Wireless Sensor Network (Ubiquitous Sensor Network) 전자부품연구원 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅...

Wireless Sensor Network

(Ubiquitous Sensor Network)

전자부품연구원유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 연구센터

네트워크 임베디드 시스템 팀

부산대학교 이완직 수정

목차 무선 센서 네트워크 개요 IEEE 802.15.4 H/W 구성 Mote 예 TinyOS

- 2 -

Computing Paradigm

year

log

(p

eo

ple

pe

r c

om

pu

ter)

Mainframe

Minicomputer

Workstation

PC

Laptop

PDA

???

simple data storage/processing

Web-based interactive computing

Intelligent Computing

http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~culler/talks

CHIP 하드웨어는 지속적으로 소형화 , 저가격화 될 것으로 예측됨

Pentium 과는 다르게 성능이나 메모리 성능개선은 소형화 , 저가격화 때문에

우선순위가 낮아질 것으로 예측됨

- 3 -

The next tier of the internet

Users

Internet

WSNCluster

인터넷 영역

물리 영역

인터넷과 물리 정보의 통합 및 서비스 지원

- 4 -

Wireless Sensor Network

무선 , 저전력소모 , 저비용의 특성 서로 다른 기능을 가진 다수의 센서 노드들의 집합

각 센서 노드들은 다음과 같은 기능을 갖는다 .• Communication, processing, storage capabilities

Environmentalevents

Gateway

Internet

- 5 -

Emerging Applications Indoor Settings

공장의 조건 기반 장비 유지보수 시스템 홈 오토메이션 (HAVC) 환자 /노약자 모니터링

Outdoor environment: 자연 서식지 감시 원격 생태계 감시 산불 탐지 재앙 발생 탐지 군사적 목적

- 6 -

Wireless Sensor Network Benefits

Accuracy of information

Improve

Save

View of an environment

Fault tolerance

Remote access to data

Time and Cost involved in deploying and configuring

networks

Networking costs

Living conditions in buildings

Energy use

Collaboration among sensor nodes

Online processing of obtained information

Self-Organizing

A large number of sensor nodes

- 7 -

Key Requirement

Hardware Robust radio technology Low cost energy efficient processor Flexible I/O for various sensors Small size

Software Small size code Energy efficient Capable of concurrency Reusability Robust, low-power, ad-hoc network

- 8 -

IEEE 802.15.4

IEEE 802.15.4 Protocol Stack

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Upper Layers

IEEE 802.2 LLC Other LLC

IEEE 802.15.42400 MHz

PHY

IEEE 802.15.4868/915 MHz

PHY

- 9 -

IEEE 802.15.4 PHY

국제적인 제약이 없는 ISM 밴드 주파수 사용 868 MHz: 1 channel, 20 Kbps 915 MHz: 40 Kbps, 10 channel, 2.4 GHz: 250 Kbps, 16 channel

868MHz / 915MHz PHY

2.4 GHz

868.3 MHz

Channel 0 Channels 1-10

Channels 11-26

2.4835 GHz

928 MHz902 MHz

5 MHz

2 MHz

2.4 GHz PHY

IEEE 802.15.4 PHY 프레임 포맷

MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU)PHY Header

(PHR)Preamble

(SHR)PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU)

PHY protocol data unit(PPDU)

127 bytes6 bytes


(PHR)Preamble



(PHR)Preamble


PHY protocol data unit(PPDU)

127 bytes6 bytes

- 10 -

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Star and peer-to-peer topologies 64-bit IEEE 확장 주소나 16-bit 주소 사용 2 가지 형태의 device 가 존재함

Full Function Device (FFD) Reduced Function Device (RFD)

간단한 프레임 구조 신뢰성 있는 데이터 전달 Association/disassociation AES-128 보안 매커니즘 제공 CSMA-CA 기반 채널 접근 Beacon 기반의 슈퍼 프레임 구조 ( 선택사항 ) GTS (Guaranteed Time Slot) 매커니즘

- 11 -

IEEE 802.15.4 Devices

Full function device (FFD) 어떤 형태의 토폴로지라도 사용 가능 PAN coordinator 역할을 할 수 있음 다른 어떤 장치 (device) 와도 통신이 가능 프로토콜 집합이 완전히 구현되어 있음

Reduced function devices (RFD) Star 토폴로지나 peer-to-peer 토폴로지에서 end-device 로만

사용 가능 PAN coordinator 역할을 수행할 수 없음 PAN coordinator 를 통해 다른 노드와 통신함 (Star) 구현이 간단함 프로토콜 집합의 일부만 구현

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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Topology

Full function device

Reduced function device

Communications flow

Clustered stars - for example,cluster nodes exist between roomsof a hotel and each room has a star network for control.

