Wildlife Conserv

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Wildlife conservation

Wildlife conservation is the preservation, protection, or restoration ofwildlife and

their environment, especially in relation to endangered and vulnerable species. All

living non-domesticated animals, even if bred, hatched or born in captivity, areconsidered wild animals. Wildlife represents all the non-cultivated and non-

domesticated animals living in their natural habitats. Our world has many unique

and rare animals, birds and reptiles. However the pressure of growing population in

different parts of the world has led to the increasing need of using land for human

habitations and agriculture. This has led to the reduced habitat of many wild

animals.

The wildlife of India is a mix of species of diverse origins.[1] The region's rich and diverse

wildlife is preserved in numerous national parks and wildlife sanctuaries across the country.[2]

Since India is home to a number of rare and threatened animal species, wildlife management in

the country is essential to preserve these species.[3] According to one study, India along with 17mega diverse countries is home to about 60-70% of the world's biodiversity.[4]

India, lying within the Indomalaya ecozone, is home to about 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6% ofavian, 6.2% ofreptilian, and 6.0% offlowering plant species.[5] Many ecoregions, such as the

sholaforests, also exhibit extremely high rates ofendemism; overall, 33% of Indian plant species

are endemic.[6][7] India's forest cover ranges from the tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands,Western Ghats, andNortheast India to the coniferous forest of the Himalaya. Between these

extremes lie the sal-dominated moist deciduous forest of eastern India; teak-dominated dry

deciduous forest of central and southern India; and thebabul-dominated thorn forest of thecentral Deccan and western Gangetic plain.[8] Important Indian trees include the medicinal neem,

widely used in rural Indian herbal remedies. Thepipal fig tree, shown on the seals ofMohenjo-daro, shaded the Gautama Buddha as he sought enlightenment.

Many Indian species are descendants oftaxa originating in Gondwana, to which India originallybelonged. Peninsular India's subsequent movement towards, and collision with, the Laurasian

landmass set off a mass exchange of species. However, volcanism and climatic change 20

million years ago caused the extinction of many endemic Indian forms.[9] Soon thereafter,mammals entered India from Asia through two zoogeographical passes on either side of the

emerging Himalaya.[8] As a result, among Indian species, only 12.6% of mammals and 4.5% of

birds are endemic, contrasting with 45.8% of reptiles and 55.8% of amphibians.[5] Notable

endemics are the Nilgiri leaf monkey and the brown and carmine Beddome's toad of the Western

Ghats. India contains 172, or 2.9%, ofIUCN-designated threatened species.[10] These include theAsiatic lion, the Bengal tiger, and the Indian white-rumped vulture, which suffered a near-

extinction from ingesting the carrion ofdiclofenac-treated cattle.

In recent decades, human encroachment has posed a threat to India's wildlife; in response, thesystem ofnational parks and protected areas, first established in 1935, was substantially

expanded. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tigerto safeguard

crucial habitat; further federal protections were promulgated in the 1980s. Along with over 500
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangeredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indomalaya_ecozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-unep-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Western_Ghats_montane_rain_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorea_robustahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_nilotica_indicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-tritsch-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-tritsch-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_fighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-darohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-darohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Trapshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogeographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-tritsch-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-unep-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Langurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufo_beddomiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_White-rumped_Vulturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofenachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act_of_1972http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangeredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indomalaya_ecozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-unep-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Western_Ghats_montane_rain_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorea_robustahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_nilotica_indicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-tritsch-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_fighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-darohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-darohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Trapshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogeographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-tritsch-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-unep-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Langurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufo_beddomiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_White-rumped_Vulturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofenachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act_of_1972http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India


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wildlife sanctuaries, India now hosts 15 biosphere reserves, four of which are part of the World

Network of Biosphere Reserves; 25 wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention.

The varied and rich wildlife of India has had a profound impact on the region's popular culture.The common name for wilderness in India is Jungle, which was adopted by the British

colonialists to the English language. The word has been also made famous inThe Jungle Bookby Rudyard Kipling. India's wildlife has been the subject of numerous other tales and fables such

as thePanchatantra and theJataka tales.

Major threats to wildlife

Major threats to wildlife can be categorized as below:

Habitat loss: Fewer natural wildlife habitat areas remain each year. Moreover, the habitat

that remains has often been degraded to bear little resemblance to the natural wild areaswhich existed in the past.

Climate change: Because many types of plants and animals have specific habitat

requirements, climate change could cause disastrous loss of wildlife species. A slightdrop or rise in average rainfall will translate into large seasonal changes. Hibernating

mammals, reptiles, amphibians and insects are harmed and disturbed. Plants and wildlife

are sensitive to moisture change so, they will be harmed by any change in the moisturelevel.

