What happens in the duration from fertilization to seed germination?

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What happens in the duration from fertilization to seed germination?

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What happens in the duration from fertilization to seed germination?. Lecture 23 Plant Maturation & Senescence. Outline DVP and Maturation of Seed DVP and Maturation of Fruit Senescence 衰老 Dormancy 休眠. 种子. DVP and Maturation of Seed. 授粉. 受精. 1 精子 + 1 卵细胞→合子→ 胚. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of What happens in the duration from fertilization to seed germination?

Page 1: What happens in the duration from fertilization to seed germination?

What happens in the duration from fertilization to seed germination?

Page 2: What happens in the duration from fertilization to seed germination?

Outline

DVP and Maturation of Seed

DVP and Maturation of Fruit

Senescence 衰老 Dormancy 休眠

Lecture 23 Plant Maturation & Senescence

Page 3: What happens in the duration from fertilization to seed germination?

DVP and Maturation of Seed

授粉 受精

1 精子 + 1 卵细胞→合子→胚

珠被→种皮

1 精子 +2 极核→胚乳 种子

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DVP and Maturation of Seed

胚胎发生期

种子形成期

成熟休止期

IAA 、 GA 、 CK

IAA 、 GA 、 CK 、 ABA

胚胎继续生长物质的积累脱水

ABA

进入休眠

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DVP and Maturation of Seed

玉米素○ IAA □ GA △

小麦籽粒发育时期内源激素的变化 (以千粒重计算)(引自李合生, 2002 )

举例

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影响种子物质积累的外界因素

黑龙江 克山

北京 济

南 杭州

小麦蛋白质含量

水分温 度光 照矿质元素

DVP and Maturation of Seed

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Outline

DVP and Maturation of Seed

DVP and Maturation of Fruit

Senescence 衰老 Dormancy 休眠

Lecture 23 Plant Maturation & Senescence

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Page 9: What happens in the duration from fertilization to seed germination?

子房 → 真果实 如桃、李子等

非心皮组织 + 子房 → 假果实 如苹果、梨

DVP and Maturation of Fruit

Development

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植物生长大周期

玉米的生长曲线(李合生, 2002 )

果实的生长曲线

单 S 双 S

DVP and Maturation of Fruit

Development

内果皮木质化

果核变硬

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肉质果实 苹果、西红柿、梨、 草莓、香蕉等

核果 樱桃、葡萄、杏、李子、桃等

DVP and Maturation of Fruit

Development

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从停止生长到可食,果实内部发生的一系列生理生化变化。

Maturation

DVP and Maturation of Fruit

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例:番茄成熟过程中色泽的变化

呼吸的变化 外观呼吸跃变预备期 绿熟期跃变前期 白熟期跃变上升期 转色期跃变高峰期 红色成熟期跃变后期 完熟期

( 1 )色泽:绿→黄→红

Maturation

DVP and Maturation of Fruit

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香蕉香味主要取决于乙酸戊酯

桔子香味主要决定于柠檬醛

苹果香味主要决定于乙基 - 甲基 - 丁酸

( 2 )香味物质 每种果实几乎有 100种以上的香味物质

Maturation

DVP and Maturation of Fruit

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甜味增加

酸味降低

涩味消失

( 3 )味道

See Handout

Maturation

DVP and Maturation of Fruit

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果肉细胞壁的降解( 4 )硬度 : 硬 → 软

Maturation

DVP and Maturation of Fruit

- 扩展蛋白- 木葡聚糖内糖基转移酶- 果胶甲酯酶- 果胶酸酶

See Handout

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- 诱导呼吸跃变

香蕉

乙烯促进果实成熟

- 促进番茄和柠檬成熟过程中 β-胡萝卜素的合成

- 促进桃子的香气物质产生

- 诱导细胞壁水解酶的活性升高

DVP and Maturation of Fruit

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ABA 促进果实成熟

- 非跃变型果实: ABA 促进果实的成熟, 不依赖于乙烯。

- 跃变型果实: ABA触发乙烯峰和呼吸跃变

DVP and Maturation of Fruit

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- 促进叶绿素降解 - 促进 β-胡萝卜素合成

- 促进 ACC合成酶的活性升高- 促进 ACC氧化酶的活性升高

DVP and Maturation of Fruit

茉莉酸( JA )促进果皮的颜色变化

茉莉酸甲酯( JA-Me )促进乙烯合成

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Outline

DVP and Maturation of Seed

DVP and Maturation of Fruit

Senescence 衰老 Dormancy 休眠

Lecture 23 Plant Maturation & Senescence

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Senescence 衰老

成熟器官和整株植物自然终止生命活动的一系列衰退过程。

生命周期的最后阶段 终极是死亡 不可逆

概念

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衰老的类型

* 整体衰老 overall senescence

* 地上部分衰老 top senescence

单稔植物和竹,一旦开花,整株植物衰老死亡。

多年生草本植物,地上部分每年衰老死亡,但根及根状茎仍生活多年。

Senescence 衰老

—— 根据衰老部位分:

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多年生常绿木本植物 较老器官随时间的推移逐渐衰老脱落, 并被新的器官所取代。

