/ *gruH baP *apä^*apä,smod/
tcsdefwefjcif;/ ,'d oHCó ywåuv’Hç oHaCm OaygoxH ua&,s/
csD;rGrf;jcif;/ yAÁwryd bdaE´,s/ q[d bdu©a0 "ar®,d orEém*awm bdu©K tyd
[dr0EÅH yAÁw&mZH y'gav,s? aum ye 0ga'g q0g, t0dZÆm,/
(wk0H-oifonf?*grH-½GmodkY?*apä,smod-oGm;vdkoGm;awmh/t,H-þolonf? t&[m-&[EÅmonf? ba0,s-
jzpfavmuf &m\? abm-t½Sif?"r®H-okwftbd"r®mudk?taZÑ,sHuðEk-o&ZÑ,f&rSmygavm?O'g[k-odkYr[kwf?0de,H
0denf;udk?
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf167
taZÑ,sH uðEk-o&ZÑ,f&rSmygavm? y&'g&H-olYr,m;udk? e*apä,s-roGm;&vdk? baEÅ t½Sifbk&m;? t[H-wynfh
awmf onf? b*0 awm-jrwfpGmbk&m;\? oEÅdau-txHü? yAÁZÆH-½Siftjzpfudk? vab,sH-&csifyg\? OyorÜ'H-
&[ef;tjzpfudk? vab,sH-&csifyg\/ rmP0H-vkvifudk? tZÑmay,smod-o&ZÑm,fapygavm(pmcsay;ygavm)/
abm-tarmif? *grH-½GmodkY? {0H-þodkY? *apä,s-oGm;&m\/ b0H-t½Sifonf? £"-þae&mü? edoDa',s-
xdkifvSnfhygavmh/ b0H-t½Sifonf? *gro®ð-½Gmü? bkaÍÆ-pm;ygavm/ aum-tb,folonf? £rHZ#H-
þt½IyftaxG;udk? 0dZ#a,-ajz½Sif;pGrf;EdkifygtHhenf;/ b0H-t½Sifonf? cvk-pifppf? &ZÆH-rif;tjzpfudk?
ua&(ua&,s)jyKxdkuf\/ baP-armif;rif;? *gruH-½Gmi,fodkY? *apä(*apä,smod)oGm;prf;avm/
oHCó-oHCm\(uHonf)? ywåuv’H-avsmufywfaomtcg½Sdonf? ap(,'d)tu,fíjzpftHh?
{0Howd-þodkY jzpfvaomf? OaygoxH-Oykofudk? ua&-jyK&m\?0g-jyKcsdefwefygNyD/ yAÁwryd-awmifudkvnf;?
bdaE´,s-cGJEddkif&m\/ bdu©a0-&[ef;wdkY? q[d-ajcmufyg;ukefaom? "ar®[d-w&m;wdkYESifh? orEém*awm-
jynfhpHkaom? bdu©K-&[ef;onf? [r0EÅH-[dr0EÅmrnfaom? yAÁw&mZHtyd-awmifrif;udkvnf;? y'gav,s-
cGJEdkif&mao;\? q0g,-,kwfnHhaom? t0dZÆm-t0dZÆmü? 0ga'g-azmufcGJEdkif\ [k txl;qdkzG,fpum;onf?
aumyetw¬d-tb,frSm½SdawmhtHhenf;? ew¬d{0-r½Sdawmhonfom)
(4) ya&mu©m
tç O? {ç w¬? tç rS? w¬ç a&? aw¬mç a0Sg? £ç arS/
tpDt&ifxl;
w¬ç a&ç aw¬mç rSç arS AsOf;0dbwfaESmif;&mü £vm/ yHkpH-Abl0dw¬ç Abl0da& ponf
y&óyk'f twåaemyk'f
a,m* {u0kpf A[k0kpf {u0kpf A[k0kpf
emr Abl0 Abl0k Abl0dw¬ Abl0da&
wkrS Abla0 Abl0dw¬ Abl0daxm Abl0da0Sg
trS Abl0 Abl0drS Abl0d Abl0darS
jzpfNyD;onfudk arhavsmhjcif;/ t[H 0dvvmyH ud&/ t[H pum&H ud&/ t[H Abl0H ud&/
rod[efaqmifjcif;/ em[H uvda*F Z*gr/(aejcif;\taMumif;&if;udkygzHk;onf/
½kd;½kd;zHk;&mü ]]em[H t0oð}} raebl;yg[k tZÆwåeDoHk;)
olwyg;ajymoH wqifhMum;&jcif;/ aom tm[ ud&/ wGH Abla0 ud&/ {0H ud& ayg&mPm[k/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf168
(t[H-igonf? 0dvvmyHud&-a&mif;&rf;ajymrdowJh/ t[H-igonf? pum&Hud&-jyKvkyfrdowJh/ t[H-
igonf? Abl0H ud&-jzpfNyDwJh/ t[H-igonf? uvda*F-uvd*Fwdkif;wdkYudk? eZ*gr-roGm;bl;ra&mufbl;yg/
aom-xdlolonf? tm[ ud&-qdkowJh/ wGH-oifonf? Abla0ud&-jzpfNyDwJh/ {0H-þodkY? ayg&mPm-
a½S;q&mwdkYonf? tm[kud&-qdkukefowJh)
(5) [d,swåeD
tmç OD? Moç w¬? tç rSm? w¬ç w¬KH? aoç 0SH? £Hç rSao/
y&óyk'f twåaemyk'f
a,m* {u0kpf A[k0kpf {u0kpf A[k0kpf
emr tb0gçb0g? tb0lçb0l tb0w¬çb0w¬? tb0w¬KHçb0w¬KH?
tb0ç b0ç tb0kçb0k
wkrS tba0gçba0gçtb0çb0ç tb0w¬çb0w¬ tb0aoçb0ao? tb00SHçb00SH?
tb0dçb0d tb0xçb0x
trS tb0ç b0 tb0rSmçb0rSmç tb0ðç b0ð? tb0rSaoçb0rSao?
tb0rSçb0rS
tpDt&ifxl;
1/ "mwftpü tvm? yHkpH-tb0g ponf
2/ tmç OD> tç O yHkpH-tb0ç tb0k ponf
3/ Mo > tç £ yHkpH-tb0ç tb0d ponf
4/ w¬> x yHkpH-tb0x
,refaeYn oef;acgiftcgrSpí(raeYupí) a½S;jzpfaom twdwfu tjzpftysufudk
ajymqdka&;om; vdkonfhtcg [d,swåeD oHk;&onf/
aom t*rm r*¾H/ aw t*rl r*¾H/
(aom-xdkolonf? r*¾H-vrf;udk? t*rm-oGm;NyD/ aw-xdkolwdkYonf? r*¾H-vrf;udk? t*rl-oGm;ukefNyD)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf169
(6) tZÆweD
þç OçH Moç w¬ç £Hç rSm? tmç OKç aoç 0SHç tHç arS?
y&óyk'f twåaemyk'f
a,m* {u0kpf A[k0kpf {u0kpf A[k0kpf
emr tb0Dç b0D? tb0Hkçb0Hk tb0gçb0g? tb0lç b0l
tb0dç b0dç tb0ðokçb0ðok tb0dw¬çb0dw¬? tb0kç b0k
tb0Hokç b0Hok
wkrS tba0gçba0gçtb0çb0ç tb0dw¬çb0dw¬ tb0daoçb0dao? tb0d0SHçb0d0SH?
tb0dçb0d tb0kw¬çb0kw¬
trS tb0ðç b0ð tb0drSmçb0drSmç tb0ç b0? tb0darSçb0arS?
tb0drSçb0drS tb0Hç b0H
tb0krSmçb0krSm
tb0krSç b0krS
tpDt&ifxl;
1/ "mwftpü tvm? yHkpH-tb0D ponf
2/ OH > £Hokç tHok yHkpH-tb0ðokç tb0Hok ponf
3/ Mo > tç £ yHkpH-tb0ç tb0d ponf
4/ rSm > rS yHkpH-tb0drS
5/ tm > w¬ yHkpH-tb0dw¬
6/ OD > O yHkpH-tb0k
7/ tH > t yHkpH-tb0
,aeY(,ckjzpfNyD;p tcsdefrS)pí (av;oacsFESifhurÇmwpfodef;Mumapumrl) vGefavorQ
twdwftaMumif;udk ajymvdk&mü tZÆwåeDjzifha&;onf/ [d,swåeDESifh tZÆwåeDudk ]rm} edygwfESifhwGJa&;u
ypöKyÜef twdwf tem*wf umvoHk;yg;vHk; bmomjyefEdkif onf/ ykHpH rm*rm-roGm;ESifh ([d,swåeD)
rm*rD-roGm;ESifh (tZÆwåeD) twdwfrSmvnf;roGm;NyDç ypöKyÜefvnf; roGm;qJç tem*wfrSmvnf; roGmvwHhç
b,fumvrSmrS roGm;[k qdk vdkonf/ ]rm} udk yÍörD0dbwfESifhvnf; wGJa&;Edkifonf/ yHkpH-rm*päm[d-
roGm;ygESifh
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf170
(&) b0dóEÅD
ówdç óEÅdç óodç óxç ómrdç ómr? óawç óaEÅç óaoç óa0Sç óHç ómarS/
y&óyk'f twåaemyk'f
a,m* {u0kpf A[k0kpf {u0kpf A[k0kpf
emr *pädówd *pädóEÅdç *pädóa& *pädóaw *pädóaEÅç *pädóa&
wkrS *pädóod *pädóx *pädóao *pädóa0S
trS *päddómrd *pädómr *pädóH *pädómarS
tpDt&ifxl;
1/ EÅdç aEÅ > a& yHkpH-*pädóa& ponf
toHk;jyKyHk
1/ aemiftem*wf jzpfysufrnfhtaMumif;t&mudk ajymqdka&;om;vdkaomtcg
2/ *&[(uJh&Jhjcif;t"dyÜg,f&aom)emrESifhwGJNyD; twdwfutaMumif;t&mudk ajymvdk&mtcg
3/ 0drS,(tHhMojcif;tdyÜg,f&aom)emrESifhwGJNyD; twdwfutaMumif;t&mudk ajymvdk&mtcg
4/ twdwfu tjzpftysufudk ,Mw[d-emr-ESifhhthHMopGm ajymvdk&mtcg
5/ twdwfu tjzpftysufudk uxH[d-emr-ESifhh uJh&Jhjypfwif ajymvdk&mtcg wdkYü b0dóEÅDudk toHk;jyKonf/
1-yHkpH? aom *pädówd? aw *pädóEÅd/ aom-xdkolonf? *pädówd-oGm;vwHh? aw-xdkolwdkYonf? *pädóEÅd-
oGm;ukefvwHh/
2-yHkpH? £ar[demr uvsmP"r®m y#dZmedóEÅd? £ar([d)þraumif;aomw&m;½SdolwdkYonf? uvsmP"r®m-
aumif;aomw&m;½dSolwdkY[lí? y#dZmedóEÅdemr-0efcHukefbd\/
3-yHkpH? tpä&d,H taE¨memr yAÁw-rma&m[dówd? taE¨m-oluPf;onf? (ormaem-jzpfygvsuf) yAÁwH-
awmifay:odkY?tma&m[dówdemr-wufEdkifygay\? tpä&d,H-tHhMozG,faumif;avpG?
4-yHkpH? ,Mw[demr onD Zm*a&m yÍörwåmed ou#owmed edóm,edóm, twduúEÅmedae0'u©wd, e ye
aomówd/
,Mw[d(a,m[d)tMuiftmVm&&aohonf? onDormaem-onm½Sdoljzpfygvsuf? Zm*a&m-Edk;aeyg
vsuf? edóm,edóm,-rdrdudk uyfíuyfí? twduúEÅmed-vGefoGm;ukefaom? yÍörwåmed ou#owmed-
vSnf;ig;&m wdkYudk? ae0'u©wdemr-jrifvnf;rjrifvdkuf? eyeaomówdemr-Mum;vnf;rMum;vdkuf? wó-
xdktmVm&aoh\?oEÅ0d[ma&e-NidrfoufaomaeaMumif;ormywfjzifh?wH0d[&PH-xdkaejcif;onf? tpä&d,H0wabm-
tHhMozG,faumif;avpG?
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf171
5-yHkpH? uxH[demr wGHar C*k&d, {0H oGu©maw "r®0dea, O'&ó um&Pm yAÁZdóod?
(&) umvmwdywåd
ómç óHokç aóç óxç óHç ómrSm? óxç óðokç óaoç óa0Sç óðç ómrSao/
y&óyk'f twåaemyk'f
a,m* {u0kpf A[k0kpf {u0kpf A[k0kpf
emr t*pädómç *pädóm t*pädóHokç *pädóHok t*pädóxç*pädóx t*pädóðokç*pädóðok
t*pädóç *pädó
wkrS t*pädaóç *pädaó t*pädóxç *pädóx t*pädóaoç*pädóao t*pädóa0Sç*pädóa0S
t*pädóç *pädó
trS t*pädóHç*pädóH t*pädómrSmç*pädómrSm t*pädóðç *pädóð? t*pädómrSaoç
t*pädómrSç *pädómrS *pädómrSao
tpDt&ifxl;
1/ óm > ó yHkpH-t*pädó ponf
2/ aó > ó yHkpH-t*pädó ponf
3/ ómrSm > ómrS yHkpH-t*pädómrS ponf
jzpfoifhonft&m rjzpfyJ tcsdefvGefoGm;onfht&mudk ajymvdk&mwGif umvmwdywåd0dbwfudk
toHk;jyKonf/
(u) aom ap wH ,meH tvbdóm? t*pädóm/ (c) aw ap wH ,meH tvbdóHok?
t*pädóHok/
(8) oap araCm e0aó,sç Mo'eH typdóm/ (C) aom ap yXr0a, yAÁZdó?
t&[m tb0dóm/
(aom-xdkolonf? wH ,meH-xdk,mOfudk? ap tvbdóm-tu,fí&tHh? t*pädóm-oGm;Edkifavmuf&mNyD/
aw-xdkolwdkYonf? wH ,meH-xdk,mOfudk? ap tvbdóHok-tu,fí&ukeftHh? t*pädóHok-oGm;Edkifavmufukef&mNyD/
araCm-rdk;onf? oape0aó,s-r½GmcHhygrl? Mo'eH-xrif;onf? typd óm-usufavmuf&mNyD/ aom-
xdkolaX;om;onf? yXr0a,-yxrt½G,fwkef;u? apyAÁZdó-tu,fí &[ef;jyKcJhtHh? t&[m-&[EÅmonf?
