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( Scmantics, Culture and Cognilion) I I Russian Linguistics, v. 20.

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1995 P.M. : . | | , . 34. .: , 1994, . 98-113.

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.. (. .). . . . ., 1990, . 33-51.

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*

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P.395-441.

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, . , ,

, worrying '' -

, being worried '' , , / , .

:

. X worried 'X ' (rejoiced '', grieved '') = X - X X - X ,

. X was worried (X ) = X - - X -

,

,

.

1 i.ii .. () , ,

,

- ,

-

.

,

,

.

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, ,

(. Ameka 1990). , -, ,

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,

:

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, ,

:

(X -) X -

X - (, , , . .), , X - . , , ,

; X , .

, .

: worry ', ' , grieve ', ' , rejoice '', pine ', ' . -,

(rejoice, ,

, pine . .). , ,

- ,

,

, .

,

, ,

, . sulk '; , ', fret '; , ' , fume " ; ' , rave ", , ". .

be glad, rejoice, be sad, pine be angry , fume rage . .

2.1.2.

,

.

,

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,

( ) , worry rejoice. , ,

.

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:

(). (). * . * . (). (). (). ...().

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,

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, , , ( ) . (. Iordanskaja, Mel'cuk 1981). :

? - ! .

! ,

. , ,

enthuse ' ', exult ', ' , moan '', thunder , ' fume '; , ' .

No prince has ever known the power that I have! Nero exulted.' ,

1

- ' (RufTin 1985:44; . Wierzbicka 1987: 251). , ,

.

, (manner-of-spcech verbs). : -

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().

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) . , ,

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.

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( , ; ., , Howell 1981; Heclas 1984; Lutz 1988). , ,

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2.3.

7.

.

; ,

.

( soul ) .

,

1954 , -

Vlad -.

.

.

: , - , ,

I , - (, , . .).

(Tom, Tim, Rod, Ed . .). ,

, Rod, : (, ), , ,

.

:

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,

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Ed. (. , . .),

, -

,

. T o m m y Eddie Tom, Ed. , ,

, , ,

,

,

Tommy Eddie. , , ( Pammy Timmy), ( ).

, ,

,

Ed, , ' ( Cindy Debbie); . 7.

(. . 7, 2.1.2):

,

,

-

,

,

,

.

(Brown, Ford 1964: 238),

1- .

.

, , ,

I . ,

! , , , , , , -

. .

-

( ), , , ,

. , ,

- , (., , ), - (., , Bauer, Inkcles, Kluckhohn 1956 Kluckhohn 1961).

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.

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2.4.

; , .

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01 -. ipynna -

.

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; . Jarinlzov 1916: 138.

, ,

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: , ().

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...hard working blond Gcnnans...(Solzhenitsyn 1968).

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1111 .

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(). 14 seemed the cobbler guzzled. He was walking along good and

drunk (, 'drunk' + .) one day...(Solzhenitsyn 1968).

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3 .

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3.1.1

,

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.,

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,

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; . Van der Gaaf 1904 Elmers 1981).

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>,

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Boguslawski, Karolak (1970: 35)

. :

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( , - 1958).

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(Neg) + . (+ .)

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; ...() . ().

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.

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) X - X - :

,

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, (, , , . , 1989: 86). ;, -, ,

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: X

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. I think/believc/recall... ' / ()/'... . It occurcd to me... ' ...'

It seemed to me..' ...'.

,

, , ,

It believes / doesn't believe to me...

: ,

,

.

-,

.

,

(' / . . , "). : , -

,

- . . , ,

, , , '-

: '.

/ . 1977, , 247, ,

desire 41 (Kucera, Francis 1967). , , desire

185 ( want, , 1295 573). ,

feel like, 01 , ("X (feels like) Y). , ,

, , ,

, :

, ? , .

, . (). ,

desire, feel like, .

.

(Jarint/.ov 1916: 121), -,

. ,

,

, .

.

3.3. , 1

,

, , .

,

.

,

.

X made Y V int ('')-. (. X made Y wash the dishes 'X Y

). X had V int- (, X had Y wash the dishes . 'X , Y

'). X had X's 7. V int -edw- (, X had her boots mended . 'X ,

'). X had Y V non-int ('') -ingn- (, X had Y crying . 'X , Y

'). X had Y V int -ing- (, X had Y staying with her . 'X , Y

'). X got Y to V int - (, X got Y to wash the dishes . 'X (,

) Y '). X got Y Adj (, X got Y furious 'X Y '). X V int -ed- Y into doing Z (, X talked / tricked Y into doing Z 'X

/ Y Z'). X V aspect ('') -ed- Y V -ing- (. X kept Y waiting 'X Y ').

, ,

,

,

.

. ,

,

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.

(. Dixon 1980:108),

.

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, 1 .

,

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(Dixon 1980:103) , i 1; . , ,

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.

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). ,

.,

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4.

4 . 1 .

,

,

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; ,

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.

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(Jarintzov 1916: 122),

.

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(Jarintzov 1916: 122). (1956) ,

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(1956:345) : , . , -,

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( (Bally 1920); . Elmers 1981). ,

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,

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.

4.2.

,

(., , 1985; Ra thmayr 1986; Univcrsitc de Paris VII 1986). ,

, .

(., , Wcydt 1969; Wcvdl et al. 1983; Kemme 1979; Altmann 1976.)

,

,

. .

(., , - . 1969) ', ',

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, , ,

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jry4iiiero perhaps '', , perhaps maybe, , . ., :

Perhaps John did it?

