Writing Quiz · Web view東京大学スペシャル・イングリッシュ・レッスン TOEFL...

　　　　　　　　　　東京大学 TOEFL iBT 対策講座 Writing Day 4

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東京大学スペシャル・イングリッシュ・レッスン

TOEFL iBT 対策講座

Writing Handout Day 4-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Class / Homework 予定表

Lesson Task Q Types Key features Homework

1

11/30 or 12/01Independent

Preference Q Value Judgment Q （Manual Section 1＆2）

お試しエッセイ Independent 攻略法紹介ブレスト＋3S 演習具体例パターン 1

随時指示

2

12/07 or 12/08Independent Factual Q

（Manual Section 3）

Q Type 別攻略方法ブレスト＋3S 演習 Topic Sentence 演習具体例パターン 2&3

3

12/14 or 12/15

Independent NA 減点されるミスの整理表現ストック方法

Integrated Oppose タイプ（Manual Section 1）

お試しエッセイ Integrated 攻略法紹介

4

12/21 or 12/22Integrated Oppose タイプ


RBT 暗記パラフレーズ演習 Passage 攻略 Lecture 攻略

5

01/11 or 01/05Integrated Oppose タイプ


パラフレーズ演習 Passage 攻略 Lecture 攻略仕上げ

6

01/18 or 01/12

Independent

&

Integrated

Summary Session

注意事項

1. 上記スケジュールは授業の進度により変更することがあります。

2. 各回の授業内容・配布物は Web 上の授業内容履歴でご確認ください。

(C) 2016 AGOS JAPAN. All rights reserved.1


Integrated Task[In-class Content]

1.　Trial Essay (Manual p. 18) * In-class Essay #1 用問題

Direction 以下の手順で Pre-test を行いましょう。

A. 　 Reading * 3 分で読む / Passage への書き込み不可 / メモ取り OK

There are several reasons that Earth is the only body in the solar system with the potential for

supporting life. One is the content of its atmosphere. Earth is the only planet to have an

atmosphere that contains the building blocks for living things. It is mostly made up of nitrogen

but also contains molecules called hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are chemicals made up of

hydrogen and carbon, and some can combine with nitrogen to form amino acids. The proteins of

which living things are composed are made up of amino acids.

A second reason is Earth's distance from the Sun, which allows it to maintain surface

temperatures within a narrow range that ideally suits life. Water, another of the building blocks

for living things, naturally exists on Earth in vapor, liquid, and solid form. The planet Venus, for

example, orbits close to Earth and is similar in size. It is often considered Earth's twin. However,

at its average surface temperature of 480° C (896° F), water exists only in suffocating vapor

form. By contrast, Pluto, which is farthest from the Sun of the nine known planets, has an

average surface temperature of -230° C (-382° F). It is so cold that even the hydrocarbon

methane is frozen on its surface.

Additionally, organisms need sunlight for energy. Earth is relatively near the Sun, so it receives

(and its atmosphere traps) a great deal of sunlight. Most bodies in the solar system are much

farther from the Sun and receive low levels of sunlight.

B. 　 Listening * 　音声を聞く / Passage 閉じる / メモ取り OK

C. 　 Writing * 　 Passage ・メモ参照 OK / 指示内容に対するエッセイを 20 分で作成する

[Direction]Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on specific

points made in the reading passage.

2.　Evaluation & E-memo 確認



Direction 1.　Trial Essay の出来を振り返って、問題点を整理してみましょう。

a.　3 分で Passage（230～300 語）が読めましたか？ YES・NO

b.　Lecture 内容を理解できましたか？ YES・NO

c.　20 分で 150～225 語を含むエッセイが書けましたか？ YES・NO

1.

2.

3.

4.