tb0dóm-jzpfavmuf&mNyD/)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf172
Oyom&yk'f
emrfyk'f tmcsmwfyk'fwdkYESifh wGJzufí ,if;yk'fwdkYteufudk (1) rGrf;rH (2) jyifqif (3) jc,frIef;
aom yç y&m paom ESpfq,faom yk'fwdkYudk Oyom&yk'f[k ac:onf/
tmcswfyk'fteufudk rGrf;rHyHk
tbd0E´mrd=tvGef½kdaopGm½Sdcdk;yg\/
tbd+0E´(½Sdcdk;)+rd
O*¾päwd=wuf\/ O+*rk(oGm;)+wd
Oav’mau,smx=armhMunfhMuavmh/
O+avmu(Munfh){,smx
Moavmau[d=iHkYMunfhavmh/t0+avmu+[d
tmcswfyk'fteufudk jyifqifyHk
y&maZwd=½IH;\/ y&m+Zd(atmif)wd
tm*päwd=vm\/ tm+*rk(oGm;)wd
yauúmowd=ac:\/ y+uko(qJqdk)wd
tmcswfyk'fudk jc,frIef;yHk
vbwd=&\/ y#dvbwd=&\/
y#d+vb(&)+wd
a0a'wd=cHpm;\/oHa0a'wd=cHpm;\/
oH+0d'(cHpm;)+wd
emrfyk'fteufudk rGrf;rHyHk
Oy**ø=jrpf\teD;tem;/Oy+**Fg(jrpf)
ywdaomwH=a&qef/ywd+aomw(a&tvsOf)
tbd"r®=vGefuJxl;jrwfaomw&m;/
tbd+"r®(w&m;)
emrfyk'fteufudk jyifqifyHk
O'¨ar®m="r®tppfr[kwf/ O+"r®("r®tppf)
OAÁdea,m=0denf;tppfr[kwf/
O+0de,(0denf;tppf)
emrfyk'fudk jc,frIef;yHk
zaóm=awGUxdjcif;
oræaóm=awGUxdjcif;/ oH+zó(awGUxdjcif;)
ã "mwfçemrfudkuyf? tw¬udkjc,f? yk'fudkjc,f? ESpfoG,fOyom/
csD;jr§ifhyJhjyif? wm;jrpfvQif? oHk;tifteufrSm/
(o'´oHcdyf)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf173
Oyom&yk'fteufrsm;
1/ y = tjym;? tp? jy|mef;jcif;? tpdk;&jcif;? twGif;üjzpfjcif; -- ponf
ynm-tjym;tm;jzifh odwwfaomw&m;(y+Ó=odjcif;) 0dyÜuwH-píjyKtyf tNyD;rowfao;aom
tvkyf(0d+y+u&=jyK+w) yPDwH-jy|mef;onf\tjzpfodkY aqmiftyf\/ rGefjrwf\/
(y+eD=aqmif+w) ybl-tpdk;&ol(y+bl=jzpf) yu©dwåH-xnfhoGif;tyf\/ (y+cdy=ypfvTwf+w)
2/ y&m = qkwf,kwfjcif;? qHk½IH;jcif; -- ponf
y&mba0g-ysufpD;jcif;(y&m+b0=jzpfjcif;) y&mZdawm-½IH;aptyf\(y&m+Zd=atmif+w)
y&mroeH-oHk;oyfjcif;(y&m+ro=oHk;oyf+,k)
3/ ed = t<uif;tusefr½Sd? xGufoGm;jcif;? xkwfaqmifjcif;? wm;jrpfjcif;? r½Sdjcif; -- ponf
ed&0aooH-t<uif;tBuHr½Sdatmif(ed+t0aoo=<uif;usefaom) ed,smwd-xGufajrmuf\
(ed+,m=oGm;+wd) ed'¨g&P-xkwfaqmifjcif;(ed+"m&P=aqmifjcif;) ed0ga&wd-wm;jrpf\
(ed+0&=ydwfqdkY+aP+wd) edr®u©duH-ysm;aumifr½Sd(ed+ru©dum=ysm;aumifç,ifaumif)
4/ eD = y,fxkyfjcif;? wm;jrpfjcif; -- ponf
eD[&wd-y,fxkyf\(eD+[&=aqmif+t+wd) eD0&P-wm;jrpfwwfaomw&m;(eD+0&=ydwfqdkY+,k)
5/ O = wdk;wufjcif;? txuftrI? jy|mef;jcif;? pGrf;Edkifjcif; -- ponf
O*¾päwd-txufodkYwuf\(O+*rk=oGm;+wd) O|dawm-x\(O+Xm=&yf+w) Owåarm-jrwfol
(O+wr=wefqmqifç,HkrSm;çcspfzG,fjyK) Oó[wd-pGrf;Edkif\(O+o[=onf;cHçvTrf;rdk;çtm;xkwf+
t+wd)
6/ 'k = rwifhw,fjcif;ç r½Sdjcif;ç rjynfhpHkjcif; -- ponf
'k*¾aE¨m - rwifhw,faom teYH ('k+*E¨=teYH) 'kóDavm=oDvr½Sdol('k+oDv=oDv)
'koóH-aumufpyg;rjynfhpHkjcif;('k+oó=aumufpyg;)
7/ oH = aygif;jcif;? aumif;pGm? tusOf;csKH;jcif; -- ponf
oE¨d-aygif;pyfjcif;(oH+"m=aqmifçay;çarG;jrL+£) orm"d-aumif;pGmtm½kHü xm;wwfaomw&m;
(oH+tm+"m+£) ormaom-yk'fwdkYudkcsKH;jcif;(oH+to=xif½Sm;½SdçoGm;çxGef;yç,lçypfy,fçpm;+P)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf174
8/ 0d = txl;? qefYusifbuf? r,SOfjcif; -- ponf
0drkwåd=txl;ojzifh vGwfajrmufjcif;(0d+rkp=vGwfuif;jcif;+wd) 0d0ga'g=qefYusifbufajymqdkjcif;
(0d+0'=ajymqdkjcif;+P) 0dyÜ,kawåm=r,SOfaomw&m; (0d+y+,kZ=,SOf+w)
9/ t0 = atmuftzdkY? uif;jcif;? vTrf;rdk;jcif;? cdkjcif; -- ponf
t0u©dwåH=atmufodkYcstyfaom (t0+cdy=ypfvTifh+w) MorkuúOyg[aem=cRwftyfaomzdeyf½Sdol
(Mo+rkp=vGwfuif;çpGefYvTwf+w) t0Zmee=txifao;jcif;(t0+Ó=odjcif;+em+,k)
t0[ma&m=cdk;jcif; (t0+[&=,l+P)
10/ tEk = tpOfvdkufjcif;? rjywfpJjcif;? wlrQjcif; -- ponf
taEGwd=tpOfvdkuf\(tEk+£=oGm;ça&muf+wd) tEkoa,m=tpOfrjywfudef;0yfaomudavom
(tEk+od=wnfrSD+t) tEk½lyH=avsmf\(tEk+½ly=oabm)
11/ y&d = xuf0ef;MuOf? ydkif;½Sm;jcif;? a½SmifMuOfjcif; -- ponf
y&d0kawm=xuf0ef;usifapmifha½SmufçNcH&Htyf\(y&d+0&=ydwfqdkY+w) y&daÚ,sH=ydkif;jcm;íodtyf\/
(y&d+Ó=odjcif;+Ps) y&d[&wd=a½SmifvTJ\/ (y&d+[&=aqmif,l+wd)
12/ t"d = tvGeftuJ? tpdk;&ol? vTrf;rdk;jcif;? o&ZÑm,fjcif; -- ponf
t"doDvH=vGefuJaomoDv(t"d+oDv=oDv) t"dywd=tBuD;tuJ(t"d+ywd=tBuD;tuJ)
t"db0wd=vTrf;rdk;\(t"d+b0=jzpf+wd) t"Daw=½GwftHoif,l\(t"d+£+aw)
13/ tbd = a½S;½Ijzpfjcif;? txl;? tvGeftuJ? txuftrI -- ponf
tbduúrwd=a½S;½I(a½SUodk)oGm;\(tbd+urk=oGm;çESpfouf+t+wd) tbd"ar®m=xl;uJaomw&m;
(tbd+"r®) tbd0ówd=tvGef½Gm\ (tbd+0ók=rdk;½Gm+t+wd) tbd½k[wd=wuf\
(tbd+½k[=jzpf+wd)
14/ ywd=y#d =rSDjcif;? qefYusifbuf? tpm;ay;jcif;? wm;jrpfjcif;? wlrQjcif;? xdk;xGif;íodjcif;-ponf
ypöu©H=pu©Kpaom£a`E´udkrSDaomÓPf^rsufarSmuf (ywd+tu©=pu©Kpaom£a`E´) ywdaomwH-a&
\ qefYusifbuf(ywd+aomw=a&tvsOf) ywd''gwd=tpm;ay;\(ywd+'g=ay;+wd)
ywdao"eH=wm;jrpfjcif;(y#d+od"k=oGm;+,k)
y#da0a"m=xdk;xGif;íodjcif; (y#d+0d"=azmufxGif;çuGJjym;çpD&if+P)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf175
15/ ok = wifhw,fjcif;? aumif;pGm? jynfhpHkjcif; -- ponf
ok*aE¨m=wifhw,faomteHY (ok+*E¨=teHY) ok*awm=aumif;pGm<uoGm;awmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;
(ok+*w=oGm;jcif;) okbdu©H=xrif;\jynfhpHkjcif; (ok+bdu©m=xrif;)
16/ tm = a½S;½Ijzpfjcif;? tydkif;tjcm;? ysHUESYHjcif;? a&mufjcif;? vdkvm;jcif; -- ponf
tm*päwd=vm\(tm+*pä=oGm;+wd) tmyAÁwH=awmifwdkifatmif(awmiftxd) (tm+yAÁw=awmif)
tmukrm&H ,aom upö,eó=upönf;ax&f\ tausmftaZmonf uav;i,fwdkifatmif
jzpfonf/ (tm+ukrm&=uav;i,f) tmyaEém=a&muf\ (tm+y'=oGm;^cdkifcHh)
tmucFg=vdkvm;jcif;(tm+ucF=vdkjcif;^,HkrSm;)
17/ twd = omvGef(ausmfvGef)jcif;? vGefoGm;jcif;? uJvGef? tvGef -- ponf
twda&mpwd=omvGefwifhw,f\(twd+½kp=wifhw,f+t+wd) twDawm=vGefíjzpf\
(twd+£=jzpf+w) tpöEÅH=tydkiftjcm;udk vGef\ (twd+tEÅ=tydkif;tjcm;)
twdukovH=tvGefvdr®m\(twd+ukov=vdr®m) twd0k'¨d=tvGefBuD;jcif;(twd+0k'¨d=BuD;)
18/ tyd = csD;ajr§mufjcif;? uJh&Jhjcif;? ar;jcif; -- ponf
ar½krÜd-jrif;rkd&fawmifudkaomfvnf;? 0ded0dZÑdwGm=xdk;azmufí? *apä,s=oGm;Edkif&m\/
tydtrSmuH y@dwu=igwdkY\ynm½SdBuD;(pufqkyftyfaom ynm½Sd)
baEÅ-t½Sifbk&m;? bdu©H-qGrf;udk? tydvbdw¬-&ygukef\avm/
19/ ty = uif;jcif;? uJh&Jhjcif;? a½SmifMuOfjcif; -- ponf
tyrmaem=uif;aomrme½Sd\(ty+rme) ty*aAÇm-ewfjynfy#doaE¨rSuif;ol(ty+*AÇ=y#doaE¨)
,kwfnHhaom y#doaE¨aejcif;½Sdol?
0gPdZm-ukefonfwdkYonf? tyomvm,-uif;wJudka½SmifvTJukefí? tm,EÅd-vmukef\/
20/ Oy = csOf;uyfjcif;? teD;uyf? a&mufjcif;? toifh? txufüjzpfjcif;? tvGef -- ponf
OyedoDa',s=uyfíxdkiftHh(Oy+eDoDa',s=xdkiftHh) Oye*&H=NrKdUteD;(Oy+e*&=NrKdU) Oyywådawm=
toifhtm;jzifh(Oy+y'=oGm;+wd+awm)
(yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´g toHk;tEIef; 28-32)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf176
edygwfyk'f
0gus\ tpçtv,fçtqHk; wae&m&mrSaeí rdrda[mvdkaom teuft"dyÜg,fudk emrfyk'f
Bud,myk'fwdkYESifhwGJzufí nTefjyaom pç yd tp½Sdaom yk'fwdkYonf ]]edygwfyk'f}}wdkYrnf\/
,if;edygwfyk'fESifh Oyom&yk'fwdkYonf vdifoHk;yg;0dbwfckESpfoG,fESifh qufoG,faomfvnf;
rlv½kyfoGiftaetxm; ajymif;vJrIr½Sdojzifh ]]tAs,yk'f}}vnf; rnf\/
ykHpHrsm;
(u) rm rH baEÅ emaox = t½Sifbk&m; wynfhawmfr(\pnf;pdrf)udk rzsufqD;Muygukefvifh/
þü ]rm}[laom edygwfyk'fonf 0gus\tpüwnfvsuf rdrda[mvdkaom wm;jrpfjcif;teufudk
]emaox} [laom Bud,myk'fESifh wGJzufí nTefjyonf/
(c) cDPmoa0g ye ZD0daw 0g r&aP 0g Oayu©aum0 a[mwd/ &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfonfum;
touf½Sifjcif;üjzpfap aojcif;üjzpfap (rkef;çcspf rjyK) vspfvsL½Ionfom jzpf\/
þü ]yeç {0} edygwfyk'fwdkYonf 0gus\tv,fuaeí emrfyk'frsm;ESifhwJGzufNyD; rdrdwdkY a[mvdkaom
]qefYusifbufteuf} ]ydkif;jcm;uefYowfjcif;} teufrsm;udk a[mukef\/
(*) yknu&PH [d £" ap0 orÜ&ma, p okcar0 = ukodkvfaumif;rI jyKjcif;onfom
,ckb0üjzpfap aemifb0ü jzpfap csrf;om(aomtusKd;)udk jzpfapEdkifonfom/
þü ]{0} edygwfyk'fonf 0gus\tqHk;uaeí rdrda[mvdkaom ]ydkifjcm;uefYowfjcif;teufudk}
okc[laom emrfyk'fESifhwGJzufí nTefjyavonf/
edygwfyk'fESifh 4if;wdkY\ t"dyÜg,frsm;
1/ eç aemç rmç tvHç [vH = rç r[kwf 6/ tw¬d = ½Sdukef\/
2/ tx = tjcm;rJh? xdkrSwyg;? odkYr[kwf 7/ ouúm = wwfaumif;\/
3/ wk = xdkrSwyg;? txl; 8/ orEÅm = xuf0ef;usif
4/ [a0ç a0 = pifppf? {uef? trSeftm;jzifh 9/ a[|m = atmuf
5/ ao,s'd'H = xdk[mtb,fenf; 10/ Oy&d = txuf
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf177
11/ rk[kwå = wrk[kwfrQ? wcPrQ 17/ ta[m = tHhMozG,f½SdygaypG
12/ £wd=xdkY--aMumifh? þwGifNyD;NyD? 18/ ud&=wqifhpum;Mum;&zl;onfum;?
