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cÖwZeÜx cvV evsjv M‡elYvq GKwU mxwgZ †ÿÎ| RvZxqfv‡e GKxf‚Z wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ‡Póv iƒ‡c eZ©gv‡b RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ, wkÿv Kvh©µg Ges wkÿv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z GB aviYv µgk AMÖvwaKvi cv‡”Q| eZ©gv‡b cÖwZeÜx welqK cvV g~jZ cvðvZ¨ M‡elYv †_‡K cÖm~Z| cÖwZewÜZv‡K mwVKfv‡e Abyave‡bi m‡½ †`kxq HwZn¨, BwZnvm Ges Gi mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK †cÖÿvc‡Ui †evaMg¨Zv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| eZ©gvb M‡elYv GB cÖ‡Póvi Ask wn‡m‡e wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© evOvwj MÖvgxY mgv‡R cÖwZewÜZvi aib-aviY, cÖwZeÜxi gvbm, cÖwZeÜx‡`i cÖwZ evOvwj mgv‡Ri MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv I `„wófw½ Zz‡j Avbvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖvgvY¨ M‡elYvc‡Îi AcÖZzjZvi Kvi‡Y GKwU we‡kl mg‡qi mvwnZ¨K‡g©i we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn‡K M‡elYvi c×wZ wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB cÖ‡Póvi Ask wn‡m‡e eZ©gvb M‡elYvq ïay gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq iwPZ †QvUMí¸‡jv †_‡K cÖwZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvi djvd‡j wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© MÖvgxY mgv‡R cÖwZeÜx‡`i BwZevPK I GKxf‚Z mvgvwRK mnve¯’vb D‡V G‡m‡Q|

fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k Bs‡iwR wkÿvi AvMg‡bi m‡½ m‡½ g‡bvweÁvb cÖ_‡g wPwKrmvweÁvb Ges c‡i wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z `k©bkv‡¯¿ hy³ nq| eZ©gvbKvj ch©šÍ †ewki fvMB Zv cwðgv M‡elYv Ges cvV¨cy¯ÍKwfwËK I wWwmwcøb Abymv‡i cVb-cvVb cwiPvwjZ n‡q Avm‡Q| †jLK؇qi eZ©gvb M‡elYv cÖ‡PóvwU GKwU Pjgvb wmwiR cÖ‡Póvi Ask- †hLv‡b wewfbœ wjjvw` I mvwnZ¨ †_‡K wewfbœ mg‡q evsjv‡`‡ki g‡bv‰eÁvwbK welq¸‡jvi AbymÜvb, we‡kølY Ges WKz‡g‡›Ukb-Gi gva¨‡g G‡`kxq cUf‚wg‡Z g‡bv‰eÁvwbK welq¸‡jv Zz‡j aivi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †jLKØq g‡b K‡ib, †`kxq g‡bv‰eÁvwbK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi mg¨K aviYv †`kxq cUf‚wg‡Z g‡bvweÁvb‡K mn‡R Abyaveb Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e| wesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K cÖwZewÜZv I Zvi `iæb m„ó gvbwmK mgm¨v wb‡q cÖvgvwYK `wjjcÎvw`i Afve †eva †_‡K mvwnZ¨‡Kw›`ªK cvV Ges M‡elYv¸‡jv †_‡K cÖwZewÜZv welqwU Zz‡j Avbvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| mvwnZ¨ mgv‡Ri evB‡i bq Ges cÖwZwU mvwnZ¨Kg©B GKwU mgv‡Ri GKwU mgq‡K wPÎvwqZ K‡i| mvwn‡Z¨i GB HwZnvwmK ˆewkó¨ g‡bvweÁvb I cÖwZeÜx ÷vwWi Awfbe gva¨g n‡Z cv‡i| mvwnZ¨ †_‡K IB mgqKvi PwiÎ, g‡bvfve, K‡_vcK_b, cvwicvwk¦©K eY©bv, NUbv¸‡jv we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g IB mgqKvi gvbweK ˆewk󨸇jv m¤^‡Ü mg¨K aviYv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e| mvwnZ¨¯’ Pwiθ‡jvi AvPiY Ges gvbwmK cÖwµqv IB mgqKvi g‡bv‰eÁvwbK we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖvgvwYK Z_¨ I WvUv-Gi Afv‡ei m¤ú~iK n‡Z cv‡i| wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ g‡bvweÁv‡bi Dcv`v‡bi e¨env‡ii RbwcÖqZv jÿ Kiv hvq|

wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© cÖwZewÜZv Ges evOvwj MÖvgxYmgvR: gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi wfLy I Ab¨vb¨ PwiÎ

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* mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv** wd« †jÝ M‡elK

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 09

hw`I †ewki fvM mvwnZ¨‡Kw›`ªK cvV Ges M‡elYv¸‡jv mvaviY gvbwmK Ø›Ø Ges Uvbv‡cvob‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q, hvi †ewki fvMB wQj d«‡qW-Gi g‡bvmgxÿY ZË¡AvwkÖZ gvbwmK we‡kølY| g‡bv‰eÁvwbK Dcv`vb wb‡q mvwnZ¨ iPbvi GB avivq gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq wQ‡jb we‡kl cÖwYavb‡hvM¨ (†MvcxKvbv_ ivq‡PŠayix, 2008)| ZvB wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a©i ^xK…Z cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix gvwbK mvwn‡Z¨i gva¨‡g wesk kZ‡Ki †Mvovq cÖwZewÜZvi aib-aviY, cÖwZeÜxi gvbm, cÖwZeÜx‡`i cÖwZ evOvwj mgv‡Ri MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv, `„wófw½, wek¦vm wKsev Kzms¯‹viBev Kx iƒ‡c weivRgvb wQj Zv Rvbvi cÖqvm Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q GB M‡elYv cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g|

wenvi iv‡R¨i muvIZvj ciMbvi †QvÆ kni ygKvq Rb¥MÖnYKvix gvwbK (1908- 56) huvi wcZ…cÖ`Ë bvg cÖ‡eva Kzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq-B n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb evsjv K_v mvwn‡Z¨ ew¼g, iex›`ªbv_ I kir cieZ©x hy‡M Ab¨Zg †kÖô, e¨wZµgx I cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix †jLK (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK, 2015)| gvÎ wek eQi eq‡m eÜz‡`i m‡½ ewPΨ g¨vMvwR‡b Mí Qvcv‡bvi evwR a‡i †jLK wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk NU‡jI Zvi †jLwbi eqmKvj wQj bvwZ`xN© (ˆmq` AvwRRj nK, 2015)| evev miKvwi PvKz‡i nIqvi myev‡` bvbv ¯’v‡b bvbv †kÖwY-†ckv-ag©-e‡Y©i gvby‡li myL-`ytL KvQ †_‡K †`Lvi AwfÁZv cÖwZdwjZ n‡qwQj Zuvi †jLvq (eyׇ`e fÆvPvh©, 2012)| weÁv‡bi QvÎ n‡qI †hŠbweÁvb, gb¯ÍË¡ Avi wek¦mvwnZ¨-i cÖwZ Zuvi AvKl©Y wQj Abb¨ (eyׇ`e fÆvPvh©, 2012)| d«‡qWxq `k©b I gvK©mxq mgvRexÿvi cÖfve wQj Zvi †jLbx‡Z| cÙvb`xi gvwS I cyZzj bv‡Pi BwZK_v (1936) iPbvKv‡j wZwb AvµvšÍ nb `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa Gwcj¨vwá-†Z hv wQj Awbivgq‡hvM¨ (eyׇ`e fÆvPvh©, 2012)| wKš‘ †iv‡Mi fqvenZv Zuvi m„wókxjZvi c_‡K iæ× Ki‡Z cv‡iwb KL‡bv| eis wZwb Zuvi †jLbx‡K MwZgq †i‡LwQ‡jb ^D™¢vweZ cš’vq (eyׇ`e fÆvPvh©, 2012)|

gvwb‡Ki wesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡Ki iPbvq d«‡qWxq Ae‡PZbvkÖqx gb¯ÍvwË¡K we‡køl‡Yi wewfbœ Dcv`vb ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q (†MvcxKvbv_ ivq‡PŠayix, 2008)| Zuvi †QvUM‡í mgv‡Ri †gnbwZ gvby‡li Rxeb msMÖvg, †kÖwY‰elg¨RwbZ cxob-eÂbvi cvkvcvwk myweavewÂZ gvby‡li g‡a¨ wKQz PwiÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| kvixwiK wKsev gvbwmKfv‡e P¨v‡jÄW Gme gvbyl mgv‡RiB Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| cwiev‡i Z_v mgv‡R Gme gvby‡li Dcw¯’wZ weivRgvb _vK‡jI mvwn‡Z¨ G‡`i Dcw¯’wZ LyeB bMY¨| wKš‘ gvwbK mgv‡Ri Gme gvby‡li Rxeb msMÖvg I RwUj gb¯ÍvwË¡K w`Kmg~‡ni Ici m‡PZbfv‡e Av‡jv †d‡j †mw`‡K cvV‡Ki g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y K‡i‡Qb| `„wó, kÖeY, kvixwiK I gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx e¨w³ Zuvi †jLvq we‡klfv‡e D‡V G‡m‡Q| †jL‡Ki †PvL w`‡q Avgiv †`Lvi †Póv K‡iwQ wesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwZewÜZv| KviY, Zv‡`i gb¯ÍvwË¡K Ae¯’v Ges mgv‡R Zv‡`i MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv|

†ewki fvM mgv‡jvPK gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi M‡íi Pwiθ‡jv‡K Zv‡`i gvbwmK ؛؇K d‡« qWxq †cÿÖ vc‡U Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †ewk AvMnÖ x wQ‡jb| m¤v¢ e¨ KviY nqZev GUvB †h, wesk kZ‡Ki wÎk `k‡K d‡« qWxq `kb© Dcgnv‡`‡k AvMgb I Zvi e¨vcK PPv© mvwn‡Z¨ cwÖ Zdj‡bi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †ewki fvM GB mgv‡jvPbv mvwnZ¨im wePvi cwi‡cwÖ ÿ‡Z Kiv| AÎ M‡elYvcÎwU‡Z Avgiv mvwnZ¨im ؇›Ø Pwiθ‡jv we‡klø Y †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m cwÖ ZewÜZvi ( ) Av‡jv‡K IB mgqUKz ‡z K aivi †Póv K‡iwQ| †mRb¨ Avgv‡`i Av‡jvPbvq bvix-ciy æ‡li †hŠb AvKv•ÿv ev Ae`wgZ

Disability Studies

B”Qv GB Av‡jvPbvq Av‡mwb| ÔcvÖ ‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡íi wfL,y ÔgnvKv‡ji RUvi RUÕ M‡íi mwy PÎv I Ômixmc„ Õ M‡í Pviæ, cix I ebgvjxi Ae`wgZ †hŠb AvKv•ÿv I ؇›Øi Zjz bvq cwÖ ZeÜx e¨w³i Rxeb, gvbm Ges Rxeb msMvÖ g ev Aw¯ZÍ ¡ iÿvi c‡Ö PóvB wQj Avgv‡`i caÖ vb AvM‡Ö ni welq| IB mgq Bs‡iwR wkÿv I cvðvZ¨ ms¯‹w… Z beMwVZ ga¨weË †kwÖ Y Øviv cmÖ vwiZ n‡Z ïiæ Ki‡jI evsjvi MvÖ gxY mgvR‡K Zv Ley mvgvb¨B ¯úk© K‡i‡Q| MvÖ gxY mgvR ivóxª q cwieZ‡© bi cfÖ ve‡Ki Zjz bvq ¯v’ bxq, agx© q I mvs¯‹w… ZK Kw… ó-KvjPvi Øviv A‡bK †ewk wbqwšZ¿ n‡Zv (Siska & Habib, 2015)| cwÖ ZeÜx Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv ZvB e¨w³ gvb‡y li m‡½ m‡½ IB mg‡qi mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹w… ZK Ges agx© q Dcv`vb¸‡jv Kxfv‡e cwÖ ZewÜZv‡K cfÖ vweZ KiZ- ZvB GB c‡Ö Póvi gva¨‡g Z‡z j Avbvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cÖwZewÜZvi GB mvgvwRK cÖfve e¨vL¨vq Avgiv eZ©gvb M‡elYvcÎwU‡Z cÖwZewÜZv cv‡Vi (Disability studies) †mvk¨vj I †gwW‡Kj g‡Wj‡K Avgv‡`i we‡køl‡Yi w_IwiwUK¨vj †d«g wn‡m‡e wb‡qwQ| †mvk¨vj g‡Wj I †gwW‡Kj g‡Wj cÖwZewÜZv‡K `yÕwU wfbœ †jÝ Øviv e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Q| †gwW‡Kj g‡Wj cÖwZewÜZv‡K e¨w³MZ GKwU Ac~Y©Zv Ges ÎæwU wn‡m‡e †`‡L (Union of the