MT(A) / (B)

R / L R L

○× (A) (B)

1

(C) (D)

2

(E) (F)

3

(G)(H)

3.　RBT (Reading-Based Templates) 確認

Advanced Version (Manual p. 51)

Summary



Para 1 R →

L →

The primary position that is taken in the reading passage is that ... (A)　　(Reading の Main Point の「言い換え」と「まとめ」)

On the other hand, in the lecture, the professor argues that ... (B)　　(Lecture のスタンス＝Reading の Main Point への「反論」)

12 words

11 words

Point 1Para 2 R →

L →

シメ

→

First, in the reading passage, the author states that ... (C)　　(Reading の 1 つめの Point（理由・根拠）の「言い換え」と「まと

め」)

However, in the lecture, it is argued that ... (D)　　(Lecture のスタンス＝Reading の１つめの Point への「反論」)

This is in (direct) contradiction to what is indicated in the reading passage.

9 words

8 words

13 words

Point 2Para 3 R →

L →

シメ

→

It is also mentioned in the passage that ... (E)

Yet, in the lecture, the professor takes the position that ... (F)

... and this is an important point that was not considered by the author of the reading passage.

8

words

10 words

17 words

Point 3Para 4 R →

L →

シメ

→

In addition, the author of the reading argues that ... (G)

In comparison, in the lecture, the professor claims that ... (H)

This is yet another example of how the professor and the author of the reading passage contradict one another.

9 words

9 words

19 words

ClosingPara 5 定型 → In conclusion, the main arguments put forth by the professor in the

lecture make the claims of the author of the reading passage more doubtful.

25 words

150 words



Standard Version (Manual p. 50)

SummaryPara 1 R →

L →

The main point made in the reading is that … (A)　　(Reading の Main Point の「言い換え」と「まとめ」)

However, the professor argues that … (B)　　(Lecture のスタンス＝Reading の Main Point への「反論」)

9 words

5 words

Point 1Para 2 R →

L →

シメ

→

First, the reading says that … (C)　　(Reading の 1 つめの Point（理由・根拠）の「言い換え」と「まと

め」)

On the other hand, the speaker states in his lecture that … (D)　　(Lecture のスタンス＝Reading の１つめの Point への「反論」)

This contradicts what the passage indicates.

5 words

11 words

6 words

Point 2Para 3 R →

L →

シメ

→

Second, the passage mentions that … (E)

However, the lecturer claims that … (F)

, which the author of the reading might not have predicted.

5

words

5

words

10 words

Point 3Para 4 R →

L →

シメ

→

Third, the reading states that … (G)

By contrast, the lecture says that … (H)

This is another part that contradicts what the reading says.

6 words

6 words

10 words

ClosingPara 5 定型 → Therefore, the main points made by the professor in the lecture cast

doubt on the points made in the reading passage.21 words

100 words



4.　Paraphrasing Strategy (Manual pp. 30-33, pp. 52-55 から抜粋)

Direction 以下のセンテンスをほぼ同じ意味のセンテンスに書き換えましょう。

1. The professor has many cars.→

→

2. The professor’s daughter is five years old.→

→

3. The student received a recommendation letter from the teacher.→

→

4. He had to walk the dog every day.→

→

5. We have to be patient when we live with roommates.→

→

鉄則： Passage 情報は必ず Paraphrase する（書き換える）

A. 「ふ・け・ど・め」＝「　　　　　・　　　　　・　　　　　・　　　　」

B.　±シフト

C.　センテンス構造



Sample Paraphrase

1. The professor has many cars.

→ The instructor has many automobiles. *　2 箇所名詞

→ A lot of cars are owned by the teacher. *　動 / 形 / 名 / 構造（SVO→受身）

2. The professor’s daughter is five years old.

→ The teacher has a five-year-old daughter. *　名 / 動 / 形 / 主語シフト / SVC→SVO

→ The professor’s girl is five. *　名 / －（マイナス、years old）

3. The student received a recommendation letter from the teacher.

→ The instructor wrote the student a recommendation letter. * 名 / 動 / SVO→SVOO

→ A recommendation letter was given to the student by the professor. *　動 / 名 / 主語・構造