þodkY[l? í? [k owJh? owwf?
13/ tayÜ0emr=jim;tHhvnf;rod? -wef&m\? 19/ ememç ykxk=toDtjcm;
14/ tmrç om"k=aumif;NyD? at;? tdrf;? 20/ yke=wzef
15/ udÍömyd = tu,fí - - ygay\? 21/ {0=om? omvQif? yifvQif
16/ uk = pufqkyfbG,f 22/ ,m0=tMuifrQavmuf
23/ wm0=xdkrQavmuf
24/ earm=½Sdcdkjcif;onf - ponfwdkYjzpfukef\/
omrDum&uESifhwGJonfhedygwfyk'frsm;
1/ Oy&d=tay:rSm
½ku©ó Oy&d oukaPm a[mwd/ opfyif\ tay:rSm iSuf½Sdonf/
2/ a[|m=atmufrSm
½ku©ó a[|m 'g&um uDVEÅd/ opfyif\ atmufrSm uav;rsm; upm;aeMuonf/
3/ yka&? yk&awm=a½SUrSm
a*[ó yka&(yk&awm) ½kau©m a[mwd/ tdrf\a½SUrSm opfyif½Sdonf/
4/ ypäm? ypäawm=aemufrSm
0d[m&ó ypäm(ypäawm) omraP&m a[mEÅd/ ausmif;\aemufrSm omraPrsm;½SdMuonf/
5/ orDay? oEÅdau=teD;rSm
e*&ó orDay(oEÅdau) rEkóm 0oEÅd/ NrKdU\teD;tem;rSm vlrsm;aeMuonf/
6/ 'la&=ta0;rSm
e*&ó 'la& acwåmed a[mEÅd/ NrKdU\ta0;rSm v,frsm; ½SdMuonf/
7/ t0d'la&=reD;ra0;ü
trSmuH a*[ó t0d'la& a*gPm wdPH cg'EÅd/
igwdkY\ tdrf\ reD;ra0;ü EGm;rsm;onf jrufudk pm;Muonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf178
8/ taEÅm=twGif;rSm
e*&ó taEÅm t&a,m e a[mEÅd/ NrKdU\twGif;ü &efolrsm; r½SdMuyg/
9/ A[d=tjyiftyü
e*&ó A[d t&a,m e a[mEÅd/ NrKdU\tjyifyü &efolrsm; r½SdMuyg/
10/ tEÅ&m=tMum;ü
'GdEéH *grmeH tEÅ&m {um e'D ta[mod/ ½GmESpf½GmwdkY\ tMum;rSm jrpfwpfjrpf½SdchJonf/
u&P0dbwfESifh wGJ&onfh edygwfrsm;
1/ 0dem=uif;í? rygbJ
wGH y@dawe 0dem rm 0om[d/ oifonf ynm½SdESifh uif;uGmNyD; raeESifh/
oDave 0dem "r®H p&dwHk e oauúmwd/ tusifhoDvESifh uif;uGmNyD; w&m;udk usifh&ef rpGrf;Edkif/
2/ o'¨ð? o[=twlwuG
r,H tmp&da,e o[(o'¨ð) ur®H ua&mr/ igwdkYonf q&mESifh twlwuG tvkyfvkyfMuonf/
jrefrmodkY jyefqdkyg
1/ a*[ó a[|m 'g&um uDVEÅd/
2/ *gró t0d'la& 0eH ta[mod/
3/ tmp&d,ó oEÅdau r,H odyÜH O*¾PSmr/
4/ wkarS tmp&d,ó yka& rm bmox/
5/ trSmuH a*[ó taEÅm "emed ta[oHk/
6/ *gró A[d acwåmed a[mEÅd/
7/ wma,m unma,m tarS[d o'¨ð apwd,H *päEÅd/
8/ t[H w,m 0dem 0odwkH e oauúmrd/
9/ Amav[d o[ rm 0ox/
10/ *gró p e*&ó p tEÅa& unH yómrd/
(yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´g toHk;tEIef; 35-41)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf179
ormof
emrfyk'f1 ESpfyk'fudkjzpfap oHk;yk'fav;yk'fponf trsm;udk jzpfap pum;wdkatmif csKH;rI pum;usOf;atmif
csOf;pyfrIudk ormof[k ac:\/ jrefrmpum;oHk;üvnf; xdkuJhodkYormof pum;vHk;awG rsm;pGmyg½Sd\/ rcsKH;
rcsOf;tyfaom pum;udk ygVdvdk ]]0gus}}[k ac:onf/
ygVd0gus - &anm+ykawåm jrefrm0gus - rif;\+om;
ygVdormof - &Zykawåm jrefrmormof - rif;om;
þyHkpHü 0guswkef;u pum;us,fí ormofrSm pum;usOf;yHkudkMunfh? 0guswkef;u &anmü
o0dbwfç rif;\ü \[laom jrefrm0dbwfwdkYonf ormofodkYa&mufu ausaysmuf&ukef\/
0gustcdkufü udk,fh0dbwfESifhudk,f &anmwyk'f ykawåmwyk'f[k ESpfyk'fuGJaomfvnf; ormofjzpfonfhtcg
o0dbwfausaysmufí &mZykawåm-[k wyk'fwnf; jzpf&awmhonf/ teuftm;jzifhvnf; 0guswkef;u
&anmtwGuf rif;j'yfç ykawåmtwGuf om;j'yf[k teufj'yf ESpfrsKd;&aomfvnf; ormofjzpfonfhtcg
rif;om;wa,mufwnf;udk &jcif;onf teufudkcsKH;jcif; pyfxm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ þodkY 0dbwfausysufojzifh
yk'fteufESpfyg;udk csKH;jcif;pyfxm;jcif;onfyif ormof\oabmwnf;/
yk'fESpfyg;udk pyfxm;jcif;ü oE¨dpyfvnf;½Sd\/ odkYaomf xdkoE¨dpyfü a½SUyk'fESifhaemufyk'f
teufjcif;vnf; wom;wnf;jzpfatmif rpyfonfhjyif 0dbwfausaysmufí wyk'fwnf;jzpfatmifvnf;
rpyfEdkif/ oE¨dpyfvdkufonfhtcg ½GwfbwfvdkY ajyjypfnufanm½kHom ½Sdonf/ Oyrm - ,ó + £`Ed´,med
ESpfyk'fudk ,ód`E´d,med[k oE¨dpyfonfhtcg ,óü o0dbwfrausonhftwGuf ,ód`E´d,med[laom
oE¨donf wyk'fwnf;r[kwf? rlvtwdkif; ESpfyk'f ESpfyk'fyif jzpf\/ oE¨dpyfxm;aomfvnf; teufqdkonfhtcg
]],ó-tMuifol\? £`E´d,med-a`E´wkdY}}[k ESpfeufyif cGJ&aomaMumifh teufj'yfvnf;rpyfacs/ xdkYaMumifh
0dbwfausysufí yk'fa&mteufygpyfjcif;onf ormofpyfwnf;? teufvnf;rpyf 0dbwfvnf;raus
½Gwf&mü ajyjypfnufanm acsmarm½kHom pyfjcif;onf oE¨dpyfwnf[k rSwfyg/
(tajcjyKo'´g 445-447)
1 emrfyk'fqdkonfrSm emrfemrfç oAÁemrfç ormofemrfç w'¨dwfemrfç udwfemrfESifhwuG Oyom&yk'f edygwfyk'frsm;udk
qdkvdkonf/ ormofw'¨dwfudwfr[kwfaom wdóç 'wå ponf ½kd;½kd;emrfyk'fonf emremrf? oAÁç uw&ç
uwr ponfum; oAÁemrfrsm;jzpfonf/ Oyom&yk'f edygwfyk'fwdkYudkvnf; emrf0dbwfouf&aomyk'fjzpfí emr[k
ac:onf/ tcsKyftm;jzifh tmcswf(Bud,m)yk'frS wyg;aom yk'ftm;vHk;udk emr[k ac:onf[k rSwfyg/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf180
(1) tAs,Dabmormof
Oyom&yk'fç edygwfyk'fwdkYonf vdif 3-yg; 0dbwf 7-oG,fwdkYESifh qufoG,faomfvnf; yHkoP²mef
ajymif;vJysufpD;rI r½SdaomaMumifh ]tAs,} rnf\/ xdktAs,rnfaom Oyom&yk'f edygwfyk'frsm;ESifh
qufpyfaom ormofonf ]tAs,Dabmormof} rnf\/
tAs,Dabm ormofwGJpyfaomtcg
(1) Oyom&ykf? odkYr[kwf edygwfyk'fwdkYudk a½SUqHk;u xm;&rnf/
(2) xdkOyom&yk'f? odkYr[kwf edygwfyk'fwdkYteufom jy|mef;&rnf/
(3) a½SUyk'fü yxrm0dbwfç aemufyk'fü 0dbwfckESpfoG,fwGif wrsKd;rsKd;aus&rnf/
ã tAs,Dabm ormofonf vdiftm;jzifh eyHkvdifwrsKd;wnf;om ½Sd\/ £w¬dvdifç ykv’difemrfwdkYonf
tAs,DabmormofjzpfvQif rdrdvdifudkpGefYí eykv’difom jzpfukef\/
um&eftm;jzifh t-£-O [k 3-rsKd;om½Sd\/ yifudk,f tm-þ-OD wdkYudk tAs,DabmormofjzpfvQif
tpOftwdkif; t-£-O ajymif;&onf/ Mo udk O odkY ajymif;&onf/
t-qHk;aom tAs,DabmormofESifh wGJpyfvQif yxrmç 'kwd,m0dbwfrsm;udk tH-tjzpf ajymif;&
onf/ wwd,mç pwkw¬Dç owårD0dbwfwdkYudk tcsKdU tH-tjzpf ajymif;& onf/ £-O qHk;aom
tAs,DabmormofESifh wGJpyfrnfh 0dbwftm;vHk; ausaysmufukef\/
ã tAs,Dabmpnf;rsOf;
4/ Oyo*¾edygw ykAÁaum tAs,Dbma0g/ Oyom&yk'f edygwfyk'f a½SUvJ½Sdç jyvJjy|mef;aom ormofonf
tAs,Dabm ormofjzpfonf/
5/ aom eyHkouvda*Fg/ xdktAs,Dabmormofudk vdiftm;jzifh eyHkvdif[k rSwfyg/
26/ tH 0dbwåDe.rmum&EÅm tAs,Dbm0g/ tum&EÅ tAs,Dabmyk'faemuf 0dbwftm;vHk;onf wcgw&H
tHodkYajymif;onf/
27/ oa&m&aóm eyHkoau/ eyHkvdeformofyk'f tqHk;o&onf &óodkYajymif;onf/
28/ tno®m avmayg p/ tum&EÅ tAs,DabmrSwyg;aom (£-O um&EÅ) tAs,Dabmormof
aemufu 0dbwftmvHk;onf ausajymufoGm;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf181
t-qHk;aom
tAs,Dabmormofyk'f
Oye*&H-NrKdUteD;
OyukrÇH-tdk;teD;
y#daomwH-a&tvsif\
qefYusifbuf(a&qef)
ywd0gwH-avqefYusifbuf
(avqef)
£-O qHk;aom
tAs,Dabmormofyk'f
t"dw¬d-rdef;rudktaMuif;jyKí
jzpfaom pum;
t"dukrm&d-owdkYorD;
taMumif;jyKíjzpfaompum;
Oy0"k-acR;rteD;
Oy*k-EGm;teD;
edygwfyk'fESifhwGJpyfaom
tAs,Dabmormofyk'f
taEÅme*&H-NrKdUwGif;
taEÅm0óH-0gwGif;
A[de*&H-NrKdUjyif
yka&bwåH-eHeufcif;
ypämbwåH-naecif;
a[|mrÍöH-anmifapmif;atmuf
tum&EÅtAs,Dabm½kyfpOf
y/ Oye*&H (Oye*&H) Oye*&mç Oye*&med (Oye*&H)
tm/ abm Oye*&ç Oye*&m (Oye*&H) b0EÅmedOye*&mç Oye*&med (Oye*&H)
'k / Oye*&H (Oye*&H) Oye*a&ç Oye*&med (Oye*&H)
w/ Oye*a&e (Oye*&H) Oye*a&[d^bd (Oye*&H)
p^q/ Oye*&ó (Oye*&H) Oye*&meH (Oye*&H)
rD/ Oye*&o®m^rSmçOye*&m(Oye*&H) Oye*a&[d^bd (Oye*&H)
o/ Oye*&o®ð^rSdçOye*a&(Oye*&H) Oye*a&ok (Oye*&H)
£um&EÅtAs,Dabm½kyfpOf
y/ t"dw¬d t"dw¬Dçt"dwDed(t"dw¬d)
tm/ t"dw¬d t"dw¬Dçt"dw¬Ded(t"dw¬d)
'k/ t"dw¬ð(t"dw¬d) t"dw¬Dçt"dw¬Ded(t"dw¬d)
w/ t"dw¬dem(t"dw¬d) t"dw¬D[dçbd(t"dw¬d)
p^q/ t"d|daemç
t"dw¬dó(t"dw¬d) t"dw¬DeH(t"dw¬d)
rD/ t"dw¬do®mç
t"dw¬dem(t"dw¬d) t"dw¬D[dçbd(t"dw¬d)
o/ t"dwd¬o®ðçrSd(t"dw¬d) t"dw¬Dok (t"dw¬d)
Oum&EÅtAs,Dabm½kyfpOf
y/ Oy*k Oy*lçOy*led (Oy*k)
tm/ Oy*k Oy*lçOy*led (Oy*k)
'k/ Oy*kH (Oy*k) Oy*lçOy*led (Oy*k)
w/ Oy*kem (Oy*k) Oy*l[d^bd (Oy*k)
p^q/ Oy*kaemç
Oy*kó (Oy*k) Oy*leH (Oy*k)
rD/ Oy*ko®mç Oy*krSm
Oy*kem (Oy*k) Oy*l[d^bd (Oy*k)
o/ Oy*ko®ðç (Oy*k) Oy*lok (Oy*k)
bmomjyefyHk/ NrKdU\teD;onf? wdkYonf? tdkNrdKU\teD;çwdkY? -teD;udkçwdkYudk? ponfjzifh jyefyg/ ½lbm#D y 545ç6 üMunfhyg
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf182
(2) ur®"m&,formof
a½SUyk'faemufyk'f ESpfyg;wdkY teufj'yft&wljzpfaom ormofonf ]]ur®"m&,formof}}rnf\/
uHyk'fonfBud,mtusKd; 2-rsKd;udkaqmifovdk trnfESpfrsKd;udkaqmifaomaMumifh ]]ur®"m&,formof}}
