ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti

xaTuna joxaZe

saxelmwifo qonebis gansaxelmwifoebriobis

winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi saqarTveloSi

specialoba ekonomikuri Teoria

filosofiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili sadisertacio naSromi

MecnierxelmZRvaneli

Amiran jibuti

Ekonomikur mecnierebaTa

Doqtori, profesori

T b i l i s i

2008

avtoris stili daculia

1

Tema: `saxelmwifo qonebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis winaaRmdegobrivi

xasiaTi saqarTveloSi~

S i n a a r s i

Sesavali ------------------------------------------------------------- 3-9 gv.

Tavi I. ekonomikis demonopolizacia da saxelmwifos sakuTrebis

gansaxelmwifoebrivebis arsi --------------------------------- 10-48 gv.

1.1. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis aucilebloba ----------------- 10-16 gv.

1.2. sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis arsi, ZiriTadi Formebi da

mimarTulebebi ----------------------------------------------- 16-30 gv.

1.3. sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis ucxouri gamocdileba --- 30-39 gv.

1.4. privatizaciis sakanonmdeblo-normatiuli da organizaciul-

meTodologiuri bazis Seqmna da srulYofa ------------------ 40-48 gv.

Tavi II. saxelmwifo qonebis privatizaciis ganxorcielebis Taviseburebebi da

etapebi saqarTveloSi ---------------------------------------- 49-72 gv.

2.1. privatizaciis Taviseburebebi --------------------------------- 49-53 gv.

2.2. privatizaciis ganxorcielebis etapebi ------------------------ 53-72 gv.

Tavi III. Privatizeba erovnuli ekonomikis calkeul dargebSi ------- 73-122 gv.

3.1. privatizeba mrewvelobaSi (qimiuri mrewveloba, manqanaTmSenebloba,

msubuqi mrewveloba, kvebis mrewveloba) --------------------- 73-84 gv.

3.2. privatizeba saTbobenergetikul kompleqsSi ------------------ 85-90 gv.

3.3. privatizeba transportis sferoSi ---------------------------- 91-92 gv.

3.4. privatizeba kavSirgabmulobasa da fostis sferoSi ---------- 93-95 gv.

3.5. privatizeba vaWrobaSi ---------------------------------------- 95-97 gv.

3.6. bankebis privatizeba ------------------------------------------ 97-99 gv.

3.7. sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis privatizeba --------------- 99-120 gv.

3.8. tYis privatizeba ------------------------------------------- 120-122 gv.

2

Tavi IV. saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis winaaRmdegobrivi aspeqtebi 123-155 gv

4.1. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis strategiuli gzis arCevaSi daSvebuli

Secdoma ----------------------------------------------------- 123-129 gv.

4.2. samarTlebrivi, meToduri da organizaciuli xasiaTis Secdomebi

------------------------------------------------------------- 129-141 gv.

4.3. privatizaciis masStabebSi daSvebuli Secdomebi, strategiuli

obieqtebis dausabuTebeli privatizeba --------------------- 141-155 gv.

Tavi V. sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis ekonomikuri da socialuri

Sedegebi ----------------------------------------------------- 156-186 gv.

5.1. sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis ekonomikuri Sedegebi -- 156-171 gv.

5.2. sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis socialuri Sedegebi --- 72-186 gv.

Daskvnebi da winadadebebi ----------------------------------------- 187-200 gv.

Gamoyenebuli literatura ----------------------------------------- 223-242 gv.

3

Sesavali

Temis aqtualuroba.

saqarTvelo meore aTeuli welia rac axorcielebs mbrZaneblur-

administraciuli sistemebidan sabazro ekonomikur sistemaze gadasvlas.

amJamad msoflioSi sabazro ekonomika yvelaze efeqtian sistemad

warmogvidgeba. Man praqtikulad cxadyo Tavisi maRali efeqtianoba iseTi

amocanebis gadawYvetaSi, rogoricaa: warmoebasa da moxmarebas Soris

optimaluri kavSiris uzrunvelYofa; damoukidebeli mwarmoeblebis sameurneo

saqmianobis Sedegebis sazogadoebrivi Sefaseba; fasebis Tavisufali

funqcionireba; ekonomikis sanacia; konkurentobis saYovelTaoba da sxva.

romelTa safuZvelze igi warmatebiT wYvets sruli dasaqmebis, ekonomikuri

zrdis, fasebis stabilurobis, Tanasworobisa da efeqtianobis problemebs.

maSasadame, sabazro ekonomikis kurss alternativa ara aqvs. Mis gareSe

vercerTi qveYana ver Seva msoflios maRalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis

ricxvSi. dRemde cnobil ekonimikur sistemaTa Soris igi Yvelaze efeqtiania.

sabazro ekonomikur sistemaze gadasvla eqvemdebareba mTel rig

ekonomikur kanonzomierebebs. maT Soris umTavresia sakuTrebis radikaluri

reforma, romlis mizanic aris sabazro ekonomikis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad

sakuTrebisa da meurneobriobis mravalferovnebis damkvidreba da

mravalwYobiani ekonomikis CamoYalibeba, rac warmoudgenelia saxelmwifo

sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis da privatizebis ganxorcielebis gareSe.

sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebriveba metwilad gulisxmobs saxelmwifo

sawarmoebis gamoYvanas uSualod saxelmwifoebrivi marTvis struqturebidan,

maT gardaqmnas sakuTrebis sxva, arasaxelmwifo formebze damYarebul

sawarmoebad da ekonomikaSi xelovnuri saxelmwifo monopoliis aRmofxvras.

amasTan gansaxelmwifoebriveba ar gamoricxavs SesaZleblobas rom saxelmwifo

sawarmoebma axal TvisebriobaSi ganagrZon funqcionireba.

Amdenad, gardamavali periodis Yvelaze aqtualur kardinalur problemas

warmoadgens sakuTrebis radikaluri reforma, misi gansaxelmwifoebrivebisa da

privatizebis ganxorcieleba.

4

gansaxelmwifoebrivebisa da privatizebis procesSi gadamwYveti roli

saxelmwifom unda Seasrulos. saWiroa privatizebis procesis damTavreba,

xolo amJamad privatizebis damamTavrebel etapze adre daSvebuli Secdomebis

gamosworeba. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare saxelmwifo qonebis

demonopolizaciisa da sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis (privatizebis)

problema erTob aqtualuria, rogorc Teoriuli ise praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT.

sakvlevi problemebis Seswavlis mdgomareoba.

xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom mbrZaneblur-administraciuli sistemidan

sabazro ekonomikur sistemaze gadasvlis sakiTxebs saqarTveloSi mravali

saYuradRebo naSromi mieZRvna, magram uSualod sakuTrebis

gansaxelmwifoebrivebisa da privatizaciis ekonomikur da socialur Sedegebze

ar arsebobs calke damoukidebeli monografiuli gamokvleva da arc

disertaciaa daculi. aSkarad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es problema jer ar

qceula specialuri Seswavlis sagnad, ramac ganapiroba Cvens mier sakvlev

Temad misi aReba.

saqarTveloSi privatizebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi ZiriTadad ganxiluli da

gamoqveYnebulia mxolod sagazeTo da saJurnalo statiebis saxiT. Problemis

calkeuli sakiTxebi ganxiluli aqvT qarTvel mecnier-ekonomistebs: r.

asaTians, z. bokuCavas, a. gabisonias, e. gabunias, r. gogoxias, v. gurabaniZes,

T.zesaSvils, v, zurabiSvils, s. iakobiZes, g. kalandaZes, i. kapanaZes, g.

labartYavas, i. mesxias, e. meqvabiSvils, g. papavas, a. silagaZes, u. samadaSvils,

e. salamaZes, d. soloRaSvils, g. sulaberiZes, n. qarCavas, o. QeSelaSvils, j.

SaTiriSvils, d.SaqaraSvils, r. Sengelias, g. SublaZes, a. CaCibaias, l. Ciqavas,

d. ComaxiZes, a. wereTels, d. WarbaZes, n. WiTanavas, m. xanTaZes, s. xaraziSvils,

S. xelaSvils, k. xmalaZes, a. jibuts, m. jibuts, v. juRels da sxva.

maSasadame, winamdebare disertacia praqtikulad pirveli monografiuli

gamokvlevaa, romelic uSualod sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebisa da

privatizebis problemas exeba.

kvlevis mizani da amocanebi.

Gamokvlevis mTavari mizania mbrZaneblur-administraciuli sistemidan

sabazro ekonomikur sistemaze gadasvlis aucileblobis Teoriuli dasabuTeba.

5

privatizebis ekonomikuri da socialuri Sedegebis gaanalizeba, saxelmwifo

qonebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebisa da privatizebis procesSi daSvebuli

Secdomebis (winaaRmdegobebis) gamovlena da maTi Sedegebis aRmofxvrisaTvis

saTanado RonisZiebebisa da winadadebebis SemuSaveba.

GansazRvruli miznis misaRwevad sakvalifikacio naSromSi dasaxulia

Semdegi amocanebi:

1. ekonomikis demonopolizaciisa da saxelmwifo sakuTrebis

gansaxelmwifoebrivebis arsis ganxilva;

2 mbrZaneblur-administraciuli sistemidan sabazro ekonomikur sistemaze

gadasvlis aucileblobis dasabuTeba;

3. sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis ucxouri gamocdilebis Seswavla da

ganzogadeba;

4. privatizebis sakanonmdeblo-normatiuli da organizaciul-meTodologiuri

bazis Seqmnisa da srulYofis procesis daxasiaTeba;

5. saxelmwifo qonebis privatizaciis ganxorcielebis Taviseburebebis gamovlena

da etapebis gansazRvra-daxasiaTeba;

6. erovnuli meurneobis calkeul dargebSi privatizebis Sedegebis

gaanalizeba;

7. saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis Cveneba;

8. privatizebis procesSi daSvebuli samarTlebrivi, meToduri da

organizaciuli xasiaTis Secdomebis gamovlena;

9. sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis ekonomiuri da socialuri Sedegebis

gaanalizeba da Sefaseba.

kvlevis sagani da obieqti.

kvlevis sagans warmoadgens saqarTveloSi mbrZaneblur-administraciuli

sistemidan sabazro ekonomikur sistemaze gardamavali periodi. qveYanaSi

saxelmwifo qonebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebisa da privatizebis sakiTxebze

Seqmnili sakanonmdeblo baza; `kanoni saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis Sesaxeb~;

ekonomikis ganviTarebis saministrosa da qonebis marTvis saagentoSi arsebuli

monacemebi; saqarTvelos parlamentis sabiujeto ofisis masalebi; sakuTrebis

6gansaxelmwifoebrivebisa da privatizebis procesis dawyebasa da

ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli prezidentisa da mTavrobis brZanebulebebi;

sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da gadawYvetilebebi. kvlevis obieqtia agreTve

privatizebis procesTan dakavSirebuli statistikis departamentisa da qonebis

marTvis saagentos statistikuri da angariSebiTi monacemebi. Qveynis

makontrolebeli organoebis mier gamovlenili danaSaulebrivi faqtebi da sxva

winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi. Am mxriv ganviTarebul qveYnebSi arsebuli Teoriul-

praqtikuli gamocdilebis analizi da ganzogadeba.

kvlevis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi.

sadisertacio naSromis Teoriul da meTodologiur safuZvels

warmoadgens Tanamedrove ekonomikuri Teoria, ekonomiksi, samarTlis Teoria,

saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gamocdileba, qarTveli da ucxoeli

ekonomistebis fundamenturi gamokvlevebi. gamoYenebulia logikuri analizis,

Sedarebis, sistemur-dialeqtikuri da programul-miznobrivi, statistikuri,

ekonomikur-maTemaTikuri meTodebi; mbrZaneblur-administraciuli sistemidan

sabazro ekonomikur sistemaze gadasvlisa da sakuTrebis

gansaxelmwifoebrivebisa da privatizebis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili qarTveli

da sazRvargareTeli mecnier-ekonomistebis naSromebi, gansaxelmwifoebrivebisa

da privatizebis marTvisa da organizaciis saerTaSoriso gamocdileba.

kvlevis ZiriTadi Sedegebi da naSromis mecnieruli siaxle.

warmodgenili naSromi mocemuli saTauriTa da SinaarsiT TavisTavad

siaxleTa erTobliobaze miuniSnebs. uFro konkretulad naSromis siaxlea:

_ saqarTveloSi mbrZaneblur-administraciuli sistemidan sabazro ekonomikur

sistemaze gadasvlis aucileblobis dasabuTeba;

_ saxelmwifo qonebis privatizaciis ganxorcielebis Taviseburebebis Seswavla

da privatizaciis etapebis daxasiaTeba;