Pesticides and toxic chemicals: Pesticides are deliberately spread to make the

environment toxic to certain plants, insects, and rodents, so it should not be surprisingthat other plants and wildlife are deliberately harmed at the same time. In addition many

chemical pollutants are toxic to wildlife, such as PCBs, mercury, petroleum by-products,solvents, antifreeze, etc.

Hunting and poaching: Unregulated hunting and poaching causes a major threat to

wildlife. Along with this, mismanagement of forest department and forest guards triggers

this problem.

Natural phenomena: Floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, lightning, forest fires Pollution: Pollutants released into the environment are ingested by a wide variety of

organisms.

Over-exploitation of resources: Exploitation of wild populations for food has resulted inpopulation crashes (over-fishing, for example).

Accidental deaths: Car hits, window collisions (birds), collisions with ships (whales).

Government involvement

The Wildlife Conservation Act was enacted by the Government of India in 1972. Soon after the

trend of policy makers enacting regulations on conservation a strategy was developed to allow

actors, both government and non-government, to follow a detailed "framework" to successfulconservation. The World Conservation Strategy was developed in 1980 by the "International

Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) with advice, cooperation and

financial assistance of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World
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Wildlife Fund and in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nations (FAO) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

(Unesco)"[7] The strategy aims to "provide an intellectual framework and practical guidance forconservation actions."[7]This thorough guidebook covers everything from the intended "users" of

the strategy to its very priorities and even a map section containing areas that have large seafood

consumption therefore endangering the area to over fishing. The main sections are as follows:

The objectives of conservation and requirements for their achievement:

1. Maintenance of essential ecological processes and life-support systems.2. Preservation of genetic diversity.3. Sustainable utilization of species and ecosystems.4. Priority requirements: ecological processes and life support systems.5. Priority requirements: genetic diversity.6. Priority requirements: sustainable utilization.

Priorities for national action:

1. A framework for national and subnational conservation strategies.2. Policy making and the integration of conservation and development.3. Environmental planning and rational use allocation.4. Improving the capacity to manage: legislation and organization.5. Improving the capacity to manage: training and research.6. Building support for conservation: Participation and education.7. Conservation-based rural development.

Priorities for international action:

1. International action: law and assistance.2. Tropical forests and drylands.3. A global programme for the protection of genetic resource areas.4. The global commons5. Regional strategies for international river basins and seas.6. Towards sustainable development.

Map sections:

1. Tropical forests2. Deserts and areas subject to desertification.3. Priority biogeographical provinces of the land for the establishment of

protected areas.4. International river basins.5. Major consumers and exporters of seafood and gainers of large fisheries.

[edit] Non-government involvement

As major development agencies became discouraged with the public sector of environmentalconservation in the late 1980s, these agencies began to lean their support towards the private

sector or Non-Government Organizations.[8] In a World Bank Discussion Paper it is made
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apparent that the explosive emergence of nongovernmental organizations was widely known to

government policy makers. Seeing this rise in NGO support, U.S. Congress made amendments to

the Foreign Assistance Act in 1979 and 1986 earmarking U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment (USAID) funds forbiodiversity.[8] From 1990 moving through recent years

Environmental Conservation in the Non-Government Organizations sector has become

increasingly more focused on the political and economic impact of USAID given towards theEnvironment and Natural Resources.[9] After the terror attacks on the World Trade Centers on

September 11, 2001 and the start of Former President Bushs War on Terrormaintaining and

improving the quality of the environment and natural resources became a priority to preventinternational tensions according to the Legislation on Foreign Relations Through 2002[9] and

section 117 of the 1961 Foreign Assistance Act.[9] Furthermore in 2002 U.S. Congress modified

the section on endangered species of the previously amended Foreign Assistance Act.

The amendments to the section also included modifications on the section concerning "PVOs andother Nongovernmental Organizations."[9] The section requires that PVOs and NGO's, "to the

fullest extent possible involve local people with all stages of design and implementation."[9]

These amendments to the Foreign Assistance Act and the recent rise in USAID funding towardsforeign environmental conservation have lead to several disagreements in terms of NGO's role inforeign development.