rnf\/
yHkpH-r[myk&daom? jrwfaoma,musfm;/
þü ]a,musfmj'yf} wpfckwnf;u jrwfaom*kPf[laomtrnf a,musfm;Zmwf[laomtrnf
ESpfrsKd;udk aqmifxm;aomaMumifh ur®"m&,formofrnf\/ jrefrmtoHxGufü a½SUyk'ftqHk;ü aom[laom
toHxGufay:vQif ur®m"m&,formof[k rSwfyg/ þormofonf aemufyk'f\teufom y"mejzpf(jyXmef;)
onf/
ESpfyk'fwGJtyfaom ur®"m&,fudk 'Gdy'ur®"m&,f[k ac:\/ oHk;yk'fwGJtyfaom ur®"m&,fudk
wdy'ur®"m&,f[k ac:\/ 0dN*Kd[fjyK&müum; 'Gdy'jzpfvQif ESpfyk'fvHk;aemufrSmç wdy'jzpfvQif
oHk;yk'fvHk;aemufrSm yxrm0dbwf {u0kpfjzpfap odkYr[kwf A[k0kpfjzpfap oifhovdkk qufay;&onf/ pç w
o'´grygbJvnf; 0dN*Kd[fqdkEdkifonf/ ygívnf; qdkEdkifonf/ a½SUaemuf ESpfyk'f vdif0kpfrwlvQif a½SUyk'f\
vdif0kpfESifhwlatmif wo'´gudk xm;yg/
yHkpH-r[aEÅm yk&daom r[myk&daom (pçw o'´g ryg)
r[aEÅm p aom yk&daom pmwd r[myk&daom (pçw o'´g yg)
t0dZÆm p om ypöa,m pmwd t0dZÆm ypöa,m (w o'´g a½SUyk'fvdifvdkufyHk)
r[EÅÍö wH eDvÍö wH OyÜvÍömwd r[meDvkyÜvH (wdy')
ur®"m&,formofonf
1/ 0daooeykAÁy' ur®"m&,f
2/ 0daooEkwå&y' ur®"m&,f
3/ 0daooaemb,y' ur®"m&,f
4/ OyrmEkwå&y' ur®"m&,f
5/ orÇm0emykAÁy' ur®"m&,f
6/ t0"m&PykAÁy' ur®"m&,f
7/ eedygwykAÁy' ur®"m&,f
8/ ukedygwykAÁy' ur®"m&,f
9/ yg'dykAÁy' ur®"m&,f - [lí 9-rsKd;½Sd\/
0daooeykAÁy' ur®"m&,f
0daooeyk'fudk a½SUuxm;í wGJpyfvQif ]]0daooeykAÁy' ur®"m&,f}} ormofjzpf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf183
yHkpH-r[myk&daom=jrwfaoma,musfm;(a,musfm;jrwf)
0D&yk&daom=&Jh&ifhaoma,musfm;
aow[w¬D=jzLaomqif(qifjzL)
eDvkyÜvH=nKdaomMum(MumndK)
avm[dwpE´eH=eDaompE´ul;(pE´ul;eD)
0daooEkwå&y'ur®"m&,f
0daooeyk'fudk aemufuxm;í wGJpyfvQif ]0daooEkwå&y'ur®"m&,formof} jzpfonf/
yHkpH-om&dykwåaw¬a&m=t½Sifom&dykMwmrax&f
"r®ygvmp&da,m=q&mawmft½Sif"r®ygv
0d"k&y@dawm=0d"k&ynm½Sd? 0d"k&okcrdef
0daooaemb,y' ur®"m&,f
0daooeyk'fawGcsnf;wGJpyfvQif ]0daooaemb,y' ur®"m&,formof}rnf\/
yHkpH-oDwkPSH=at;vnf;at; ylvnf;ylaompm;zG,f
cÍÆckaZÆm=cGifvnf;cGif ukef;vnf;ukef;aomol
qd'´g0qd'´H=taygufBuD;vnf;½Sd taygufi,fvnf;½Sdaom0w¬K
Opöm0pH=tjrwfvnf;ygt,kwfvnf;ygaomudpö
*wypöm*wH=toGm;vnf;aqmiftyf tjyefvnf;aqmiftyfaom ur®|mef;
OyrmEkwå&y' ur®"m&,f
Oyrmeyk'fudk aemufuxm;í wGJpyfaomormofonf ]OyrmEkwå&y'ur®"m&,formof} jzpfonf/
jrefrmbmomjyefqdkaomtcg Oyrmeyk'fudk oifhavQmfovdk wGJpyf&onf/
yHkpH-rkedoDa[m=jcaoFhrif;uJhodkY &J&ifhawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;
Ak'¨ema*g=qifajymifBuD;ESifhwlawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;
Ak'¨g'dapöm=aerif;ESifhwlawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;
o'¨r®&Hod=a&mifjcnfESifhwlawmfrlaom olawmfaumif;w&m;
rkcpaE´m=vSywifh½Tef; vjynfh0ef;uJhodkY usufoa&½Sdaom rsufESm
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf184
orÇm0emykAÁy' ur®"m&,f
csD;yifhjr§ifhwifjcif;udk orÇm0em[k ac:onf/ xdkorÇm0emteufudk £wdo'´gu jy\/ ormofpyf&mü
a½SUyk'f0,f (csDyifhjr§ifhwifjcif;) orÇm0emteufudk jyaom £wdo'´gausajymufí ormofyk'f0,f ,if;\
teuf toHxGufay:aeaom ormofonf ]orÇm0emykAÁy' ur®"m&,formof} rnf\/
jr§ifhwifyHkrSm-]]"ar®m Ak'¨d}}ü "ar®mt& w&m;&\/ Ak'¨dt& todÓPf&\/ þodkY "r®ESifhAk'¨dwdkY
teuft&csif; rwlnDMuí wkvsm"du&P rjzpfjcif;aMumifh "r®\teufu Ak'¨d\teufudk rrSDbJ edrfhus
ouJhodkYjzpfae&m ]]"ar®m£wd-w&m;[líjzpfaom? Ak'¨d-todÓPf}} [k £wdo'´gu "r®\teufudk jr§ifhwif
ay;vdkufrS Ak'¨dteufESifh teufcsif;nDrQí wkvsm"du&Pjzpfum ur®"m&,formof wGJpyfEdkifavonf/
yHkpH-"r®Ak'¨d=w&m;[kjzpfaom todÓPf
"r®onm=w&m;[kjzpfaom trSwfonm
tedpöonm=tedpö(rNrJ)[kjzpfaom trSwfonm
"Dwkonm=orD;[kjzpfaom trSwfonm
twå'd|d=twå[kjzpfaom t,l
þodkYjzpfvQif £wdo'´gaus&müom orÇm0emur®"m&,f[k ½lyod'¨dpmudk,fESifh #DumwdkYü rdefYqdk
Muonf/ a½S;a½S;jrefrmq&mawmf tqufqufurl ]][kwGm(jzpfí) ocFgw(qdktyfaom) blw(jzpfaom)
{0(omvQif) £wd([laom)}} o'´gwdkYausaom ormofudk orÇm0emykAÁy'ur®"m&,f[k rdefYawmfrlMuí
a[wkypöa,m=[dwfjzpfí aus;Zl;jyKwwfaomw&m;
tavmbukovrlvH=tavmb[kqdktyfaomukodkvfrlv
ÓP'óeH=ÓPfjzpfíjzpfaomtjrif
½lyg,weH=tqif;omvQiftm,we ponfwdkYudkvnf; orÇm0emykAÁy'ur®"m&,fü
oGif;awmfrlMuonf/
t0"m&PykAÁy' ur®"m&,f
t0"m&Pteufudk nTefjyaom {0o'´gausaysmufvsuf ormofyk'fü 4if;\teufjzpfaom
]omvQif} [laomtoH ay:xGufaeaomormofonf ]t0"m&PykAÁy' ur®"m&,f} ormofrnf\/
yHkpH-*kP"eH=*kPfonfomvQifOpöm
pu©K`E´d,H=pu©KonfomvQif £a`E´
½lyg&r®PH=tqif;onfomvQif tm½kH
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf185
eedygwykAÁy'ur®"m&,f
aemufyk'f\teufay:vGif(yDjyifap)&ef e[laomedygwfyk'f a½S;½Sdaomormofyk'fonf ]eedygw
ykAÁy' ur®"m&,f} ormofrnf\/
yHkpH-tjA[®aPm=ykPÖm;tppf r[kwfaomol? ykPÖm;tppfESifhwlol(ykPÖm;wk)
trEkaóm=vltppfr[kwfaomol? vlESifhwlaomol(ewf? bDvl;)
tóraPm=&[ef;ppfr[kwfaomol? &[ef;tppfESifhwlaomol(&[ef;wk?&[ef;a,mif)
tAsmuawm=ukodkvftukodkvftjzpf ra[mtyfaomw&m;
tukoavm=ukodkvf\qefYusifbuf(tukodkvf)
tavmabm=avmb\qefYusifbuf(tavmb)
te&da,m=t&d,mr[kwfaomol(ykxkZOf)
eedygwykAÁy' ur®"m&,formof t&mü aemufyk'f\tpü o&½SdaevQif ]e}udk tefjyK&rnf/
Asnf;paevQif ]e}ukd tajymif;í qufpyf&onf/
ukedygwykAÁy' ur®"m&,f
uk-edygwfyk'f a½S;½Sdaom ormofonf ]ukedygwykAÁy' ur®"m&,f}ormofrnf\/ aemufyk'f\
tpü o&½SdvQif uk-udk u'f jyK&onf/ tenf;i,f[laom teufa[m ukedygwfyk'fESifh tcsKdUpufqkyfzG,f
teufa[m uk-edygwfwdkYudk ]um} jyK&onf/
yHkpH-u'EéH=pufqkyfzG,f xrif;
u'oeH=pufqkyfzG,ftpm;tpm
umv0PH=tenf;i,faomqm;
umykyæH=tenf;i,faomyef;
umyk&daom=pufqkyfzG,f a,musfm;
yg'dykAÁy' ur®"m&,f
ytp½Sdaom Oyom&yk'fa½S;½Sdaom ur®"m&,formofonf ]yg'dykAÁy' ur®"m&,formof} jzpfonf/
yHkpH-yg0peH=jy|mef;aom(jrwfpGmbk&m;)pum;awmf
y0'¨H=tvGefBuD;aomcE¨m
orm"meH=aumif;pGm(tnDtrQ)xm;jcif;(pdwfwnfMunfjcif;)
0drwd=txl;xl;tjym;jym;odjcif;
0duayÜg=txl;xl;tjym;jym; (trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHk) BuHpnfjcif;
t"doDvH=vGefuJaomoDv? jrifhjrwfaomoDv
ok*aE¨m=aumif;aomteHY(arT;BuKdifaomteHY)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf186
owdjyK&rnfhtcsufrsm;
1/ r[myk&daom ponfü r[EÅ-rS r[m jzpfvmonf/
2/ oyÜK&daom ponfü oEÅ-rS o jzpfvmonf/
3/ ykv’d*ø ponfü aemufü vd*Fo'´gponfaMumifh ykrü r\rSD&m t-o&ausaysmufí rf-onf ed*¾[dwf
jzpfoGm;NyD; aemufu wGJyk'f\ tpAsOf;tvdkuf içÚçPçeçrçvç ponf wpfzefjzpf&onf/
yHkpH-ykEéma*g(qifxD;)em*-a>rçe*g;çqifajymif? ykauFmudavm(OMozdk) aumudv(y)OMoiSuf
4/ jA[®P'g&dum paom £w¬dvdifa[mo'´gwdkYü ykv’difa[mzl;aoma½SUyk'fü £w¬dvifudknTefjyaom
]]tm(-g)? þ (-D)? £eD (-deD)}}ypönf;rsm; qufoG,f&efrvdk/ aemufyk'f wyk'fESifhom qufoG,fvQif
udpöNyD;awmh\/
yHkpH-cwåd,unm(rif;rsKd;owdkYorD;)? &wåvwm(eDaomEG,f)? w½kPjA[®PD(i,f½G,faomykaPÖ;r)
5/ eE´maygu©&PD(eE´ma&uef)? pE´ma'0D(pE´mrnfaomrdzk&m;)? yx0D"mwk(yx0D"mwf) paom trnfa[m
yifudk,f£w¬dvdifo'´grsm;ü a½SUaemufESpfyk'fvHk; £w¬dvdifudk nTefjyaomypönf; qufoG,f&onf/
'd*kormof
ocFsmo'´ga½S;½Sdaom ur®"m&nf;ormofonf 'd*kormofrnf\/ ,if;'d*kormofonf
(u) ekykv’dif {u0kpfxm;&aom orm[m&'d*k
(c) aemufyk'fvdiftwdkif; vdifoHk;yg;ç 0kpfESpfyg; xm;Edkifaom torm[m&'d*k [lí 2-rsKd;½Sdonf/
(u)yHkpH-wdavmuH-oHk;yg;aomavmu(avmuoHk;yg;)
pwk'´doH-av;yg;aomt&yfrsufESm(t&yfav;rsufESm)
yÍöoDvH-ig;yg;oDv
yÍöodu©my'H-ig;yg;aomodu©myk'f
t|oDvH-½Spfyg;oDv
(c)yHkpH-{uyk*¾avm-wpfa,mufwnf;aomyk*¾Kdvf
wdb0g-oHk;yg;aomb0wdkY
pwk'´dom-av;yg;aomt&yfrsufESmwdkY
'oo[ópuú0gVmed=waomif;aompMum0VmwdkY
rSwfom;zG,f
(1) &wådç t*Fkvdç a*g"m0&D-paom o'´gwdkYESifh t-ypönf;qufoG,fvQif yk'ftqHk;o&rsm; ausaysmuf
oGm;onf/ yHkpH-'Gd&wåH(ESpfnOfh)? 'G*FkvH(vufESpfopf)? owåa*g"0&H(7-pif;aom a*g"m0&Djrpf)ponf/
(2) ok&bd? ok? 'k? ylwd-o'´gwdkYESifh wGJpyfonfh *E¨o'´g\ tpdwftudk £jyK&onf/
yHkpH-ok&bd*E¨d(arT;BuKdifaomteHY)? ok*E¨d(aumif;aomteHY)?
'k*¾E¨d(raumif;aomteHY)? ylwd*E¨d(ykyfaomteHY)?