_ erovnuli ekonomikis calkeul dargebSi privatizebis Sedegebis detaluri

ganxilva da daSvebuli Secdomebis kritikuli analizi;

_ saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis procesSi gamovlenili

winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis siRrmiseuli gamokvleva;

_ sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis strategiuli gzis arCevaSi daSvebuli

Secdomebis gamovlena;

7_ samarTlebrivi, meToduri da organizaciuli xasiaTis Secdomebis

gaanalizeba;

_ privatizaciis masStabebSi daSvebuli Secdomebisa da strategiuli

obieqtebis dausabuTebeli privatizebis faqtebis gamovlena;

_ sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis ekonomikuri da socialuri Sedegebis

Rrma analizi da Sefaseba;

_ saqarTveloSi sakuTrebis reformis mimdinareobis analizi, gamovlenil

naklovanebaTa sistematizacia da Sesabamisi rekomendaciebis Camoyalibeba.

naSromis praqtikuli mniSvneloba.

kvlevis Sedegebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

saministros da qonebis marTvis saagentos praqtikul saqmianobaSi. agreTve

parlamentsa da mTavrobaSi sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis da privatizebis

Sesaxeb misaRebi kanonproeqtebis SemuSavebis dros. sadisertacio naSromis

Teoriuli debulebebiT da daskvnebiT Aseve SeiZleba isargeblon qveynis

umaRlesi saswavleblebis bakalavriatsa da magistraturaSi specialuri

saleqcio kursebis swavlebis procesSi, aseve praqtikuli mniSvnelobis mqone

zogierTi winadadeba garkveul daxmarebas gauwevs aRmasrulebeli

xelisuflebis nebismier instanciebSi dasaqmebul muSakebs.

naSromis aprobacia da publikacia.

sadisertacio naSromis calkeuli Tavebi periodulad ixileboda ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikuri

Teoriis kaTedraze, xolo dasrulebuli saxiT saboloo aprobacia man gaiara

ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis ekonomikuri principebis kaTedris

sxdomaze (27 noemberi 2008w.), sadac is mowonebuli da rekomendirebuli iqna

sajaro dacvisaTvis. naSromis zogierTi debuleba (rekomendacia) Cvens mier

gagzavnili iqna ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministrosa da qonebis marTvis

saagentoSi.

kvlevis ZiriTadi Sedegebi, daskvnebi da winadadebebi gamoqveynebulia

Jurnalebsa da samecniero naSromTa krebulebSi.

sadisertacio naSromis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi asaxulia avtoris rva

samecniero statiaSi, romelic gamoqveynda Tsu ekonimikisa da biznesis

8fakultetis sadisertacio sabWos debulebiT gansazRvruli wesiTa da

pirobebiT.

1. joxaZe xaTuna _ `sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis ucxouri gamocdileba~,

Jurn. `ekonomika~ #1 2006w. gv. 170-176.

2. joxaZe xaTuna _ `saxelmwifos wilobrivi monawileobiT momqmed sawarmoTa

marTvis srulyofis sakiTxebi~, Jurn. `ekonomika~ #4 2006w. gv. 167-172.

3. joxaZe xaTuna _ `saxelmwifo sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifiebrivebisa da

privatizebis arsi~. Jurn. `ekonomika~ #6 2006w. gv. 5-9.

4. joxaZe xaTuna _ `sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis arsi, formebi da

meTodebi~, Jurn. `ekonomika~ #11-12 2006w. gv. 20-24. (TanaavtorobiT).

5. joxaZe xaTuna _ `saqarTveloSi sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis

socialuri Sedegebi~. Jurn. `socialuri ekonomika~ #2 2007w. gv. 19-38..

(TanaavtorobiT).

6. joxaZe xaTuna _ ` saqarTveloSi sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis

ekonomikuri Sedegebi~. Jurn. `ekonomika~ #9 2008w. gv. 10-20

(TanaavtorobiT).

7. Jokhdze Khatuna - “Contradictory Nature of State Property Denationalization in

Georgia”. 2008.

8. Jokhdze Khatuna - “Economic Outcomes of the State Property Denationalization”. 2008.

naSromis moculoba da struqtura.

naSromi moicavs kompiuterze nabeWd 200 gverds. kvlevis miznebidan

gamomdinare naSromi warmodgenilia Semdegi struqturiT:

Sesavali

Tavi I. ekonomikis demonopolizacia da saxelmwifos sakuTrebis

gansaxelmwifoebrivebis arsi

1.1. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis aucilebloba

1.2. sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis arsi, ZiriTadi Formebi da

mimarTulebebi

1.3. sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis ucxouri gamocdileba

9

1.4. privatizaciis sakanonmdeblo-normatiuli da organizaciul-

meTodologiuri bazis Seqmna da srulYofa

Tavi II. saxelmwifo qonebis privatizaciis ganxorcielebis Taviseburebebi da

etapebi saqarTveloSi

2.1. privatizaciis Taviseburebebi

2.2. privatizaciis ganxorcielebis etapebi

Tavi III. Privatizeba erovnuli ekonomikis calkeul dargebSi

3.1. privatizeba mrewvelobaSi (qimiuri mrewveloba, manqanaTmSenebloba,

msubuqi mrewveloba, kvebis mrewveloba)

3.2. privatizeba saTbobenergetikul kompleqsSi

3.3. privatizeba transportis sferoSi

3.4. privatizeba kavSirgabmulobasa da fostis sferoSi

3.5. privatizeba vaWrobaSi

3.6. bankebis privatizeba

3.7. sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis privatizeba

3.8. tYis privatizeba

Tavi IV. saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis winaaRmdegobrivi aspeqtebi

4.1. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis strategiuli gzis arCevaSi daSvebuli

Secdoma

4.2. samarTlebrivi, meToduri da organizaciuli xasiaTis Secdomebi

4.3. privatizaciis masStabebSi daSvebuli Secdomebi, strategiuli

obieqtebis dausabuTebeli privatizeba

Tavi V. sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis ekonomikuri da socialuri

Sedegebi

5.1. sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis ekonomikuri Sedegebi

5.2. sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis socialuri Sedegebi

Daskvnebi da winadadebebi

Gamoyenebuli literatura

10

Tavi I. ekonomikis demonipolizacia da saxelmwifo sakuTrebis

gansaxelmwifoebrivebis arsi

1.1. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis aucilebloba

msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi dRemde aprobirebuli ekonomikuri

sistemebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba resursebze sakuTrebis formebiT da

ekonomikuri saqmianobis koordinaciisa da marTvis wesiT. am aspeqtiT

ekonomikur literaturaSi ekonomikis sistemebi ase klasificirdeba:

1. wminda kapitalizmi anu Tavisufali konkurenciis kapitalizmi;

2. mbrZaneblur-administraciuli sistema;

3. tradiciuli anu adaT-wesebze damyarebuli ekonomikuri sistema;

4. sabazro ekonomikuri sistema.

radgan sinamdvileSi zemoT CamoTvlili ekonomikuri sistemebi ~wminda~

saxiT ar arsebobs da TiTeoulis Tavisebureba mxolod zogadi aspeqtiT

gamoixateba, sabolood isini daiyvaneba mxolod ori tipis dinamikur sistemaze:

1. sabazro ekonomikuri sistema;

2. mbrZaneblur-administraciuli ekonomikuri sistema.

nebismieri ekonomikuri sistemis cxovelmyofelobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi da

arsebiTi maCvenebelia warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTrebis formebi, rac

gansazRvravs mocemuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis saerTo mimarTulebebs, misi

miRvaweobis socialur Sedegebs.

ekonomikuri sistemis mixedviT icvleba ara marto warmoebis saSualebebze

sakuTrebis formebi, aramed sakuTrebis obieqtebi, agreTve sakuTrebis

subieqtebi, e.i. mesakuTreebic.

sakuTrebis Sesaxeb mecnieruli Teoria gamomdinareobs im istoriuli

gamocdilebiT dadasturebuli debulebebidan, rom warmoebis saSualebebze ar

arsebobs sakuTrebis erTi, sayovelTao da yvela ekonomikuri sistemisaTvis

savaldebulo forma. igi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis organizaciis

cvlilebebTan erTad icvleba. axali ekonomikuri sistemis warmoSobasTan

erTad sakuTrebis axali formebi da saxeebi Cndeba da igi arsebobs am

11

sazogadoebasTan erTad, vidre ar Seicvleba misi axali organizaciiT, rac

ueWvelad unda iyos sakuTrebiTi urTierTobis Secvlis Sedegi. amrigad,

ekonomikuri sistemis Secvlas aucileblad emTxveva warmoebis saSualebebze

sakuTrebis formebis Secvlac. amas mosdevs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela

ZiriTadi niSnis Sesabamisi cvlilebebi.

warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTrebis gabatonebuli forma yovelTvis

Sexamebulia mwarmoebluri Zalebis ganviTarebis garkveul donesTan da

ganasaxierebs ekonomikuri sistemis im tips, romelic istoriulad

mwarmoeblur ZalaTa ganviTarebis mocemul dones Seesabameba. sakuTrebiTi

urTierTobebi uSualod gamoxataven ekonomikuri sistemis arss. ase inaskveba

mtkice kavSirurTierToba sakuTrebiT urTierTobebs, rogorc ekonomikuri

sistemis safuZvelsa, da mwarmoeblur Zalebs Soris. am naskvis Sinagan

mamoZravebel elements mwarmoebluri Zalebi Seadgens da am mimarTulebiT es

Zalebi kacobriobis istoriis ganviTarebis lokomotivad gvevlineba. magram,

mwarmoeblur ZalTa ganviTarebis done damokidebulia TviT ekonomikuri

sistemis istoriul etapze. sazogadoebis mwarmoebluri Zalebi da sakuTrebiTi

urTierTobebi sazogadoebrivi warmoebis ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli

komponentebia.

amdenad, nebismieri ekonomikuri sistema, TiToeuli am komponentis

Seswavlis safuZvelze unda gaanalizdes.

Tavdapirvelad pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi warmoebis saSualebebze

sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba arsebobda. sakuTrebis es forma, cxadia, aravis

daudgenia, igi obieqturad gansazRvra mwarmoebluri Zalebis mdgomareobam.

calkeuli adamiani im dros uZluri iyo bunebis Zalebis winaSe da ar SeeZlo

fizikuri arseboba gankerZoebuli saqmianobiT, Sroma mxolod erTian,

koleqtiur saqmianobaSi asrulebda qmediT rols. calkeuli individis

saqmianoba aseT viTarebaSi ekonomikurad gaumarTlebeli iyo. Tu yvela am

moments SevajamebT, SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom Sromis gansazogadoeba, e.i.

misi sazogadoebrivi xasiaTi iyo ara Sedegi sazogadoebis organizaciuli

RonisZiebebiT gansazRvruli, aramed bunebis winaaRmdeg adamianis brZolis

sisustiT ganpirobebuli stiqiurad aRmocenebuli procesi.