Physically Impaired Against Segregation, 1976)| Gi wecix‡Z †mvk¨vj g‡Wj cÖwZewÜZv‡K mgvRm„ó e‡j g‡b K‡i| †mvk¨vj g‡Wj †`Lvq mgvR cÖwZeÜxi wfbœZv‡K MÖnY I †imcÝ Ki‡Z bv cvivq GKRb cÖwZeÜx mgv‡Ri Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ð AskMÖnY I Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, GKwU wkï we`¨vj‡q hvq bv -Gi KviY wn‡m‡e Zvi kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZv‡K `vqx Kiv nq †gwW‡Kj g‡W‡j| Ab¨w`‡K †mvk¨vj g‡Wj wkïwU we`¨vj‡q Abycw¯’wZ‡K wkïwUi e¨w³MZ ÎæwU‡K vqx bv K‡i mgvR‡K vqx K‡i| we`¨vjq ev mgvR hw` wkïwUi Rb¨ ûBj †Pqvi ev i¨v¤ú-Gi e¨e¯’v KiZ Z‡e wkïwU Ab¨ mevi g‡Zv ‹z‡j †h‡Z cviZ| †gwW‡Kj g‡Wj kvixwiK I gvbwmK wfbœZv‡K mgvR KZ…©K Av‡ivwcZ AÿgZv wPwýZ K‡i D³ e¨w³‡K mvgvwRK wewfbœ Kvh©µg n‡Z wew”Qbœ I eR©b K‡i (Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation, 1976) | d‡j cÖwZewÜZvi `iæY Gme gvbyl mgv‡R wbMÖ‡ni wkKvi nq| †mvk¨vj g‡Wj cÖwZewÜZv‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i, cÖwZewÜZv Rb¥MZ bq eis mgvR KZ…©K Av‡ivwcZ evav wn‡m‡e| Gme mvgvwRK evav ag©xq I mvs¯‹…wZK g~j¨‡eva, wkÿv, wk‡íi Dbœqb, †fŠ‡MvwjK MwZkxjZv I cuywRev`x A_©bxwZ Øviv wbqwš¿Z I cwiPvwjZ nq (Priestley, 2006; Siska & Habib, 2013)| evwn¨K Rb¥MZ ÎæwU wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi Kj¨v‡Y cybe©vmb Kiv †M‡jI mgv‡Ri `„wófw½RwbZ cÖwZewÜZv‡K eRvq ivL‡Z mgvR eva¨ K‡i| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü Avgiv cÖwZeÜwZvi HwZnvwmK Ges †`kxq cUf‚wg we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwZewÜZvi †mvk¨vj g‡Wj‡K wfwË wn‡m‡e a‡iwQ|

M‡elYv c×wZK_vmvwnwZ¨K gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †QvUM‡íi †gvU msL¨v wb‡q gZvšiÍ Av‡Q; msL¨vwU †jLK‡f‡` 177, 250 Ges 271 (e×y ‡`e fÆvPvh,© 2012; ˆmq` AvwRRjy nK, 2015; †gvt kvnRvnvb wgqv, 2008)| †QvUMí QvovI wZwb iPbv K‡i‡Qb 37wU Dcb¨vm, 27wU wK‡kvi‡Zvl Mí, 4wU wK‡kvi‡Zvl Dcb¨vm QvovI †ek wKQz KweZv, bvUK, ceÖ Ü-wbeÜ- w`bwjwc- wPwVcÎ (ˆmq` AvwRRjy nK, 2015)| gvwb‡Ki iPbvm¤v¢ i wekvj nIqvq M‡elYvi wmwiR c‡Ö Póvi GB As‡k ïay gvwb‡Ki iwPZ †QvUMí¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mxgve× ivLv n‡q‡Q| Avgiv m‡ev© ‡gvU 157wU †QvUMí GB M‡elYvq AšfÍ ³©z

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 11evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx10

hw`I †ewki fvM mvwnZ¨‡Kw›`ªK cvV Ges M‡elYv¸‡jv mvaviY gvbwmK Ø›Ø Ges Uvbv‡cvob‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q, hvi †ewki fvMB wQj d«‡qW-Gi g‡bvmgxÿY ZË¡AvwkÖZ gvbwmK we‡kølY| g‡bv‰eÁvwbK Dcv`vb wb‡q mvwnZ¨ iPbvi GB avivq gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq wQ‡jb we‡kl cÖwYavb‡hvM¨ (†MvcxKvbv_ ivq‡PŠayix, 2008)| ZvB wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a©i ^xK…Z cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix gvwbK mvwn‡Z¨i gva¨‡g wesk kZ‡Ki †Mvovq cÖwZewÜZvi aib-aviY, cÖwZeÜxi gvbm, cÖwZeÜx‡`i cÖwZ evOvwj mgv‡Ri MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv, `„wófw½, wek¦vm wKsev Kzms¯‹viBev Kx iƒ‡c weivRgvb wQj Zv Rvbvi cÖqvm Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q GB M‡elYv cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g|

wenvi iv‡R¨i muvIZvj ciMbvi †QvÆ kni ygKvq Rb¥MÖnYKvix gvwbK (1908- 56) huvi wcZ…cÖ`Ë bvg cÖ‡eva Kzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq-B n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb evsjv K_v mvwn‡Z¨ ew¼g, iex›`ªbv_ I kir cieZ©x hy‡M Ab¨Zg †kÖô, e¨wZµgx I cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix †jLK (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK, 2015)| gvÎ wek eQi eq‡m eÜz‡`i m‡½ ewPΨ g¨vMvwR‡b Mí Qvcv‡bvi evwR a‡i †jLK wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk NU‡jI Zvi †jLwbi eqmKvj wQj bvwZ`xN© (ˆmq` AvwRRj nK, 2015)| evev miKvwi PvKz‡i nIqvi myev‡` bvbv ¯’v‡b bvbv †kÖwY-†ckv-ag©-e‡Y©i gvby‡li myL-`ytL KvQ †_‡K †`Lvi AwfÁZv cÖwZdwjZ n‡qwQj Zuvi †jLvq (eyׇ`e fÆvPvh©, 2012)| weÁv‡bi QvÎ n‡qI †hŠbweÁvb, gb¯ÍË¡ Avi wek¦mvwnZ¨-i cÖwZ Zuvi AvKl©Y wQj Abb¨ (eyׇ`e fÆvPvh©, 2012)| d«‡qWxq `k©b I gvK©mxq mgvRexÿvi cÖfve wQj Zvi †jLbx‡Z| cÙvb`xi gvwS I cyZzj bv‡Pi BwZK_v (1936) iPbvKv‡j wZwb AvµvšÍ nb `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa Gwcj¨vwá-†Z hv wQj Awbivgq‡hvM¨ (eyׇ`e fÆvPvh©, 2012)| wKš‘ †iv‡Mi fqvenZv Zuvi m„wókxjZvi c_‡K iæ× Ki‡Z cv‡iwb KL‡bv| eis wZwb Zuvi †jLbx‡K MwZgq †i‡LwQ‡jb ^D™¢vweZ cš’vq (eyׇ`e fÆvPvh©, 2012)|

gvwb‡Ki wesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡Ki iPbvq d«‡qWxq Ae‡PZbvkÖqx gb¯ÍvwË¡K we‡køl‡Yi wewfbœ Dcv`vb ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q (†MvcxKvbv_ ivq‡PŠayix, 2008)| Zuvi †QvUM‡í mgv‡Ri †gnbwZ gvby‡li Rxeb msMÖvg, †kÖwY‰elg¨RwbZ cxob-eÂbvi cvkvcvwk myweavewÂZ gvby‡li g‡a¨ wKQz PwiÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| kvixwiK wKsev gvbwmKfv‡e P¨v‡jÄW Gme gvbyl mgv‡RiB Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| cwiev‡i Z_v mgv‡R Gme gvby‡li Dcw¯’wZ weivRgvb _vK‡jI mvwn‡Z¨ G‡`i Dcw¯’wZ LyeB bMY¨| wKš‘ gvwbK mgv‡Ri Gme gvby‡li Rxeb msMÖvg I RwUj gb¯ÍvwË¡K w`Kmg~‡ni Ici m‡PZbfv‡e Av‡jv †d‡j †mw`‡K cvV‡Ki g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y K‡i‡Qb| `„wó, kÖeY, kvixwiK I gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx e¨w³ Zuvi †jLvq we‡klfv‡e D‡V G‡m‡Q| †jL‡Ki †PvL w`‡q Avgiv †`Lvi †Póv K‡iwQ wesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwZewÜZv| KviY, Zv‡`i gb¯ÍvwË¡K Ae¯’v Ges mgv‡R Zv‡`i MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv|

†ewki fvM mgv‡jvPK gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi M‡íi Pwiθ‡jv‡K Zv‡`i gvbwmK ؛؇K d‡« qWxq †cÿÖ vc‡U Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †ewk AvMnÖ x wQ‡jb| m¤v¢ e¨ KviY nqZev GUvB †h, wesk kZ‡Ki wÎk `k‡K d‡« qWxq `kb© Dcgnv‡`‡k AvMgb I Zvi e¨vcK PPv© mvwn‡Z¨ cwÖ Zdj‡bi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †ewki fvM GB mgv‡jvPbv mvwnZ¨im wePvi cwi‡cwÖ ÿ‡Z Kiv| AÎ M‡elYvcÎwU‡Z Avgiv mvwnZ¨im ؇›Ø Pwiθ‡jv we‡klø Y †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m cwÖ ZewÜZvi ( ) Av‡jv‡K IB mgqUKz ‡z K aivi †Póv K‡iwQ| †mRb¨ Avgv‡`i Av‡jvPbvq bvix-ciy æ‡li †hŠb AvKv•ÿv ev Ae`wgZ

Disability Studies

B”Qv GB Av‡jvPbvq Av‡mwb| ÔcvÖ ‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡íi wfL,y ÔgnvKv‡ji RUvi RUÕ M‡íi mwy PÎv I Ômixmc„ Õ M‡í Pviæ, cix I ebgvjxi Ae`wgZ †hŠb AvKv•ÿv I ؇›Øi Zjz bvq cwÖ ZeÜx e¨w³i Rxeb, gvbm Ges Rxeb msMvÖ g ev Aw¯ZÍ ¡ iÿvi c‡Ö PóvB wQj Avgv‡`i caÖ vb AvM‡Ö ni welq| IB mgq Bs‡iwR wkÿv I cvðvZ¨ ms¯‹w… Z beMwVZ ga¨weË †kwÖ Y Øviv cmÖ vwiZ n‡Z ïiæ Ki‡jI evsjvi MvÖ gxY mgvR‡K Zv Ley mvgvb¨B ¯úk© K‡i‡Q| MvÖ gxY mgvR ivóxª q cwieZ‡© bi cfÖ ve‡Ki Zjz bvq ¯v’ bxq, agx© q I mvs¯‹w… ZK Kw… ó-KvjPvi Øviv A‡bK †ewk wbqwšZ¿ n‡Zv (Siska & Habib, 2015)| cwÖ ZeÜx Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv ZvB e¨w³ gvb‡y li m‡½ m‡½ IB mg‡qi mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹w… ZK Ges agx© q Dcv`vb¸‡jv Kxfv‡e cwÖ ZewÜZv‡K cfÖ vweZ KiZ- ZvB GB c‡Ö Póvi gva¨‡g Z‡z j Avbvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cÖwZewÜZvi GB mvgvwRK cÖfve e¨vL¨vq Avgiv eZ©gvb M‡elYvcÎwU‡Z cÖwZewÜZv cv‡Vi (Disability studies) †mvk¨vj I †gwW‡Kj g‡Wj‡K Avgv‡`i we‡køl‡Yi w_IwiwUK¨vj †d«g wn‡m‡e wb‡qwQ| †mvk¨vj g‡Wj I †gwW‡Kj g‡Wj cÖwZewÜZv‡K `yÕwU wfbœ †jÝ Øviv e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Q| †gwW‡Kj g‡Wj cÖwZewÜZv‡K e¨w³MZ GKwU Ac~Y©Zv Ges ÎæwU wn‡m‡e †`‡L (Union of the