4. He had to walk the dog every day.

→ His responsibility was to walk the dog every day. * 名 / 主語シフト / SV→SVC

→ He was responsible for walking the dog from Sunday to Saturday. * 副 / SV→SVC

5. We have to be patient when we live with roommates.

→ Patience is necessary when living with roommates. * 形・名 / 主語シフト

→ Living with roommates requires patience. * 形・名 / 動 / SVC→SVO



5.　Reading & Paraphrasing Strategy 1

＊In-class Essay #1 （Manual pp. 34-37）より

Exercise 以下のパッセージの中から、Main Theme を 1 つ、Points を 3 つ探しましょう。そして、

各内容を paraphrase しましょう。

Para 1 There are several reasons that Earth is the only body in the solar system with the potential for

supporting life. One is the content of its atmosphere. Earth is the only planet to have an

atmosphere that contains the building blocks for living things. It is mostly made up of nitrogen but

also contains molecules called hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are chemicals made up of hydrogen

and carbon, and some can combine with nitrogen to form amino acids. The proteins of which

living things are composed are made up of amino acids.

[Main Theme]

[Point #1]

Para 2 A second reason is Earth’s distance from the sun, which allows it to maintain surface

temperatures within a narrow range that ideally suits life. Water, another of the building blocks for

living things, naturally exists on Earth in vapor, liquid, and solid form. The planet Venus, for

example, orbits close to Earth and is similar in size. It is often considered Earth’s twin. However,

at its average surface temperature of 480°C (896°F), water exists only in suffocating vapor form.

By contrast, Pluto, which is farthest from the sun of the nine known planets, has an average

surface temperature of -230°C (-382°F). It is so cold that even the hydrocarbon methane is

frozen on its surface.

[Point #2]

Para 3 Additionally, organisms need sunlight for energy. Earth is relatively near the sun, so it receives

(and its atmosphere traps) a great deal of sunlight. Most bodies in the solar system are much

farther from the sun and receive low levels of sunlight.



[Point #3]



Sample Paraphrase

Para 1 There are several reasons that (MT: Key Sentence) Earth is the only body in the solar system

with the potential for supporting life. One is the content of its atmosphere. (P#1: Key Sentence) Earth is the only planet to have an atmosphere that contains the building blocks for living things.

It is mostly made up of nitrogen but also contains molecules called hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons

are chemicals made up of hydrogen and carbon, and some can combine with nitrogen to form

amino acids. The proteins of which living things are composed are made up of amino acids.

[Main Theme]1. There is no body in the solar system that can support life but Earth.

2. Earth is the only body in the solar system where living things could exist.

3. Earth is the only body in the solar system that could support living things.4. Earth is the only body in the solar system that has the possibility of supporting living

things.[Point #1]1. Earth is the only planet with hydrocarbons. They are chemicals needed to make amino acids.

2. The only planet with hydrocarbons is Earth. The chemicals can help form amino acids, which living

things are made up of.

3. Only Earth has an atmosphere containing the ingredients needed to create life, such as hydrocarbons.

4. Earth is the only body to have an atmosphere that contains both nitrogen and hydrocarbons, which can make up amino acids that are essential for living things.

Para 2 A second reason is Earth ’ s distance from the sun , (P#2: Key Sentence) which allows it to

maintain surface temperatures within a narrow range that ideally suits life. Water, another of the

building blocks for living things, naturally exists on Earth in vapor, liquid, and solid form. The

planet Venus, for example, orbits close to Earth and is similar in size. It is often considered

Earth’s twin. However, at its average surface temperature of 480°C (896°F), water exists only in

suffocating vapor form. By contrast, Pluto, which is farthest from the sun of the nine known

planets, has an average surface temperature of -230°C (-382°F). It is so cold that even the

hydrocarbon methane is frozen on its surface.

[Point #2]1. Earth has the perfect surface temperature to support life but other planets do not.

2. Other planets than Earth do not have surface temperatures suitable for living things.

3. Earth's surface temperature allows water to exist as a liquid, which is necessary for life.4. Earth maintains a surface temperature that allows water to exist as a liquid, so life can

exist.