12

amrigad, kacobriobis istoriis am periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

mwarmoebluri Zalebis mTavari elementis - adamianis sisustiT gansazRvruli

warmoebis saSualebebis sakuTrebis sazogadoebrivi forma. mwarmoebluri

Zalebis ganviTarebisa da Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawilebis gaRrmavebis

procesis Sedegad dawyo Temis daSla da kerZo sakuTrebis aRmoceneba.

kerZo sakuTrebis aRmoceneba kacobriobis istoriaSi dakavSirebulia

mwarmoebluri Zalebis ganviTarebis im safexurTan, roca adamians, individs,

saSualeba mieca ewarmoebina zedmeti produqti. es aris is etapi, roca

sazogadoebis mwarmoebluri Zalebis ganviTarebaSi moxda naxtomi,

mwarmoebluri Zalebi Sevida axal Tvisebriv fazaSi da gansazRvra ufro

maRali safexuri adamianTa ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebaSi. gaCnda

warmoebis iaraRebisa da Sromis organizaciis srulyofisa da ganviTarebis

axali stimulebi.

amrigad, kerZo sakuTrebis aRmocenebam xeli Seuwyo sazogadoebrivi

mwarmoebluri Zalebis ganviTarebas da dasabami misca axali ekonomikuri

sistemis warmoSobas. aq mTavari is aris, rom individualurma warmoebam, da

amiT ganpirobebulma Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdam Seqmna SesaZlebloba,

adamians ewarmoebina zedmeti produqti, romelsac mesakuTre iTvisebda.

amgvarma urTierTobam warmoqmna adamianis mier adamianis eqsploataciis

safuZveli, aseTi sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi istoriulad pirvelad

monaTmflobelobis saxiT ganxorcielda.

monaTmflobelobam, miuxedavad warmoebis muSakis metad uxeSi formiT

eqspluataciisa, garkveuli biZgi misca mwarmoebluri Zalebis Semdgom

ganviTarebas. amis mkafio magaliTia Zveli saberZneTisa da romis ekonomika,

kultura, mecniereba, teqnika da a.S. kerZo sakuTrebis warmoqmna imTaviTve erT-

erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena iyo kacobriobis istoriaSi. man warmoaCina

da ganaviTara adamianis SemoqmedebiTi mewarmeobrivi da saerTod, SromiTi

SesaZleblobebi. ganamtkica misi statusi bunebaSi da sazogadoeba dRevandel

civilizaciamde miiyvana.

feodalizmma didi cvlilebebi moaxdina monaTmflobelr sakuTrebiT

urTierTobebSi. glexs ufleba mieca kerZo sakuTrebaSi hqonoda warmoebis

saSualebaTa garkveuli nawili (garda miwisa), Seeqmna sakuTari ojaxi da

13

meurneoba. moispo monaTmflobelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sromisa da yofa-

cxovrebis mZime da xSirad autaneli pirobebi, romelic warmoebis muSaks

Sromisadmi yovelgvar interess ukargavda.

feodalizmma mZlavri biZgi misca mwarmoeblur ZalTa ganviTarebas, xeli

Seuwyo sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTarebas, qveynebsa da

kontinentebs Soris ekonomikuri kavSirebis damyarebas. yovelive aman

mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula kapitalizmis aRmocenebasa da ganviTarebaSi.

kapitalizmi feodalizmis ekonomikuri sistemis pirdapiri uaryofaa. man

Secvala feodaluri sazogadoebis warmoebis wesi da misi adekvaturi

sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebis sistema. kapitalizmis arsebiTi niSania

sazogadoebis dayofa warmoebis saSualebebis mesakuTre da warmoebis

saSualebebis sakuTrebas mowyvetil armqonebel klasebad. amasTan

kapitalizmma, romlis ekonomikur safuZvelsac kerZo sakuTreba SeadGens

Seqmna misi mravali specifikuri saxe. kapitalizmis ganviTarebis kvalobaze

gaCnda sakuTrebis kerZo formis nairsaxeoba.

sxvagvarad dgeba sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis gabatonebuli formiT

arsebobis sakiTxi XX saukuneSi xelovnurad organizebul socialistur

sazogadoebaSi, sadac gabatonebuli mdgomareoba saxelmwifo sakuTrebam

daikava. e.i. moxda sazogadoebis ganviTarebis bunebrivi gzidan gadaxveva.

saxelmwifoebrivi sakuTrebis gabatonebam warmoSva mbrZaneblur-

administraciuli sistema da misi Sesabamisi totalitaruli saxelmwifo.

sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba fiqcia gaxda, gadaiqca sakuTrebad mesakuTris

gareSe. warmoebis muSakebs man ver Seuqmna saTanado stimulebi, ver

uzrunvelyo Sromis mwarmoeblurobis saWiro done da mwarmoebluri Zalebis

ganviTareba Seaferxa.

mbrZaneblur-administraciuli sistema gansxvavdeboda yvela uwindeli

socialur-ekonomikuri sistemisagan uwinares yovlisa imiT, rom emyareboda

warmoebis saSualebebze formiT, sazogadoebriv da SinaarsiT saxelmwifoebriv

sakuTrebas. aman gamoxatuleba hpova sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

gasaxelmwifoebrivebaSi, ramac sayovelTao xasiaTi miiRo.

gansaxelmwifoebrivebam moicva, pirvel yovlisa, sakuTriv saxelmwifoebrivi

sakuTreba. kvazisazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis gabatonebam ekonomika datova

14

sakuTrebis Tanabaruflebiani subieqtebis gareSe. ekonomika imarTeboda

centridan direqtiuli gegmebis meSveobiT.

ganxorcielda kooperaciuli sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebriveba.

sakolmeurneo-kooperaciuli sakuTreba faqtobrivad saxelmwifo sakuTrebis

danamati gaxda.

gasaxelmwifoebrivebis procesi yvelaze uxeSad Seexo kerZo sakuTrebas.

igi nacionalizaciisa da eqspropriaciis gziT mTlianad likvidirebuli iqna.

metis-metad SeizRuda piradi sakuTreba, rac gamoixateboda rogorc ZiriTadi,

ise sxva saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebis mkacri saxelmwifoebrivi

reglamentiT, SromiTi wvlilis mixedviT ganawilebis ugulebelyofiT,

gaTanabrebiTi ganawilebiT da a.S. mTeli sabWoTa imperiis vrcel

horizontalur da vertikalur ierarqiul doneze saxelmwifoebrivi formiT

faqtobrivad erTiani ekonomikuri centris funqcionirebam, zemoT aRniSnulTan

erTad, gamoiwvia ganawilebiTi urTierTobebis deformaciac. es yvelaze naTlad

gamovlinda zedmeti produqtis didi nawilis saxelmwifos xelSi

koncentraciaTa da sawarmoo erTeulebze misi TviTneburi, sameurneo-

angariSianobis principis gauTvaliswineblad ganawilebiT. faqtobrivad

dakanonda sawarmoTa mogeba-zaralis TviTnebuad ganawilebis sameurneo

praqtikis yvelaze maxinji forma, romlis meSveobiTac maRalrentabeluri

sawarmoebi ~inaxavdnen~ dabalrentabelur da zaralian sawarmoebs. amiT

arsebiTad Ziri gamoeTxara sazogadoebrivi warmoebis mamoZraveblis

ekonomikuri interesebis moqmedebas, ris Sedegadac miviReT e.w. uZravi

ekonomika.

zemoaRniSnulTan erTad, gasaxelmwifoebrivebuli socializmis

damaxasiaTebeli niSani iyo samomxmareblo saqonlis deficiti da

biurokratizmi. deficituroba SezRuduli resursebis arsebobis pirobebSi

(maRalganviTarebuli) qveynisaTvisac ar aris ucxo, magram, maTgan gansxvavebiT,

sabWoTa kavSirSi amas sistematuri, myari da sayovelTao xasiaTi hqonda, risi

umTavresi mizezic warmoebis saSualebebze gabatonebuli saxelmwifoebrivi

sakuTreba da ekonomikis mkacrad centralizebuli administraciul-

direqtiuli marTva iyo.

15

sabolood Camoyalibda ara mxolod gasaxelmwifoebrivebuli

kvazisocialisturi ekonomika, aramed gasaxelmwifoebrivebuli

kvazisocialisturi sazogadoeba misi yvela maxinji - totalitaruli formiT,

romlis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zalac saxelmwifos Zliereba da Seuvaloba iyo.

rogorc es cxovrebam aCvena, ekonomikur sistemebs Soris yvelaze

efeqtiani aRmoCnda sabazro ekonomika. sxva ekonomikur sistemebTan SedarebiT

sabazro sistemebis upiratesobebi mravali aspeqtiT vlindeba, romelTa Soris

umTavresia resursebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba da mewarmeTa ekonomikuri

Tavisufleba. sabazro sistemis pirobebSi ~uxilavi xeli~ iseTnairad marTavs

pirad interesebs, rom arsebuli resursebis xarjze sazogadoebas

uzrunvelyofs sul ufro meti raodenobis saqoneliT, es ki niSnavs

maqsimalur ekonomikur efeqtianobas.

sabazro ekonomikam praqtikulad cxadyo, Tavisi maRali efeqtianoba iseTi

amocanebis gadawyvetaSi rogoricaa: warmoebasa da moxmarebas Soris

optimaluri kavSiris uzrunvelyofa; damokidebuli mwarmoeblis sameurneo

saqmianobis Sedegebis sazogadoebrivi Sefaseba; fasebis Tavisufali

funqcionireba; ekonomikis sanacia; konkurenciis sayovelTaoba da sxva amis

safuZvelze sabazro ekonomika warmatebiT wyvets dasaqmebis, ekonomikuri

zrdis, fasebis stabilurobis, ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis, ekonomikuri

usafrTxoebis Tanasworobisa da efeqtianobis problemebs.1

sazogadoebrivi struqturebis ganviTarebis msvlelobam daadastura

regulirebadi sabazro ekonomikis, kerZod socialurad orientirebuli sabazro

meurneobis Seqmnis mizanSewoniloba. e.i. administraciul-direqtiuli

ekonomikidan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis aucilebloba.

XX saukunis bolo aTwleulis dasawyisSi msoflo socialisturi

sistema daiSala da ganviTarebul socializmad wodebuli ekonomikuri

sistema uaryofili iqna. gauqmda warmoebis saSualebaTa sazogadoebrivi

1. ra Tqma unda yovelive es ar niSnavs sabazro sistemis yovlisSemZleobas. saqme isaa, rom

sabazro ekonomika ver uzrunvelyofs makroekonomikur proporciulobas,samecniero teqnikur

progress, strategiul investiciebs, arasabazro seqtoris mxardaWeras, socialuri

problemebis daZlevas da sxva

16

sakuTreba da igi gansaxelmwifoebrivebis obieqtad gamocxadda. e.w.

~socialisturi qveynebis~ winaSe warmoCnda problema Tu rogor daubrundnen

isini umtkivneulod, SedarebiT mokle drois monakveTSi, rac SeiZleba naklebi

socialur-ekonomikuri danakargebiT, kacobriobis ganviTarebis bunebriv-

magistralur gzas.

sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Semavali umetesi respublikebis winaSe

daisva saxelmwifoebrivobis aRdgenis, xolo zogierTisaTvis Seqmnis sakiTxi.

niSandoblivia, rom am revoluciur gardaqmnebs yofil mokavSireTa umetesoba

sruliad moumzadebeli Sexvda. sazogadoebam ver gaigo da ar icoda riT

daewyo, ra gaekeTebina, raTa TanamimdevrobiT gaetarebina ekonomikuri sistemis

demontaJi, ra prioritetebi gamoeyo reformebis Catarebisas da sxva. TumcaRa

absoluturad yvela qveyana upirobod aRiarebda da aRiarebs rom ekonomikis

ganviTarebis safuZveli unda iyos Sereuli sabazro ekonomikisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli principebi. xolo saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSeneblobis saboloo

mizani samoqalaqo sazogadoeba.

~ganTavisuflebuli qveynebi~, bunebrivia aRmoCndnen e.w. sabazro

ekonomikaze gardamavali periodis winaSe, istoriul periodSi, romlis drosac

unda ganxorcieldes ZiriTadad Zveli ekonomikuri sistemis demontaJi da

axlis Semadgeneli nawilebis aqtivizacia.

am moZraobaSi sxva saxelmwifoebTan erTad, bunebrivia CaerTo

saqarTveloc, romelmac prioritetul amocanad aRiara axali ekonomikuri

sistemis Seqmnis aucilebloba.

1.2. sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis (privatizebis) arsi da

ZiriTadi meTodebi, formebi da mimarTulebebi

mbrZaneblur-administraciuli sistemidan (socializmidan) sabazro

ekonomikaze gadasvla da amasTan dakavSirebiT, axali ekonomikuri

urTierTobebis formireba, SesaZlebelia mxolod sakuTrebis (sxvadasxva

17

formebis) mravalformianobis pirobebSi, sadac wamyvani rol;i mieniWeba kerZo

da koleqtiur sakuTrebas, agreTve maT sxvadasxva kombinacias, xolo

saxelmwifo seqtori iqneba ekonomikis mniSvnelovani, magram ramdenadme

daqvemdebarebuli komponenti, ramdenadac sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebis

Sewonasworebuli Tanafardoba swrafi ekonomikuri aRmavlobis safuZvels

warmoadgens.

aqedan gamomdinare sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvlis ZiriTad

mimarTulebad sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebaa miCneuli.

gansaxelmwifoebriveba aris sawarmoTa mmarTvelobis saxelmwifo

organoebis uSualo daqvemdebarebidan gamoiyvana da maTi gardaqmna kerZo

sawarmoebad, aqcionerul sazogadoebebad, sapaio amxanagobebad, kooperativebad

da sxva arasaxelmwifoebriv struqturebad. arsebobs privatizebis

ganxorcielebis gansxvavebuli meTodebi:

1. restitucia - romlis mizania qoneba daubrundes mis yofil mflobels. es

meTodi im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, rodesac mTavrobis mier qonebis dasakuTreba

arasamarTliani meTodis gamoyenebiT moxda. restitucia am SemTxvevaSi

ganixileba rogorc samarTlianobis aRdgenis forma da gamarTlebulia

moraluri da samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT. specialur literaturaSi aseTi

ram cnobilia deprivatizaciis saxelwodebiT. qonebis CamorTmevisa da ukan

dabrunebis safuZveli unda gaxdes SesaZlo darRvevebi, gansakuTrebiT im

SemTxvevaSi Tu saxezea korufciuli qmedeba. Tu aseTi dadgindeba, maSin

Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobiT unda daregulirdes am qonebis CamorTmeva Semdgomi

privatizebisaTvis. restituciis praqtika Zalian iSviaTia. es meTodi

gamoyenebuli iqna estoneTsa da CexeTSi.1

1. bolo dros saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umaRles

eSelonebSi Zalze xSiradaa saubari saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis Sedegebis SesaZlo

gadasinjvis Sesaxeb. axla privatizebis Sedegebis masobrivad gadasinjva gaumarTlebelia,

magram prioritetuli dargebis obieqtebi, romlebic arakanonierad iqna gayiduli, isini

mosaxerxebel SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos unda daubrundes. amasTan, yvela araswori gziT

SeZenili qoneba unda Sefasdes dReisaTvis moqmedi sabazro fasebiT da masze dawesdes

qonebis gadasaxadi. ukanono qoneba unda daibegros Zalian maRali gadasaxadiT.