Physically Impaired Against Segregation, 1976)| Gi wecix‡Z †mvk¨vj g‡Wj cÖwZewÜZv‡K mgvRm„ó e‡j g‡b K‡i| †mvk¨vj g‡Wj †`Lvq mgvR cÖwZeÜxi wfbœZv‡K MÖnY I †imcÝ Ki‡Z bv cvivq GKRb cÖwZeÜx mgv‡Ri Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ð AskMÖnY I Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, GKwU wkï we`¨vj‡q hvq bv -Gi KviY wn‡m‡e Zvi kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZv‡K `vqx Kiv nq †gwW‡Kj g‡W‡j| Ab¨w`‡K †mvk¨vj g‡Wj wkïwU we`¨vj‡q Abycw¯’wZ‡K wkïwUi e¨w³MZ ÎæwU‡K vqx bv K‡i mgvR‡K vqx K‡i| we`¨vjq ev mgvR hw` wkïwUi Rb¨ ûBj †Pqvi ev i¨v¤ú-Gi e¨e¯’v KiZ Z‡e wkïwU Ab¨ mevi g‡Zv ‹z‡j †h‡Z cviZ| †gwW‡Kj g‡Wj kvixwiK I gvbwmK wfbœZv‡K mgvR KZ…©K Av‡ivwcZ AÿgZv wPwýZ K‡i D³ e¨w³‡K mvgvwRK wewfbœ Kvh©µg n‡Z wew”Qbœ I eR©b K‡i (Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation, 1976) | d‡j cÖwZewÜZvi `iæY Gme gvbyl mgv‡R wbMÖ‡ni wkKvi nq| †mvk¨vj g‡Wj cÖwZewÜZv‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i, cÖwZewÜZv Rb¥MZ bq eis mgvR KZ…©K Av‡ivwcZ evav wn‡m‡e| Gme mvgvwRK evav ag©xq I mvs¯‹…wZK g~j¨‡eva, wkÿv, wk‡íi Dbœqb, †fŠ‡MvwjK MwZkxjZv I cuywRev`x A_©bxwZ Øviv wbqwš¿Z I cwiPvwjZ nq (Priestley, 2006; Siska & Habib, 2013)| evwn¨K Rb¥MZ ÎæwU wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi Kj¨v‡Y cybe©vmb Kiv †M‡jI mgv‡Ri `„wófw½RwbZ cÖwZewÜZv‡K eRvq ivL‡Z mgvR eva¨ K‡i| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü Avgiv cÖwZeÜwZvi HwZnvwmK Ges †`kxq cUf‚wg we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwZewÜZvi †mvk¨vj g‡Wj‡K wfwË wn‡m‡e a‡iwQ|

M‡elYv c×wZK_vmvwnwZ¨K gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †QvUM‡íi †gvU msL¨v wb‡q gZvšiÍ Av‡Q; msL¨vwU †jLK‡f‡` 177, 250 Ges 271 (e×y ‡`e fÆvPvh,© 2012; ˆmq` AvwRRjy nK, 2015; †gvt kvnRvnvb wgqv, 2008)| †QvUMí QvovI wZwb iPbv K‡i‡Qb 37wU Dcb¨vm, 27wU wK‡kvi‡Zvl Mí, 4wU wK‡kvi‡Zvl Dcb¨vm QvovI †ek wKQz KweZv, bvUK, ceÖ Ü-wbeÜ- w`bwjwc- wPwVcÎ (ˆmq` AvwRRjy nK, 2015)| gvwb‡Ki iPbvm¤v¢ i wekvj nIqvq M‡elYvi wmwiR c‡Ö Póvi GB As‡k ïay gvwb‡Ki iwPZ †QvUMí¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mxgve× ivLv n‡q‡Q| Avgiv m‡ev© ‡gvU 157wU †QvUMí GB M‡elYvq AšfÍ ³©z

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 11evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx10

K‡iwQ| mvwnZ¨ iPbv we‡klø YKv‡j †QvU-eo cwÖ ZwU PwiÎ Aa¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g cwÖ ZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv wPwýZ K‡iwQ| wPwýZ cwÖ ZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv we‡klø ‡Yi mgq Avgiv cwÖ ZewÜZvi KviY, aib, kvixwiK-gvbwmK Ø›Ø, cwÖ ZewÜZvi cwÖ Z mgv‡Ri w„ ófw½, wPwKrmv cfÖ w… Z welq †`Lvi †Póv K‡iwQ|

djvdj

cÖwZewÜZvi aibAvgv‡`i M‡elYvq AšÍfz©³ gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi 162wU M‡íi g‡a¨ 20wU M‡í cÖwZeÜx PwiÎ G‡m‡Q| Gme cÖwZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv‡K we‡kølY K‡i cuvP ai‡bi cÖwZeÜx PwiÎ Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB- h_v: kvixwiK, eyw×, kÖeY, evK I `„wó cÖwZewÜZv (mviwb 1)| †ewki fvM PwiÎ wfbœ wfbœ eq‡mi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡jI cÖvq me¸‡jv PwiÎB MÖvgxY cwi‡e‡ki cUf‚wg‡Z Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Pwiθ‡jv‡Z †hgb m`¨f‚wgô wkï i‡q‡Q †Zgwb ga¨eq¯‹ bvix I cyiæ‡liI mgv‡ek N‡U‡Q| Pwiθ‡jv mvaviYZ wb¤œ I wb¤œ-ga¨weË cwievi I A_©‰bwZK `‡ji AšÍfz©³| †ckvq wfÿzK n‡Z ïiæ K‡i Ab¨ cwiev‡i AvwkÖZ bvix I wkï i‡q‡Q| myZivs gvwb‡Ki †QvUM‡í cÖwZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv mywbw`©ófv‡e GKwU mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix|

gvwbK mvwn‡Z¨ cÖwZewÜZvi aviYvMZ KviY I Drm¸‡jv eûwea I ewPΨgq| †mLv‡b yN©Ubv wKsev Aciva Kg©KvÐ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i Rb¥MZfv‡e cÖwZewÜZv cÖvwßi eY©bv i‡q‡Q| ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡í wfLy emšÍcy‡ii eKzÚ mvnvi evwo‡Z WvKvwZ Ki‡Z wM‡q Kuv‡a ek©vi AvNvZ cvq| wPwKrmvi Afv‡e wfLyi Wvb nvZwU Kg©ÿgZv nvivq Ges cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq|

Avi Ggwb k³cÖvY wfLyi †h ïay GB AvkÖqUzKz cvBqvB webv wPwKrmvq I GK iKg webv h‡ZœB GK gvm gyg~ly© Ae¯’v KvUvBqv †m µ‡g µ‡g wbwðZ giY‡K Rq Kwiqv †dwjj| wKš‘ Wvb nvZwU Zvnvi Avi fv‡jv nBj bv| Mv‡Qi giv Wv‡ji g‡Zv ïKvBqv wMqv Aek AKg©Y¨ nBqv cwoj| cÖ_‡g AwZ K‡ó nvZUv †m GKUz bvwo‡Z cvwiZ, wKš‘ †kl ch©šÍ †m ÿgZvUzKzI Zvnvi bó nBqv †Mj| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 21)|

Ômixm„cÕ M‡í Pviæi ¯^vgx wQj eyw× cÖwZeÜx, hv‡K M‡í eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔAvacvMjvÕ wn‡m‡e Avi GKgvÎ wkïcyÎ fzeb‡K †`L‡Z cvB Rb¥MZfv‡e ¯^vfvweK eyw×i weKv‡k evavcÖvß we‡kl wkï wn‡m‡e| hvi `iæb Pviæ `ywðšÍvMÖ¯Í n‡q c‡o g„Zz¨i ci Zvi wkïcyÎ fze‡bi Kx n‡e †f‡e| fze‡bi cÖwZewÜZv‡K GB M‡í †hfv‡e eY©bv Kiv nq-

N‡ii wfZi nB‡Z fzeb _yc_yc Kwiqv cv †dwjqv Avwmqv `uvovBj| †m AZ¨vðh© †gvUv| Zvnvi Mjvq `ywU LuvR Av‡Q, g‡b nq Mv‡jI LuvR cwo‡e| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 33|)

cÖwZewÜZv †h ïay Rb¥MZ wQj Zv bq, Gi cÖgvY †g‡j ÔRxweKvÕ bvgK †QvUM‡í| ÔRxweKvÕ M‡í Kvjyi †ckv ev †bkv wQj Bu`viv ev Kzqvq †b‡g nviv‡bv g~j¨evb e¯‘i †LuvR Kiv| †bkvi Uv‡b wKsev RxweKvi cÖ‡qvR‡bB †nvK Kvjy‡K KL‡bv Zvi cZ…K †ckv †hgb: Ni QvIqv, †eov euvav, KvV †PjvB Kiv cÖf„wZ †Zgb AvKl©Y KiZ bv| eis MÖv‡gi nvivY-Gi Kzqv Lbb wKsev Kzqvq nviv‡bv wRwbm †LuvRvi Rb¨ R‡ji wb‡P evievi A`„k¨ nIqv -Zv‡K †mB kke n‡Z †ivgvwÂZ KiZ| MÖv‡gi R‰bK K…‡ò›`y miKv‡ii †QvUeD‡qi nv‡Zi AbšÍ Bu`vivq †Lvqv †M‡j Kvjyi WvK c‡o| Kvjy m`¨ g¨v‡jwiqv R¡‡i Kvey kixi wb‡q GKwU UvKvi Rb¨ †Kvg‡i `uwo †eu‡a Bu`vivi Mfxi R‡j Wze †`q| wKš‘ wKQzÿ‡Yi g‡a¨ †m Bu`vivi cv‡o D‡V emvgvÎ bvK w`‡q i³ c‡o| hvi d‡j †m ZvrÿwYKfv‡e ewai n‡q hvq, hw`I c‡i Avevi Kv‡b ïb‡Z ïiæ K‡i| mvgwqK cÖwZewÜZv n‡jI G ai‡bi SzuwKc~Y© RxweKv †h Kvjyi Rxe‡b kÖæwZ cÖwZewÜZvi g‡Zv ANU‡bi KviY n‡Z cviZ-ZviB Avfvm GLv‡b cvIqv hvq|

ÔAÜÕ M‡í †g‡q †gvwnbx wQj AÜ-Rb¥vÜ wKbv †mB wel‡q †Kv‡bv Bw½Z †QvUMíwU‡Z cvIq hvqwb| wKš‘ Zvi evev mbvZb PµeZ©x gvÎvwZwi³ g`¨ †me‡bi iæb Qvcvbœ eQi eq‡m A܇Z¡i wkKvi nb e‡j D‡jøL cvIqv hvq| Avevi ÔgnvKv‡ji RUvi RUÕ M‡í eo †g‡q mywPÎv‡K Ava †evev, Ava Kvjv, Ava cvMj wn‡m‡e ewY©Z n‡Z †`L‡Z cvB| cvÎcÿ Zv‡K †`L‡Z G‡j Zvi A¯^vfvweK AvPi‡Yi ewntcÖKvk N‡U-

mviwb 1: GKbR‡i gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †QvUM‡í cÖvß cÖwZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv:

kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZv

eyw× cÖwZewÜZv

kÖeY cÖwZewÜZv`„wó cÖwZewÜZv

evK cÖwZewÜZv

cÖv‰MwZnvwmKZvici?

iv‡mi †gjvbe Avjcbv

†j‡fj µwmsfq¼igxgvsmv

kvwšÍjZvi K_vmixm„c

†civbUvZvici?