Para 3 Additionally, organisms need sunlight for energy. (P#3 Key Sentence) Earth is relatively near the

sun, so it receives (and its atmosphere traps) a great deal of sunlight. Most bodies in the solar



system are much farther from the sun and receive low levels of sunlight.

[Point #3]1. A body has to be close to the Sun for living things to receive enough sunlight.

2. The only place living things can get the sunlight they need is on a body that is as far from the sun

as Earth.

3. Since Earth is relatively close to the sun, it receives a lot of sunlight that is necessary for life.

4. Earth can get the amount of sunlight that living things need because it is relatively close to the sun.

6.　Reading & Paraphrasing Strategy 2＊Homework Essay #3 （Manual pp. 96-97）より

Exercise 以下のパッセージの中から、Main Theme を 1 つ、Points を 3 つ探しましょう。そして、

各内容を paraphrase しましょう。

Although the amount of medical experimentation conducted on animals has dropped precipitously

over the past three decades, such experiments are still conducted around the world to test new

drugs. Practically every new form of medicine or medical treatment first undergoes a vigorous

period of testing on animals to ensure its efficacy and safety before it is approved for human use.

In at least one country, any new drug needs to be tested on two different species of animals

before human trials can begin.

The first reason that animal testing is so important is the great similarity between humans and

other animals, particularly mammals. Rats, dogs, and rabbits share enough of the same genetic

code with humans to make animal testing a reliable guide to a drug’s potential benefit for people.

Animal testing has helped to develop vaccines against numerous diseases, including deadly

infections such as polio and tuberculosis. In addition, surgical operations critical to modern health

care, such as basic organ transplant and open-heart surgery, were first attempted on animals and

perfected from there.

The other important reason for animal testing is that there are currently no alternative methods

reliable enough to replace animal testing.

In the debate over the value of animal testing, the point must be raised that the overall good for

humanity outweighs the harm to animals. A major current use of animal testing is by scientists

working on advanced treatments against deadly illnesses such as cancer and Parkinson’s

disease.

[Main Theme]



[Point #1]

[Point #2]

[Point #3]

Sample Paraphrase

Although the amount of medical experimentation conducted on animals has dropped precipitously

over the past three decades, such experiments are still conducted around the world to test new

drugs. Practically every new form of medicine or medical treatment first undergoes a vigorous

period of testing on animals to ensure its efficacy and safety before it is approved for human use.

In at least one country, any new drug needs to be tested on two different species of animals

before human trials can begin.

The first reason that animal testing is so important is the great similarity between humans and

other animals, particularly mammals. Rats, dogs, and rabbits share enough of the same genetic code with humans to make animal testing a reliable guide to a drug’s potential benefit for people. Animal testing has helped to develop vaccines against numerous diseases,

including deadly infections such as polio and tuberculosis. In addition, surgical operations critical

to modern health care, such as basic organ transplant and open-heart surgery, were first

attempted on animals and perfected from there.

The other important reason for animal testing is that there are currently no alternative methods reliable enough to replace animal testing.

In the debate over the value of animal testing, the point must be raised that the overall good for humanity outweighs the harm to animals. A major current use of animal testing is by scientists

working on advanced treatments against deadly illnesses such as cancer and Parkinson’s

disease.

[Main Theme]1.　 Animal testing is still needed, especially for new medicines and treatments.

2.　 Animal testing is still necessary in the development of safe and effective medicines and medical



treatments.

[Point 1]1.　 The genetic similarity of humans and animals makes animal testing a reliable means to develop

many medical treatments.

2. The similarity between human and animal genes has allowed important medical advances to be

made, such as vaccines for polio and tuberculosis, and organ transplantation.

[Point 2]1.　 There are no alternatives to animal testing available.

2. Animal testing must be used because there are no reliable alternatives yet available.

[Point 3]1. The benefits of animal testing to human beings are more important than the suffering of the

animals used.

2. Since animal testing is used to develop such important treatments, the benefits it provides to

humans are far more significant than the suffering it causes to animals.