18

2. pirdapiri gayidvis meTodi - am meTodis gamoyeneba gasuli saukunis 90-ian

wlebSi daiwyo yofilma socialisturma qveynebma (aRmosavleT germaniam,

estoneTma, ungreTma da poloneTma), magram male warmoiSva mTeli rigi

naklovanebani. privatizebis am meTodis gamoyenebiT gamovlenil naklovanebebs

Soris, yvelaze TvalsaCino aRmoCnda qveyanaSi kapitalis bazris ganviTarebis

dabali done. aseve ucxoeli investirebisaTvis gasayidi obieqtebis Sesaxeb

srulyofili informaciis mowodebis siZneleebi.

3. qonebis Sesyidva menejmentisa da momuSave personalis mier. privatizebis es

meTodi gulisxmobs obieqtis Sesyidvas menejmentisa da dasaqmebuli

personalis mier. amgvari meTodi ar aris swrafad da iolad

gansaxorcielebeli. mas SeuZlia dadebiTi Sedegebis motana, ramdenadac aq

erTiandeba warmoebaSi dasaqmebuli muSa-mosamsaxureebisa da mmarTveli

aparatis interesebi. aRniSnul meTods aqvs naklovanebebic. xdeba

gaumarTleblad maRali xelfasebis da zedmeti samuSao Zalis SenarCuneba,

agreTve ver xerxdeba ucxouri investiciebis mozidva. miuxedavad arsebuli

naklovanebebisa privatizebis es meTodi farTod iyo gamoyenebuli xorvatiaSi,

makedoniaSi, poloneTSi, rumineTSi, sloveniasa da ruseTSi.

4. masobrivi privatizeba - am SemTxvevaSi mTavroba, rogorc wesi mosaxleobas

urigebs vauCerebs, romelTa gamoyenebiT xdeba sawarmoTa wilis Sesyidva. es

meTodi farTod iqna gamoyenebuli CexeTSi, somxeTSi, yazaxeTSi, yirgizeTSi,

litvasa da latviaSi. agreTve, aRmosavleT evropis rig qveynebSi. vauCerebiT

privatizebis meTodi iZleva ekonomikurad CamorCenil qveynebSi kapitalis

deficitis daZlevis SesaZleblobas. amdenad, es meTodi yvelaze misaRebad da

samarTlianad iTvleba mosaxleobaSi. man xeli SeuSala am qveynebSi ucxouri

kapitalis Semodinebas. (intervencias) da Tavidan iqna acilebuli privatizebis

procesSi sawarmoTa SefasebasTan da sxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli

siZneleebi. rogorc amas praqtika adasturebs vauCeruli privatizacia

amaRlebs reformebis avtoritets mosaxleobaSi da mas metad warmatebuls

xdis. am meTodis momxreTa azriT, is qmnis axal mesakuTreTa farTo fenas,

romelic dainteresebulia reformebis warmatebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis.

vauCeruli privatizeba saqarTveloSi samwuxarod warumateblad Catarda.

19

5. saaqcio sazogadoebaTa saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli aqciebis

specializebul auqcionze nulovani sawyisi fasiT gayidva. cneba, nulovani

sawyisi fasi pirobiTia da niSnavs imas, rom minimaluri Tanxis Setanis

SemTxvevaSi myidvels SeuZlia miiRos aqciebis garkveuli raodenoba.

davuSvaT, rom auqcionze gamotanilia romelime saaqcio sazogadoebis

aqciebis 60%, vTqvaT 100000 aqcia, TiToeuli erTi laris nominaluri

RirebulebiT. Tu myidveli Seitans Tundac erT lars da mas ar eyoleba

konkurenti, maSin mas darCeba es aqciebi. amiT igi 60%-is, saaqcio sazogadoebis

aqciaTa sakontrolo paketis mflobeli gaxdeba. xolo konkurentebis gamoCenis

SenTxvevaSi Sesabamisad fasic aiweva, maSin aqciebis ganawileba moxdeba

Setanili Tanxis proporciulad. Tu magaliTad, auqcionze gamotanil aqcias

hyavs ori myidveli da erTma Seitana 100 lari, meorem ki aTjer meti, am

SemTxvevaSi aqcia ganawildeba am or monawileze Setanili Tanxis

proporciulad 1 : 10-Tan. nulovan auqcionSi monawileobis ufleba aqvs

saqarTvelos an sazRvargareTis qveynebis fizikur da iuridiul pirebs, im

saaqcio sazogadoebebSi, romelTa sawesdebo kapitalSi saqarTvelos

saxelmwifos monawileobis wili Seadgens 25%-ze naklebs.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gansaxelmwifoebrivebasa da privatizebas Soris

mkveTri zRvaris gavleba SeuZlebelia. amJamad sazogadoebaSi azrTa

sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs privatizebis (gansaxelmwifoebrivebis) ganxorcielebis

formebis, meTodebisa da vadebis (tempebis) Sesaxeb.

privatizebis ganxorcielebis formebTan dakavSirebiT, ekonomikur

literaturaSi arsebuli mravali winadadebebis ganzogadebiT SeiZleba

gamovyoT erTmaneTisagan principulad gansxvavebuli Semdegi ZiriTadi formebi:

1. privatizebas daqvemdebarebuli saxelmwifo qonebis SromiTi

koleqtivebis mier gamosyidva (kerZod, arenda-gamosyidvis uflebiT);

2. privatizebas daqvemdebarebuli saxelmwifo qonebis uSualod gayidva;

3. holdingebis Seqmna, romelTa gankargulebaSi drois garkveuli

periodis ganmavlobaSi Tavs iyris privatizebul sawarmoTa aqciebis

sakontrolo paketebi.

sakuTrebis privatizebis am formebs Soris ekonomikur literaturasa da

msoflio praqtikaSi upiratesoba eniWeba qonebis uSualo gayidvas. termini

20

privatizeba warmosdgeba laTinuri sityvisagan `privates~ da niSnavs kerZos,

igi gulisxmobs saxelmwifo an municipaluri sakuTrebis kerZo pirebis xelSi

gadasvlas gamosyidviT an usasyidlod (r. lukasi). Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos,

rom literaturaSi vxvdebiT gansxvavebul Sexedulebebsac, romlis mixedviTac

privatizeba ara marto erTi formidan meoreze gadasvlas, aramed sakuTrebis

konkretuli formis SigniT flobis, sargeblobis da marTvis (gankargvis)

uflebamosilebis ganawilebasac niSnavs.

konkretulad, igi iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifo sakuTrebis - sakuTrebis

sxvadasxva formebad gardaqmnas; meurneobis ZiriTad dargebSi saxelmwifo

monopoliis likvidacias; kerZo sakuTrebis damkvidrebas; konkurenciuli

garemos Seqmnas; kerZo mewarmeTa fenis Camoyalibebas; mTlianad qveynis

ekonomikuri sistemis Secvlas da sabazro meurneobaze realur gadasvlas.

ekonomikur literaturaSi arsebobs privatizebis cnebis farTo da viwro

gageba. farTo gagebiT privatizeba aris saxelmwifos gverdis avliT

monopoliuri, privilegiuri uflebebis mopoveba warmoebisa da momsaxurebis

bazarze, xolo viwro gagebiT, privatizeba gulisxmobs saxelmwifo

sakuTrebidan kerZo sakuTrebaSi warmoebis saSualebebis, sawarmoebis,

organizaciebisa da momsaxurebis sferos obieqtebis gadasvlas. orive

SemTxvevaSi privatizeba ganixileba, rogorc gansaxelmwifoebrivebis sistema,

romelic gulisxmobs meurneobis marTvis biurokratiuli meqanizmidan da

saxelmwifos mier samewarmeo qmedebis SezRudvebidan ganTavisuflebas. kerZo

kapitalis stimulirebas, ekonomikis direqtiuli regulirebis SezRudvas.1

sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval qveynebSi privatizaciis ZiriTad mizans

warmoadgens saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebis gadideba da ekonomikis

efeqtianobis amaRleba, romelic gulisxmobs:

• sawarmoTa restruqturizacias;

• marTvis axali formebis, meTodebisa da teqnologiebis danergvasa da

produqciis xarisxis amaRlebas;

1. mesxia i. murjikneli m. - ekonomikuri reforma saqarTveloSi. `privatizacia da misi

realizaciis meTodologiur-organizaciuli problemebi~. Tb., 1996 w. gv. 141.

21

• sagareo bazrebze damkvidrebas;

• ucxouri da Sida investiciebis mozidvas;

privatizebis srulfasovnad ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia:

- privatizaciis ganxorcielebis saxelmwifo programis SemuSaveba da misi

gatarebis socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebis prognozireba;

- msoflio praqtikaSi cnobili, privatizebis yvela formis dawvrilebiT

Seswavla da dadebiTi gamoucdelobis gaziareba;

- privatizebis SemWidroebul vadebSi Catareba, procesis etapobrivad da

diferencirebuli midgomiT ganxorcieleba.

ekonomikis gardaqmnis efeqtianoba didadaa damokidebuli privatizebis

ganxorcielebis masStabebsa da tempebze. rogorc msoflio gamocdileba

mowmobs warmatebebi ar aaqvs farTomasStabian da mokle vadian privatizacias.

rac ufro swrafad ganxorcieldeba gardaqmnebi, miT ufro darRvevebiT

mimdinareobs privatizaciis winaSe dasmuli ekonomikuri, politikuri,

socialuri da fsiqologiuri miznebi da amocanebi.

praqtikiT dadasturebulia, rom sakuTrebis reformis forsirebuli

procesebi aZliereben gardaqmnis Semaferxebeli faqtorebis moqmedebas da

iwveven mZime negatiur Sedegebs.

amdenad, sasurvelia moZebnili iqnes privatizaciis ganxorcielebis

optimaluri tempi im varaudiT, rom warmatebiT iqnes privatizebuli

(saprivatizebod gaTvaliswilebuli) saxelmwifo sakuTreba.

privatizaciis realuri tempi damokidebulia qveyanaSi saxelmwifo qonebis

privatizebis Sesaxeb SemuSavebul programaze. roca vmsjelobT

privatizaciaze, kanonzomierad ismeba kiTxva: Tu ra zomiT da ra masStabiT

unda iqnes Semcirebuli saxelmwifo sakuTrebis wili da upirveles yovlisa,

romel sawarmoebsa da dargebSi unda ganxoecieldes aseTi gardaqmnebi.

arsebobs Tezisi (Sexeduleba) sruli privatizaciis aucileblobis Sesaxeb,

romlis dros saxelmwifoebrivi sakuTrebis wili nulamdea dayvanili. magram

praqtikaSi es Tezisi naklebad gaiTvaliswineba.