†Kvb w`‡K

`yN©UbvRxweKvAÜ

Mv‡qbgnvKv‡ji RUvi RU

wfLy, ewmiM‡RbwfLvwibUzKAejvdzwjwefv

Puvw`i bb`Pviæi ¯^vgx I Pviæi wkïcyÎ fzeb

dzjevbynv‡ev

cvMjx †g‡qk¤¢yKvjy

†gvwnbx, mbvZb PµeZ©xbUe‡ii †g‡q

mywPÎv

cÖwZewÜZvi aib M‡íi bvg Pwi‡Îi bvg

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 13evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx12

K‡iwQ| mvwnZ¨ iPbv we‡klø YKv‡j †QvU-eo cwÖ ZwU PwiÎ Aa¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g cwÖ ZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv wPwýZ K‡iwQ| wPwýZ cwÖ ZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv we‡klø ‡Yi mgq Avgiv cwÖ ZewÜZvi KviY, aib, kvixwiK-gvbwmK Ø›Ø, cwÖ ZewÜZvi cwÖ Z mgv‡Ri w„ ófw½, wPwKrmv cfÖ w… Z welq †`Lvi †Póv K‡iwQ|

djvdj

cÖwZewÜZvi aibAvgv‡`i M‡elYvq AšÍfz©³ gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi 162wU M‡íi g‡a¨ 20wU M‡í cÖwZeÜx PwiÎ G‡m‡Q| Gme cÖwZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv‡K we‡kølY K‡i cuvP ai‡bi cÖwZeÜx PwiÎ Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB- h_v: kvixwiK, eyw×, kÖeY, evK I `„wó cÖwZewÜZv (mviwb 1)| †ewki fvM PwiÎ wfbœ wfbœ eq‡mi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡jI cÖvq me¸‡jv PwiÎB MÖvgxY cwi‡e‡ki cUf‚wg‡Z Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Pwiθ‡jv‡Z †hgb m`¨f‚wgô wkï i‡q‡Q †Zgwb ga¨eq¯‹ bvix I cyiæ‡liI mgv‡ek N‡U‡Q| Pwiθ‡jv mvaviYZ wb¤œ I wb¤œ-ga¨weË cwievi I A_©‰bwZK `‡ji AšÍfz©³| †ckvq wfÿzK n‡Z ïiæ K‡i Ab¨ cwiev‡i AvwkÖZ bvix I wkï i‡q‡Q| myZivs gvwb‡Ki †QvUM‡í cÖwZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv mywbw`©ófv‡e GKwU mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix|

gvwbK mvwn‡Z¨ cÖwZewÜZvi aviYvMZ KviY I Drm¸‡jv eûwea I ewPΨgq| †mLv‡b yN©Ubv wKsev Aciva Kg©KvÐ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i Rb¥MZfv‡e cÖwZewÜZv cÖvwßi eY©bv i‡q‡Q| ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡í wfLy emšÍcy‡ii eKzÚ mvnvi evwo‡Z WvKvwZ Ki‡Z wM‡q Kuv‡a ek©vi AvNvZ cvq| wPwKrmvi Afv‡e wfLyi Wvb nvZwU Kg©ÿgZv nvivq Ges cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq|

Avi Ggwb k³cÖvY wfLyi †h ïay GB AvkÖqUzKz cvBqvB webv wPwKrmvq I GK iKg webv h‡ZœB GK gvm gyg~ly© Ae¯’v KvUvBqv †m µ‡g µ‡g wbwðZ giY‡K Rq Kwiqv †dwjj| wKš‘ Wvb nvZwU Zvnvi Avi fv‡jv nBj bv| Mv‡Qi giv Wv‡ji g‡Zv ïKvBqv wMqv Aek AKg©Y¨ nBqv cwoj| cÖ_‡g AwZ K‡ó nvZUv †m GKUz bvwo‡Z cvwiZ, wKš‘ †kl ch©šÍ †m ÿgZvUzKzI Zvnvi bó nBqv †Mj| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 21)|

Ômixm„cÕ M‡í Pviæi ¯^vgx wQj eyw× cÖwZeÜx, hv‡K M‡í eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔAvacvMjvÕ wn‡m‡e Avi GKgvÎ wkïcyÎ fzeb‡K †`L‡Z cvB Rb¥MZfv‡e ¯^vfvweK eyw×i weKv‡k evavcÖvß we‡kl wkï wn‡m‡e| hvi `iæb Pviæ `ywðšÍvMÖ¯Í n‡q c‡o g„Zz¨i ci Zvi wkïcyÎ fze‡bi Kx n‡e †f‡e| fze‡bi cÖwZewÜZv‡K GB M‡í †hfv‡e eY©bv Kiv nq-

N‡ii wfZi nB‡Z fzeb _yc_yc Kwiqv cv †dwjqv Avwmqv `uvovBj| †m AZ¨vðh© †gvUv| Zvnvi Mjvq `ywU LuvR Av‡Q, g‡b nq Mv‡jI LuvR cwo‡e| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 33|)

cÖwZewÜZv †h ïay Rb¥MZ wQj Zv bq, Gi cÖgvY †g‡j ÔRxweKvÕ bvgK †QvUM‡í| ÔRxweKvÕ M‡í Kvjyi †ckv ev †bkv wQj Bu`viv ev Kzqvq †b‡g nviv‡bv g~j¨evb e¯‘i †LuvR Kiv| †bkvi Uv‡b wKsev RxweKvi cÖ‡qvR‡bB †nvK Kvjy‡K KL‡bv Zvi cZ…K †ckv †hgb: Ni QvIqv, †eov euvav, KvV †PjvB Kiv cÖf„wZ †Zgb AvKl©Y KiZ bv| eis MÖv‡gi nvivY-Gi Kzqv Lbb wKsev Kzqvq nviv‡bv wRwbm †LuvRvi Rb¨ R‡ji wb‡P evievi A`„k¨ nIqv -Zv‡K †mB kke n‡Z †ivgvwÂZ KiZ| MÖv‡gi R‰bK K…‡ò›`y miKv‡ii †QvUeD‡qi nv‡Zi AbšÍ Bu`vivq †Lvqv †M‡j Kvjyi WvK c‡o| Kvjy m`¨ g¨v‡jwiqv R¡‡i Kvey kixi wb‡q GKwU UvKvi Rb¨ †Kvg‡i `uwo †eu‡a Bu`vivi Mfxi R‡j Wze †`q| wKš‘ wKQzÿ‡Yi g‡a¨ †m Bu`vivi cv‡o D‡V emvgvÎ bvK w`‡q i³ c‡o| hvi d‡j †m ZvrÿwYKfv‡e ewai n‡q hvq, hw`I c‡i Avevi Kv‡b ïb‡Z ïiæ K‡i| mvgwqK cÖwZewÜZv n‡jI G ai‡bi SzuwKc~Y© RxweKv †h Kvjyi Rxe‡b kÖæwZ cÖwZewÜZvi g‡Zv ANU‡bi KviY n‡Z cviZ-ZviB Avfvm GLv‡b cvIqv hvq|

ÔAÜÕ M‡í †g‡q †gvwnbx wQj AÜ-Rb¥vÜ wKbv †mB wel‡q †Kv‡bv Bw½Z †QvUMíwU‡Z cvIq hvqwb| wKš‘ Zvi evev mbvZb PµeZ©x gvÎvwZwi³ g`¨ †me‡bi iæb Qvcvbœ eQi eq‡m A܇Z¡i wkKvi nb e‡j D‡jøL cvIqv hvq| Avevi ÔgnvKv‡ji RUvi RUÕ M‡í eo †g‡q mywPÎv‡K Ava †evev, Ava Kvjv, Ava cvMj wn‡m‡e ewY©Z n‡Z †`L‡Z cvB| cvÎcÿ Zv‡K †`L‡Z G‡j Zvi A¯^vfvweK AvPi‡Yi ewntcÖKvk N‡U-

mviwb 1: GKbR‡i gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †QvUM‡í cÖvß cÖwZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv:

kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZv

eyw× cÖwZewÜZv

kÖeY cÖwZewÜZv`„wó cÖwZewÜZv

evK cÖwZewÜZv

cÖv‰MwZnvwmKZvici?

iv‡mi †gjvbe Avjcbv

†j‡fj µwmsfq¼igxgvsmv

kvwšÍjZvi K_vmixm„c

†civbUvZvici?

†Kvb w`‡K

`yN©UbvRxweKvAÜ

Mv‡qbgnvKv‡ji RUvi RU

wfLy, ewmiM‡RbwfLvwibUzKAejvdzwjwefv

Puvw`i bb`Pviæi ¯^vgx I Pviæi wkïcyÎ fzeb

dzjevbynv‡ev

cvMjx †g‡qk¤¢yKvjy

†gvwnbx, mbvZb PµeZ©xbUe‡ii †g‡q

mywPÎv

cÖwZewÜZvi aib M‡íi bvg Pwi‡Îi bvg

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 13evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx12

Aa©bMœ Ae¯’vq DVv‡b MovMwo w`qv myvwPÎv wPrKvi Kwiqv Kuv‡`| gwiqv †M‡jI yÕevi weevn †m Kwi‡e bv, GB K_v mKj‡K eySvBqv w`evi †Póvq cvMj †g‡qUvi †hb cÖvY evwni nBqv hvIqvi Dcµg nq| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-3, 1982, c„. 358)

ÔZvici?Õ M‡í M‡Rb AvNvZRwbZ cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq| M‡í KvYKvwj Muv‡qi Lv‡ji gvbyl‡L‡Kv Kzwg‡ii Avµg‡Yi mgq, M‡R‡bi gv Kzwg‡ii nvZ †_‡K wb‡R‡K iÿv Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI M‡Rb‡K cÖv‡Y euvPv‡Z Lv‡ji wKbvivq m‡Rv‡i Qz‡o gv‡ib| M‡Rb cÖv‡Y euvP‡jI kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq|

†mB wkïi eqm GLb c‡bi eQi| Luywo‡q Luywo‡q nuv‡U! †Uiv euvKv Ava ïK‡bv euv nvZUv G‡Kev‡iB A‡K‡Rv, Av½yj¸wj k³ n‡q †M‡Q, euv‡K bv| Wvb nv‡Z †ek †Rvi Av‡Q, we‡kl Kg©Zrci bq e‡U, KviY †Kv‡bv Kv‡RB cUzZv AR©b Kivi ah© Zvi †bB, wKš‘ nvZwU †hb me mg‡qB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Aw¯’i I PÂj n‡q _v‡K, A_ev AKv‡Ri Rb¨| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, 1982, c„. 304)

Ô†civbUvÕ M‡í G‡šÍ Avwji eD eyw× cÖwZeÜx dzjevby hv‡K M‡í Ô†evKv nvev †ZvZjvÕ ejv n‡q‡Q, hv Zvi gvbwmK D‡ËRbvi mgq Av‡iv †e‡o hvq (gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-10, c„. 407)| ÔMv‡qbÕ M‡íI bUe‡ii †g‡q‡K †evev Pwi‡Î †`L‡Z cvB hv‡K we‡q K‡iwQj Mv‡qb iv‡Rb (gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-10, c„. 435)| Avevi Ôfq¼iÕ M‡í dzwj, Ôiv‡mi †gjvÕ M‡í by‡jv LÄ AÜ wfLvwi Ges Ôbe AvjcbvÕ M‡í bUzK‡K Ges Ôfq¼iÕ M‡í dzwj‡K †Luvov wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z cvB (gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-9, c„. 411)| Ôbe Avjcbv Õ M‡í kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx bUz‡Ki fvB Pz‡bvi fvlvq GB cÖwZewÜZvi KviY wQj R‡b¥i mgq Kvbœvi Rb¨ †h AvQvo †`Iqv nq, bUzK †mB AvQv‡oB cÖwZeÜx n‡q‡Q|

Rb¥ Kvu `‡bi AvQv‡o †Lvu ov bv n‡j nq‡Zv MvwoPvcv coZ bv bUKz | ... Avu Z‡z i Zv‡K Av‡ Í AvQvo w`‡q c_Ö g Kvu `vb Kvu `v‡Z wK †Nbvœ R‡b¥wQj `jy iy wcwmi †h †m GK AvQv‡o GKUv cv †f‡½ †ewu K‡q w`‡qwQj bU‡z Ki| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MšÖ v’ ejx, LÐ-9, 1985, c.„ 399)

gvwb‡Ki M‡í Avgiv 20wU cÖwZeÜx Pwi‡Îi †`Lv †c‡qwQ| wKQz wKQz PwiÎ gb¯ÍvwË¡K we‡kølY, mvgvwRK Rxeb-AvPvi, Zv‡`i cÖwZ mgv‡Ri `„wófw½ BZ¨vw` Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g gyL¨ n‡jI Av‡iv †ek wKQz PwiÎ mgv‡R ïay Zv‡`i mnve¯’vb Rvbvb w`‡q G‡Kev‡iB †MŠY †_‡K‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ-i kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx ewmi, Ô†civbUvÕ M‡íi eyw× cÖwZeÜx dzjevby, ÔMv‡qbÕ M‡íi bUe‡ii evK cÖwZeÜx †g‡q, Ôfq¼i Õ M‡íi kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx dzwj, Ôbe AvjcbvÕ M‡íi kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx bUzK, ÔgxgvsmvÕ M‡íi kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx wefv, ÔkvwšÍjZvi K_vÕ M‡íi kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx Puvw`i bb`, Ô†Kv‡bv w`‡KÕ M‡íi Gcvov-Icvovq Ny‡i †eov‡bv ÔcvMjx †g‡qÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx †g‡q, Ô`yN©UbvÕ M‡íi k¤¢y Ges Ômixm„cÕ M‡íi Pviæi eyw× cÖwZeÜx ^vgx I wkïcyÎ fyeb cÖf…wZ Pwi‡Îi bvg| wKš‘ Gme PwiÎ gyL¨ ev †MŠY hvB †nvK bv †Kb gvwbK mg‡q wesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K cÖwZeÜx‡`i mgv‡R †Rviv‡jv mnve¯’vb Rvbvb †`q Ges cÖwZeÜx‡`i gb¯ÍË¡ I mvgvwRKxKiY m¤ú‡K© aviYv †c‡Z|