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf187
wyÜK&doformof
wyÜK&doformofonf (u) rdóuwyÜKdof (c) ok'¨wyÜK&dof [k ESpfrsKd;½Sdonf/ ur®"m&nf;ç 'd*k
vu©PmESifh a&maom wyÜK&dofudk rdóuwyÜKdof[k ac:onf/ ur®"m&nf;ç 'd*k vu©PmESifh ra&maom
wyÜK&dofudk ok'¨wyÜK&dof[k ac:onf/
(u) rdóuwyÜK&dofonfvnf; (1)r[myk&douJhodkY ur®"m&nf; wyÜKdofa&maom ur®"m&,rdóu
wyÜK&dof (2) wdavmuH uJhodkY ur®"m&, 'd*k vu©PmESpfcka&maom ur®"m&,'d*krdóu wyÜK&dof[k
ESpfrsKd;½Sdjyefonf/
wyÜK&doformofyk'frsm;ü aemufyk'fteuf(t"dyÜg,f)uom t"dujzpfonf/
r[myk&do[laom ur®"m&nf;ormofü r[EÅyk'f\teufjzpfwJh ]]jrwf}}[laom *kPfudkr&?
yk&do\ teufjzpfwJh a,musfm;j'yfom&\/ ]]jrwfaoma,musfm;udk ac:cJhprf;}}[k qdkvQif tjrwf*kPfudk
rac:&ç a,musfm;j'yfudkom ac:cJh&vdrfhrnf/ þodkY aemufyk'f\teuf jy|mef;&um; r[myk&do[laom
ur®"m&nf;ormofonfyif wyÜK&dofvnf; rnf\/
wdavmuH[laom 'd*kormofü wdo'´g\teufjzpfwJh ]]3-ck}}ta&twGuf ocFsmonf
y"mer[kwf? avmu\teufjzpfwJh vlewfjA[®mwdkUom vdk&if;y"mewnf;/ þodkY aemufyk'f\teuf
jy|mef;&um; wdavmuH[laom 'd*kormofonfvnf; wyÜK&dofvnf; rnf&jyef\/
pnf;rsOf; 11/ Oab wyÜK&dom/ ur®"m&nf; 'd*kormofESpfckonf wyÜK&dofvnf; rnfukef\/
yHkpH - r[myk&daom? wdavmuH
ok'¨wyÜK&dofü a½SYyk'fwGif tHtp½Sdaom0dbwf ajcmufvHk;({u0kpf A[k0kpf 12-vHk;)wGif wvHk;vHk;
ausap&rnf/ aemufyk'fü yxrm0dbwftNrJausonf/ a½SYyk'fü ausaom 0dbwfudkrSwfí 'kwd,mwyÜK&dofç
wwd,mç pwkw¬Dç yÍörDç q|Dç owårDwyÜK&dof[k emrnfay;onf/ vdifrSm aemufyk'fteufvdkufí oHk;vdef
jzpfEdkifonf/
pnf;rsOf; 12/ t.rm'a,m y&ya'bd/ tH0dbwfponfqHk;aompum;vHk;wdkYudk aemufpum;vHk;wckESifh
wGJpyfa&;om;u 4if;wGJvHk;udk wyÜKd&doformof[k ac:onf/
yHkpH - blrð*awm ponf
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf188
'kwd,mwyÜK&dof/ / blrð *awm blrd*awm? blrð-ajrodkY? *awm-oGm;olwnf;?
blrd*awm-ajrodkYoGm;ol/ (*awmudk Munfhí ykv’def{u0kpf[k odav? blrd*wm-ajrodkYoGm;olwdkY
(ykv’defA[k0kpf) blrd*wm-ajrodkYoGm;aomrdef;r(£w¬dvdef) blrd*wH-ajrodkYoGm;aomtrsKd; (eykv’def)? þodkY
aemufyk'ftaetxm;udkMunfhí vdeftrsKd;rsKd; 0kpftrsKd;rsKd; ½SdEdkifonf/ yk&dom'dç unm'dç pdwåm'd*kdPf;oGif;í
½kyfpOf&rnf/
uHyk'fudk iJhaom vdkvm;aom *w? edódw? twDw? twduúEÅ? ywå? tmyEé-paom aemufyk'f
rsm;ESifh ormofwGJvQif 'kwd,mwyÜK&doformofwGJpyf&rnf/
yHkpHrsm; oAÁ&wåð aombaem oAÁ&wådaombaem-tvHk;pHkaomnOfhywfvHk;wifhw,fol
ybuFa&m-ta&mifudk jyKawmfrlwwfaombk&m;(þü ybH 0,f tH0dbwfrausaom tvkwåormof)
t&nH *awm t&n*awm-awmodkYoGm;ol
"r®H edódawm "r®edódawm-taMumif;udkrSDaomw&m;
b0H twDawm b0gwDawm-b0udkvGefajrmufNyD;ol
yrmPH twduúaEÅm yrmPmwduúaEÅm-twdkif;t½Snfukd ausmfvGefol
okcH yawåm okcyÜawåm-csrf;omodkYa&mufol
aomwH tmyaEém aomwmyaEém-t&d,mr*ft,OfodkY a&mufNyD;ol
&xH tm½kaVSm &xm½kaVSm-&xm;udkwufpD;ol
rSwfcsuf w0EÅKç wm0Dç rmeç tmeç tEÅç wHkç wkeç wGmeç wGm wa0ç wka,-ypönf;qHk;aom yk'frsm;ESifh
ormof rwGJpyf&yg/ xdkypönf;qHk;aom yk'ftm;vHk;yif eo'´gESifh wGJ&müum; ormof jzpfao;\/
tbkwå0gç tbkwåm0Dç tuk½krmaemç t*päaEÅmç tu&maemç tumwHkç tumwkeç tuwGmç tumwa0ç
ta[wka, [k eedygwykAÁy'ur®"m&J ormofjzpfao;\/ eedygwfrSwyg; tjcm;aom a½SUyk'frsm;ESifhum;
ormofrjzpf/ (½lyod'¨dbmom#Dum 'k 83)
wwd,mwyÜK&dof/ /udwfypönf;qHk;aomo'´gç ykAÁç o'doç oro'´g?ODeteuf½Sdaom
o'´g?uv[ç edykPç rdóç ocdv paom wwd,m0dbwfeufrsm;udk vdkvm;aom aemufyk'frsm;ESifhwwd
,mwyÜK&doformofwGJpyf&onf/
yHkpHrsm; oav’e 0da'¨g ov’0da'¨g? oav’e-jrm;jzifh? 0da'¨g-ypfcGif;tyfaom om;aumifwnf;? ov’0da'¨g-
jrm;jzifhypfcGif;tyfaom om;aumif?
Aka'¨e bmodawm Ak'¨bmodawm-bk&m;½Sifonf a[mtyfaomw&m;/
0dnL[d yoaw¬m 0dnKyÜoaw¬m-ynm½SdwdkY csD;rGrf;tyf\/
O&a*g-&ifbwfjzifh oGm;wwfaom owå0g(a>r? e*g;)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf189
yg'ayg-ajcaxmuf(ozG,fjzpfaom tjrpf)jzifh a&aomufwwfaom opfyif
pwk0a*¾e u&PD,H pwk0*¾u&PD,H-pwk0*foHCm jyKxdkufaomuH
rmaoe ykaAÁm rmoykaAÁm-wpfvjzifh a½S;usol
rmwk,m o'daom rmwko'daom-trdESifhwlol
{aue OKem {ulem? {ulem p om 0Dowdpmwd{ule0Dowd-wpfckjzifh ,kwfavsmhaom
ESpfq,f(19-ck)
oDvae 0duavm oDv0duavm-oDvjzifh csKdwJhol
pwkw¬DwyÜK&dof/ w'w¬orÜ'gefç tw¬ o'´gç [dw o'´gç a',s o'´g paom aemufyk'frsm;ESifh
pwkw¬DwyÜK&doformof wGJpyf&rnf/
yHkpHrsm; uxdeó 'kóH uxde'kóH? uxdeó-uxdeftvdkYiSg? 'kóH-t0wfwnf;?
uxde'kóH-uxdefvsmt0wf
tm*EÅKuó bwåH tm*EÅKubwåH-{nfhonftwGuf xrif;
twåaem tw¬H twåw¬H-rdrdtusKd;iSg(rdrdtwGuf)
y&ó tw¬H y&w¬H-olwyg;tusKd;iSg(olwyg;twGuf)
avmuó [dawm avmu[dawm-avmutpDtyGm;
Ak'¨ó a',sH Ak'¨a',sH-bk&m;½Siftm; vª'gef;tyfaom(yef;)
oHCó a',sH oHCa',sH-oHCmawmftm;vª'gef;tyfaom(ouFef;)
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tyg'gefteufudkiJhaom vdkvm;aom aemufyk'frsm;ESifh wGJpyfvQif yÍörDwyÜK&doformof wGJpyf&rnf/
yHkpHrsm; arxkem tayawm arxkemayawm? arxkem-arxkefrS? tayawm-uif;olwnf;?
arxkemayawm-arxkefrSuif;ol
oaAÁ b0g oAÁb0g? oAÁba0[d edóa#m oAÁb0edóa#m-b0tm;vHk;wdkYrS xGufajrmufol
ygyawm bDawm ygybDawm-raumif;rIrSaMumufol
um,'kpö&dwawm 0d&wd um,'kpö&dw0d&w-um,'kp½kdufrS a½SmifMuOfjcif;
AE¨em rkawåm AE¨erkawåm--taESmiftzGJUrS vGwfajrmufol? tn§mrS vGwfaom (xef;oD;)
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q|DwyÜK&dof/ orÁmefteufç ur®w¬q|Dteufudk vdkvm;oaom aemufyk'frsm;ESifh ormofwGJpyf
vQif q|DwyÜK&doformof wGJpyf&onf/
yHkpHrsm; &anm ykawåm &mZykawåm? &anm-rif;\? ykawåm-om;wnf;? &mZykawåm-rif;om;
Ak'¨ó om0aum Ak'¨om0aum-jrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfh
ykró vd*ø ykv’d*ø-a,mufsm;\ toGiftjyif
[w¬dó y'H [w¬dy'H-qif\ ajc&m(qifajc&m)
£w¬d½lyH-rdef;r\ t½kyf(rdef;rt½kyf)
tmp&d,ó ylZaum tmp&d,ylZaum-q&mudk ylaZmfwwfol
a'0geH &mZm a'0&maZm-ewfwdkY\rif;
(&mZyk'fESifh q|DwyÜK&dofwGJvQif wcsKdUyk&dom'd*kdPf; jzpfonf)
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yHkpHrsm; ur®ó-tvkyfudk? uwåma&m-jyKwwfolwdkY (ur®uwåma&m-[k ormofrjzpf) wkypönf;yHk
bdEémeH-uGJjym;olwdkYudk? oE¨mwm-aphpyfwwfolwnf; (bdEéoE¨mwm-[k ormofrjzpf) wkypönf;yHk
uyÜó-urÇm\? wwda,m-oHk;ckajrmufaom? bma*g-tbdkYwnf;?
(uyÜwwd,bma*g-[k ormofrjzpf) yl&Pteufa[myHk
rEkómeH-vlwdkYwGif? cwåda,m-rif;Zmwf½Sdolonf? ol&warm-omí&J&ifh\ (rEkócwåda,m-[k
ormofrjzpf) ed'¨g&PD,yHk
owårDwyÜK&dof/ rSD&mwnf&mteufa[m a½SUyk'frsm;ESifh owårDwyÜK&doformof wGJpyf&onf/
yHkpHrsm; oHoma& 'ku©H oHom&'ku©H-oHo&mü (jzpfaom) qif;&J (oHo&mqif;&J)
0ae ykzÜH 0eykzÜH-awmü(yGifhaom)yef; (awmyef;)
0ae r[ðaom 0er[ðaom-awmü(aeaom)uRJ (awmuRJ)
yauF ZmwH yuFZH-nGefüaygufaom(Mum)
oda& ½k[wDwd oda&m½k[H-OD;acgif;üaygufaom(qHyif)
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txl;rSwfzG,f
ã tHpaom 0dbwfqHk;aomyk'frsm; aemufuaeaom tcsKdUwyÜK&doformofyk'ftqef;rsm;½Sdao;onf/
yHkpHrsm; tEÅH twduúEÅH tpöEÅH-tydkif;tjcm;udk vGefaomtrI
a0vH twduúaEÅm twda0avm-tcgudk vGefaomt&m
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tu©H-£a`E´udk? ywd*wH(edódwH)rSDonfwnf;?ypöu©H-£a`E´udkrSDaom jrifjcif; (rsufarSmufjzpf
aomjrifjcif;) (ywd*w-onf ywd\ y&d,m,f)
tw¬H-teufodkY? tEk*wH-tpOfvdkufaomtrnfwnf;? tEGw¬H-teufodkY tpOfvdkufaomtrnf
0geawm edu©EÅH edAÁmeH-0gerS vGwfajrmufwwfaomw&m;
tmp&d,awm-q&mxuf? ya&m-q&mwnf;? ygp&da,m-q&mhxufjrwfaom q&m(q&mhq&mBuD;)
t,suawm ya&m y,saum-tbdk;xufjrwfaomtbdk;(tab;)
[da,sm-raeYrS? ya&m-aemufwaeY? y&[da,sm-,refaeYrS aemufaeY(wjrefaeY)
u[myPó-wusyf\? t¹H-xuf0ufwnf? t¹u[myPH-ig;rl;
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&wåd,m-nOfh\? ykAÁH-a½SUydkif;wnf;? ykAÁ&wåH-nOfha½SUydkif;(nOfhoD;,mrf)
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t[ó-aeY\? ykAÁH-a½SYydkif;wnf? ykAÁESH-eHeuf (t[onf tESodkYajymif;onf)
t[ó-aeY\? oma,m-aemufydkif;wnf;? om,ESH-naeydkif;
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf192
A[kAÁD[dormof
ormofyk'fudk ]]ouy'=rdrdyk'f}}[k ac:onf/ ormofpyf&mwGif ryg0ifaomyk'fudk ]]tn
y'=wyg;aomyk'f}}[k ac:onf/ ormofyk'frS tjcm;wyg;aomyk'f[k qdkvdkonf/ xdkwyg;aomyk'fü
pyf&aom ormofudk ]]A[kAÁD[d}}ormof[k ac:\/ yHkpHum;-Zdawm rma&m a,emwd Zdwrma&m (Zdaem)
wnf;/ a,e-tMuifyk*¾Kdvfonf? rma&m-rm&fudk? Zdawm-atmifawmfrltyfNyD? £wd-xdkYaMumifh? aom-
xdkyk*¾Kdvfonf? Zdwrma&m-Zdwrm&rnf\/ Zdaem-bk&m;wnf;/
þ]]Zdwrma&m}}ü ZdawmESifhrma&monf pyftyfaom ormofyk'fwnf;/ Zdaemyk'fESifh a,eyk'fwdkYum;
ormofyk'fwGif ryg0ifaom ]]tnyk'f}}wnf;/ ZdawmESifh rma&mudk ormofpyfonfhtcg ]]atmiftyfaom+rm&f}}
[laom rdrdteufürpyfbJ a,e-ZdaemwdkY\t&jzpfaom bk&m;[laomteufü pyf&onf/
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Zdaemyk'fudkvnf;aumif;ç xdkZdaemESifh t&wljzpfaom a,eyk'fudkvnf;aumif; ]]tnyk'f}}[kac:onf/
(tajcjyKo'´g 471-2)
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yHkpH/ Zdwd`E´da,m=atmiftyfNyD;aom £a`E´½Sdawmfrlaom (jrwfpGmbk&m;)
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wyg;aom £ro'´g\pGJ&m jrwfpGmbk&m;teufa[m ]b*0g}[laom yk'fteufom jy|mef;aomaMumifh
A[kAÁD[dormofrnf\/ (yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´gESifh toHk;tEIef; 128)
yk'fESpfckvHk;udk aygif;pyfaomtcg ormoftwGif;ü yg0ifaomyk'fwdkY\ teufrsm;onf ormoftwGif;ü
ryg0ifaom tjcm;yk'fwck\teuftm; txl;jyKvQif emr0daooejzpf&um; qdkif&mtxl;jyKtyfaom yk'fESifh
vdif 0kpf 0dbwf wl&avonf/ (wuúodkvfydkYcscsuf)
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&m*onf? (tw¬d-½Sd\) (aom-xdkolonf) 0Dw&ma*g-0Dw&m*rnf\/ cDPmoa0g-&[EÅm/
qdaEém [aw¬m ,ómwd qdEé[aw¬m (yk&daom)/ ,ó-tMuifa,mufsm;\? qdaEém-jywfaom?