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis aqtualur problemebs Soris

gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa sakuTrebis radikaluri reformis

ganxorcieleba, romlis mizania sabazro urTierTobebis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad

22

sakuTrebisa da meurneobriobis mravalformianobis damkvidreba, mravalwyobian

ekonomikis Camoyalibeba, sawarmoTa marTvis farTo demokratizacia.

warmoebis gansaxelmwifoebriveba metwil SemTxvevaSi usaTuod

gulisxmobs saxelmwifo sawarmoTa gamoyvanas uSualod saxelmwifoebrivi

marTvis struqturidan, maT gardaqmnas sakuTrebis sxva, arasaxelmwifoebriv

formaze damyarebul sawarmoebad da saxalxo meurneobaSi saxelmwifos

monopoliis aRmofxvras, amasTan gansaxelmwifoebriveba ar SeiZleba daviyvanoT

mxolod kerZo sakuTrebis SemoRebaze.

sakuTrebis formaTa mravalformianobis damkvidreba regulirebadi

sabazro ekonomikis Seqmnis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens.

sabazro ekonomika moiTxovs sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formebis

funqcionirebas, aseve ekonomikuri subieqtebis mravalferovnebas. sawarmoTa

tipebi maTi ekonomikuri SinaarsiT (teqnikur-organizaciuli da regulirebis

samarTlebrivi formiT) mravalferovani unda iyos.1

rogorc es msoflios praqtikiT dadasturebulia araswori da

araracionaluria saxelmwifo seqtoris sruliad gauqmeba. sakvanZo dargebi

(TavdacviTi mrewveloba, energetika, kavSirgabmuloba, transporti da sxva).

saWiroa darCes saxelmwifos uSualo kontrolis qveS. ar unda moxdes

saxelmwifos sakuTrebis monopoliidan kerZo sakuTrebis monopoliaze

gadasvla, mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli is garemoeba, rom kerZo

sakuTreba Tavisi klasikuri saxiT Tanamedrove ganviTarebul sabazro

ekonomikis qveynebSi ar arsebobs. faqtobrivad, kerZo sakuTreba

integrirebulia aqcionerul, korporaciul, koleqtiur, transnacionalur da

sxva sakuTrebis formebSi.2

dauSvebelia saxelmwifo sakuTrebis masobrivi daqucmaceba, unda SeiQmnas

Tvisobrivad axali, anu civilizebuli qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

saxelmwifo sakUTreba. saxelmwifo gansakuTrebul yuradRebas unda aqcevdes

qveyanaSi samewarmeo saqmianebis ganviTarebas. mas aqciebis sakontrolo paketi

1. Rurwkaia k. - sakuTrebiT urTierTobaTa gardaqmnis ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi

gardamaval periodSi. Jurn. `socialuri ekonomika~, #6, 2001 w. gv. 51-56.

2. gogoxia r. - sabazro ekonomika. Tb., `saqprofgami~, 1996 w. gv. 26-34.

23

unda hqondes aqcionerul sazogadoebebSi, korporaciebSi, firmebSi da a.S.

rac mTavaria, saxelmwifos Tavisi sakuTrebis meSveobiT unda SeeZlos saerTo-

saxelmwifoebrivi, ekonomikuri, finansuri, teqnikur-teqnologiuri da

socialuri politikis gatareba.1

privatizaciis ganxorcielebis dros gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda

mieqces kerZo seqtors. sakuTrebis mravalformianobis pirobebSi mas wamyvani

roli unda ekuTvnodes. mis mimarT unda gatardes gonivruli ekonomikuri

politika. unda Seiqmnas misi normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis saTanado

pirobebi. qveyanaSi SemoRebuli unda iqnes saxelmwifo regulirebis

(gadasaxadebisa da sxvaTa) erTiani reJimi, raTa adgili ar eqnes kerZo

sakuTrebis diskreditacias. kerZo sakuTrebisadmi mxarDaWera unda

ganxorcieldes, rogorc politikuri, ise administraciuli RinisZiebebiT,

amisaTvis aucilebelia moixsnas, yovelgvari SezRudva kerZo mewarmeobis

ganviTarebisaTvis da Sesabamisi cvlilebebi iqnes Setanili mewarmeTa kanonsa

da konstituciaSi.

qveyanaSi sakuTrebis privatizaciis Seferxebuli da normaluri

ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia meurneobis yvela ZiriTad dargSi saxelmwifo

monopoliis likvidacia, kerZo sakUTrebis damkvidreba da konkurentuli

garemos Seqmna, rac xels Seuwyobs mewarmeTa fenis Camoyalibebas da sabazro

ekonomikis relsebze gadasvlas. privatizacia xorcieldeba konkursis,

auqcionis, ijara gamosyidvis da pidapiri miyidvis formiT.

konkursis formiT privatizebis dros saxelmwifo qonebis gasxvisebisaTvis

sawarmoTa marTvis saagento an misi teritoriuli organo qmnis sakonkurso

komisias, romlis mier muSavdeba reglamenti. kerZod, mis mier konkursis

Catarebamde erTi TviT adre uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes informaciis

ganTavseba centralur an adgilobriv presaSi. informacia unda Seicavdes

konkursis pirobebs da konkursis saxes, saprivatizebo qonebis sawyis fass da

gadaxdis grafiks, saprivatizebo qonebis dasaxelebas da misamarTs,

1. baxtaZe l. - meurneobriobis formaTa mravalferovneba, rogorc qveynis ekonomikis

ganviTarebis safuZveli. `sesepski~, t. II, 1997 w. gc. 199-205.

24

gancxadebis miRebis dawyebis da konkursis Catarebis vadas da sxva. aseve,

komisiis mier xdeba konkursSi monawileTa Soris gamarjvebulis gamovlineba.

saxelmwifos qonebis auqcionis formiT gayidvis mizania qonebaze

sakuTrebis ufleba mieniWos im myidvels, romelic vaWrobis procesSi

gamyidvels yvelaze maRal fass SesTavazebs. auqcionis organizeba

xorcieldeba gamyidvelis mier, aseve xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, privatizebis

ganxorcieleba SesaZloa gamyidvlis mier daevalos Suamavals. myidveli

informaciis ganTavsebaze adgilobriv presaSi, am SemTxvevaSi savaldebulo.

informacia unda moicavdes amomwurav CamonaTvals maszed, Tu ris gakeTeba

evaleba myidvels da ra pirobebi unda iqnes mis mier Sesrulebuli.

saxelmwifo qonebis `ijara-gamosyidvis~ formiT gayidvis mizania

gamosyidvamde materialuri faseulobebis vadiani da sasyidliani mflobeloba

da sargebloba sameurneo saqmianobis damoukideblad warmarTvisaTvis,

saxelmwifo qonebis pirdapiri formiT gayidvis mizania qonebis gasxviseba-

gayidva investiciebis mozidvis mizniT, warmodgenili biznes-gegmis

safuZvelze. angariSsworeba saxelmwifosTan xorcieldeba erTianad an

ganvadebiT. Tu saxelmwifo qoneba SeZenilia konkursis formiT, saboloo Tanxa

unda daifaros umokles vadaSi. ijara-gamosyidvis formiT privatizebisas

Tanxis gadaxdevineba xdeba ganvadebiT mxareTa Soris SeTanxmebiT, magram vada

ar unda gadascdes 10 weliwads. pirdapiri formiT privatizebisas Tanxis

gadaxda praqtikulad xdeba gadawyvetilebis miRebidan erTi Tvis vadaSi.

Tanxis dafarvis Semdeg aucilebelia saxelmwifos da myidvels Soris daidos

xelSekruleba, romelic aucileblad damowmebuli unda iqnes notariusis mier.

xelSekrulebaSi Setanili unda iqnes monacemebi gamyidvelisa da myidvelis

Sesaxeb, qonebis dasaxeleba, Semadgenloba da fasi. aseve, mxareTa misamarTebi,

myidvelis valdebuleba SemdgomSi Tu rogor unda iqnes gamoyenebuli mis

mier SeZenili qoneba.

xelSekrulebis dadebisa da TAnxis sruliad dafarvis Semdeg 30 dRis

vadaSi myidvelma unda miiRos sakuTrebis damadasturebeli mowmoba, ris

Sedegadac igi, saxelmwifo qonebis myidveli xdeba SeZenili qonebis

samarTalmemkvidre.

gansaxelmwifoebrivebis mimarTulebebs Soris dRes msoflioSi yvelaze

25

popularulia sawarmoTa aqcionireba. es imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom sameurneo

reformis erT-erTi ZiriTadi amocanaa meurneobriobis iseTi axali ekonomikuri

subieqtebis ganviTareba, romlebic daZleven saxelmwifos, rogorc ekonomikuri

subieqtis arasrulyofilebas. am ukanasknelis alternativa ki saaqcio

sazogadoebebis Seqmnaa. radgan igi iZleva imis SesaZleblobas, rom

mobilizebuli iqnes erovnuli meurneobis teqnikuri modernizaciisa da

rekonstruqciisaTvis aucilebeli resursebi. amasTan, aqcioneruli sakuTreba

aqtiurad uwyobs xels ekonomikis demonopolizacias, warmoebis

dafinansebisaTvis sakuTari saxsrebis mobilizacias da warmoebis efeqtianobis

amaRlebas. aRniSnul da bevr sxva upiratesobasTan erTad warmoebis

aqcionireba qveynis saxalxo meurneobis `Ria~ ekonomikad gadaqcevis, msoflio

bazarSi misi CarTvis, da Sesabamisad, ekonomikaSi monopolizmis daZlevis

realuri gzaa.

sabazro ekonomkaze gardamaval periodSi aucilebelia msxvil

sawarmoebTan da gaerTianebebTan erTad mcire da saSualo zomis sawarmoTa

Seqmna-ganviTareba. amitom sabazro ekonomika warmoudgenelia mcire biznesis

ganviTarebis gareSe. swored mcire biznesma arsebiTi gavlena unda moaxdinos

ekonomikis krizisidan gamosvlasa da mis ganviTarebaze. xolo, mcire da

saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli pirobaa sagadasaxado

politikis srulyofa.

industriulad ganviTarebuli qveynebis praqtika naTlad gviCvenebs, rom

sagadasaxado, sainvesticio da sakredito politikis racionalurad gamoyeneba

aris, rogorc resursebis dazogvis, ise mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis

maRali tempebiT ganviTarebis, mcire mewarmeobis gaZlierebis umniSvnelovanesi

faqtori. ekonomikuri reformebis sistemaSi uaRresad saTuTi da didi

erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis problebaa agraluri seqtoris

gardaqmna. es iTvaliswinebs miwaTsakuTrebisa da miwaTsargeblobis reformas,

kerZo miwaTmflobelobis institutis SemoRebas, soflis meurneobaSi arsebuli

mewarmeobis formebisa da soflis meurneobis produqtebis gadamamuSavebeli

mrewvelobis sawarmoTa Tvisobriv gardaqmnas fermerul (glexuri), saijaro,

saaqcio, kooperatiul da sxva meurneobis formirebas, warmoebis

agrosamrewvelo diversifikacias da sxva.

26

aseve sameurneo asociaciebis saxiT unda ganviTardes iseTi axali

sameurneo struqturebi, rogoricaa: agrofirmebi, agrokombinatebi, mcire

sawarmoebi, konsorciumebi, korporaciebi da a.S.

qveyanaSi mimdinare socialur-politikuri procesebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

TandaTanobiT unda damkvidrdes miwaze sakuTrebis yvela SesaZlebeli forma:

kerZo, koleqtiuri (saijaro da koleqtiuri sawarmoebis da a.S.)

saxelmwifoebrivi (maT Soris municipaluri), eklesia-monastrebis sakuTreba.

momdevno etapze, ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, uwinaresad

kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwa gadaiqceva yidva-gayidvis obieqtad, rac

daregulirdeba miwis kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad.1

arsebobs privatizaciis ganxorcielebis sxvadasxva varianti:

a) nulovani - am variantis dros xdeba gardaqmnis procesebis mkacrad

centralizebuli regulireba (romelic gulisxmobs saprivatizebo obieqtebze

SedarebiT maRali fasebis dawesebas) qonebis gamosyidvis dros fasdaklebebisa

da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis ararsebobas; privatizaciaSi ucxouri

investiciebis mniSvnelovan SezRudvebs, Sesyidvis miznebisaTvis kreditebis

miRebis minimalur SesaZleblobebs da sxva, rac warmoqmnis mosaxleobis

uaryofiT damokidebulebas privatizaciisadmi. mocemuli varianti gamoiyeneba

im SemTxvevaSi, roca qveyana ekonomikurad dauZlurebulia da sakanonmdeblo

struqturebsa da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi araa swori damokidebuleba

privatizaciis procesis ganxorcielebisadmi;

b) stiqiuri - es aris privatizaciis procesis cenralizebul regulirebaze

(sruli uaris Tqma) xelis aReba. qveyanaSi ar arsebobs privatizaciis

ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli baza da am process

aqvs `sayovelTaod nebadarTuli~ xasiaTi. arsebobs saprivatizebo qonebis

Sefasebis Semcirebis tendenciebi. mZvinvarebs korufcia da mcirdeba

saxelmwifo biujetSi privatizebidan misaRebi Semosavlebi;

G) keTilsasurveli - gardaqmnis procesi momdinareobs saxelmwifoebrivi

regulirebis pirobebSi. arsebobs sakmaod gaazrebuli sakanonmdeblo da

normatiuli baza. efeqtianad funqcionirebs saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis

1. gogoxia r. - sabazro ekonomika (leqciebis kursi), Tb., 1996 w. gv. 26-34.