多年生落叶木本植物 茎和根能生活多年, 而叶子每年全部衰老脱落。

* 渐进衰老 progressive senescence

* 脱落衰老 deciduous senescence

衰老的类型

Senescence 衰老

—— 根据衰老方式分:

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蚕豆叶片衰老过程中的生理生化变化

光合速率下降 叶绿素含量下降 短暂的呼吸峰

以叶片为例 生理变化

Senescence 衰老

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离体燕麦胚芽鞘在衰老过程中物质变化

蛋白质降解加快 叶绿素含量下降

生理变化

Senescence 衰老

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- 营养竞争学说

Molish:生殖器官的生长从营养器官夺取养分,引起营养器官营养亏缺,最后衰老。

Senescence 衰老

衰老的机理

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自由基具有很强的氧化能力: 破坏功能生物大分子( Pr、核酸、 Chl、膜脂)

促进乙烯合成

- 自由基损伤理论

衰老的机理

Senescence 衰老

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Programmed Cell Death ( PCD )

- 程序性细胞死亡理论

叶片衰老是核基因控制的 PCD

Senescence 衰老

衰老的机理

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促进多胺形成——多胺抑制 ACC合成酶的形成维持 SOD、 CAT 活性——清除自由基吸引营养物质集运——促进生长延缓叶绿素、蛋白质降解

CK延缓衰老

ABA、 ETH促进衰老

- 植物激素控制理论

Senescence 衰老

衰老的机理

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Outline

DVP and Maturation of Seed

DVP and Maturation of Fruit

Senescence 衰老 Dormancy 休眠

Lecture 23 Plant Maturation & Senescence

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植物生长极为缓慢或暂停的现象。

Dormancy 休眠

概念

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Physiological dormancy ( 生理性休眠 )

Forced dormancy (强迫性休眠)

Caused by internal cues

Resulted from external cues

按导致休眠的因素,休眠分为 :

Dormancy 休眠

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种子休眠按休眠器官,休眠分为 :

营养器官休眠

鳞茎、球茎、块根、块茎

芽(多年生落叶树木)

Dormancy 休眠

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种子成熟后,即使在适宜的外界条件下仍不萌发。

种子休眠 Seed dormancy

种子的强迫性休眠

- Caused by internal cues

- Resulted from external cues

种子的生理性休眠

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种子的生理性休眠

根据休眠原因分

Coat-imposed dormancy 种皮(限制)休眠

Embryo dormancy 种胚休眠

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种皮限制休眠 Coat-imposed dormancy

种皮含有蜡质的角质层、木栓质层、木质化的石细胞。如苜蓿、紫云英种子

有些种子的种皮不允许氧气透过,如椴树种子

种皮不透水

种皮不透气

原因

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种皮限制休眠 Coat-imposed dormancy

原因

如核果类种皮坚硬

种皮的机械限制

种皮阻止种子内部的萌发抑制物质流失

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萌发抑制物质还存在于: 果肉—番茄、苹果、梨、西瓜 种皮—谷类、苍耳、甘蓝 子叶—菜豆 胚乳—鸢尾

种皮或果皮含有大量萌发抑制物质( ABA )

种皮限制休眠 Coat-imposed dormancy

原因

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去除种皮携带的抑制物质

打破种皮限制休眠的方法

种皮限制休眠 Coat-imposed dormancy

机械擦破种皮

化学处理皂荚种子: 98%H2SO4浸泡 1h→ 清水洗净 → 40℃ 温水泡 86h。 水洗

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种胚休眠 Embryo dormancy

某些植物在种子脱离母体时胚尚未发育完全。 如兰科、列当科及毛茛科

欧洲白蜡

原因

当归

胚未发育完全

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有些种子脱离母体时,其胚形态上好似发育完全, 但未完成后熟。

种子采收后需经一系列生理生化变化才能达到真正成熟。

种子内淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪等进一步合成

胚未完成后熟

种胚休眠 Embryo dormancy

原因

后熟 Afterripening

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大麦、小麦、棉花等常温 1-2个月

种胚休眠 Embryo dormancy

促进后熟的常用方法

干藏完成后熟

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苹果、桃等低温( 5℃ ) 1-3个月操作:低温( 1 ~ 10℃ )下, 将种子分层放在湿砂中保存一定时间

层积的作用: 完成后熟 分解萌发抑制物质

种胚休眠 Embryo dormancy

促进后熟的常用方法 层积处理完成后熟

Page 44: What happens in the duration from fertilization to seed germination?

种子休眠按休眠器官,休眠分为 :

营养器官休眠

鳞茎、球茎、块根、块茎

芽(多年生落叶树木)

Dormancy 休眠

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芽休眠

多年生落叶木本植物 秋末:叶片感受短日照,促使芽进入休眠期; 初春:芽鳞片感受长日照,促进芽萌发。

光周期现象

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生物学意义渡过不良环境保证种族延续

原因:休眠器官抗逆性强。① 贮藏物丰富② 自由水含量低③ 代谢水平低④ 抗逆激素( ABA )及其诱导的抗逆蛋白

Dormancy 休眠

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Christchurch, New Zealand

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