7.　Listening & Summarizing Strategy＊Homework Essay #3 （Manual pp. 98-101）より

Exercise 1: CD Track 06 を聞いて、Key Words をメモに残しましょう。

Exercise 2: 各段落を 1-2 センテンスで要約しましょう。

*　p. 11 のパッセージを参照することができます。

*　今回は、Main Theme と Point 1 を一つの段落として聞いてください。

Paragraph

Beginning &

End

Summary

Animal testing

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

result of a test.

メ

モ

E [Main Theme]



E

[Point 1]

Also, chemical

technology . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

development.

メ

モ

E

[Point 2]

Oh, and one

more thing: . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

doesn’t it?

メ

モ

E

[Point 3]

Exercise 3: サンプルに目を通して、要約の特徴を学びましょう。

[Main Theme]* Paraphrase (Passage)

・ Animal testing is still needed, especially for new medicines and treatments.

* Summary (Lecture)1. Animal testing may no longer be necessary.

2. Animal testing may not be reliable, and it may no longer be important since alternatives

are now available.

[Point 1]* Paraphrase (Passage)

・ The genetic similarity of humans and animals makes animal testing a reliable means to

develop many medical treatments.

* Summary (Lecture)1. The results of tests on animals may not be accurate because humans and animals differ in



many important ways, such as size, shape and blood speed.

2. There are many differences between the bodies of animals and humans that call into

question the reliability of animal testing. In addition, the conditions in laboratories are

stressful for animals, and this may affect the results of studies using animal testing.


・ There are no alternatives to animal testing available.

* Summary (Lecture)1. Materials made from chemicals, such as fake skin, have already been created, and more

are being developed.

2. Advances in chemical materials are providing alternatives such as artificial skin, which can

replace the use of live rabbits. Also, many other substitutes to animals are being created.


・ The benefits of animal testing to human beings are more important than the suffering of

the animals used.

* Summary (Lecture)1. More animals are harmed in the testing of trivial products for beauty than in tests for

important medical treatments.

2. Animal testing is often used for far less important reasons. For example, cleaning products

and consumer goods for beauty and personal hygiene are also tested on animals.

8.　Sample Essay

[Essay A: 226 words]

The main point made in the reading passage is that animal testing is still needed, especially for new

medicines and treatments. However, the professor argues that animal testing may no longer be

necessary.

First, the reading says that the genetic similarity of humans and animals makes animal testing a

reliable means to develop many medical treatments. On the other hand, the speaker states in his lecture that the results of tests on animals may not be accurate because humans and animals differ

in many important ways, such as size, shape and blood speed. This contradicts what the passage

indicates.



Second, the passage mentions that there are no alternatives to animal testing available. However,

the lecturer claims that materials made from chemicals, such as fake skin, have already been

created, and that more are being developed, which the author of the reading might not have

predicted.

Third, the reading states that the benefits of animal testing to human beings are more important than

the suffering of the animals used. By contrast, the lecture says that more animals are harmed in the

testing of trivial products for beauty than in tests for important medical treatments. This is another

part that contradicts what the reading says.

Therefore, the main points made by the professor in the lecture cast doubt on the points made in the

reading passage.



[Essay B: 352 words]

The primary position that is taken in the reading passage is that animal testing is still necessary in the

development of safe and effective medicines and medical treatments. On the other hand, in the

lecture, the professor argues that animal testing may not be reliable, and that it may no longer be

important since alternatives are now available.

First, in the reading passage, the author states that the similarity between human and animal genes

has allowed important medical advances to be made, such as vaccines for polio and tuberculosis,

and organ transplantation. However, in the lecture, it is argued that there are many differences

between the bodies of animals and humans that call into question the reliability of animal testing. In

addition, the conditions in laboratories are stressful for animals, and this may affect the results of

studies using animal testing. This is in direct contradiction to what is indicated in the reading

passage.

It is also mentioned in the passage that animal testing must be used because there are no reliable

alternatives yet available. Yet, in the lecture, the professor takes the position that advances in

chemical materials are providing alternatives such as artificial skin, which can replace the use of live

rabbits. The lecturer goes on to say that many other substitutes to animals are being created, and

this is an important point that was not considered by the author of the reading passage.