27

organoebi, Seqmnilia privatizaciaSi monawileobis stimulebi (dawesebulia

sxvadasxva SeRavaTebi, farTod gamoiyeneba kreditebi, ganvadebiT gayidva da

a.S.) mTavrobis mxriv aSkarad iGrZnoba qveynis moqalaqeebze da sazRvargareTel

partniorebze ndoba da a.S.

xelisuflebam praqtikulad unda gamoricxos stiqiuri privatizacia. am

procesis sworad warmarTvisaTvis ki aucilebelia sakanonmdeblo da

aRmasrulebeli organoebis SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba.

gansxvavebuli midgomaa saWiro mcire da didi zomis sakuTrebis

obieqtebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebisadmi. mcire zomis sawarmoTa privatizebiT

ver ganxorcieldeba gansaxelmwifoebrivebis ZiriTadi ekonomikuri mizani,

gansaxelmwifoebrivebis safuZvels warmoadgens didi obieqtebis privatizeba.

magaliTad, aSS-Si daaxlovebiT 17 milioni wvrili sawarmoa. aqedan 70%

individualur sakuTrebaSia, mxolod 2% aqcionerul kompaniebs da

korporaciebs ekuTvnis. aSS-is erovnuli produqtis 40%-s mxolod 500

msxvili korporacia awarmoebs. maSasadame, saWiroa didi zomis sawarmoTa

privatizaciis procesis daCqareba.

saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis pirvel etapze, rogorc wesi, upiratesi

mniSvneloba eniWeba mcire obieqtebis privatizebas. xolo, rac Seexeba saSualo

da msxvili sawarmoebis privatizebas. igi xorcieldeba meore etapze.

Cveulebriv `mcire privatizaciis~ Semdeg iwyeba `didi privatizaciis~

ganxorcieleba.

pirvel rigSi privatizebuli unda iqnes vaWrobis, sazogadoebrivi kvebis,

sayofacxovrebo da komunaluri momsaxurebis, mrewvelobis, mSeneblobis,

soflis meurneobis da sxva dargebis wvrili sawarmoebi, agreTve

dabalrentabeluri da zaraliani obieqtebi, rac aSkarad uwyobs xels mcire

biznesis ganviTarebas, mesakuTreTa fenis Camoyalibebas.

mcire privatizacia swrafi tempiT xorcieldeba, rogorc calkeuli

qveynebis gamocdileba gviCvenebs msxvili samrewvelo sawarmoebis

privatizaciis ganxorcielebas sWirdeba 1,5-2 weli. maSin roca mcire

privatizebisaTvis es vada 2-3 Tves ar aRemateba.

rogorc amas msoflios gamocdileba mowmobs, ganviTarebul QveynebSi

warmatebiT ganxorcielda saijaro sawarmoebis koleqtiur sawarmoebad

28

gardaqmnis procesi. isini gansakuTrebulad popularulni gaxdnen aSS-Si.

amJamad ASS-Si koleqtiuri mesakuTreni floben 10500 firmas. maTSi

dasaqmebulia 11 milion kacze meti (daaxlovebiT ASS-Si dasaqmebulTa 10%).

amJamad, koleqtiur sakuTrebaSi sawarmoTa gadasvla mniSvnelovani

elementia sxvadasxva qveynebis mimdinare privatizaciaSi, maT Soris

argentinaSi, did britaneTSi, ungreTSi, CexoslovakiaSi da a.S.

maSasadame, mxardaWeras moiTxovs mSromelTa koleqtivebis iniciativa,

romelTac surT Seqmnan saxalxo sawarmoebi koleqtiuri sakuTrebis bazaze.

koleqtiuri sawarmos ganmasxvavebeli Tavisebureba is aris, rom is ki ar

iyideba konkursiT an auqcioniT saxelmwifos mier, aramed xdeba am qonebis

gamosyidva SromiT koleqtivad gardaqmnil sawarmoTa mSromelebisagan. msgavsi

praqtika arsebobs ganviTarebul qveynebSi. es procesi gansakuTrebul Zalas

ikrebs ruseTSi. CvenTan samwuxarod sruliad ugulebelyofilia.

Tu imis mixedviT vimsjelebT, rac ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis manZilze

xdeboda, ekonomikis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis procesi sakmaod mravalgvari

aRmoCnda Tavisi mravalferovnebis mixedviT. ama Tu im qveyanaSi saxelmwifo

qonebis denacionalizacia sulac ar utoldeba da ar daiyvaneboda

privatizaciamde. xSirad iyo miRebuli Sualeduri da kombinirebuli

gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic efeqtianobiT aWarbebdnen kidec, iseT ukidures

RonisZiebebs, rogoricaa saxelmwifo qonebis masobrivi privatizacia.

rogorc es gamocdilebidan Cans yuradRebas imsaxurebs saxelmwifo

sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis oTxi wesi:

1. bazrebis liberalizacia;

2. Sereuli sawarmoebis Seqmna;

3. saxelmwifo sakuTrebis sawarmoebze sabiujeto daxmarebebis Sewyveta;

4. saxelmwifo sakuTrebis decentralizacia.

1. bazrebis liberalizacia. mTavroba axdens im SezRudvebis Semcirebas an

likvidacias, romlebic xels uSlian ama Tu im dargis saxelmwifo warmoebaSi

axali konkurentebis SeRwevas. piriqiT, saxelmwifo xels uwyobs

mravalprofiliani mcire biznesis waxalisebas, romelic sabazro xvrelebs

avsebs da stimuls aZlevs warmoebis da realizaciis diversifikacias.

29

sabolood bazris liberalizacia niSnavs gansaxelmwifoebrivebas

privatizaciis gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi diversificirebul sawarmoebSi

produqciis raodenoba izrdeba erovnuli mwarmoeblis an sazRvargareTuli

kerZo firmebis da konkurenciis sxva monawileebis axali investiciebiT.

2. Sereuli sawarmoebis Seqmna. saxelmwifo qmnis Sereul sawarmoebs,

axdens maTi moqmedebis sferos gafarToebis stimulirebas, saxelmwifo

mxolod am sawarmoebze axdens Tavisi sainvesticio politikis orientirebas an

amas aRwevs SeRavaTiani dabegvris an dakreditebis gansakuTrebuli reJimis

dawesebis gziT.

3. saxelmwifo sakuTrebis sawarmoebze sabiujeto daxmarebis Sewyveta. es

wesi iTvaliswinebs im arasabazro SeRavaTiani pirobebis TandaTanobiT

likvidirebas, romelSic saxelmwifo seqtoris bevri sawarmoo imyofeba,

igulisxmeba sabiujeto daxmarebis Sewyveta, sabanko davalianebis Camoweraze

uaris Tqma, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis gauqmeba da a.S.

4. saxelmwifo sakuTrebis decentralizacia. es xorcieldeba yofili

saxelmwifo sawarmoebis aqciebis individualur da koleqtiur sakuTrebaSi

gadasvlis (gayidvis) gziT. am aqciebs SeiZleba daepatronon bankebi, sawarmoTa

koleqtivebi, saaqcio sazogadoebebi, sazRvargareTis firmebi, kooperativebi da

sxva.

Tanamedrove etapze gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi Cveulebriv SeimCneva

gansaxelmwifoebrivebis yvela am wesis kombinacia (gadaxlarTva), magram aqedan

mTavari mainc oria:

1. liberalizacia;

2. denacionalizacia.

liberalizacia uzrunvelyofs ara mxolod saxelmwifo mewarmeobis

sferos SefardebiT Semcirebas, aramed igi ganapirobebs ekonomikis

demonopolizaciasac. liberalizaciis procesSi saxelmwifo sawarmo kargavs

adrindel batonobas bazarze, icvlis Tavis statuss, monopoliuridan

konkurenciulad gadaiqceva, e.i. liberalizacia or efeqts iwvevs -

gansaxelmwifoebrivebas da demonopolizacias.

denacionalizacia asustebs safinanso daZabulobas biujetis gasavalis

nawilSi, xels uwyobs xarjebis ekonomias (deficitis Semcirebas) da

30

zrdis biujetis Semosavlebs.

imisaTvis, rom qveyanaSi warmatebiT gatardes denacionalizaciis procesi,

aucilebelia garkveuli pirobebis Sesruleba:

1. unda arsebobdes saxelmwifo sakuTrebis subieqtebi, anu is

dawesebulebebi, romelTac kanoniT ufleba aqvT ganagebdnen qonebas

gayidon an SeiZinon saxelmwifo sawarmoTa aqciebi;

2. saWiroa Seiqmnas ganviTarebuli sabazro infrastruqtura. pirvelyovlisa

safondo birJa, romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia kapitalebisa da resursebis

dargTaSorisi da regionTaSorisi gadaadgileba;

3. aucilebelia denacionalizeba, sakuTrebis ganawilebis reglamentacia.

1.3. sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis ucxouri gamocdileba

rogorc amas faqtebi adastureben, saxelmwifo qonebis

gansaxelwifoebrivebas anu privatizacias xangZlivi istoria aqvs. privatizaciis

pirvel dawyebiT formad miiCneven feodalebze saxelmwifos mier miwebis

darigebas, aseve feodalizmidan kapitalizmze gadasvlis periodSi saxelmwifo

miwebis mniSvnelovani nawilis kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadacemas.

privatizaciis Semdgom etapad Tvlian pirveli msoflio omis dros aSS-s da

did britaneTSi saxelmwifos xelSi Tavmoyrili samrewvelo, samxedro da

samSeneblo resursebis umravlesobis gankerZoebas.

privatizaciis istoriis mniSvnelovan etapad aRiarebulia meore msoflio

omis Semdeg aSS-sa da germaniaSi saxelmwifos mier omamde aSenebuli mravali

gemTmSenebeli, saaviacio, samxedro, qimiuri da mSenebloblobis sxva dargebis

sawarmoebis SeRavaTian fasebSi (Tavdapirveli Rirebulebis 60%-is odenobiT)

gayidva.

XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi privatizaciis

masStabebi kidev ufro farTovdeba.

swored am periodSi xdeba `privatizaciis~ terminis ekonomikur

literaturaSi mtkiced damkvidreba1.

privatizeba XX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi msoflios ekonomikis

ganviTarebis kanonzomieri movlena gaxda.

31

70-iani wlebidan moyolebuli pirvelad igi ganxorcielda rogorc sabazro

ekonomikis ganviTarebul, ise sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval (e.w. ganviTarebad)

qveynebSi. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia inglisi sadac privatizacia ganaxorcielda

premierministris margaret tetCeris xelmZRvanelobiT `tetCerizmis~

ekonomikuri politikis saxelwodebiT; safrangeTSi maSindeli premier ministris

(Semdgom prezidentis) J.Sirakis TaosnobiT; aSS_Si privatizebas farTo masStabi

ar miuRia, adgili hqonda mxolod calkeul SemTxvevebs, sabazro ekonomikis

imTaviTve liberaluri bunebis gamo.

privatizaciis procesebi gansakuTrebuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba 80-iani

wlebidan, gamoirCeva farTo masStabebiT. maT TiTqmis yvela kontigenti moicva.

magaliTad: 1980-1991 wlebSi mTlianad msoflioSi kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadavida

6.8 aTasi msxvili samrewvelo sawarmo, maT Soris: privatizebuli iyo laTinur

amerikaSi-800 sawarmo, afrikaSi-200, aziaSi-130 germaniaSi-4500, xolo

aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi-8002

msoflio bankis monacemebiT 1988-1995 w.w. 88 qveyanam gayida 135 milioni

dolaris Rirebulebis aqtivebi. wamyvan regionebad iTvlebian laTinuri amerikis

da karibiis zRvis qveynebi, romelTa Semosavali 54 milion dolars Seadgens,

meore adgilzea aRmosavleT azia, privatizebidan Semosavlebis raodenoba aq 28

milions udris, xolo bolo adgilzea evropa da centraluri azia (masSi Sedis

centraluri da aRmosavleT evropisa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebi),

romelTa Semosavlebi 20 milionia, anu 17%. danarCen ganviTarebad Qveynebze

modis privatizebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis mxolod 12%.3

farTo masStabiani privatizeba Catarda iseT ganviTarebad qveynebSi

rogoricaa: Cile,, argentina, brazilia, meqsika, indoeTi, indonezia da sxva.

70-iani wlebis meore naxevridan privatizeba daiwyo CineTSi saerTo

ekonomikuri liberalizaciis pirobebSi.

msoflio praqtikaSi metad sayuradReboa privatizaciis inglisuri

1. gabunia m. - saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo qonebis privatizaciis makroekonomikuri

analizi da Teoriul-organizaciuli sakiTxebi. Tbilisi 2001w. gv. 70-73.