[aw¬m-vufonf? tw¬d-½Sd\? £wd-xdkYaMumifh? aom-xdka,musfm;onf? qdEé[aw¬m-qdEé[w¬rnf\/
pnf;rsOf;/ tny'aw¬ok A[kAÁD[d/ tnyk'fteufudk txl;jyKaom emrfyk'fwdkYudk pyfxm;aomormofudk
A[kAÁDormof[k ac:\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf193
A[kAÁD[dormof0dN*Kd[fü tnyk'fy"mejzpfyHk
A[kAÁD[dormofudk 0dN*Kd[fjyKwJhtcg tnyk'fonf tvGefta&;BuD;onf/ yHkvdef{u0kpfeufudk
&apvdkvQif ],}paom tnyk'feufudk yHkvdef{u0kpfjzifhxm;&onf/ A[k0kpfeufudk&apvdkvQif tnyk'fyk'fudk
A[k0kpfjzifhxm;&onf/ £w¬dvdef eyHkvdefudk&apvdk&mü tnyk'fudk £w¬dvdef eyHkvdefjzifh xm;&onf/
ormofyk'füum; vdef0kpftxl;rajymif;awmhNyD? yifudk,fvdef0kpftwdkif;omwnf;/
(1) Zdawm rma&m a,emwd Zdwrma&m (Zdaem) yHkvdef {u0kpf
(2) Zdawm rma&m a,[Dwd Zdwrm&m (Zdem) yHkvdef A[k0kpf
yHkpH (1)ü ]Zdaem}onf yHkvdef {u0kpfjzpfí ]a,e}[k yHkvdef {u0kpfjzifh xm;&onf/
yHkpH (2)ü ]Zdem}onf yHkvdef A[k0kpfjzpfí ]a,[d}[k yHkvdef A[k0kpfjzifh xm;&onf/
(3) Zdwmed £`E´d,med a,emwd Zdwd`E´da,m (oraPm) yHkvdef {u0kpf
(4) Zdwmed £`E´d,med a,[Dwd Zdwd`E´d,m (orPm) yHkvdef A[k0kpf
(5) Zdwmed £`E´d,med ,m,mwd Zdwd`E´d,m (unm) £w¬dvdef {u0kpf
(6) Zdwmed £`E´d,med ,m[Dwd Zdwd`E´d,ma,m (unma,m) £w¬dvdef A[k0kpf
(7) Zdwmed £`E´d,med a,emwd Zdwd`E´d,H (pdwåH) eyHkvdef {u0kpf
(8) Zdwmed £`E´d,med a,[Dwd Zdwd`E´d,med (pdwåmed) eyHkvdef A[k0kpf
yHkpH(3) a,e-tMuifyk*¾Kdvfonf? £`E´d,med-£a`E´wdkYudk? Zdwmed-atmiftyfukefNyD? £wd-xdkYaMumifh?
aom-xdkyk*¾Kdvfonf? Zdwd`E´da,m-Zdwd`E´d,rnf\/ yHkvdef {u0kpfjzpfí ]a,e-Zdwd`E´da,m}
[kxm;onf/ Zdwmed £`E´d,med-um; vdk&if;r[kwf/ £`E´d,-yk'fu eyHkvdefjzpfí eyHkvdefç
£a`E´awGu rsm;aomaMumifh A[k0kpfjzifh jyxm;onf/
yHkpH(4) yHkvdef A[k0kpfjzpfí a,[d-Zdwd`E´d,m [kxm;onf/
yHkpH(5) £w¬dvdef {u0kpfjzpfí ,m,-Zdwd`E´d,m [kxm;onf/
yHkpH(6) £w¬dvdef A[k0kpfjzpfí ,m[d-Zdwd`E´d,ma,m [kxm;onf/
yHkpH(7) eyHkvdef {u0kpfjzpfí a,e-Zdwd`E´d,H [kxm;onf/
yHkpH(8) eyHkvdef A[k0kpfjzpfí a,[d-Zdwd`E´d,med [kxm;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf194
A[kAÁD[dormof 7 rsKd;
tnyk'fESifh wGJbufBud,mudk uwåm;+Bud,m pyf&vQif yxrmA[kAÁD[dormof jzpfonf/ yHkpH -
o[ 0dwauúe a, 0wåEÅDwd o0dwuúm/ a,-tMuifw&m;wdkYonf? 0dwauúe-0dwufESifh? o[-wuG?
0wåEÅd-jzpfukef\? £wd-xdkYaMumifh? aw-xdkw&m;wdkYonf? o0dwuúm-o0dwuúwdkY rnf\/ (a, 0wåEÅd-
ü a,-um; uwåm;? 0wåEÅd-um; Bud,mwnf;? Bud,mudk uwåD-[kvnf; ac:Muonf)
tnyk'fESifh ormofyk'fwpdwfwdkY uH+Bud,m pyf&vQif 'kwd,mA[kAÁD[dormof jzpfonf/ yHkpH -
tm*wm orPm £rHwd tm*woraPm/ £rH-þausmif;wdkufodkY? orPm-&[ef;wdkYonf? tm*wm-
vmukef\? £wd-xdkYaMumifh? aom-xdkausmif;wdkufonf? tm*woraPm-tm*worPrnf\/ (£rH
tm*wmü £rH-um; uH? tm*wmum; Bud,mwnf;? Bud,muk ur®D[kvnf;ac:onf)
tnyk'fESifh ormofyk'fwpdwfwdkY uwåm;+Bud,mç u½kdPf;+u½kdPf;\Bud,m tjzpfjzifh
pyf&vQifvnf;aumif;ç o[m'da,m* pyf&vQifvnf;aumif; wwd,mA[kAÁD[dormof jzpfonf/ yHkpH -
Zdawm rma&m a,emwd Zdwrma&m/ a,e-tMuifyk*¾Kdvfonf? rma&m-rm&fudk? Zdawm-atmifawmfrltyfNyD?
£wd-xdkYaMumifh? aom-xdkyk*¾Kdvfonf? Zdwrma&m-Zdwrm&rnf\/( a,e Zdawmü a,e-onf uwåm;?
Zdawm-um; Bud,mwnf;)
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jzwftyf\?£wd-xdkodkYopfyifudk jzwfaMumif;\tjzpfaMumifh? aom-xdkvufeufonf? qdEé½kau©m-qdEé½ku©
rnf\/ (y&ok-ykqdefwnf;) (a,e-um; u½kdPf;? qdaEém-um; Bud,mwnf;)
okacg oH0gaom a,emwd okcoH0gaom ("Da&m)/ a,e-tMuifolESifh? oH0gaom-aygif;oif;&jcif;
onf? okacg-csrf;om\? £wd-xdkodkY aygif;oif;&jcif;\ csrf;omaMumif;\ tjzpfaMumifh? aom-
xdkolonf? okcoH0gaom-okcoH0gornf\/ ("Da&m-ynm½Sdwnf;) (a,e-um; o[m'da,m? oH0gaom-
um; o[m'da,m*0EÅwnf;)
tnyk'fESifh ormofyk'fwpdwfwdkY orÜ'ge+orÜ'geD(orÜg'gef+orÜ'gef½Sdaomyk'f) tjzpfjzifh
pyf&vQif pwkw¬DA[kAÁD[dormof jzpfonf/ yHkpH - 'daEém okauFm ,ómwd 'dEéokaumF (&mZm)?
,ó-tMuifrif;tm;?okauFm-tcGefudk? 'daEém-ay;tyf\? £wd-xdkodkY tcGefudk ay;tyf&m\tjzpfaMumifh?
'dEéokauFm-'dEéokuFrnf\? (&mZm-rif;wnf;) (,ó-um; orÜ'ge ? 'daEém-um; orÜ'geD)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf195
tnyk'fESifh ormofyk'fwpdwfwdkY tyg'ge+tyg'geD (tyg'gef+tyg'gef½Sdaomyk'f) tjzpfjzifh
pyf&vQif yÍörDA[kAÁD[dormof jzpfonf/ yHkpH-ed*¾wm Zem to®mwd ed*¾wZem? to®m-þ½GmrS? Zem-
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ed*¾wZaem-ed*¾wZernf\/ (to®m-um; tyg'ge? ed*¾wm-um; tyg'geD)
tnyk'fESifh ormofyk'fwpdwfwdkY orÁE¨+orÁE¨D (orÁef+orÁef½Sdaomyk'f) tjzpfjzifh pyf&vQif
q|DA[kAÁD[dormof jzpfonf/ yHkpH - qdaEém [aw¬m ,ómwd qdEé[aw¬m (yk&daom)/
,ó-tMuifa,mufsm;\? qdaEém-jywfaom? [aw¬m-vufonf? tw¬d-½Sd\? £wd-xdkYaMumifh? aom-
xdka,musfm;onf? qdEé[aw¬m-qdEé[w¬rnf\/ (,ó-um; orÁef? [w¬-um; orÁE¨D)
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tMuifZeyk'fü? A[a0g-rsm;ukefaom? 0D[a,m-aumufpyg;wdkYonf? oEÅd-½Sdukef\? £wd-xdkodkY
aumufpyg;wdkY aygrsm;&m\ tjzpfaMumifh? A[kAÁD[d-A[kAÁD[drnf\/ (,o®ð-um; tm"m&? 0D[a,m-
um; tma",f)
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'Geformof
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ormofonf 'Geformofrnf\/
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pum;wGJvHk;rsm;(ormof)onf eyHkvdef {u0kpfom jzpfonf/ torm[m&'Gefonf wGJbufyk'frsm;oavmuf
teufvnf;rsm;aomaMumifh A[k0kpfom½Sdonf/ vdefrSm aemufqHk;yk'f\ vdefomy"mejzpfí 3-vdef&aumif;
\/
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ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf197
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'd*kormoftwdkif; 'Geformofüvnf; owGm\t*Fgç wl&d,m\t*Fgç ,mOf\t*Fgç ppf\t*Fgç
i,faomowGmç txl;xl;tjym;jym;qefYusifbufç vu©PmuGJvsuf udpöwlteuf½Sdaomo'´g ponfwdkYonf
eyHkvdef{u0kpfom jzpfonf/
owGm\t*FgykHpH
pu©KaomwH-rsufpdçem;? [Ek*D0H-ar;çvnfyif;? uPÖemoH-em;çESmacgif;? ygPdyg'H-vufçajc?
q0drHoavm[dwH-ta&çtom;çtaoG;?
wl&d,m\t*FgyHkpH
*Dw0g'dwH-oDqdkjcif;çwD;rIwfjcif;? or®wmVH-armif;wD;jcif;çvufckyfwD;jcif;? ocFyP0H-
c½koif;xufpnf? ocFyP0!d@drH-c½koif;ç xufpnfç pnfwdk?
,mOf\t*FgyHkpH
zmvygpeH-x,foGm;ç ESifwH? ,k*e*FvH-xrf;ydk;ç xGefwHk;?
ppf\t*FgyHkpH
[w¬dtóH-qifçjrif;? &xywåduH-&xm;çajcvsif? todpr®H-oefvsufçjr§m;um? "EkuvmyH-
av;çjr§m;usOfawmuf?
i,faomowGmyHkpH
!HoruoH-rSufçjcif? ukE¦udydv’duH-ydk;½GçjcyHk;?
txl;xl;tjym;jym;qefYusifbuf(urÇm&ef)yHkpH
t[deukvH-a>rça>ryg? AdVm&rloduH-aMumifç<uuf? umaumvluH-usD;çZD;uGuf? oyÜr@KuH-
a>rçzm;? *½kVoyÜH-*VKefçe*g;?
vu©PmuGJvsuf udpöwlteuf½Sdaomo'´gyHkpH
1oDvynmPH-oDvçynm? orx0dyóeH-orxç0dyóem? emr½lyH-emrfç½kyf? [da&mwåyÜH-
t½SufçtaMumuf? owdorÜZnH-owdçorÜZn? 0dZÆmp&PH-todÓPfçtusifh? avmbarm[H-
avmbçarm[? a'goarm[H-a'goçarm[? t[d&dumaemwåyÜH-t[d&duçtaemwåyÜ? xderd'¨H-
xdeçrd'¨? O'¨pöukuúKpöH-O'¨pöçukuúKpö?