†ckv/ RxweKvcÖwZeÜx e¨w³ mgv‡R Kxfv‡e Awf‡hvwRZ n‡”Q wKsev mgv‡R wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ Rxeb hy× Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q- Zv M‡elYvi GB As‡k †`Lvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvwb‡Ki iPbvq me©‡gvU 20wU cÖwZeÜx Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ cyiæl 9 Rb, bvix 10 Rb Ges wkï wQj GKRb| cyiæl Pwiθ‡jv †ewki fvMB wQj wb¤œ Av‡qi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix| cyiæl cÖwZeÜx Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ wfÿve„wˇK †ckv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q wb‡Z †`wL ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ wfLy I ewmi‡K Ges Ôiv‡mi †gjvÕi bvg bv Rvbv wfLvwi‡K| Ôbe AvjcbvÕ i bUz‡Ki †ckv m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv aviYv cvIqv hvq bv| ÔAÜÕ M‡íi mbvZb PµeZ©x GK`v Kg©gq Rxeb hvcb Ki‡jI e„× eq‡m G‡m Z_v Zvi Aemi mg‡q `„wó cÖwZeÜx n‡qwQ‡jb| Avi Ômixm„cÕ M‡íi Pviæi cÖwZeÜx ^vgx‡K Kg©nxb Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z †`wL| ÔZvici?Õ M‡íi kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx M‡Rb †ckv wn‡m‡e bvix msµvšÍ e¨emvq RwoZ n‡Z †`wL| Kvjyi †ckv wQj Kzqvq †b‡g nviv‡bv g~j¨evb e¯‘i †LuvR Kiv| bvix Pwiθ‡jvi g‡a¨ Aejv, †gvwnbx, dzjevbyy I b‡Ue‡ii †g‡q wQj weevwnZ I msmvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ| Avi dzwj, mywPÎv, wefv, Puvw`i bb` I nv‡ev cwiev‡ii evwK m`m¨‡`i g‡Zv cwiev‡ii g‡a¨B jvwjZ-cvwjZ nw”Qj| Avi wKQz Pwi‡Îi †ckv m¤ú‡K© †QvUMí¸‡jv‡Z úó aviYv cvIqv hvqwb|

ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡í kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx wfLy GKw`b evRv‡ii GKRb e¨w³i wbKU mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv Ki‡j ÔZvnvi gv_vi RUeuvav Pvc-Pvc iæÿ a~mi Pzj, †Kvg‡i Rov‡bv gvwUi g‡Zv gqjv †Quov b¨vKov, Avi `woi g‡Zv kxY© †`v`yj¨gvb nvZwUÕ (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK, 2015, c„. 23) †`‡L Zv‡K GKwU cqmv `vb K‡ib| Avi Gfv‡eB wfLyi Ôc„w_exi eû cyivZb e¨emvÕ wfÿve„wˇZ nv‡Z-Lwo N‡U| hw`I gvbwmK I kvixwiKfv‡e cÖwZewÜZv‡K wfLy †g‡b †bqwb; Z_vwc †m Rxeb avi‡bi mnR Dcvq wn‡m‡e cÖwZewÜZv‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i wfÿv K‡i|

K‡qK w`‡bi wfZ‡iB †m c„w_exi eû cyivZb e¨emvwUi GB cÖKvk¨Zg wefv‡Mi AvBbKvbyb me wkwLqv †dwjj| Av‡e`‡bi fw½ I fvlv Zvnvi Rb¥wfLvwii g‡Zv AvqË nBqv †Mj| kixi GLb Avi †m G‡Kev‡iB mvd K‡i bv, gv_vi Pzj Zvnvi µ‡gB RU euvwaqv `jv-`jv nBqv hvq Ges Zvnv‡Z A‡bK¸wj DKzb-cwievi w`‡bi ci w`b esk e„w× Kwiqv P‡j| wfLy gv‡S gv‡S L¨vcvi g‡Zv `yB nv‡Z gv_v PzjKvq wKš‘ evowZ Pzj KvwUqv †dwj‡Z fimv cvq bv| wfÿv Kwiqv †m GKwU †Quov †KvU cvBqv‡Q, Kuv‡ai ÿZwPýUv XvwKqv ivwLevi Rb¨ viæY ¸‡gv‡Ui mg‡qI †KvUUv †m Mv‡q PvcvBqv iv‡L| ïK‡bv nvZLvbv Zvnvi e¨emvi me‡P‡q †Rviv‡jv weÁvcb, GB A½wU XvwKqv ivwL‡j Zvnvi P‡j bv| †Kv‡Ui Wvbw`‡Ki nvZvwU †m ZvB eM‡ji KvQ nB‡Z wQuwoqv ev` w`qv‡Q| GKwU wU‡bi gM I GKwU jvwVI †m msMÖn Kwiqv jBqv‡Q| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 23)

ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡í Avgiv Av‡iv `yÕwU cÖwZeÜx PwiÎ cuvPx I ewmi‡K wfÿve„wˇK †ckv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q wb‡Z †`L‡Z cvB| cuvPxi cv‡qi ÿZ wQj wbivgq‡hvM¨ wKš‘ mgv‡Ri AvbyK‚j¨ jv‡fi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e †m Zvi GB cÖwZewÜZv‡K wRB‡q iv‡L Ges GB Nv‡qi `iæb †m wfLyi ZzjbvqI †ewk Avq Ki‡Z mÿg nq|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 15evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx14

Aa©bMœ Ae¯’vq DVv‡b MovMwo w`qv myvwPÎv wPrKvi Kwiqv Kuv‡`| gwiqv †M‡jI yÕevi weevn †m Kwi‡e bv, GB K_v mKj‡K eySvBqv w`evi †Póvq cvMj †g‡qUvi †hb cÖvY evwni nBqv hvIqvi Dcµg nq| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-3, 1982, c„. 358)

ÔZvici?Õ M‡í M‡Rb AvNvZRwbZ cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq| M‡í KvYKvwj Muv‡qi Lv‡ji gvbyl‡L‡Kv Kzwg‡ii Avµg‡Yi mgq, M‡R‡bi gv Kzwg‡ii nvZ †_‡K wb‡R‡K iÿv Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI M‡Rb‡K cÖv‡Y euvPv‡Z Lv‡ji wKbvivq m‡Rv‡i Qz‡o gv‡ib| M‡Rb cÖv‡Y euvP‡jI kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq|

†mB wkïi eqm GLb c‡bi eQi| Luywo‡q Luywo‡q nuv‡U! †Uiv euvKv Ava ïK‡bv euv nvZUv G‡Kev‡iB A‡K‡Rv, Av½yj¸wj k³ n‡q †M‡Q, euv‡K bv| Wvb nv‡Z †ek †Rvi Av‡Q, we‡kl Kg©Zrci bq e‡U, KviY †Kv‡bv Kv‡RB cUzZv AR©b Kivi ah© Zvi †bB, wKš‘ nvZwU †hb me mg‡qB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Aw¯’i I PÂj n‡q _v‡K, A_ev AKv‡Ri Rb¨| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, 1982, c„. 304)

Ô†civbUvÕ M‡í G‡šÍ Avwji eD eyw× cÖwZeÜx dzjevby hv‡K M‡í Ô†evKv nvev †ZvZjvÕ ejv n‡q‡Q, hv Zvi gvbwmK D‡ËRbvi mgq Av‡iv †e‡o hvq (gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-10, c„. 407)| ÔMv‡qbÕ M‡íI bUe‡ii †g‡q‡K †evev Pwi‡Î †`L‡Z cvB hv‡K we‡q K‡iwQj Mv‡qb iv‡Rb (gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-10, c„. 435)| Avevi Ôfq¼iÕ M‡í dzwj, Ôiv‡mi †gjvÕ M‡í by‡jv LÄ AÜ wfLvwi Ges Ôbe AvjcbvÕ M‡í bUzK‡K Ges Ôfq¼iÕ M‡í dzwj‡K †Luvov wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z cvB (gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-9, c„. 411)| Ôbe Avjcbv Õ M‡í kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx bUz‡Ki fvB Pz‡bvi fvlvq GB cÖwZewÜZvi KviY wQj R‡b¥i mgq Kvbœvi Rb¨ †h AvQvo †`Iqv nq, bUzK †mB AvQv‡oB cÖwZeÜx n‡q‡Q|

Rb¥ Kvu `‡bi AvQv‡o †Lvu ov bv n‡j nq‡Zv MvwoPvcv coZ bv bUKz | ... Avu Z‡z i Zv‡K Av‡ Í AvQvo w`‡q c_Ö g Kvu `vb Kvu `v‡Z wK †Nbvœ R‡b¥wQj `jy iy wcwmi †h †m GK AvQv‡o GKUv cv †f‡½ †ewu K‡q w`‡qwQj bU‡z Ki| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MšÖ v’ ejx, LÐ-9, 1985, c.„ 399)

gvwb‡Ki M‡í Avgiv 20wU cÖwZeÜx Pwi‡Îi †`Lv †c‡qwQ| wKQz wKQz PwiÎ gb¯ÍvwË¡K we‡kølY, mvgvwRK Rxeb-AvPvi, Zv‡`i cÖwZ mgv‡Ri `„wófw½ BZ¨vw` Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g gyL¨ n‡jI Av‡iv †ek wKQz PwiÎ mgv‡R ïay Zv‡`i mnve¯’vb Rvbvb w`‡q G‡Kev‡iB †MŠY †_‡K‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ-i kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx ewmi, Ô†civbUvÕ M‡íi eyw× cÖwZeÜx dzjevby, ÔMv‡qbÕ M‡íi bUe‡ii evK cÖwZeÜx †g‡q, Ôfq¼i Õ M‡íi kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx dzwj, Ôbe AvjcbvÕ M‡íi kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx bUzK, ÔgxgvsmvÕ M‡íi kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx wefv, ÔkvwšÍjZvi K_vÕ M‡íi kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx Puvw`i bb`, Ô†Kv‡bv w`‡KÕ M‡íi Gcvov-Icvovq Ny‡i †eov‡bv ÔcvMjx †g‡qÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx †g‡q, Ô`yN©UbvÕ M‡íi k¤¢y Ges Ômixm„cÕ M‡íi Pviæi eyw× cÖwZeÜx ^vgx I wkïcyÎ fyeb cÖf…wZ Pwi‡Îi bvg| wKš‘ Gme PwiÎ gyL¨ ev †MŠY hvB †nvK bv †Kb gvwbK mg‡q wesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K cÖwZeÜx‡`i mgv‡R †Rviv‡jv mnve¯’vb Rvbvb †`q Ges cÖwZeÜx‡`i gb¯ÍË¡ I mvgvwRKxKiY m¤ú‡K© aviYv †c‡Z|

†ckv/ RxweKvcÖwZeÜx e¨w³ mgv‡R Kxfv‡e Awf‡hvwRZ n‡”Q wKsev mgv‡R wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ Rxeb hy× Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q- Zv M‡elYvi GB As‡k †`Lvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvwb‡Ki iPbvq me©‡gvU 20wU cÖwZeÜx Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ cyiæl 9 Rb, bvix 10 Rb Ges wkï wQj GKRb| cyiæl Pwiθ‡jv †ewki fvMB wQj wb¤œ Av‡qi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix| cyiæl cÖwZeÜx Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ wfÿve„wˇK †ckv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q wb‡Z †`wL ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ wfLy I ewmi‡K Ges Ôiv‡mi †gjvÕi bvg bv Rvbv wfLvwi‡K| Ôbe AvjcbvÕ i bUz‡Ki †ckv m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv aviYv cvIqv hvq bv| ÔAÜÕ M‡íi mbvZb PµeZ©x GK`v Kg©gq Rxeb hvcb Ki‡jI e„× eq‡m G‡m Z_v Zvi Aemi mg‡q `„wó cÖwZeÜx n‡qwQ‡jb| Avi Ômixm„cÕ M‡íi Pviæi cÖwZeÜx ^vgx‡K Kg©nxb Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z †`wL| ÔZvici?Õ M‡íi kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx M‡Rb †ckv wn‡m‡e bvix msµvšÍ e¨emvq RwoZ n‡Z †`wL| Kvjyi †ckv wQj Kzqvq †b‡g nviv‡bv g~j¨evb e¯‘i †LuvR Kiv| bvix Pwiθ‡jvi g‡a¨ Aejv, †gvwnbx, dzjevbyy I b‡Ue‡ii †g‡q wQj weevwnZ I msmvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ| Avi dzwj, mywPÎv, wefv, Puvw`i bb` I nv‡ev cwiev‡ii evwK m`m¨‡`i g‡Zv cwiev‡ii g‡a¨B jvwjZ-cvwjZ nw”Qj| Avi wKQz Pwi‡Îi †ckv m¤ú‡K© †QvUMí¸‡jv‡Z úó aviYv cvIqv hvqwb|

ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡í kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx wfLy GKw`b evRv‡ii GKRb e¨w³i wbKU mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv Ki‡j ÔZvnvi gv_vi RUeuvav Pvc-Pvc iæÿ a~mi Pzj, †Kvg‡i Rov‡bv gvwUi g‡Zv gqjv †Quov b¨vKov, Avi `woi g‡Zv kxY© †`v`yj¨gvb nvZwUÕ (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK, 2015, c„. 23) †`‡L Zv‡K GKwU cqmv `vb K‡ib| Avi Gfv‡eB wfLyi Ôc„w_exi eû cyivZb e¨emvÕ wfÿve„wˇZ nv‡Z-Lwo N‡U| hw`I gvbwmK I kvixwiKfv‡e cÖwZewÜZv‡K wfLy †g‡b †bqwb; Z_vwc †m Rxeb avi‡bi mnR Dcvq wn‡m‡e cÖwZewÜZv‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i wfÿv K‡i|

K‡qK w`‡bi wfZ‡iB †m c„w_exi eû cyivZb e¨emvwUi GB cÖKvk¨Zg wefv‡Mi AvBbKvbyb me wkwLqv †dwjj| Av‡e`‡bi fw½ I fvlv Zvnvi Rb¥wfLvwii g‡Zv AvqË nBqv †Mj| kixi GLb Avi †m G‡Kev‡iB mvd K‡i bv, gv_vi Pzj Zvnvi µ‡gB RU euvwaqv `jv-`jv nBqv hvq Ges Zvnv‡Z A‡bK¸wj DKzb-cwievi w`‡bi ci w`b esk e„w× Kwiqv P‡j| wfLy gv‡S gv‡S L¨vcvi g‡Zv `yB nv‡Z gv_v PzjKvq wKš‘ evowZ Pzj KvwUqv †dwj‡Z fimv cvq bv| wfÿv Kwiqv †m GKwU †Quov †KvU cvBqv‡Q, Kuv‡ai ÿZwPýUv XvwKqv ivwLevi Rb¨ viæY ¸‡gv‡Ui mg‡qI †KvUUv †m Mv‡q PvcvBqv iv‡L| ïK‡bv nvZLvbv Zvnvi e¨emvi me‡P‡q †Rviv‡jv weÁvcb, GB A½wU XvwKqv ivwL‡j Zvnvi P‡j bv| †Kv‡Ui Wvbw`‡Ki nvZvwU †m ZvB eM‡ji KvQ nB‡Z wQuwoqv ev` w`qv‡Q| GKwU wU‡bi gM I GKwU jvwVI †m msMÖn Kwiqv jBqv‡Q| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 23)

ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡í Avgiv Av‡iv `yÕwU cÖwZeÜx PwiÎ cuvPx I ewmi‡K wfÿve„wˇK †ckv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q wb‡Z †`L‡Z cvB| cuvPxi cv‡qi ÿZ wQj wbivgq‡hvM¨ wKš‘ mgv‡Ri AvbyK‚j¨ jv‡fi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e †m Zvi GB cÖwZewÜZv‡K wRB‡q iv‡L Ges GB Nv‡qi `iæb †m wfLyi ZzjbvqI †ewk Avq Ki‡Z mÿg nq|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 15evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx14

evRv‡i XzwKevi gy‡LB GKwU wfLvwibx wfÿv Kwi‡Z e‡m| eqm Zvnvi †ewk bq, †`‡ni euvaywbI †ek Av‡Q| wKš‘ GKUv cv‡q nvUzi wbP nB‡Z cv‡qi cvZv ch©šÍ Zvnvi _K_‡K ˆZjv³ Nv|

GB Nv‡qi †Rv‡i †m wfLyi †P‡q †ewk †ivRMvi K‡i| †mRb¨ Nv-wU †m we‡kl h‡Zœ mvwi‡Z †`q bv| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 25)

Avevi mnR RxweKv AR©‡bi cš’v wn‡m‡e cÖwZewÜZv‡K e¨envi Kivi D`vniY wfLy I cuvPxi cvkvcvwk ewmi bvgK Pwi‡Î †`L‡Z cvB| wfLyi g‡Zv ewm‡ii cv wQj cÿvNvZMÖ¯Í Ges wfÿvcÖvwßi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e hv wKbv mn‡R †MvPixf‚Z nIqvi Rb¨ we‡kl Kvq`vq †g‡j ivLv n‡Zv|

...Iw`‡K ZvKvBqv wfLy †`wL‡Z cvq ZvnviB g‡Zv †Rvqvb vwoIjv GK LÄ wfLvwi LvwbK Zdv‡Z Avmb Kwiqv‡Q| Zvnvi Wvb nvZwUi g‡Zv GKwU cv nvUzi wb‡P ïKvBqv wMqv‡Q, we‡kl hZœmnKv‡i IB AskUzKz mvg‡b †gwjqv †m Avjøvi bv‡g qv cÖv_©bv Kwi‡Z‡Q| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 25)

ÔZvici?Õ M‡í kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx M‡R‡bi RxweKvi welqwU †ek D‡jøL‡hvM¨| cÖv_wgK wkÿv †kl Ki‡jI M‡Rb gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi covïbv †kl Kivi Av‡MB we`¨vjq Z¨vM K‡i| Zvov‡bv †Q‡ji g‡Zv M‡Rb M„‡n Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges gv‡S gv‡S wKQzw`‡bi R‡b¨ DavI n‡q hvq| Qq gvm ci hLb MÖv‡g Avevi wd‡i Av‡m ZLb M‡R‡bi †cvkvK-Avkv‡K cwieZ©b jÿ Kiv hvq|

mevB hLb fve‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i‡Q †h Av‡iv A‡b‡Ki g‡Zv †mI ywf©‡ÿi Ke‡j †M‡Q wPiw`‡bi g‡Zv, ZLb †m GKw`b wd‡i Gj| mvR‡cvkv‡Ki Zvi DbœwZ †`Lv †Mj A™¢zZ iK‡gi-wm‡éi cvÄvex, dvBb aywZ, PKP‡K evwY©k Kiv Ry‡Zv| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, 1982, c„. 304)

M‡R‡bi GB nVvr Avw_©K cwieZ©‡bi g~‡j i‡q‡Q bvixmsµvšÍ e¨emv| Rvbv hvq, Ae‡k‡l MÖv‡gi Av‡iv yÕRb jvjy I geye-Gi m‡½ †hvMmvR‡m bvix e¨emv ïiæ K‡i|

cÖwZeÜx Pwi‡Îi kvixwiK I gvbwmK Ae¯’vAvgiv cÖ_‡gB e‡jwQ, GB M‡elYv wmwi‡Ri gva¨‡g wesk kZvãx‡Z mgv‡R emevmiZ cÖwZeÜx Z_v e¨wZµgag©x gvby‡li wb‡R‡`i gb¯ÍvwË¡K Ae¯’v Ges Zv‡`i cÖwZ mgv‡Ri Acivci gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPviYB ev Kxiƒc wQj Zv †`Lvi cÖqvm Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q| e¨wZµgag©x gvbyl¸‡jv wK Zv‡`i cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y mgv‡Ri †evSv¯^iƒc cwiMwYZ n‡q mgvR wew”Qbœ n‡q emevm K‡i‡Q bvwK mgv‡RiB Ask wn‡m‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i mgv‡Ri Avi `kRb ¯^vfvweK gvby‡li g‡Zv Zv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b ¯^vfvweK wµqv-Kg© cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Q? Zv‡`i gvbwmK Ae¯’vB ev Kxiƒc wQj? Zviv wK cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y gvbwmK nxbgb¨Zvq fzM‡Zv? bvwK mgv‡Ri my¯’ gvbyl¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv‡`i g‡ZvB wb‡R‡`i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ jovB Pvwj‡q wM‡q‡Q, Avkv-AvKv•ÿv, RweK Pvwn`v, MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi iUbv-M‡íi Ask wQj- Zv †`Lvi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡í WvKvwZ Ki‡Z wM‡q ek©vi AvNv‡Z wfLy kvixwiKfv‡e cÿvNvZMÖ¯ÍZvi wkKvi n‡jI ¯^vfvweK kvixwiK-gvbwmK kw³ ev ˆRweK Pvwn`vi NvUwZ jÿ Kiv hvq bv| cÿvNvZMÖ¯ÍZv cÖvwßi GK gv‡mi g‡a¨ `ye©j kix‡iI wfLy †hŠbÿzav cwiZ…wßi Rb¨ AvkÖq`vZv †cn¬v‡`i eD‡K Avq‡Z¡ Avbvi e¨_© cÖqvm Pvjvq| GgbwK Ab¨ wfÿzK cuvPx‡K †c‡Z Av‡iK kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx ewmi‡K Lyb Ki‡Z KzÉv‡eva K‡i bv| Avevi GKBfv‡e g‡bi ¯^vfvweK mnRvZ cÖe„wË wb‡R‡K mgv‡R cÖwZwôZ Kiv ev A‡b¨i myLx cvwievwiK Rxeb †`‡L wnsmvZ¥K fvebv- `yÕwUB Avgiv wfLyi fvebvq cÖwZdwjZ n‡Z †`L‡Z cvB|

Zvnvi Pvjvi cv‡k webœy gvwSi myLx cvwievwiK RxebUv Zvnv‡K wnsmvq RR©wiZ Kwiqv †`q| GK-GKw`b webœyi N‡i Av¸b aivBqv w`evi Rb¨ gb QUdU Kwiqv I‡V| b`xi av‡i L¨vcvi g‡Zv Nywi‡Z Nywi‡Z Zvnvi g‡b nq c„w_exi hZ Lv`¨ I hZ bvix Av‡Q GKv me Lj Kwi‡Z bv cvwi‡j Zvnvi Z…wß nB‡e bv| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 27)

cÖwZeÜx wfLy Zvi fvebv ïay Zvi Kíbv‡ZB iv‡Lwb mgq-my‡hvM g‡Zv Zv ev¯Í‡e msMwVZ Ki‡Z m‡e©v”P cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡q‡Q| †KD wfÿv bv w`‡q P‡j †M‡j wfLy Ôc_Pvix‡K GKwU wUUKvwi †`Iqvi g‡a¨ g‡bi R¡vjvÕ wgwU‡q wbZ| GKBfv‡e wfLyi AvkÖq`vZv †cn¬v‡`i eD-Gi Ici †hŠb jvjmv PwiZv_© Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q wfLy ivZ`ycy‡i †cn¬v‡`i N‡i Av¸b w`‡q cÖwZ‡kva †bq| †hŠb jvjmv QvovI †g‡q gvbyl‡K fv‡jvevmv, is-Zvgvkv Kiv Ges msmvi Kivi ^cœI wfLyi g‡a¨ wQj| cQ‡›`i mn-wfLvwibx cuvPx‡K Pzwi Kiv Lvevi w`‡q Lywk Kiv‡bv I cv‡k e‡m yÕPviwU i½-Zvgvkv K_v ejvi B”Qv wfLyi g‡b RvMÖZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| Ae‡k‡l cuvPx‡K Rxebm½x wn‡m‡e †c‡Z gwiqv n‡q D‡V †m c‡_i KuuvUv cÖwZØ›Øx ewmi‡K Lyb K‡i| Lyb cieZ©x wfLyi g‡b Ly‡bi Rb¨ Aciva †evaRb¥v‡bvi cwie‡Z© Zvi wb‡Ri mÿgZvi †MŠie †hb Zv‡K D™¢vwmZ K‡i|

cuvPx Av‡jv R¡vwj‡j wfLy cig Z…wßi m‡½ wb‡Ri KxwZ© Pvwnqv †`wLj| GKwUgvÎ nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ Agb †Rvqvb gvbylUv‡K Nv‡qj Kwiqv M‡e©i Zvnvi mxgv wQj bv| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 28)

ÔZvici?Õ M‡í Kzwg‡ii Avµg‡Yi iæb M‡Rb cÖv‡Y euvP‡jI kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq| evg nvZwU M‡R‡bi A‡K‡Rv n‡q wM‡qwQj Ges Luywo‡q Luywo‡q nuvU‡Zv| kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZv we`¨gvb _vK‡jI M‡R‡bi kvixwiK kw³ wKsev gvbwmK mwnòzZv wQj Avðh©iKg| kvixwiKfv‡e Luywo‡q Luywo‡q nuvU‡jI Ges euv-nvZUv G‡Kev‡i A‡K‡Rv _vK‡jI M‡Rb ‹z‡j K¬vm †m‡fb ch©šÍ D‡VwQj| †ewki fvM mgq cixÿvi djvdj Lvivc n‡jI cÂg †kÖwY‡Z †m mevB‡K ZvK jvwM‡q cÖ_g n‡qwQj| cov‡jLvq GB ZvK jvMv‡bv QvovI M‡R‡bi Qwei AuvKvi nvZ AZ¨šÍ fv‡jv wQj|