2. Жур. Экономист №1, 1993г. стр. 65.

3. тамже

32

gamocdileba, misi erT-erTi Taviseburebaa dabal rentabeluri da zaraliani

erovnuli kompaniebis gansaxelmwifoebriveba..

safrangeTSi privatizacia ganxorcielda centralizebuli wesiT,

investoris mier konkurentunariani firmebis SerCevis gziT. maT mieYidaT

aqciebis garkveuli paketi. Ria bazarTan SedarebiT SeRavaTian fasebSi, amasTan

aekrZalaT im aqciebis gayidva 3-4 wlis ganmavlobaSi, raTa mesakuTres

miscemoda Sesyiduli sawarmos restruqturizaciis SesaZlebloba.

metad mniSvnelovani Sedegebi mohyva privatizacias CileSi. privatizaciis

programa gaTvlili iyo 15 welze da Seicavda ramdenime etaps. CileSi 10

wlis ganmavlobaSi privatizebuli iyo sawarmoTa TiTqmis 75%. ZiriTadad

privatizebuli iyo dabalrentabeluri zaraliani sawarmoebi. mosaxleobas

aqciebis SesaZenad mieca SeRavaTiani kreditebi. saprivatizacio obieqtebis

aqciebs yidulobdnen, sawarmoTa yofili muSakebi sapensio fondebis

angariSSi.

msoflio praqtikaSi privatizebis Ciles gamocdileba erT-erT saukeTeso

modelad aris aRiarebuli. am modelis erT-erT Taviseburebas Seadgens is,

rom privatizacia ganxorcielda centralizebuli wesiT (samxedro

diqtaturis pirobebSi), gansaxelmwifoebrivebis sruli procesi mTavrobis

operatiul marTvas daeqvemdebara. privatizebis pirvel etapze (1974-1975w.w)

adrindel mflobelebs daubrundaT 360 kompania, xolo meore etapze (1975-1980

wlebi) gaiyida 96 kompania da 16 komerciuli banki. amasTan ganxorcielda

saxelmwifo sawarmoebis, sabazro urTierTobebSi CarTvis RonisZiebebi. Sereuli

sakuTrebis sawarmoebaSi Semcirda saxelmwifos wili da isini gadaiqcnen

saaqcio sazogadoebebad. mesame etapze (1981-1982 wlebSi) privatizebis

masStabebze gavlena iqonia msoflis ekonomikurma krizisma, amitom msxvili

monopoliebis privatizebis damamTavrebeli etapi 1985 wlidan daiwyo.

privatizebis gamocdilebis gaziarebis TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyroben

`axali industriuli qveynebi~. samxreT korea, singapuri, honkongi, taivani,

malaizia, tailandi, indonezia da filipinebi.

am qeynebis ekonomikaSi 80-ani wlebidan (e.i. privatizebis ganxorcielebis

periodidan) Cndeba iseTi axali momentebi rogoricaa: sameurne subieqtebis

saqmianobaSi saxelmwifoebriv Carevaze uaris Tqma, keZo iniciativis

33

gafarToveba, ekonomikis regulirebis arapirdapiri meTodebis (krediti,

gadasaxadi da sxva) SezRudva da a.S aRniSnul qveynebSi axal sameurneo

praqtikaze gadasvlam ekonomikuri aRmavloba gamoiwvia, aq mxolod qonebis

gansaxelmwifoebrivebisa da sakuTrebis formebis mravalformianobis

damkvidrebis RonisZiebebiT ki ar Semoifargleნ, aramed Seqmnes pirobebi

uSualod mwarmoebelTa iniciativis gafarTovebisaTvis, saxelmwifo

sawarmoebze biurokratiuli kontrolis moxsnisaTvis, marTvis da finansuri

avtonomiis miniWebisaTvis romelTa safuZvelze daiwyo ekonomikuri zrda da

warmoebis efeqtianobis amaRleba. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo

konkurentunarianobis ganmtkicebas, biujetis deficitis aRmofxvras da

saxelmwifo sagareo valebis Semcireba., aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom

aRniSnul qveynebSi aqtiurad moRvaweobda saerTaSoriso safinanso

organizaciebi. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da msoflios banki, maTi

rekomendaciebi ZiriTadad mimarTuli iyo saxelmwifo seqtoris SezRudvisaken,

sawyis etapze ganaxorcieles wvrili sawarmoebis privatizeba da

saxelmwifos CamoaSores zaraliani sawarmoebi, xolo Semdgom etapze

privatizebis procesi farTod gaiSala, adgilobrivma da ucxourma kapitalma

miiRo saSualo da msxvili obieqtebis Sesyidvis ufleba, Tumca aqedan

biujetSi Setanili saxsrebi SedarebiT naklebi aRmoCnda vidre varaudebdnen.

privatizebis procesis ganxorcielebam metad radikaluri xasiaTi miiRo

aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi (CexeTi, ungreTi, slovakeTi, bulgareTi, rumineTi

da sxva.)

am qveynebSi privatizebis gzebi da meTodebi, romlebic asaxavs msoflios

ganviTarebis tendencias, erTmaneTisagan mainc gansxvavebulia, rac

ganpirobebulia aq arsebuli konkretuli socialur - ekonomikuri

situaciiT, jer erTi, am qveynebs ara aqvT istoriuli gamocdileba, meorec,

administraciul-mbrZanebluri ekonomikidan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlam

gamoiwvia Rrma institucionaluri cvlilebebi. niSandobლivia isic, rom

centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma wina planze wamowies

privatizebis TandaTanobiTi gatarebis idea, gadasaxadebis gamoyenebiTa da

sameurneo saqmianobis efeqtianobis amaRlebis amocanis gaTvaliswinebiT.

CexoslovakiaSi (iq SedarebiT gvian daiwyo privatizacia) moqalaqes, romelsac

34

Sesrulebuli qonda 18 weli gadaeca fasiani 1000 dolariani) saxelobiTi

vauCeri, ramac TiTqmis gamoricxa finansuri maqinaciebis SesaZlebloba.1

rac Seexeba poloneTs aq pirvel etapze gamoyenebuli iyo

komercializaciis gza, farTo aqcionerebis safuZvelze.

privatizebis polonuri programa, momsaxurebis da vaWrobis mcire

sawarmoebis mimarT, ganxorcielda Zalian Cqara. 1991 wlis dasawyisSi

poloneTSi aseTi sawarmoebis 70% iqna privatizebuli. xolo 2500 sawarmo

gadaeca marTvis uflebiT an xangrZlivi arendiT SromiT koleqtivebs,

poloneTSi 1993 wels memarcxene ZalTa arCevnebSi gamarjvebis Semdeg

privatizebis programa ori wliT gadaido da igi mxolod 1995 wels

ganxorcielda. aseTive bedi ewia privatizebis programas rumineTSi-

politikuri daZabulebis gamo es programa faqtobrivad 1995 wlamde gaiyina. es

droebiTi movlena iyo. bulgareTSi, ungreTSi, poloneTsa da rumineTSi

memarcxene orientaciis politikuri Zalebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis

miuxedavad privatizebis procesi Tavis axal stadiaSi Sevida. 1995 wels

privatizebis vauCeruli tipis programa ganaxlda da Sedegmac ar daayovna. am

qveynebSi mniSvnelovnad gazarda erovnuli produqtis warmoeba. miuxedavad

rigi sirTuleebisa centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma mTlianobaSi

warmatebiT gaarTves Tavi ekonomikis transformaciis pirveli etapis

problemebs da mniSvnelovnad wawies win civilizebuli bazris Camoyalibebis

gzaze. bolo periodSi privatizaciis tendenciebi metyvelebs imaze, rom

gardamavali da ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikaSi kerZo mesakuTreobisaken

aSkara winsvla SeimCneva. am qveynebSi mniSvnelovnad icvleba sakuTrebis

struqtura. amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa poloneTis gamocdileba. aq

privatizacia ar iyo ZiriTadi faqtori axali sakuTrebis struqturis

CamoyalibebaSi. am mimarTebiT ufro mniSvnelovani axlad dafuZnebuli kerZo

formebis bumi iyo, romelic dinamiuri ekonomikuri zrdis warmmarvel Zalad

gadaiqca. aseve niSandoblivia is, rom poloneTis ekonomikis is nawili,

romelic mTlianad privatizebulia, namdvilad kerZo struqturas warmoadgens

1. Перская Б. Хорминг Х. - Орыт приватизации в чехской респиблике. Росийский Экономический

Журнал. № 3, 1995 г. стр. 95.

35

da ar saWiroebs arc subsidiebs da arc saxelmwifos sxva saxis daxmarebas.

dasavleTis qveynebSi privatizaciis Sedegad Seiqmna SerCeuli sawarmoebi,

romlebic TavianTi formiT, SinaarsiT da funqciebiT xels uwyobs sakuTrebis

formebis upiratesobaTa gamoyenebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs Tvisobrivad

srulad axal movlenasTan-sakuTrebis formebis SeTanawyobiT efeqtianobis

miRwevasTan. dasavleTis qveynebSi gamoikveTa privatizebis procesSi

prioritetebis arCevis principic. amiT daZleuli iqna sakuTrebis formebis

winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi. es aspeqti adasturebs imas, rom Tanamedrove sabazro

ekonomika eyrdnoba Sereuli sakuTrebis princips, rac obieqturi kanonzomieri

procesia.

ukanasknel periodSi dasavleTis qveynebSi SeimCneva privatizebis tempebis

Senelebis tendencia. magaliTad, 90-ian wlebSi privatizebis programebi ar

Sesrulda safrangeTSi, germaniaSi, italiaSi, espaneTSi, siriaSi, braziliaSi da

a.S.

TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba privatizeba aziis ganviTarebad qveynebSic,

niSandoblivia, rom am qveynebSi privatizebis SemuSavebuli programebi

mTlianad ar Sesrulebula.

aRmosavleT evropis qveynebsa da yofil ssrk-Si privatizebis rTuli

procesi did sirTuleebs waawyda. Tavi iCina iseTma siZneleebma romelTa

daZleva dRemde faqtobrivad SeuZlebeli gaxada. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs

saxelmwifo sakuTrebis mosaxleobaze miyidva, im pirobebSi, roca adamianebs

ar gaaCniT amis minimaluri SesaZleblobac ki. maSin roca mosaxleobis

umciresi nawili, e.w. nomenklaturულi elita, Crdilovani ekonomikis, aseve

kriminaluri samyaros klanuri struqturebis warmomadgenlebi xelSi igdeben

mTel saxelmwifo sakuTrebas. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ucxoeli investorebi

xSirad xdebian bevri da mniSvnelovani obieqtebis mesakuTreni. aseve, adgili

aqvs spontanuri privatizebis faqtebs da a.S.

qonebis gansaxelmwifoebriobisaken swrafva Zlieria im qveynebSi, sadac

naklebia samewarmeo Tavisufleba gadawyvetilebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT. iq

sadac miRweulia privatizaciis garkveuli done, dRis wesrigSi dgeba

sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formis sinTezirebisa da ekonomikaSi maTi optimaluri

Tanafardobis problema. sagulisxmoa, rom msoflios arc erT qveyanaSi ar aris

36

dadgenili Tanafardoba da urTierTdamokidebuleba saxelmwifo da kerZo

seqtors Soris. es Tanafardoba da urTierTdamokidebuleba gansxvavebulia

qveyanaSi Seqmnili politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da sagareo

urTierTobebidan gamomdinare, magram arsad ar xdeba saxelmwifo qonebis

absoluturi privatizeba. piriqiT saWiroa sakuTrebis formebis mravalferovneba

da Sereuli tipis sawarmoebis Camoyalibeba. niSandobrivia isic, rom ar

arsebobs privatizaciis idealuri modeli. calkeuli qveynebis modelebi

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia da gaaCniaT upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi.

privatizaciis erovnuli Taviseburebani ganpirobebulia maTi konkretuli

istoriuli mdgomareobiT, tradiciebiT, mentalobiT ekonomikis ganviTarebis

doniT, socialur-kulturuli garemoTi, qveynis stabilurobis doniT,

safinanso-sabanko sistemis ganviTarebiT da a.S.