1 oDvonf {jrjcif; vu©Pm½Sdí ynmonf odjcif;vu©Pm ½SdaomaMumifh vu©Pmcsif;uGJjym;\?
odkYaomf udavomudk y,fjcif;udpö wlMuonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf198
pnf;rsOf;/ 8/ 0dbmom ½ku© wdP yok "e "n Zey'g'DeÍö/ 'Geformof opfyifç jrufç om;aumifç
Opömç pyg;ç Zeyk'fteufa[m o'´gtp½SdonfwdkYonfvnf; wcgw&H eyHkvdef{u0kpf jzpfonf/
(eyHkvdefç{u0kpfr[kwfu aemufyk'fvdiftwdkif; A[k0kpfcsnf; ½kyfpOf&rnf)
ykHpHrsm; /½ku©-opfyif
tóaw¬m p uyDwaem p tów¬uyDweHç tów¬uyDwem 0g/ tóaw¬m
p-anmifAk'¨a[yifvnf;? uyDwaem p - anmifcsnfyif;vnf;? tów¬uyDweH-anmifAk'¨a[ç
anmifcsOf? tów¬uyDwem-anmifAk'¨a[ anmifcsOfwdkY/
wdP-jruf
Ood&Íö AD&PÍö Ood&AD&PHç Ood&AD&Pm 0g/ Ood&Íö-yef;&if;vnf;? AD&PÍö-jrufarT;vnf;?
Ood&AD&PH-yef;&if;çjrufarT;? Ood&AD&Pm-yef;&if;çjrufarT;wdkY/
yok-om;aumif
taZm p {Vaum p taZVuHç taZVum 0g/taZm p-qdwfvnf;? {Vaum p-odk;vnf;?
taZVuH-qdwfçodk;? taZVum-qdwfçodk;wdkY/
"e-Opöm
[d&nÍö ok0PÖÍö [d&nok0PÖHç [d&nok0PÖm 0g/ [d&nÍö-aiGvnf;? ok0PÖÍö-a½Tvnf;?
[d&nok0PÖH-aiGa½Tç [d&nok0PÖm-aiGa½TwdkY/
"n-pyg;
omvd p ,a0g p omvd,0Hç omvd,0g/ omvd p-oav;pyg;vnf;? ,a0g p-rka,mpyg;vnf;?
omvd,0H-oav;rka,m? omvd,0g-oav;rka,mwdkY/
Zey'-Zeyk'f
umoD p aumovm p umodaumovHç umodaumovm 0g/ umoD p-umodwdkif;wdkYvnf;?
aumovm p-aumovwdkif;wdkYvnf;? umodaumov-umodaumovwdkif;? umodaumovm-
umodaumovwdkif;wdkY/ (wwdkif;we,fudk Zeyk'f[k ac:onf/Zeyk'fa[mo'´gwdkYonf ykHvdefA[k0kpfcsnf;om
jzpfí ]]umoD}}[k A[k0kpfjzifh xm;onf)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf199
w'¨dwf
]]awoH+[dwH w'¨dwH}} awoH-xdkemrfyk'fwdkY\? [dwH-pD;yGg;wnf;? w'¨dwH-xdkemrfyk'fwdkY\pD;yGm;?
þ0dN*Kd[ft& emrfyk'fwdkY\ pD;yGm;jzpfaom (emrfyk'fwdkYü pD;yGm;wufvmovdk teufwdk;yGm;atmifjyKwwfaom)
P tp½Sdaom ypönf;onf w'¨dwfrnf\/ xdkypönf;ESifhwGJbuf&aom yk'frsm;vnf; ruif;paumif;aom
t0dembm0enf;tm;jzifh w'¨dwfyk'frnf/
emrfyk'fwdkYü pD;yGm;wufyHk/ /0od|[laom emrfyk'fonf ]]0od|}}trnf½Sdoludk a[m\/ 0od|aemif
w'¨dwf P ypönf;oufí 0goda|mjzpfvmonfhtcg ]]0od|\ om;}}[laom teufudk a[m\/ þyk'fü
]]\}}[laom teuf ]]om;}}[laom teufrsm;vnf; Pypönf;twGuf wdk;wufvmaom pD;yGm;aywnf;/
þodkY emrfyk'frsm;udk teufwdk;yGm;vsuf pD;yGm;wufatmif jyKwwfaomaMumifh ]]awoH+[dwH}}t&
]]w'¨dw}}[k ac:&avonf/ (w+[dw= w-txufü (-H)ed*¾[dwfvm? [dwü [onf "odkYajymif;í
wHtxufu ed*¾[dwfonf 'odkYajymifNyD; w'¨dw[k jzpfonf)
(tajcjyKo'´g-494)
w'¨dwf oHk;rsKd;
(u) omrn
(c) tAs,
(*) bm0
(u) vdifoHk;yg;wdkYESifh qufqHí omrnw'd¨wf[k qdkonf/
þomrn w'¨dwfonf 15-rsKd; ½Sdjyefonf/
1/ typöw'¨dwf 6/ Xmew'¨dwf 11/ tów¬dw'¨dwf
2/ w&wsm'dw'¨dwf 7/ Oyrmw'¨dwf 12/ yuwdw'¨dwf
3/ &m*g'dw'¨dwf 8/ edódw'¨dwf 13/ yl&Pw'¨dwf
4/ Zmwm'dw'¨dwf 9/ A[kvw'¨dwf 14/ ocsFmw'¨dwf
5/ orl[w'¨dwf 10/ 0daoow'¨dwf 15/ 0dbm*w'¨dwf
1/ typöw'¨dwf
]]typö}}o'´gonf ykHv’difjzpfvQif om;ç eykHv’difjzpfvQif trsKd;ç £w¬dvdifjzpfvQif trsKd;tEG,f
[laom teufudk jy\/ om;ç orD;ç trsKd;tEG,f [laom typöteufudk qufvufnTefjyaom ]P}paom
w'¨dwfypönf;rsm;ESifh orÁmefteufa[m q|D0dbwfqHk;aom emrfyk'fwdkY qufoG,fxm;aom w'¨dwfonf
typöw'¨dwfrnf\/ xdktypöo'´g\ teufudkqufvufnTefjyaom ypönf;rsm;onf P Pm,e Pme
aP,s Pd Pdu Ps P0 aP& ypönf;wdkY jzpfukef\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf200
rl&if;+w'¨dwfypönf;
0od|+P 0od|ó typöH1 0goda|m(0god|\om;) 0god|D (0god|\orD;) 0god|H (0god|\trsKd;)
bm&'GgZ+P bm&'Gg&Zó typöH bm&'GgaZmç bm&'GgZDç bm&'GgZH
a*gwr+P a*gwró typöH a*gwarmç a*gwrDç a*gwrH
Ava'0+P Ava'0ó typöH Amva'a0gç Amva'0Dç Amva'0H
0oka'0+P 0oka'0ó typöH 0goka'a0gç 0goka'0Dç 0goka'0H
arm*¾v’+Pm,e arm*¾v’ó typöH arm*¾v’m,aemç arm*¾v’m,eDç arm*¾v’m,eH
arm*¾v’+Pme arm*¾v’ó typöH arm*¾v’maemç arm*¾v’meDç arm*¾v’meH
a'gP+Pd a'gPó typöH a'gPd
0go0+Pd 0go0ó typöH 0go0d
ousykwå+Pd ousykwåó typöH ousykwåd
P Pm,e Pme Pd ypönf;
P Pm,e Pme Pd ypönf;rsm;udk tqHk;aom emrfyk'frsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/ ykv’difo'´gaemif
£w¬dvdifudk nTefjyaom þqufay;vQif £w¬dvdifyk'f jzpfoGm;onf/
tEkAef ESifh 0k'¨d
w'¨dwfypönf;rsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh tEkAefyg½Sdonf/ tEkAef[lonf vdktyfaom tu©&mü
&nf½G,fcsuf wckckaMumifh ]]xyfqifhtydk zGJUpyfxnfhxm;aom tu©&m}}udk ac:onf/ xdk ]P}tEkAefudk
acsypf&onf/ xdktEkAef\ tpGrf;owådaMumifh aemufü oH,k*fac: vHk;qifhtu©&m rygvQif yk'f\
tptvnf;tqHk; wae&m&mü½Sdaom tonf tmjzpfvmonf/ £çþonf {jzpfvmonf/ OçODonf Mo
jzpfvmonf/ þodkY rlvo&\ wdk;yGm;vmrIudk 0k'¨djyKonf[k qdkMuukef\/
,if;odkY tEkAef½Sdaomfvnf; aemufü oH,k*fac: vHk;qifhtu©&m½SdvQifaomfvnf;aumif;
rlvo&onf tm-{-Mo o& jzpfaevQifaomfvnf;aumif; 0k'¨rjyK&ay/
(yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´gESifh toHk;tEIef; 137-138)
1 wrsKd;vHk;wEG,fvHk;ESifh qdkifí typöH[k eyHkvdifjzifh xm;onf/ trsm;ESifhqdkif&m0,f eyHkvdifjzifhxm;jcif;onf o'´xHk;pH
jzpfonf/ (tajcjyKo'´g-496)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf201
ã aP,s ypönf;udk tm £ þ qHk;aom £w¬dvdifo'´grsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/
rl&if;+w'¨dwfypönf;
uwådum+aP,s=uwådum, typöH uwådaua,sm (uwådum\om;)
a&m[dPD+aP,s=a&m[dPd,m typöH a&m[daPa,sm (a&m[dPD\om;)
okpd+aP,s=okpd,m typöH aomapa,sm (okpd\om;)
ã Pduypönf;udk t O qHk;aom ykvd’ifo'´grsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/ tcsKdUae&mü Pdu\ uonf
,tjzpf ajymif;oGm;onf/
ousykwå+Pdu=ousykwåó typöH ousykwådaumç ousykwåda,m (omuD0ifrif;\om;ç bk&m;\om;)
0drmwk+Pdu=0drmwk,m ykawåm a0rmwdaum rdaxG;(rdrdrdcifESifh rwlaomrdef;r)\om;
ã Psypönf;udk t'dwdtp½Sdaomemrfyk'frsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/
t'dwd+Ps=t'dwd,m typöH tm'dapöm (t'dwdewforD;\om;)
(,ypönf;½SdvQif a½SU£o&ausajymuf&onf/ wESifh,wGJpyfí wsrS pajymif;ç pwvHk;vmvQif t'dpö[k
jzpfonf)
ã P0ypönf;udk O-qHk;aom ykv’dif £w¬dvdif o'´grsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/
Oyuk+P0=Oyukó typöH Moyua0g (Oyuk\om;)
rEk+P0=rEkaem typöH rmPa0g (rEk\om;)
ã aP&ypönf;udk t tm þqHk;aom ykv’dif £w¬dvdifo'´grsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/
0d"0g+aP&=0d"0g, typöH a0"a0a&m (rkqdk;r\om;)
AE¨KuD+aP&=AE¨Kud,m typöH AE¨Kaua&m (AE¨KuD\om;)
orP+aP&=orPó typöH omraPa&m (OyZÑm,f)&[ef;\om;
(yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´gESifh toHk;tEIef; 139-140)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf202
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
1/ 0gP.yapö/ typöteufü Pypönf; (0duyf)1oufonf/ (qufonf-[k qdkvdkonf)
2/ Pm,e Pme 0päm'dawm/ 0pätp½Sdaom o'´grSaemuf typöteuf Pm, Pme oufonf/
3/ aPa,sm uwådum'D[d/ uwådumponfh £wd¬vdifo'´grsm;aemif typöteuf Pdu oufonf/
4/ tawm Pd 0g/ ousykwåuJhodkY tum&EÅo'´grsm;aemuf typöteuf Pd oufonf/
5/ Pa0gyuGm'D[d/ Oyuktwl½Sdaom Oum&EÅo'´grSaemuf typöeuf P0 oufonf/
6/ aP& 0d"0g'dawm/ 0d"0gtp½Sdaom o'´grSaemuf typöeuf aP&ypönf; oufonf/
(tajcjyKo'´g-496-502)
2/ w&wsm'dw'¨dwf
yxrm 'kwd,m wwd,m pwkw¬D yÍörD q|D owårD0dbwfqHk;aom yk'frsm;ESifh w&wdpaomo'´g\
ul;oGm;jcif;paom teufudk qufcHnTefjyaom ]]Pdu}}ypönf;wdkY qufoG,fxm;aom w'¨dwfonf w&wsm'd
w'¨dwfrnf\/
xdkw&wsm'dw'¨dwfü Pduypönf;\ qufcHnTefjyaom teufodkYvdkufí (ausavNyD;aom
aemufyk'fudk pGJí) w&wdw'¨dwf p&wdw'¨dwf ponfwdkYjzpfukef\/
(yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´gESifh toHk;tEIef; 141)
oHo|w'¨dwf/ awv+Pdu=wdave oHo|H awvduH (ESrf;jzifh a&maESmtyfaomabmZOf)
w&wdw'¨dwf/ em0g+Pdu=em0g, w&wDwd em0daum (avSjzifh ul;wwfol)(avSolBuD;)
p&wdw'¨dwf/ ou#+Pdu=oua#e p&wDwd omu#daum (vSnf;jzifh vSnfhvnfoGm;wwfol)
(vSnform;)
0[wdw'd¨wf/ oDo+Pdu=oDaoe 0[wDwd oDodaum (OD;acgif;jzifh½Gufaqmifwwfaomol)
(acgif;½Guf aps;onf)
0owdw'¨dwf/ &mZ*[+Pdu=&mZ*a[ 0owDwd &mZ*[daum (&mZN*Kd[fNrKdUü aeol)
Zmww'¨dwf/ &mZ*[+Pdu=&mZ*a[ Zmawm &mZ*[daum (&mZN*Kd[fNrKdUü arG;zGm;ol)
*päwdw'¨dwf/ y&'g&+Pdu=y&'g&H *päwDwd yg&'g&daum (olYr,m;udk oGm;vmol)
t"Daww'¨dwf/ 0de,+Pdu=0de,H t"Dawwd a0e,daum(0denf;udk o&ZÑm,fol) (0denf;oiftHol)
uww'¨dwf/ um,+Pdu=u,a,e uwH um,duH (udk,fjzifh jyKtyfaomtrI)
oEéd"mew'¨dwf/ um,+Pdu=uma, oEéd"mem um,dum (udk,fü wnfaeaoma0'em)
1 Pypönf;oufí w'¨dwfyk'frvkyfyJ 0od|ó typöH [k yuwd(0gus)twdkif;vnf; ½SdEdkifonf[k