Wªwqs-G Zvi nvZUv wQj cvKv| GKnv‡Z GZ mn‡R GZ fv‡jv Wªwqs †m Ki‡Z cviZ †h, Ab¨ †Q‡jiv nuv K‡i †P‡q _vKZ| Wªwqs gvóv‡ii †P‡q Zvi AuvKv cvLx I MvQ RxešÍ nZ †ewk| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, 1982, c„. 304)

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 17evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx16

evRv‡i XzwKevi gy‡LB GKwU wfLvwibx wfÿv Kwi‡Z e‡m| eqm Zvnvi †ewk bq, †`‡ni euvaywbI †ek Av‡Q| wKš‘ GKUv cv‡q nvUzi wbP nB‡Z cv‡qi cvZv ch©šÍ Zvnvi _K_‡K ˆZjv³ Nv|

GB Nv‡qi †Rv‡i †m wfLyi †P‡q †ewk †ivRMvi K‡i| †mRb¨ Nv-wU †m we‡kl h‡Zœ mvwi‡Z †`q bv| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 25)

Avevi mnR RxweKv AR©‡bi cš’v wn‡m‡e cÖwZewÜZv‡K e¨envi Kivi D`vniY wfLy I cuvPxi cvkvcvwk ewmi bvgK Pwi‡Î †`L‡Z cvB| wfLyi g‡Zv ewm‡ii cv wQj cÿvNvZMÖ¯Í Ges wfÿvcÖvwßi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e hv wKbv mn‡R †MvPixf‚Z nIqvi Rb¨ we‡kl Kvq`vq †g‡j ivLv n‡Zv|

...Iw`‡K ZvKvBqv wfLy †`wL‡Z cvq ZvnviB g‡Zv †Rvqvb vwoIjv GK LÄ wfLvwi LvwbK Zdv‡Z Avmb Kwiqv‡Q| Zvnvi Wvb nvZwUi g‡Zv GKwU cv nvUzi wb‡P ïKvBqv wMqv‡Q, we‡kl hZœmnKv‡i IB AskUzKz mvg‡b †gwjqv †m Avjøvi bv‡g qv cÖv_©bv Kwi‡Z‡Q| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 25)

ÔZvici?Õ M‡í kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx M‡R‡bi RxweKvi welqwU †ek D‡jøL‡hvM¨| cÖv_wgK wkÿv †kl Ki‡jI M‡Rb gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi covïbv †kl Kivi Av‡MB we`¨vjq Z¨vM K‡i| Zvov‡bv †Q‡ji g‡Zv M‡Rb M„‡n Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges gv‡S gv‡S wKQzw`‡bi R‡b¨ DavI n‡q hvq| Qq gvm ci hLb MÖv‡g Avevi wd‡i Av‡m ZLb M‡R‡bi †cvkvK-Avkv‡K cwieZ©b jÿ Kiv hvq|

mevB hLb fve‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i‡Q †h Av‡iv A‡b‡Ki g‡Zv †mI ywf©‡ÿi Ke‡j †M‡Q wPiw`‡bi g‡Zv, ZLb †m GKw`b wd‡i Gj| mvR‡cvkv‡Ki Zvi DbœwZ †`Lv †Mj A™¢zZ iK‡gi-wm‡éi cvÄvex, dvBb aywZ, PKP‡K evwY©k Kiv Ry‡Zv| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, 1982, c„. 304)

M‡R‡bi GB nVvr Avw_©K cwieZ©‡bi g~‡j i‡q‡Q bvixmsµvšÍ e¨emv| Rvbv hvq, Ae‡k‡l MÖv‡gi Av‡iv yÕRb jvjy I geye-Gi m‡½ †hvMmvR‡m bvix e¨emv ïiæ K‡i|

cÖwZeÜx Pwi‡Îi kvixwiK I gvbwmK Ae¯’vAvgiv cÖ_‡gB e‡jwQ, GB M‡elYv wmwi‡Ri gva¨‡g wesk kZvãx‡Z mgv‡R emevmiZ cÖwZeÜx Z_v e¨wZµgag©x gvby‡li wb‡R‡`i gb¯ÍvwË¡K Ae¯’v Ges Zv‡`i cÖwZ mgv‡Ri Acivci gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPviYB ev Kxiƒc wQj Zv †`Lvi cÖqvm Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q| e¨wZµgag©x gvbyl¸‡jv wK Zv‡`i cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y mgv‡Ri †evSv¯^iƒc cwiMwYZ n‡q mgvR wew”Qbœ n‡q emevm K‡i‡Q bvwK mgv‡RiB Ask wn‡m‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i mgv‡Ri Avi `kRb ¯^vfvweK gvby‡li g‡Zv Zv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b ¯^vfvweK wµqv-Kg© cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Q? Zv‡`i gvbwmK Ae¯’vB ev Kxiƒc wQj? Zviv wK cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y gvbwmK nxbgb¨Zvq fzM‡Zv? bvwK mgv‡Ri my¯’ gvbyl¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv‡`i g‡ZvB wb‡R‡`i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ jovB Pvwj‡q wM‡q‡Q, Avkv-AvKv•ÿv, RweK Pvwn`v, MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi iUbv-M‡íi Ask wQj- Zv †`Lvi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡í WvKvwZ Ki‡Z wM‡q ek©vi AvNv‡Z wfLy kvixwiKfv‡e cÿvNvZMÖ¯ÍZvi wkKvi n‡jI ¯^vfvweK kvixwiK-gvbwmK kw³ ev ˆRweK Pvwn`vi NvUwZ jÿ Kiv hvq bv| cÿvNvZMÖ¯ÍZv cÖvwßi GK gv‡mi g‡a¨ `ye©j kix‡iI wfLy †hŠbÿzav cwiZ…wßi Rb¨ AvkÖq`vZv †cn¬v‡`i eD‡K Avq‡Z¡ Avbvi e¨_© cÖqvm Pvjvq| GgbwK Ab¨ wfÿzK cuvPx‡K †c‡Z Av‡iK kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx ewmi‡K Lyb Ki‡Z KzÉv‡eva K‡i bv| Avevi GKBfv‡e g‡bi ¯^vfvweK mnRvZ cÖe„wË wb‡R‡K mgv‡R cÖwZwôZ Kiv ev A‡b¨i myLx cvwievwiK Rxeb †`‡L wnsmvZ¥K fvebv- `yÕwUB Avgiv wfLyi fvebvq cÖwZdwjZ n‡Z †`L‡Z cvB|

Zvnvi Pvjvi cv‡k webœy gvwSi myLx cvwievwiK RxebUv Zvnv‡K wnsmvq RR©wiZ Kwiqv †`q| GK-GKw`b webœyi N‡i Av¸b aivBqv w`evi Rb¨ gb QUdU Kwiqv I‡V| b`xi av‡i L¨vcvi g‡Zv Nywi‡Z Nywi‡Z Zvnvi g‡b nq c„w_exi hZ Lv`¨ I hZ bvix Av‡Q GKv me Lj Kwi‡Z bv cvwi‡j Zvnvi Z…wß nB‡e bv| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 27)

cÖwZeÜx wfLy Zvi fvebv ïay Zvi Kíbv‡ZB iv‡Lwb mgq-my‡hvM g‡Zv Zv ev¯Í‡e msMwVZ Ki‡Z m‡e©v”P cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡q‡Q| †KD wfÿv bv w`‡q P‡j †M‡j wfLy Ôc_Pvix‡K GKwU wUUKvwi †`Iqvi g‡a¨ g‡bi R¡vjvÕ wgwU‡q wbZ| GKBfv‡e wfLyi AvkÖq`vZv †cn¬v‡`i eD-Gi Ici †hŠb jvjmv PwiZv_© Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q wfLy ivZ`ycy‡i †cn¬v‡`i N‡i Av¸b w`‡q cÖwZ‡kva †bq| †hŠb jvjmv QvovI †g‡q gvbyl‡K fv‡jvevmv, is-Zvgvkv Kiv Ges msmvi Kivi ^cœI wfLyi g‡a¨ wQj| cQ‡›`i mn-wfLvwibx cuvPx‡K Pzwi Kiv Lvevi w`‡q Lywk Kiv‡bv I cv‡k e‡m yÕPviwU i½-Zvgvkv K_v ejvi B”Qv wfLyi g‡b RvMÖZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| Ae‡k‡l cuvPx‡K Rxebm½x wn‡m‡e †c‡Z gwiqv n‡q D‡V †m c‡_i KuuvUv cÖwZØ›Øx ewmi‡K Lyb K‡i| Lyb cieZ©x wfLyi g‡b Ly‡bi Rb¨ Aciva †evaRb¥v‡bvi cwie‡Z© Zvi wb‡Ri mÿgZvi †MŠie †hb Zv‡K D™¢vwmZ K‡i|

cuvPx Av‡jv R¡vwj‡j wfLy cig Z…wßi m‡½ wb‡Ri KxwZ© Pvwnqv †`wLj| GKwUgvÎ nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ Agb †Rvqvb gvbylUv‡K Nv‡qj Kwiqv M‡e©i Zvnvi mxgv wQj bv| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 28)

ÔZvici?Õ M‡í Kzwg‡ii Avµg‡Yi iæb M‡Rb cÖv‡Y euvP‡jI kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq| evg nvZwU M‡R‡bi A‡K‡Rv n‡q wM‡qwQj Ges Luywo‡q Luywo‡q nuvU‡Zv| kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZv we`¨gvb _vK‡jI M‡R‡bi kvixwiK kw³ wKsev gvbwmK mwnòzZv wQj Avðh©iKg| kvixwiKfv‡e Luywo‡q Luywo‡q nuvU‡jI Ges euv-nvZUv G‡Kev‡i A‡K‡Rv _vK‡jI M‡Rb ‹z‡j K¬vm †m‡fb ch©šÍ D‡VwQj| †ewki fvM mgq cixÿvi djvdj Lvivc n‡jI cÂg †kÖwY‡Z †m mevB‡K ZvK jvwM‡q cÖ_g n‡qwQj| cov‡jLvq GB ZvK jvMv‡bv QvovI M‡R‡bi Qwei AuvKvi nvZ AZ¨šÍ fv‡jv wQj|

Wªwqs-G Zvi nvZUv wQj cvKv| GKnv‡Z GZ mn‡R GZ fv‡jv Wªwqs †m Ki‡Z cviZ †h, Ab¨ †Q‡jiv nuv K‡i †P‡q _vKZ| Wªwqs gvóv‡ii †P‡q Zvi AuvKv cvLx I MvQ RxešÍ nZ †ewk| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, 1982, c„. 304)

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 17evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx16

GKwU nvZ I GKwU cv A‡K‡Rv n‡jI kix‡ii Ab¨vb¨ A½ Zvi †Rviv‡jv wQj Ges †Kv‡bv GKwU Kv‡Ri Rb¨ me©`v Aw¯’i I PÂj n‡q _vKZ| †jL‡Ki eY©bvq ÔGB eq‡m woi g‡Zv cvwK‡q †`‡ni gvsm‡ckx¸‡jv Zvi k³ n‡q †M‡Q, †ivMv kixiUv‡Z kw³ I mwnòzZv Avðh©iKgÕ (gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, c„. 304)| M‡Rb kvixwiK I gvbwmKfv‡e kw³kvjx n‡jI cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y AmnvqZ¡, nxbgb¨Zv Zvi †Pnvivq cÖwZwbqZ cÖwZdwjZ n‡Zv|

gy‡L ’vqx Qvc c‡o‡Q GKUv kÖvšÍ mKiæY wRÁvmvi, fvOv euvKv bvKUv †hb wRÁvmvi fv‡iB by‡q †M‡Q| Avi Kx fxiæ Zvi ywU †PvL! mevB †hb hLb ZLb Zv‡K gv‡i, Avcb ci †QvU eo †`eZv gvbyl bvix cyiæl †h †hLv‡b Av‡Q| wbiæcvq mnbkxjZvq †m †hb PzcPvc m‡q hvq| Amn¨ n‡j AšÍiv‡j Kuv‡`| ( LÐ-6, c„. 304)