rogorc amas msoflio praqtika adasturebs privatizacias yvela qveyanaSi

Tan axlavs obieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebiT gamowveuli winaaRmdegobebi

da SezRudvebi. aman ganapiroba is, rom saxelmwifo qonebis gayidva,

umtkivneulod arc erT qveyanaSi ar momxdara. privatizaciis ganxorcielebis

Semaferxebeli momentebi yvela qveyanaSi ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia saWiro

finansuri saxsrebis uqonlobasTan da socialur siduxWiresTan. erTi

ekonomikuri wyobidan meoreze gadasvla praqtikulad ar xdeba uaryofiTi

socialur - ekonomikuri Sedegebis gareSe. Tumca garkveuli zomiT, magram

yovelTvis aucileblad adgili aqvs warmoebis donis dacemas da sxva

krizisul movlenebs.

rogorc amas praqtika adasturebs privatizebis procesis SemWidrovebul

vadebSi da efeqtianad ganxorcieleba warmoudgenelia garkveuli finansuri

mxardaWeris gareSe. amasTan, saWiroa saxelmwifos mier mkacri kontrolis

daweseba, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareobis borotad

gamoyeneba (meqrTameoba, korufcia, gamoZalva da sxva).

ekonomikurad sustad ganviTarebuli qveynebis erT nawilSi privatizebis

garkveuli struqturizaciuli RonisZiebebis gatarebis gamo moxda ekonomikis

gajansaReba, xolo mTel rig qveynebSi, man sasurveli Sedegebi ver gamoiRo.

magaliTad, siriaSi, braziliaSi. privatizebam xeli ver Seuwyo qveynebis

37

ekonomikuri krizisidan gamosvlas. xolo iseT qveynebSi rogoricaa: Cile,

samxreT korea, taivani da sxva privatizebam aSkara warmatebebi moutana

ekonomikas, rac ZiriTadad gamowveulia ucxouri kapitalis daxmarebiT.

privatizebas bevr qveyanaSi safuZvlad udevs ideologiuri partiuli

miznebi. privatizebasTan dakavSirebiT zogierT RonisZiebebs atareben

ideologiuri motivebidan gamomdinare, romelic xels ar uwyobs ekonomikis

gaumjobesebas, ufro metad emsaxureba klanur interesebs.

ase, rom privatizeba ara mxolod wminda ekonomikuri movlenaa, aramed igi

metad mniSvnelovani politikuri aqciac aris.

Am bolo periodSi naTlad gamoixata qonebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis

deideologizaciis tendencia. Opoziciuri partiebi masobrivi privatizebis

SeCerebas da saxelmwifo seqtoris gafarToebas moiTxoven, xolo mTavroba da

memarjvene partiebis warmomadgenlebi mxars uWeren yovlismomcvel

privatizebas da kerZo mewarmeobis Tavisuflebas.

privatizaciis ganxorcieleba arc erT qveyanaSi ar isaxavs miznad

saxelmwifo sakuTrebis srul likvidacias, rogorc amis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva

qveynis cnobili reformator-ekonomistebi aRniSnaven, saxelmwifo sakuTreba

ara nakleb 25-30%-isa aucilebelia erovnuli meurneobis dasaregulireblad.

aseve, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes qveyanaSi wlebis manZilze Sromis

sazogadoebrivi danawilebis, warmoebis gadaadgilebis, specializaciis,

koncentraciisa da kooperirebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli rTuli sawarmo-

teqnologiuri kompleqsebis garkveuli droiT SenarCunebis aucilebloba. maTi

xelaRebiT damsxvreva uaryofiTad imoqmedebs ekonomikaze da Zirs gamouTxris

warmoebis normalur fuqcionirebas.

rogorc amas gamocdileba mowmobs ganviTarebul qveynebSi sakuTrebis

ganawileba xdeba ara wminda sabazro gziT, (rodesac gasayidi saxelmwifo

sawarmoebi xelmisawvdomia yvelasaTvis, vinc maT yidvas moisurvebs), aramed aq

moqmedebda da moqmedebs mkacri reglamentacia, magaliTad, safrangeTSi aseTi

sawarmoebis 10% MasSi dasaqmebul muSebs ekuTvniT, amasTan, pirvel rigSi da

Semcirebuli fasebiT, 15% ucxoelebs, 50% nebismier frang moqalaqes, 25%

qveynis udides safinanso institutebs. germaniis federaciul respublikaSi

38

saxelmwifo itovebs privatizebuli firmebis aqciebis 51 da 25,1% 1. nebismier

viTarebaSi saaqcio kapitalebis aseTi wili mis mflobelebs saxelmwifo

organos kvalificiuri umravlesobis mdgomareobaSi ayenebs, rac saSualebas

aZlevs mas, zegavlena moaxdinos gadawyvetilebis miRebaze.

saWiroa, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis centralur da adgilobrivi

organoebs Soris Zalebisa da uflebamosilebis ganawilebis iseTi balansis

arseboba, romelic adgilobrivi organoebis mxriv gamoricxavda privatizaciis

erovnuli programis blokirebas. am pirobis Sesruleba yvelgan ar xerxdeba.

amasTan dakavSirebiT sagulisxmoa germaniis federaciuli respublikis

magaliTi, sadac saxelmwifo seqtori gansakuTrebuli regionuli

TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva da moicavs federalur, saadgilmamulo,

adgilobriv da saxelmwifo sawarmoebis sxvadasxva tips, aseve maT yvelanair

kombinacias. am qveyanaSi denacionalizaciis programa bevr rameSi imiT

ferxdeba, rom adgilebze awydeba mTavrobis warmomadgenlebTan winaaRmdegobas,

romlebic federaluri xelisuflebis zewolis miuxedavad ar apireben

sakuTrebis daTmobas.

msoflio praqtikam gviCvena, rom denacionalizaciis im kanonebisa da

instruqciebis gareSe, romlebic mis Sesrulebas uzrunvelyofen, saqme kargad

ar mTavrdeba. gansaxelmwifoebrivebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi

Cveulebriv iq warmoiSoba, sadac windauxedavad iReben iseT kanonebs,

romlebic afiqsireben saxelmwifo seqtorisadmi ama Tu im dargis an sawarmos

savaldebulo kuTvnilebas.

magaliTad, privatizebis inglisur kanonmdeblobaSi ar aris

denacionalizaciis dabrkolebebi, rac daexmara saxelmwifos, operatiulad

Seecvala Tanafardobis sazRvari saxelmwifo da kerZo mewarmeobas Soris.

yvelgan sadac saxelmwifom es pirobebi daicva denacionalizaciam sagrZnobi

Sedegebi moitana. aman xeli Seuwyo ekonomikis demonopolizacias da bazris

meqanizmis gaZlierebas. gaaumjobesa saxelmwifo finansebis mdgomareoba da

ufro demokratiuli gaxda sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebi da warmoebis marTva.

1. The politics of privatization in western Europe, p. 18-39.

39

inglisSi, magaliTad, mis TanamflobelTa ricxvi 2,2 mln ingliseliT

gaizarda.1

Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi saxelmwifo sakuTrebis

denacionalizacia, rogorc Cans, araa TviTmizani. misi ganxorcielebiT

saxelmwifo cdilobs, Tavisi saqmianoba iseT CarCoebSi moaqcios, romelic

sabazro tipis meurneobis TaviseburebiTaa gansazRvruli, imoqmedos ise, rom am

ukanasknelma imuSaos maRali efeqtianobiT, droulad moaxdinos moTxovnaze

reagireba. rac Seexeba saxelmwifos rols, igi imaSi unda gamoixatebodes, rom

man unda uzrunvelyos konkurentuli bazris meqanizmis funqcionirebis

normaluri pirobebi da Seasrulos da Seavsos is samuSao, romelsac bazari

ver asrulebs.

rogorc sayovelTaod cnobilia, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi aris mTeli

rigi socialur-ekonomikuri problemebi, romelTa gadawyvetac bazars ar

ZaluZs da saxelmwifos aucilebel Carevas moiTxovs. saerTod TviT

Tavisufali konkurenciis sistemac ki regulirebad ekonomikad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos, igi ar muSaobs saxelmwifos gareSe, romelic TavisTavad iRebs

pasuxismgeblobas fuladi mimoqcevis swor organizaciaze, xalxis koleqtiuri

moTxovnilebebis nawilis dakmayofilebaze da sabazro qcevis negatiuri

efeqtebis likvidaciasa da dauSveblobaze. funqciebis es erToblioba imis

maqsimumia, rac mTavrobam unda gaakeTos Tavisufali bazris pirobebSi, amave

dros, igi minimumia imisa, riTac man unda imoqmedos realur sabazro

ekonomikaSi.

Tu sworad SevafasebT sinamdviles, aRmovaCenT ekonomikuri cxovrebis

iseT axal procesebs, sadac bazris meqanizmi ar iZleva sazogadoebisaTvis

saWiro efeqtebs da adgili aqvs am sistemis SezRudulobis sxva

gamovlinebebs. gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes sameurneo procesebSi

saxelmwifos aqtiuri monawileobis aucilebloba.

maSasadame, mTavaria msoflio gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT SevadginoT

qonebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis erovnuli programa da ara ise rogorc Cveni

`reformistebi~ fiqroben.

1. The politics of privatization in western Europe, p. 54-68.

40

1.4. privatizaciis sakanonmdeblo normatiuli da organizaciul -

meTodologiuri bazis Seqmna da srulyofa

saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis procesis dasawyebamde

arsebobda mxolod ramdenime sakanonmdeblo dokumenti.

1991 wlis seqtembers miRebuli kanoniT qveyanaSi arsebuli mTeli qoneba

saqarTvelos sakuTrebad gamocxadda.

1992 wlis noemberSi Seiqmna privatizebis ganxorcielebis erTiani organo

- ~saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis saministro~ da daiwo saxelmwifo qonebis

transformacia.

saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma sabWom 1991 wlis 9 agvistos miiRo

kanoni ~saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo sawarmoTa privatizebis Sesaxeb~ da

aRniSnulis Sesabamisad ministrTa kabinetis mier 1991-1992 wlebSi miRebuli

iqna mTeli rigi kanonqvemdebare dadgenilebebi:

`privatizaciis procesis uzrunvelyofis zogierTi RonisZiebis Sesaxeb~;

`sameurneo saqmianobis demopolizaciis zogierTi RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb~;

`saxelmwifo sawarmoTa privatizebis debulebaTa damtkicebis Sesaxeb~;

`saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo sawarmoTa privatizebis saxelmwifo

programis Sesaxeb~; `sameurneo saqmianobis demopolizaciis zogierTi

RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebis gamoyenebis wesis da debulebis

damtkicebis Sesaxeb~; `saqarTvelos respublikis erovnuli ZiriTadi fondebis

gadafasebis Sesaxeb~ da sxva.

privatizebis organizaciuli-meTodologiuri bazis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT

udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda, saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier jer `saxelmwifo

qonebis inventarizaciis, xolo Semdgom `saqarTvelos respublikis erovnuli

meurneobis ZiriTadi fondebis gadafasebis~ Sesaxeb miRebul dadgenilebebs.

saxelmwifo qonebis inventarizacia Catarda 1993 wels 1 aprilis

mdgomareobiT, da igi safuZvlad daedo saxelmwifo qonebis Sesyidvas.

privatizebis organizaciuli-meTodologiuri bazis ganmtkicebisaTvis

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis gzebis

sworad gansazRvras. pirvelad 1993 wlis 9 agvistos iqna miRebuli kanoni

41

`saqarTvelos respublikaSi saxelmwifo sawarmoTa privatizebis Sesaxeb~,

romelmac dasabami misca privatizebis procesis pirveli etapis dawyebas.

miRebuli kanoni `saxelmwifo sawarmoTa privatizebis Sesaxeb~ emyareba

Cvens qveyanaSi da sxva postsocialistur qveynebSi privatizebis

ganxorcielebis gzaze SeZenil praqtikul gamocdilebas. am kanonis Sesabamisad

momzadda kanonqvemdebare aqti - `saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli aqciebis

marTvis konkursis formiT gadacemis Sesaxeb~. aseve, kanoni `saxelmwifo

sawarmoTa Sesaxeb~, romelic samarTlebriv safuZvelze awesrigebs samewarmeo

saqmianobis organizebul sakiTxebs.

saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis procesis gafarToebisa da

ganmtkicebisaTvis saetapo mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

meTauris 1994 wlis 29 maisis #178 brZanebulebas `privatizebis procesis

mowesrigebisa da daCqarebis Sesaxeb~. metad saWiro meTodologiur

dokumentebs warmoadgenda saqarTvelos saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis

saministros mier 1995 wels miRebuli kanonqvemdebare aqti `saprivatizebo

sawarmoebis qonebis pasiuri nawilis (erTi kv. metris) gasayidi fasis dadgenis

Sesaxeb~. am aqtebis Tanaxmad saprivatizebo obieqtebis pasiuri nawilis

gasayidi fasi ganisazRvra aranakleb 30 aSS dolaris eqvivalentis o