' ?

,

, ,

( 1957 61):

; ().

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:

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().

,

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1 77

( , -); '

' (. 1955 [1882]: 4); , ( , , , ), .

,

,

:

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(, . 1955 [1882]).

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): ? ? ?

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.

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().

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,

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, .

. .

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5.

5.1.

-

, ,

, .

, .

, ,

,

.

, -

,

, , ,

.

,

. ,

, bastard; . bastard , .

.

. ,

-

( , ), , , bastard.

, , , ( )! , , ! ! ().

scoundrel, bastard. scoundrel , ,

,

,

.

. 1977, , ( ) ,

(Kuccra, Francis 1967) scoundrel -

, ,

.

, , , ,

,

.

; , .

, , scoundrel . , scoundrel (Roget 1984) rascal villain

( villain ,

).

,

, ' ',

, -

, ,

reptile '', viper '' , , swine '', . . .

,

( ). , ,

-

, -

(, ), ,

, (scoundrel),

,

. .

,

? ,

- .

,

- ,

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. :

, ! . , !! , , . ! ().

! ! ! (. . , . 1957-61).

, , ... ().

.

.

' '

, (1955 [1882]) - ''.

,

( ). ,

; , bastard. bastard, ,

.

( ) , () . , (1955 [1882])

scoundrel 2 30 25 20 75 2

: ', , , ',

, .

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' : X ' ' : X '.

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); ,

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5.2.

,

,

. .

:

,

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, , , .'

,

,

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.

: , !

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, ,

(1977) noble - , Francis (1967)

,

.

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,

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:

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,

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,

,

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,

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( ) (-, ). . !, !, !; . Wierzbicka 1985 Wierzbicka 1991).

.\ , , , , , .

, ,

.

beautiful

127 190 130

6.

01

. ,

,

, ( ) . , , , ,

,

,

. -

,

-

-

.

, ,

, .

, ,

,

,

, .

Hymes 1961:46 :

,

,

- ,

, ,

, , ,

.

,

: , ,

,

,

.

.

;, , ,

, , ,

. , ,

, ,

,

,

,

(Hyrn.es 1961: 46). ,

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,

, ,

, ,

,

,

, .

' ,

.

, , .

(1977) , , -

105 , , .

I.. 111(11 1957-61. . 1957-61. 4 . . I960. . I960. . .. , , . 1 - 1 . 1989. :

, , . . . 29: 34-92. , .. . 1969. - . .: .

.

, .. 1947. . .: . -, .. 1958.

. .: . . la.ii. .. 1955 (1882). .

4 . .: . - . . .. . 1977. . .:

.

, .. 1974. . . . .. . .: .

, .. 1985. . .: .

Ileiiik-, A.M. 1956. . .: .

, . 1966-70. . 14 . .: / : Foyer Oriental Chritien.

, . 1952. : . . .

Altmann, Mans. 1976. Die Gradpurtikeln im Deutschen: Unlersuchungen zu ihrer Syntax, Semantik und Pragmatik. Tubingen: Niemeyer.

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Bogushmski, Andrzej; Karolak, Stanislaiv. 1970. Grammalykn rosyjska w ujeciu funkcjonalnym. Warsaw: Wiedza Powszcchna.

Bratus, B.V. 1969. The formation and expressive use of diminutives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Deneh. Alan. 1982. Kin terms and pronouns of Panyjima language of Northwest Australia. Anthropological Forum 1:109-120.

Dixon, Robert M.V. 1980. The languages of Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Dumont, Louis. 1986. Are cultures living beings? German identitv in interaction. Man 21: 587-604.

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Erik son. F.rik II . 1963. Childhood and society. 2nd cd. New York: W.W .Norton.

F.vruienko, F.vgenij. 1988. We humiliate ourselves. Time, June 27. 1988: 23-24 ( in M 19. 11. 1988).

Hale, Kenneth I.. 1966. Kinship reflections in svntax: Some Australian languages. Word 22: 318-324.

Heath, JcfTrey; Merlan, Franccsca; Rumsey, Alan, eds. 1982. Languages of kinship in Aboriginal Australia. Sidney: University of Sydney Press.

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Iordanskaja, Lidqa; MeTcuk, Igor. 1981. On a class of Russians verbs which can introduce direct speech: constructions of the type 'Ostav'te menja) ispugalsja bufetiik': lexical polysemy or semantic syntax? In: The Slavic verb: An anthology presented to Hans Christian Serenscn Per Jacobsen and H.L.Krag. eds. P.51-66. Copenhagen: Roscnkilde and Bagger (Kebcnhavns Universiicts Slaviske Institut, Studier 9).

. l a r i n t / o t . Vidinc. 1916. The Russians and their language. Oxford: Blackwell.

S7

Kenme, I Urn-Martin. 1979. Ja, denn, doch usw.: Die Modalpartikcln im Deut-schen. Munchen: Goethe-Institut.

Kluckhohn, Clyde. 1961. Culture and behavior. New York: Free Press of Glen-coe.

Kucrra, Henry; Francis, Nelson. 1967. Computational analysis of present-day American English. Providence, R.I.: Brown University Press.

Langaekcr, Ronald. 1983. Foundations of cognitive grammar. Bloominglon: Indiana I Iniversity I -inguistics Club.

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*

Personal names and expressive derivation In: Wierzbicka. Anna. 1992. Semantics, culture and cognition: Universal human concepts in culture-specific configurations. New York: Oxford

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