World War IWorld War I

Mr. Owen

AP – Euro

Spring 2010

Causes of the Great War

Nationalism – Pride in one’s country

Imperialism– Stronger nation takes over weaker nation

Militarism– Military power and keeping an army

prepared for war Alliances

Toward Mass Armies and Industrial War

Industrializations effect on War Weapons Transportation Naval Power Arms-Race KEYPOINT The outcome of a protracted war between

industrial powers depended less on rifle strength in the first battles than on industrial might and financial stamina.

Assassination in Sarajevo

Gavrilo Princip assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914

Austria-Hungarian Response

Austria-Hungary issues a 10-Point Ultimatum to Serbia– Serbia accepts all but 1 of the demands

July 28th Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia– Starts World War I

Franco-Prussian War

Lost Land

The Great War

Expectation Unexpected War Introduction to Total War

The Alliance SystemThe Alliance SystemTriple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

The Major Players: 1914-17The Major Players: 1914-17

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::

Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]

Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Militarism & Arms RaceMilitarism & Arms Race

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,

Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany

73%

The Battle Front

Schlieffen Plan

Why Plan Goal

Schlieffen Plan

Indecisive Offensives: 1914–1915

The Break down of the Schlieffen Plan– Overly

Calculated– Belgian

Resistance– British

Support

Indecisive Offensives: 1914–1915

Initial Strategic Set Back – Westward

swing fails– British and

French Attack

– Result

The Race to the Sea

Allies and Central Powers try to out flank each other

A Multi-Front War

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Trench Warfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

Trench Warfare

Artillery

Artillery

Conditions in the Trenches

Lice Hunting

Conditions in the Trenches

The Industrial and Geographic Factors

Strategic Mobility – Use of RR

Immobility– Lack of Transport– Supplies run out– Defenders always faster– Communication

The Industrial and Geographic Factors

Industrial Might Geographic Factors

– Central Powers Advantage

– Central Powers Disadvantage

War of Attrition 1915-1916

Western Front

Western Front– German failed offensive– Allied goal– 1915 Death toll:

• French 1,500,000

• Britain 300,000

• Germany 875,000

Western Front

Battle of Verdun– February 21, 1916– German Offensive– Characteristics of Fighting– Death toll

Western Front Battle of Somme

– July 1916– British were ineffective

• 60,000 die in one day!

• Over 1,000,000 in 5 months

– Death Toll

Advancements In War

Machine Guns

Defensive WeaponsTrench Warfare

Suppressing fire

Offensive WeaponsLewis Gun

600 rounds per minute 47 round clips Effective up to 600m

Lewis

Vickers

French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank

The Tank

Airplanes and Aircraft

Airplanes and Aircraft

The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

U-BoatsU-Boats

Chemical Weapons

The Home Front

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Financing the WarFinancing the War

Financing the WarFinancing the War

American PosterAmerican Poster

For RecruitmentFor Recruitment

Eastern Front

Russian “Steamroller” stopped– Victory at Tannenberg

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

The United States Enters the War

January 1917 Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Sinking of the Lusitania Zimmerman Note

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram

The YanksAre

Coming!

The YanksAre

Coming!