[edit] Active non-government organizations

This section is in a list format that may be better presented using

prose. You can help by converting this section to prose, ifappropriate. Editing

help is available. (May 2011)

The Nature Conservancy is a US charitable environmental organization that

works to preserve the plants, animals, and natural communities thatrepresent the diversity of life on Earth by protecting the lands and watersthey need to survive.[10]

World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmentalorganization working on issues regarding the conservation, research andrestoration of the environment, formerly named the World Wildlife Fund,which remains its official name in Canada and the United States. It is theworld's largest independent conservation organization with over 5 millionsupporters worldwide, working in more than 90 countries, supporting around1300[4] conservation and environmental projects around the world. It is acharity, with approximately 60% of its funding coming from voluntarydonations by private individuals. 45% of the fund's income comes from the

Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United. States.

[11]

Wildlife Conservation Society Audubon Society

[edit] References

1. ^ ab"NAM Brochure". Retrieved 2011-04-04.2. ^ "Bugle Magazine". Retrieved 2011-04-04.3. ^ ab"TWS Final Position Statement". Retrieved 2011-04-04.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Assistance_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-jstor.org-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Proselinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Embedded_listhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Conservation_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audubon_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-azgfd1_0-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-azgfd1_0-1http://www.azgfd.gov/h_f/documents/NAM%20Brochure.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-1http://www.rmef.org/NewsandMedia/PubsTV/Bugle/2004/MayJune/Features/NAModel.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-wildlife1_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-wildlife1_2-1http://joomla.wildlife.org/documents/positionstatements/41-NAModel%20Position%20Statementfinal.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Assistance_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-jstor.org-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Proselinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Embedded_listhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Conservation_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audubon_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-azgfd1_0-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-azgfd1_0-1http://www.azgfd.gov/h_f/documents/NAM%20Brochure.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-1http://www.rmef.org/NewsandMedia/PubsTV/Bugle/2004/MayJune/Features/NAModel.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-wildlife1_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-wildlife1_2-1http://joomla.wildlife.org/documents/positionstatements/41-NAModel%20Position%20Statementfinal.pdf


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4. ^ "The Future of Public Trust". Retrieved 2011-04-04.5. ^ abc"Bugle Magazine". Retrieved 2011-04-04.6. ^ abc"North American Wildlife Conservation Model". Retrieved 2011-04-04.7. ^ ab"World Conservation Strategy" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-05-01.8. ^ abhttp://www.jstor.org/pss/41922019. ^ abcdef"The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended" (PDF). Retrieved

2011-05-01.10.^ "About Us - Learn More About The Nature Conservancy". Nature.org. 2011-

02-23. Retrieved 2011-05-01.11.^ "WWF in Brief". Wwf.panda.org. Retrieved 2011-05-01.

WCS CORE PROJECTS

YEAR PROJECT LEADER/ S PROJECT NAME

2008-

ongoing

K. Ullas Karanth and Uma Ramakrishnan Meta-population dynamics of Tigers in

Malenad Mysore Landscape of Karnataka.

2008-

ongoing

Uma Ramakrishnan Genetic monitoring of Tigers.

2006 Sanjay Gubbi Tiger habitats and Integrated Conservation andDevelopment Projects: a case study from

Periyar Tiger Reserve, India

2003-

Ongoing

G.Vishwanatha Reddy Tiger as an umbrella species: evaluation of

management models for biodiversityconservation in India

2003-

Ongoing

K. Ullas Karanth and Ajith Kumar Post-Graduate Program in Wildlife Biology and

Conservation

2003-2006

K Ullas Karanth and N.Samba Kumar Distribution and dynamics of tiger and preypopulations in Karnataka, India

2002-

2005

Aparajita Datta Hornbill conservation project in North East

India

2002-2005

K.Ullas Karanth, N.Samba Kumar,Harshwardhan Dhanwatey, Poonam Dhanwatey,

Prachi Mehta and Jayant Kulkarni.

Distribution and dynamics of tiger and preypopulations in Maharashtra, India

2002-

2003

Jagadish Krishnaswamy and K. Ullas Karanth Impact of iron ore mining in Kudremukh on

Bhadra river ecosystem and its tiger habitats

2001-2004

Raghu Chundawat and K.Ullas Karanth Strengthening tiger conservation throughunderstanding predator-prey relationships in