In addition, the author of the reading argues that since animal testing is used to develop such

important treatments, the benefits it provides to humans are far more significant than the suffering it

causes to animals. In comparison, in the lecture, the professor claims that animal testing is often

used for far less important reasons. For example, cleaning products and consumer goods for beauty

and personal hygiene are also tested on animals. This is yet another example of how the professor

and the author of the reading passage contradict one another.

In conclusion, the main arguments put forth by the professor in the lecture make the claims of the

author of the reading passage more doubtful.



9.　Strategies for Writing Integrated Task

[Reading] 分析的な読み方を心がけよう。

a) Main Theme（タイトル / ○・×）を読み取る。

b)　Main Theme を support する 3 つの Points（根拠・理由）を読み取る。

c)　「E-memo」を使ってシンプルな英単語をメモする。

[Listening] Passage 内容を元にした聞き方を心がけよう。

a)　Passage の Main Theme に賛成していたか、反論していたかを聞き取る。

b)　Passage の 3 points を意識して聞く。　

c)　「E-memo」を使ってシンプルな英単語をメモする。

[Writing] テンプレートとパラフレーズを習得し、最後まで書き上げよう。

a)　最後まで書き終える＋RL の重要情報を一通り書く

b)　語数の目安：　150 – 225 words

c)　時間配分：　4 分＝RBT、14 分＝RL8 センテンス、2 分＝見直し＋手直し

d)　RBT = Reading-Based Template を暗記する　→　テンプレート

e)　Passage 内容は、そっくり写さず書き換える →　パラフレーズ

f)　 Lecture 内容は、Passage・メモを参照し、Passage との対比を意識して要

約する。

g) パラフレーズは、以下の 3 つの視点を活用する

A.　「ふ・け・ど・め」

→　「副・形・動・名」

B.　±シフト＝Key Sentence にプラスする、Key Sentence からマイナスす

る

→　Key Sentence にプラス or マイナスする＋主語などをシフトする

C.　センテンス構造

→　「SVO」から「SVC」、「前置詞＋名詞」から「接 SV」など

h) 見直し＋手直しする際に発見すべきミス

A.　Passage 内の語句の写しミス

B.　改行ミス

C.　Independent Task と共通する「基礎ミス」



[Homework]

[Mandatory Homework 1]・・･次回まで（01/11 or 01/05）に終わらせること

1.　Handout Day 4 全て正しく書けるまで何度も復習する

2.　In-class Essay #1 以下のプロセスで徹底的に復習

ProcessA.　本番形式でエッセイ作成

・　Reading (Manual p. 120 を 3 分で読む、E-memo を使ってメモ取り)

・　Listening（CD01、Reading は見ない、E-memo を使ってメモ取り）

・　Writing（20 分でエッセイ作成、Manual p. 120 参照、タイピング）

B.　Reading（Manual p. 120）、Listening（Manual p. 121）の内容を確認し、Sample

Essay（Manual p. 122-123）を分析

※ Reading がどのようにパラフレーズされているか、Listening 内容がどのように

要約されているかを必ず確認すること

※ Vocabulary List → Manual pp. 152-157

C.　Essay を再度作成する

※ 減点されるミスがなく、重要情報が押さえられるまで何度も演習する

3.　Homework Essay #3 以下のプロセスで徹底的に学習

ProcessA. 本番形式でエッセイ作成





Essay（Manual pp. 142-143）を分析


4.　In-class Essay #2 以下のプロセスで徹底的に復習

ProcessA.　本番形式でエッセイ作成





Essay（Manual p. 130-131）を分析

※ Reading がどのようにパラフレーズされているか、Listening 内容がどのように



要約されているかを必ず確認すること

※ Vocabulary List → Manual pp. 152-157


※ 減点されるミスがなく、重要情報が押さえられるまで何度も演習する


Writing Quiz · Web view東京大学スペシャル・イングリッシュ・レッスン TOEFL...

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