- 13 -

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Frame

Super Frame Structure

- 14 -

MAC Frame Format

MAC protocol unit (MPDU)

FCSMAC service datd unit (MSDU)MAC header(MHR)

FCSPayloadAddress

InfoSequenceNumber

Frame Control

MAC protocol unit (MPDU)

FCSMAC service datd unit (MSDU)MAC header(MHR)

FCSPayloadAddress

InfoSequenceNumber

Frame Control

2 3 0-20 Variable 2

Address Info Field Format

Addressing fields

Source AddressSource PAN ID

Destination AddressDestination

PAN ID

Addressing fields

Source AddressSource PAN ID

Destination AddressDestination

PAN ID

0/2 0/2/8 0/2 0/2/8

Frame Control Format

Frame Control Fields

Destination Addressing

modeRSV


modeRSV

Intra

PANACK

requestFrame

pendingSecurity enabled

Frame Type

Frame Control Fields


modeRSV


modeRSV

Intra

PANACK

requestFrame

pendingSecurity enabled

Frame Type

3 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

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Small Network Embedded Systems

http://www.jlhlabs.com- 16 -

Small Network Embedded Systems

http://www.jlhlabs.com- 17 -

MOTE history

The Emergence of Networking Abstractions and Techniques in TinyOS, Philip Levis, Sam Madden, David Gay, Joe Polastre, Robert Szewczyk, Alec Woo, Eric Brewer and David Culler, Proceedings of the First USENIX/ACM Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 2004). http://www.tinyos.net/papers/tinyos-nsdi04.pdf

IEEE 802.15.4

Industry Standard

- 18 -

MICA / MICA2

UC. Berkeley, Crossbow Commercialize mote and TinyOS Supply 1-inch-diameter version of

the sensors universities, military and civil

research facilities and businesses for avionics

Plan Building sensors in earthquake zones Discreet baby monitors

Communication : 916.5 MHz. RFrange up to 200 feet

Power consumption : max 110 mW

Mica, Mica2, Mica Sensor Bd. OS : TinyOS

- 19 -

MICAZ

http://www.xbow.com

- 20 -

MicaZ Certifed FCC and ARIB

www.tinyos.net/http://www.tinyos.net/ttx-02-2005/culler-introduction.ppt- 21 -

MICAZ

http://www.tinyos.net/ttx-02-2005/platforms/MICAz_xbow.ppt- 22 -

TELOS

- 23 -

TELOS

http://www.tinyos.net/ttx-02-2005/platforms/ttx-2005-telos.ppt- 24 -

Power Consumption of Platforms

All values measured at room temperature (approximately 25oC) at 3V supply voltageSource: “Telos: Enabling Low Power Wireless Sensor Network Research”

To appear, IPSN/SPOTS, April 2005

- 25 -

iMOTE2

http://www.tinyos.net/ttx-02-2005/platforms/ttx05-imote2.ppt- 26 -

iMOTE2


EYES

European research project (IST-2001-34734), 2002-2005

Consortium The Centre for Telematics and Information

Technology (CTIT) - University of Twente, the Netherlands

Nedap N.V., the Netherlands Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le

Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), Italy Rome University “La Sapienza”, Italy Technical University of Berlin, Germany Infineon Technologies, Austria

Develop the architecture and the technology needed for building self-organizing and collaborative sensor networks using reconfigurable smart sensor nodes, which are self-aware, self-reconfigurable and autonomous

TI’s MSP430F149 16bit ultra low power CPU 60KB Flash, 2KB RAM 12bit ADC, 2 USARTs

- 29 -

EYES

http://www.tinyos.net/ttx-02-2005/platforms/- 30 -

Operating System @ UC Berkeley BSD Unix

Open Source Robust Unix which is for free Many Developer groups world-wide

TCP / IP Initially Implemented by UCB

at 80’s Many PHD students developed Unix for commercial product Bill Joy (Sun Microsystems) They got a success at 90’s (Workstation, Network, Internet) Internet Business success was from Server and Client Side

• Many Easy Convenient Services• Unix is one of the key technologies among them

at late 90’s and early 00’s UCB EECS many professors and students are focusing on TinyOS

- 31 -

TinyOS Developed at University of California in Berkeley (www.tinyos.net)

Professors David Culler & Kris Pister

David Culler TinyOS & Intel Research Lab. @ Berkeley

Kris Pister Dust networks (Smart Dust)

Key Engineer Jason Hill, Joe Polastre, Matt Welsh, Phil Levis, Cory Sharp, etc.

Use more than 500 academic groups & industrial organizations Rapid Development, Worldwide well-known OS

Open-source software development : BSD License

Simple operation system, Many sample applications

Programming language and model

Intel supports TinyOS Many Engineers and Projects with UC Berkeley

David E. culler

- 32 -

Projects using TinyOS

- 33 -

TinyOS 2.x (T2) http://www.tinyos.net/dist-2.0.0

This slide is from TTX3, see [8] - 34 -

Download Hit-rate

This slide is from TTX3, see [8] - 35 -

TinyOS Alliance

- 36 -

What is TinyOS TinyOS is an open-source operating system designed

for wireless embedded sensor networks. It features a component-based architecture which enables rapid innovation and implementation while minimizing code size as required by the severe memory constraints inherent in sensor networks.

TinyOS's component library includes network protocols, distributed services, sensor drivers, and data acquisition tools – all of which can be used as-is or be further refined for a custom application.

TinyOS's event-driven execution model enables fine-grained power management yet allows the scheduling flexibility made necessary by the unpredictable nature of wireless communication and physical world interfaces.

무선 센서 네트워크에 적합한 운영체제 모델 / 개발 환경 어떠한 표준도 지원할 수 있는 가능성이 있음 예 ) Linux : Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, USB, IEEE 1394, etc.

- 37 -

Wireless Sensor Network (Ubiquitous Sensor Network) 전자부품연구원 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅...

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