dry tropical forests of India

1999-

2000

N.Samba Kumar Ungulate density and biomass in the tropical

semi-arid forest of Ranthambore, India

1996- M. D. Madhusudan & K. Ullas Karanth Local hunting and large mammal conservation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-3http://joomla.wildlife.org/documents/future-of-public-trust.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated2004_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated2004_4-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated2004_4-2http://www.rmef.org/NewsandMedia/PubsTV/Bugle/2004/SepOct/Features/SevenSisters.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-2http://www.rmef.org/Hunting/HuntersConservation/model.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated3_6-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated3_6-1http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/WCS-004.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-jstor.org_7-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-jstor.org_7-1http://www.jstor.org/pss/4192201http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-5http://www.usaid.gov/policy/ads/faa.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-9http://www.nature.org/aboutus/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-10http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_quick_facts.cfmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-3http://joomla.wildlife.org/documents/future-of-public-trust.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated2004_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated2004_4-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated2004_4-2http://www.rmef.org/NewsandMedia/PubsTV/Bugle/2004/SepOct/Features/SevenSisters.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-2http://www.rmef.org/Hunting/HuntersConservation/model.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated3_6-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated3_6-1http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/WCS-004.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-jstor.org_7-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-jstor.org_7-1http://www.jstor.org/pss/4192201http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-5http://www.usaid.gov/policy/ads/faa.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-9http://www.nature.org/aboutus/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-10http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_quick_facts.cfm


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1997

1995-

2000

K.Ullas Karanth and James D.Nichols Ecological status and conservation of tigers in

India

1989-

1995

K.Ullas Karanth and Melvin Sunquist Ecology and management of large carnivores

1986-

1989

K. Ullas Karanth and Melvin Sunquist Predator-prey relationships in Nagarahole

National Park, India

WCS CONSERVATION PROJECTS

YEAR PROJECT LEADER/S PROJECT NAME

2003-

OngoingBalachandra Hegde

Wildlife Conservation in Anshi- Dandeli Tiger

Reserve.

2001-

Ongoing

K.M.Chinnappa and P.M.Muthanna Voluntary resettlement, Nagarahole National Park*

2001-Ongoing

Sanjay Gubbi and Praveen Bhargav Wildlife conservation outreach*

2001-2004 Harshwardhan & Poonam

Dhanwatey

Monitoring of tiger habitat in Tadoba Andhari Tiger

Reserve*

2001-

Ongoing

K.Ullas Karanth, Sanjay Gubbi and

Praveen Bhargav

Community Leadership for Tiger Conservation:

Building local community support for tiger

conservation*2000-

Ongoing

Niren Jain Rainforest conservation in Kudremukh National Park

1998-2001 K Ullas Karanth, K.M. Chinnappa,

Praveen Bhargav and N.Samba

Kumar.

Karnataka Tiger Conservation Project: an innovative

model to conserve breeding populations of tigers in

Karnataka, India*

1997-2001 M.K.Appachu, A. A. Poovaiah,K.M.Chinnappa

Voluntary resettlement, Nagarahole National Park*

1994

-2008

K.M.Chinnappa and T.S.Gopal Wildlife conservation education in Nagarahole

National Park*

1992-

Ongoing

D.V.Girish Tiger conservation in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary*

Tiger Conservation in Bandhavgarh

The Bandhavgarh Fort, in the center of the Reserve, atop the Bandhavgarh hill, was

the seat of the rulers of erstwhile Rewa State until they shifted to Rewa town in


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1617 A.D.

The area of the Reserve, with its surrounding forests were the favorite hunting

grounds of the erstwhile rulers and were zealously protected as such.

After independence and the abolition of the princely States, the process ofdegradation of forests accelerated due to lax control.

Maharaja Martand Singh of Rewa was deeplu moved by the destruction of forests.

On his proposal, an area of 105 sq. km. was declared a National Park in 1965. the

area of the Park was increased to 448.84 sq. km.in 1982.

The area of the 105sq.km.old National Park was finally notified in 1968. the

remaining part of the National Park i.e. 343.842sq.km. is yet to be finally notified.

Considering the importance and potentiality of the National Park, it was included int

the Project Tiger Network in 1993.

The adjoining Panpatha sanctuary, which was crated in 1993 with an area of

245.847sq.km.was also declared a part of the Reserve.

Tiger Conservation in Corbett

The Reserve area was named as 'Hailey National Park' in 1936. This was renamed in

1954-55 as 'Ramganga National Park' and again in 1955-56 as 'Corbett National

Park'.

It is the oldest National Park in India. It was one of the nine Tiger Reserves createdat the launch of the Project Tiger in 1973.

The original area of the Park was 323.75 sq. km. to which 197.07 sq. km. was added

later. An area of 797.72 sq. km. was added as buffer in 1991.

This area includes the whole of Kalagarh Forest Division (including 301.18 sq. km.

area Sananadi Wildlife Sanctuary),96.70 sq. km. of Ramnager Forest Division and

another 89 sq. km.

The administrative control over the entire area is that of the Field Director of the

Reserve.

Wildlife Conservation in Sunderbans

Sunderbans Tiger Reserve, created in 1973, was the part of the then 24-Parganas

Forest Division. Subsequently, the area comprising the present tiger reserve was

constituted as a Reserve Forest in 1978.