qdkvdkonf/ w'¨dwfyk'fwdkif; 0gusyHkpHESifh ½SdEdkifonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf203
ed,kwåw'¨dwf/ 'Gg&1+Pdu='Gga& ed,kawåm a'g0g&daum=wHcg;ü,SOfol(wHcg;apmifh)
odyÜw'¨dwf/ 0DP+Pdu=0DPm tó odyÜH a0Pdaum=apmif;wD;jcif;twwf½Sdolçapmif;wD;wwfolç
apmif;orm;çapmif;ynm½Sif
b@w'¨dwf/ *E¨+Pdu=*aE¨m tó b@EÅd *E¨daum=eHYom[laoma&mif;&efb@m½Sdol(eHYomukefonf)
awv+Pdu=awvH tó b@EÅd awvdaum=qD[laoma&mif;&efb@m½Sdol(qDukefonf)
ZD0duw'¨dwf/ O&AÇ+Pdu=O&AÇH [EÅm ZD0wDwd Mo&AÇdaum=qdwfudkowfítoufarG;ol(qdwfowform;)
olu&+Pdu=olu&daum=0ufudkowfítoufarG;ol(0ufowform;)
[ww'¨dwf/Zmv+Pdu=Zmave [awmç [ewDwd 0gZmvdaum2=ydkufuGefjzifhowftyfaomig;(iSuf)
AE¨w'¨wf/okwå+Pdu=okawåe Aa'¨g okwådaum=csnfjzifhzGJUaESmiftyfaomiSuf
0&wå+Pdu=0&wåm, Aa'¨g 0g&wådaum=om;a&vGefBuKd;jzifh aESmifzGJUtyfaomqif
tm0k"w'¨wf=pmy+Pdu=pmayg tó tm0ka"mwd pmydaum=av;vufeuf½Sdol(av;orm;)
yoEéw'¨dwf=Ak'¨+Pdu=Aka'¨ yoaEém Ak'¨daum=bk&m;½SifüMunfndKol
oEÅuw'¨dwf=oHC+Pdu=oHCó oEÅaum oHCdaum=oHCm\Opömjzpfaomausmif;
uDww'¨dwf=0w¬+Pdu=0aw¬e uDwH 0w¬duH=t0wfjzifh 0,ftyfaom b@m
ok0PÖ+Pdu=ok0aPÖe uDwH aom0PÖduH=a½Tjzifh0,ftyfaom b@m
y&drmPw'¨dwf=a'gP+Pdu=a'gaPm tó y&drmPH a'gPduH=wpfpdwftwdkif;t½Snf½SdaomOpöm
&modw'¨dwf=ukrÇ+Pdu=ukrÇó &mod ukAÇdaum=wukrÇtpktyHk
t&[wdw'¨dwf=u[myP+Pdu=u[myPH t&[wDwd u[myPdaum=wpfusyfxdkufwefaomypönf;
'dAÁwdw'¨dwf=tu©+Pdu=tau©e 'dAÁwDwd tu©daum=tefpmjzifh(atmifEdkifvdk)ol (tefupm;ol
a<uteform; zJorm;)
wóDvw'¨dwf=yHokulv+Pdu=yHokulvH oDvH tómwd yHokulvdaum=yHhoulouFef;udk
aqmifavh½Sdaom&[ef;
0d'dww'¨dwf=avmu+Pdu=avmau 0d'dawm avmudaum=avmuüxif½Sm;aomw&m;
oH0wåwdw'¨dwf=avmu+Pdu=avmum, oH0wåwDwd avmudaum=avmtvdkYiSgjzpfaomw&m;
tm*ww'¨dwf=rmwk+Pdu=rmwdawm tm*wH rmwduH=trdrS vmaom trnf
orÇLww'¨dwf=rmwk+Pdu=rmwdawm orÇLwH rwåduH=trdrS jzpfaomOpöm
ya,mZew'¨dwf=Oy"d+Pdu=Oy"dwó ya,mZeH Moy"duH=cE¨m[laomtusKd;½SdaomuH
(0dygufcE¨mtusKd;ay;aomuH)
wMwbwådw'¨dwf=pwkr[m&mZ+Pdu=pwkr[m&maZ bwåd {awoEÅd pmwkr[m&mZdaum=ewfrif;BuD;
av;a,mufüqnf;uyf cHpm;jcif;½Sdaomewfrsm;
1 'Gg&udk tu©&mtpOftwdkif;a&;vQif ]]'f0g&}}[k a&;&onf/ 'fü o&r½Sd? a-g o&ay:vmu a'g0g&-[k jzpfonf/
(tajcjyKo'´g-556) 2 ydkufuGefjzifhowfwwfolwHig rkqdk;[k bmomjyefvQif [ewdw'¨wf jzpfonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf204
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
7/ a,e 0g oHo|H w&wd p&wd 0[wd Pdaum/ tMuif0w¬Kjzifh a&maESm\ç ul;oGm;\çvSnfhvnf\ç
½Gufaqmif\? ponfht"dyÜg,fukdazmfjy&ef wwd,EÅvdifrSaemufü Pduoufonf/
8/ wrDaw awe uwm'd oEéd"me eda,m* odyÜ b@ ZD0duaw¬ok p/ xdkudk ½GwftH\ç xdkjzifh
jyKtyf\ç xdkü pGJuyf wnfae\ç xdkü ,SOf\çxdlol\ twwfç xdkol\ b@mç xkdol\ touf
arG;0rf;aMumif; ponfh t"dyÜg,fudk azmfjy&ef Pduoufonf/
&m*g'dw'¨dwf
yxrmç 'kwd,mç wwd,mç yÍörDç q|Dç owårD 0dbwfqHk;aom emrfyk'frsm;ESifh ]&m*=qdk;jcif;}
]£'H=Opöm}paomteufudk nTefjyaom P-ypönf; aP,s-ypönf;wdkYudk qufoG,fxm;aom w'¨dwfonf
]]&m*g'dw'¨dwf}}rnf\/
&m*w'¨dwf=uom0+P=uoma0e &wåH umom0H=zef&nfjzifh qdktyfaom ouFef;
£'Hw'¨dwf=r[ðo+P=r[ðoó £'H r[ðoH=uRJ\Opömjzpfaom tom;(uRJom;)
t0d'l&b0w'¨dwf=O'krÁ&+P=O'krÁ&ó t0d'la& y0wåH Mo'krÁ&H=a&ozef;yif\teD;üjzpfaom Adrmef
b0w'¨dwf=re+P=reod b0H rmeoH=pdwfüjzpfaomcsrf;om(pdwfcsrf;om)
Zmww'¨dwf=rxk&+P=rxk&m,H Zmawm rmxka&m=rxk&mNrKdUü arG;zGm;ol
tm*ww'¨dwf=rxk&+P=rxk&m,tm*awm rmxka&m=rxk&mNrKdUrS vmol
tóed0gow'¨dwf=rxk&+P=rxk&m tó ed0gaom rmxka&m=rxk&mNrKdUvQif ae&m½Sdol
£ó&w'¨dwf=rxk&+P=rxk&m, £óa&m rmxka&m=rxk&mNrKdUudk tpdk;&aomol
ed,kwåw'¨dwf=0domcg+P=0docg, ,kawåm a0omacg=0domcgeu©wfESifh,SOfaom(uqkef)v
tóa'0wmw'¨dwf=Ak'¨+P=Aka'¨m tó a'0wmwd Aka'¨g=bk&m;½SifvQif tdrfOD;ewf½Sdol
t"Daww'¨dwf=Asmu&P+P=Asmu&PH t"Dawwd a0,smu&aPm=Asmu½kPf(o´g)usrf;udk o&ZÑm,folç
oiftHolçwwfol
0do,w'¨dwf=0omwd+P=0omwDeH 0doa,m a'aom 0gomawm=0omwdrnfaomrif;om;wdkY\
e,fy,f jzpfaom t&yf
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf205
wo®ð oEÅd(£"w¬d)w'¨dwf=O'krÁ&+P=O'krÁ&m to®ð ya'ao oEÅDwd Mo'krÁa&m=a&ozef;yifwdkY½Sd&mt&yf
edAÁwåw'¨dwf=om*&+P=om*a&[d edAÁawåm om*a&m=om*&rif;omwdkY jzpfaptyfaom ork'´&m
t&[wdw'¨dwf=o[ó+P+þ=o[óH t&[wDwd om[óD=wpfaxmifxdkufwefaom*gxm
0dum&w'¨dwf=t,+P= t,aom 0duma&m tm,aom=oHjzifhwpfrsKd;wpfzHkjyKtyfaomcGuf(oHcGuf)
y&drmPw'¨dwf=yk&do+P=yk&daom y&drmPH tómwd ayg&doH=a,musfm;w&yf(wpfol=
vufckyfwpfazmif) twdkif;t½Snf½Sdaoma&
0owdw'¨dwf=Am&mPoD+aP,s=Am&mPod,H 0owDwd Am&mPao,saum=Am&mPoDjynfüaeol
(w'd¨wfyk'ftqHk;ü utu©&mvmxm;onf)
[dww'¨dwf=yx+aP,s=yxó [dwH ygax,sH=vrf;\tpD;tyGm;jzpfaom&du©m (vrf;&du©m)
(yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´gESifh toHk;tEIef; 147-9)
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
9/ P &m*g waó'.rnaw¬ok p/ xdkjzifh qdk;tyf\ç xdkol\ Opömç paom t"dyÜg,fudk azmfjy&ef
P paom ypönf;oufonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf206
Zmwm'dw'¨dwf
q|D0dbwf owårD0dbwfqHk;aom emrfyk'fwdkYESifh Zmwpaom o'´gwdkY\teufudk qufcHa[mjyEdkifaom
]]£r £, £u Ps aP,s ud,}} paom ypönf;wdkYudk qufoG,fxm;aom w'¨dwfyk'fonf Zmwm'd
w'¨dwfrnf\/
Zmww'¨dwf=ypäm+£r=ypäm Zmawm ypädarm=aemufü jzpfol
rEkóZmwd+£,=rEkóZmwd,m Zmawm rEkóZmwda,m?vlZmwftm;jzifh(ü)jzpfol
yAÁw+aP,s=yAÁaw Zmawm yAÁawa,sm=awmifüjzpfol?awmifay:om;
yAÁw+aP,s= yAÁaw Zmwm yAÁaw,sm=awmifüjzpfaomjrpf? awmifusacsmif;
yAÁw+aP,s= yAÁaw ZmwH yAÁaw,sH=awmifüjzpaomaq;
Am&mPoD+aP,s=Am&mPod,H Zmawm Am&mPao,saum=Am&mPoDjynfüarG;zGm;ol
(w'¨dwfyk'ftqHk;üu-tu©&mvmxm;onf)
xe+,=xeawm ZmwH xnH=EdkYüjzpfaomEdkY&nf
ed,kwåw'¨dwf=tEÅ+£r=taEÅ ed,kawåm tEÅdarm=tqHk;ü,SOfonf
tEÅ+£,=taEÅ ed,kawåm tEÅda,m=tqHk;ü,SOfonf
tEÅ+£u=taEÅ ed,kawåm tEÅdaum=tqHk;ü,SOfonf
Zmwd+ud,=Zmwd,H ed,kawåm Zmwduda,m=y#doaE¨ü,SOfaomol
tów¬dw'¨dwf=ykwå+£r=ykawåm tó tw¬Dwd ^ wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd ykwådarm=om;½Sdol
ykwå+£,=ykawåm tó tw¬Dwd ^ wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd ykwåda,m=om;½Sdol
ykwå+£u=ykawåm tó tw¬Dwd ^ wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd ykwådaum=om;½Sdol
b0w'¨dwf=aAm"dyu©+£,=aAm"dyau© b0g aAm"dyu©d,m=r*fÓPftoif;tyif;ü jzpfaom(yg0ifaom)
w&m;rsm;
yÍö0*¾+£,=yÍö0a*¾ b0g yÍö0*¾d,m=ig;a,muftpküjzpfaomw&m;rsm;
*gr+,=*gar ba0g *ar®m=½Gmüjzpfaomtusifh
t½ly+Ps=t½lay b0g tm½kyÜg=t½lybHkü jzpfaomw&m;wdkY
£'Hw'¨dwf=twå+£,=twåaem(rdrd\Opömwnf;) £'H(þOpömonf) twåed,H=rdrd\Opöm
(etu©&mvmonf)
o+ud,=oó(rdrd\Opömwnf;) t,H(þOpömonf) ouda,m=rdrd\Opöm
oH0wåwdw'¨dwf="e+,="em, oH0wåwDwd "nH=OpömtvdkYiSgjzpfaompyg;
(yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´gESifh toHk;tEIef; 150-151)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf207
orl[w'¨dwf
q|D0dbwffqHk;aom emrfyk'fwdkYESifh ]]orl[=taygif;}}teufudk qufcHa[mjyEdkifaom ]]uPf P
wm u}} paom ypönf;wdkY qufoG,fxm;aom w'¨dwfyk'fonf orl[w'¨dwfrnf\/
r,l&+uPf=r,l&meH orla[m rm,l&aum=Oa'gif;wdkY\taygif;(Oa'gif;tkyf)
r,l&+P= r,l&meH orla[m rm,la&m=Oa'gif;wdkY\taygif;(Oa'gif;tkyf)
rxk&+P=rxk&meH orla[m rmxka&m=rxk&mjynfoljynfom;taygif;
r[ðo+P=r[ðomeH orla[m rm[ðaom=uRJwdkY\taygif;
yk&do+P=yk&domeH orla[m ayg&daom=a,musfm;wdkY\taygif;
0k'¨+P=0k'¨geH orla[m 0ka'¨g=BuD;olwdkY\taygif;
uaygw+P=uaygwmeH orla[m umaygawm=cdkwdkY\taygif;
&mZykwå+P=&mZykwåmeH orla[m &mZykawåm=rif;om;wdkYtaygif;
aumudv+P=aumudvmeH orla[m aumudavm=OMoiSufwkdYtaygif;
bdu©+P=bdu©meH orla[m bdau©m=xrif;wdkYtaygif;
'Gd+P='GdEéH orla[m 'G,H=ESpfckwdkYtaygif;
wd+P=wdPÖH orla[m w,H=oHk;ckwdkY\taygif;
'Gd+u='GdEéH orla[m 'GduH? 'kuH=ESpfckwdkY\taygif;
'Gd+P='GdEéH orla[m 'G,H=ESpfckwdkY\taygif;
wd+u= wdPÖH orla[m wduH=oHk;ckwdkY\taygif;
pwk+u=pwkEéH orla[m pwkuúH=av;ckwdkY\taygif;
yÍö+u=yÍöEéH orla[m yÍöuúH=ig;wdkY\taygif;
q+u=qEéH orla[m quúH=ajcmufckwdkY\taygif;
rSwfcsuf/ pwk q ocsFmo'´grsm;aemufü uypönf;udk 'dGbm0 jyKEdkifonf/
]P}ypönf;½SdvQif a½SUu]£}o&udk t,jyK&onf/
*gr+wm=*grmeH orla[m *grwm=½GmwdkY\taygif;
AE¨K+wm=AE¨LeH orla[m AE¨Kwm=rdwfaqGwdkYtaygif;
o[m,+wm=o[m,eH orla[m o[m,wm=oli,fcsif;wdkYtaygif;
e*&+wm=e*&meH orla[m e*&wm=NrdKYwdkY\taygif;
(yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´gESifh toHk;tEIef; 151-152)
pepfopf ygVdo'´g 408ç412