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The area of the Reserve is 2585 sq. km. , covering a land area of 1600 sq. km. and

the water body occupying over 985 sq. km. Within this area, 1330.12 sq. km. is

designated as core area, which was subsequently declared as Sundarbans National

Park in 1984.

An area of 124.40 sq. km. within the core area is preserved as primitive zone to act

as a gene pool. Within the buffer zone, Sajnekhali Wildlife Sanctuary was created in

1976, covering an area of 362.335 sq. km. Considering the importance of the bio-

geographic gegion of Bengal River Forests and its unique bio-diversity, the National

Park area of the Reserve was included in the list of World Heritage Sites in 1985.

The entire Sundarbans area was declared as Biosphere Reserve in 1989.

Biosphere reserves

The Indian government has established seventeen Biosphere Reserves of India which protect

larger areas of natural habitat and often include one or more National Parks and/or preserves,

along buffer zones that are open to some economic uses. Protection is granted not only to theflora and fauna of the protected region, but also to the human communities who inhabit these

regions, and their ways of life. The Bio-reserves in India are:

1. Achanakmar-Amarkantak2. Agasthyamalai3. Dibru Saikhowa4. Dihang Dibang5. Great Nicobar6. Gulf of Mannar

7. Kachchh8. Kangchenjunga9. Manas10.Nanda Devi11.The Nilgiris12.Nokrek13.Pachmarhi14.Simlipal15.Sundarbans16.Cold desert17.seshachalam hills

Seven of the fifteen biosphere reserves are a part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves,based on the UNESCOMan and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) list.[19]

1. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve2. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve3. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve4. Nokrek National Park5. Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve6. Simlipal National Park
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achanakmar_Wildlife_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agasthyamalaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agasthyamalaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibru-Saikhowa_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihang-Dibang_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Nicobar_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar_Marine_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutch_Desert_Wildlife_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjungahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokrek_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachmarhi_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachmarhi_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simlipal_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simlipal_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_himalayas_of_Himachal_pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_ghats_of_andhra_pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokrek_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachmarhi_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simlipal_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achanakmar_Wildlife_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agasthyamalaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibru-Saikhowa_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihang-Dibang_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Nicobar_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar_Marine_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutch_Desert_Wildlife_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjungahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokrek_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachmarhi_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simlipal_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_himalayas_of_Himachal_pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_ghats_of_andhra_pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokrek_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachmarhi_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simlipal_National_Park


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7. Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve

Asiatic Lion Brahminy Kite Indian Cobra Indian Elephant

Indian Peafowl Indian Gazelle Indian Rhinoceros Indian Wild Dog

Lion-tailed Macaque Pariah Kite Ringnecked Parakeet Royal Bengal Tiger
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brahminy_kite2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminy_Kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Cobrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Peafowlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Gazellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Wild_Doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion-tailed_Macaquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose-ringed_Parakeethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bengal_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shikra1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panthera_tigris7.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rose-Ringed_Parakeet_.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Kite_(Milvus_migrans)_in_Hyderabad,_AP_W_IMG_9784.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion-tailed_Macaque.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cuon.alpinus-cut.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kazi_rhino_edit.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pfau_imponierend.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinkara.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thrippunithura-Elephant4_crop.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indiancobra.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brahminy_kite2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panthera_leo_persica_male.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminy_Kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Cobrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Peafowlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Gazellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Wild_Doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion-tailed_Macaquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose-ringed_Parakeethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bengal_Tiger


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Shikra

Role of ForensicsRole of Wildlife Forensic Facility (WFF) in Conservation

Major Achievements during last one year

Objectives:

The WFF was set up with a primary goal to develop and standardize techniques for

identifying species of varied wildlife parts reported in wildlife trade and provide support tovarious enforcement agencies viz. Forest, Police, CBI, DRI, Courts, Govt. of India and

Customs for implementing Wildlife (Protection) Act-1972.

Prepare Protocols and Manuals for identifying species

Sensitize issues among various enforcement agencies for proper evidence collection and

crime scene examination through regular workshops

Establish repository of reference samples

Number of Wildlife Offence Cases Referred to WII (n=673)

Distribution of Wildlife Offence Cases Referred to WII fromVarious Enforcement Agencies : (N=673)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikra


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Per cent occurrence of various parts reported inWildlife offence cases sent to WII :


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Morphometry A major basis for identifying species from parts and products inwildlife offence cases in India


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Wildlife Conserv

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Transcript of Wildlife Conserv