Avevi ÔZvici?Õ M‡í eyw× cÖwZeÜx nv‡ev-†K eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ô†PvL U¨viv, nviwM‡ji g‡Zv †ivMv kixi I gyL w`‡q jvjvÕ cov wK‡kvix wn‡m‡e| nv‡ev kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx M‡Rb‡K cQ›` KiZ| fv‡jvevmvi me¸‡jv Dcv`vb †hgb: fv‡jvevmvi gvbylwUi cÖwZ we‡kl hZœ †bIqv, Lywk Kivi †Póv A_ev Cl©v‡eva nv‡evi AvPi‡Y cybtcyb cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| M‡Rb fvZ †e‡o w`‡Z ej‡j evwoi gv-gvwm-wcwmi Av‡M nv‡ev Av‡M GwM‡q Av‡m| M‡R‡bi †`Iqv Dcnv‡ii kvwo †c‡q †m Zv cwiavb K‡i Ny‡i †eovq| GB M‡Rb hLb e‡j KwUevRv‡i Zvi m‡½ hv‡e wKbv- †hLv‡b †M‡j nv‡ev KvR K‡i †L‡Z cvi‡e, kvwo-Mqbv ci‡Z cvi‡e; ZLb nv‡ev GKev‡K¨ ivwR n‡q hvq M‡R‡bi m‡½ hvIqvi Rb¨| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, KwUevRv‡i M‡Rb bvix cvPvi e¨emv KiZ| Avevi NUbvi cwiµgvq nv‡ev M‡Rb‡K Ab¨ bvix dz‡ji m‡½ †`L‡Z †c‡q AevK nq Ges Av‡e‡Mi ekeZ©x n‡q M‡R‡biB †`Iqv †K‡ivwmb †X‡j AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i|

nv‡ev cv ¸wU‡q nv‡Z fi w`‡q e‡m nuv K‡i †`LwQj| gyL w`‡q Zvi jvjv Mwo‡q Mwo‡q †bŠKvi cvUvZ‡b R‡g‡Q| mm&c K‡i jvjv‡U‡b gyL eÜ K‡i †m D‡V uvovq, GK jv‡d Wv½vq c‡o, QzU †`q Muv‡qi w`‡K|

`~‡i _vbvi †cUv Nwo‡Z kUv evRevi LvwbK c‡o qv‡ji evwo‡Z ÔAv¸b! Av¸b!Õ wPrKvi I‡V| cvovi †jvK ˆn ˆn K‡i Qy‡U hvq| cy‡iv GK wUb †K‡ivwmb Mv‡q weQvbvq †X‡j nv‡ev Av¸b awi‡q w`‡q‡Q| N‡i ch©šÍ Av¸b a‡i †M‡Q `qv‡ji| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, 1982, c„.308)

mZy ivs cwÖ ZewÜZvi ai‡bi wfbZœ v _vK‡jI gvwb‡Ki iPbvi †ewki fvM Pwiθ‡jvi g‡a¨ Zv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b ¯vfvweK Kv‡R cwÖ ZewÜZv †Kv‡bv evu av n‡q `vu ovqwb| GKBfv‡e evOvwji MvÖ gxY mgv‡R Ab¨vb¨ vfvweK gvb‡y li g‡ZvB cwÖ ZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv‡Z fv‡jvevmv, Kíbv, msmvi Kivi cœ wVK †Zgwb nZvkv, †ÿvf, wnsmv, cwÖ Z‡kva †bIqvi ún„ v BZ¨vw` gvbwmK I Av‡ewMK ewkó¨ cwijwÿZ nq|

cÖwZewÜZvi cÖwZ evOvwj mgv‡Ri „wófw½ I MÖnY‡hvM¨Zvgvwb‡Ki †ewki fvM †QvUM‡í wesk kZvãxi MÖvgxY mgv‡R cÖwZeÜx e¨w³iv mgvR wew”Qbœ bq eis mgv‡RiB Ask wn‡m‡e cwiùzwUZ n‡q‡Q| cÖwZeÜx‡`i cwievi †_‡K wew”Qbœ bv K‡i cwiev‡iiB

m`m¨ wn‡m‡e cwiev‡ii Avi Ab¨ m`m¨‡`i m‡½ cÖwZeÜx‡`i fiY‡cvlY, †jLvcov I weevn †`Iqvi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q hv D‡jøL‡hvM¨fv‡e cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q gvwb‡Ki iPbvq|

ÔZvici? Õ†QvUM‡í wkï eq‡m cÖvß AvNv‡Z kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx M‡R‡bi cÖwZ cwiev‡ii fiY‡cvlY I †jLvcov Kiv‡bvi cÖ‡Póv we‡klfv‡e jÿYxq| M‡R‡bi evg nvZwU A‡K‡Rv n‡q wM‡qwQj Ges Luywo‡q Luywo‡q nuvU‡Zv| M‡R‡bi gv‡qi Acg„Zz¨i GMvi gv‡mi g‡a¨ evev wMwik Avevi weevn e܇b Ave× n‡jI MíKv‡ii fvlvq ÔcÖ_g c‡ÿi GKgvÎ Luy‡Z †Q‡jÕ M‡Rb‡K gvbyl Kivi ZvwM‡` ¯‹z‡j fwZ© Kwi‡q †`q (gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, c„. 304)| wcZv wn‡m‡e cÖwZeÜx mšÍvb‡K †jLvcovi gva¨‡g ^vej¤^x Kivi vwqZ¡ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq|

Ômixm„cÕ M‡í gv Pviæi Zvi eyw× cÖwZeÜx fze‡bi Rb¨ ¯^vfvweK DwØMœZv wQj| wZwb †`L‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb gv‡qi AeZ©gv‡b GKwU eyw× cÖwZeÜx wkï‡K cwievi Kxfv‡e †`Lfvj K‡i| †mRb¨ †m mvgwqK mg‡qi Rb¨ Kvkx ågY Ki‡Z P‡j hvb| Kvkx _vKvKv‡j eyw× cÖwZeÜx fzeb‡K Lvjv cix I M„ncwiPvwiKv c‡Ùi Kv‡Q †i‡L hvb| gv‡qi AeZ©gv‡b cwiev‡ii AvcbRb GKwU cÖwZeÜx wkï‡K Kxfv‡e hZœ-AvwË K‡i- Zv Pviæ I c‡Ùi K_‡cvK_‡b dz‡U D‡V‡Q-

cÙ RvbvBj mK‡ji fvemve g›` bq| Avevi fv‡jvI bq wKš‘| y‡qi gvSvgvwS| cix Zvi †evb‡cv‡K wVK mgqg‡Zv bv †nvK WvwKqv LvIqvBqv‡Q, gvi Rb¨ nvD-nvD Kwiqv Kuvw`‡j †fvjv‡bvi †PóvI †h K‡i bvB Ggb bq| Z‡e †Pv‡L †Pv‡L I‡K †KD iv‡L bvB| Kvj `ycyi‡ejv fzeb Pzwc Pzwc cjvB‡ZwQj, cÙ †`wL‡Z cvBqv †Kó‡K w`qv aivBqv Avwbqv‡Q| †Mvjgvj ïwbqv Avwmqv ebgvjx Zv‡K K‡qK NÈv N‡i eÜ Kwiqv ivwLqvwQj| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 43)

Avevi gv Pviæi g„Zz¨i ci i³ m¤^Ünxb ebgvjx eyw× cÖwZeÜx wkï fze‡bi jvjb-cvj‡bi `vwqZ¡ †bq| gvZ…nviv fze‡bi mve©ÿwYK †`Lfv‡ji Rb¨ GKRb M„ncwiPviK‡K wb‡qvM †`q| ebgvjx fze‡bi m‡½ LvIqv-`vIqv, m‡½ wb‡q Ny‡i †eov‡bv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i, fze‡bi Ôeyw×i RoZv webóÕ Kivi bvbv ai‡bi cÖ‡Póv Ae¨vnZ iv‡L|

†Kó‡K †m Ab¨ †Kv‡bv KvR Kwi‡Z wb‡la Kwiqv w`qv‡Q-fzeb‡K me©`v †Pv‡L †Pv‡L ivwL‡e| LvIqvi mgq ebgvjx fzeb‡K Kv‡Q LvB‡Z emvq, cÖvqB Zvnv‡K m‡½ jBqv †gvUi Pvwcqv †eovB‡Z hvq, Aemi mg‡q Kv‡Q WvwKqv Zvnvi m‡½ K_v e‡j, Zvnv‡K bvbvb welq wkLvBevi †Póv K‡i| ...Zvi eyw×i RoZv webó Kwi‡e GB Zvnvi B”Qv| Kv‡Ri g‡Zv GKUv KvR cvBqv ebgvjx fvwi myLx| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 47)

ebgvjxi GB wkÿv cÖ‡Póv ïay fv‡jvevmv ev `vwqZ¡‡eva †_‡K bq eis cÖwZewÜZvi cÖwZ BwZevPK g‡bvfve evievi cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| ebgvjx aviYv K‡i, eyw× cÖwZeÜx wkïi gv‡SI wkLb †hvM¨Zv i‡q‡Q, Zvi fvlvq ÔI‡K Pviæw` ( fze‡bi gv) †evKv K‡i †i‡LwQj, Avm‡j I †evKv bq|Õ (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 47)| ebgvjx GB g‡bvfv‡ei cwieZ©b

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 19evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx18

GKwU nvZ I GKwU cv A‡K‡Rv n‡jI kix‡ii Ab¨vb¨ A½ Zvi †Rviv‡jv wQj Ges †Kv‡bv GKwU Kv‡Ri Rb¨ me©`v Aw¯’i I PÂj n‡q _vKZ| †jL‡Ki eY©bvq ÔGB eq‡m woi g‡Zv cvwK‡q †`‡ni gvsm‡ckx¸‡jv Zvi k³ n‡q †M‡Q, †ivMv kixiUv‡Z kw³ I mwnòzZv Avðh©iKgÕ (gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, c„. 304)| M‡Rb kvixwiK I gvbwmKfv‡e kw³kvjx n‡jI cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y AmnvqZ¡, nxbgb¨Zv Zvi †Pnvivq cÖwZwbqZ cÖwZdwjZ n‡Zv|

gy‡L ’vqx Qvc c‡o‡Q GKUv kÖvšÍ mKiæY wRÁvmvi, fvOv euvKv bvKUv †hb wRÁvmvi fv‡iB by‡q †M‡Q| Avi Kx fxiæ Zvi ywU †PvL! mevB †hb hLb ZLb Zv‡K gv‡i, Avcb ci †QvU eo †`eZv gvbyl bvix cyiæl †h †hLv‡b Av‡Q| wbiæcvq mnbkxjZvq †m †hb PzcPvc m‡q hvq| Amn¨ n‡j AšÍiv‡j Kuv‡`| ( LÐ-6, c„. 304)

Avevi ÔZvici?Õ M‡í eyw× cÖwZeÜx nv‡ev-†K eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ô†PvL U¨viv, nviwM‡ji g‡Zv †ivMv kixi I gyL w`‡q jvjvÕ cov wK‡kvix wn‡m‡e| nv‡ev kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx M‡Rb‡K cQ›` KiZ| fv‡jvevmvi me¸‡jv Dcv`vb †hgb: fv‡jvevmvi gvbylwUi cÖwZ we‡kl hZœ †bIqv, Lywk Kivi †Póv A_ev Cl©v‡eva nv‡evi AvPi‡Y cybtcyb cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| M‡Rb fvZ †e‡o w`‡Z ej‡j evwoi gv-gvwm-wcwmi Av‡M nv‡ev Av‡M GwM‡q Av‡m| M‡R‡bi †`Iqv Dcnv‡ii kvwo †c‡q †m Zv cwiavb K‡i Ny‡i †eovq| GB M‡Rb hLb e‡j KwUevRv‡i Zvi m‡½ hv‡e wKbv- †hLv‡b †M‡j nv‡ev KvR K‡i †L‡Z cvi‡e, kvwo-Mqbv ci‡Z cvi‡e; ZLb nv‡ev GKev‡K¨ ivwR n‡q hvq M‡R‡bi m‡½ hvIqvi Rb¨| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, KwUevRv‡i M‡Rb bvix cvPvi e¨emv KiZ| Avevi NUbvi cwiµgvq nv‡ev M‡Rb‡K Ab¨ bvix dz‡ji m‡½ †`L‡Z †c‡q AevK nq Ges Av‡e‡Mi ekeZ©x n‡q M‡R‡biB †`Iqv †K‡ivwmb †X‡j AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i|

nv‡ev cv ¸wU‡q nv‡Z fi w`‡q e‡m nuv K‡i †`LwQj| gyL w`‡q Zvi jvjv Mwo‡q Mwo‡q †bŠKvi cvUvZ‡b R‡g‡Q| mm&c K‡i jvjv‡U‡b gyL eÜ K‡i †m D‡V uvovq, GK jv‡d Wv½vq c‡o, QzU †`q Muv‡qi w`‡K|

`~‡i _vbvi †cUv Nwo‡Z kUv evRevi LvwbK c‡o qv‡ji evwo‡Z ÔAv¸b! Av¸b!Õ wPrKvi I‡V| cvovi †jvK ˆn ˆn K‡i Qy‡U hvq| cy‡iv GK wUb †K‡ivwmb Mv‡q weQvbvq †X‡j nv‡ev Av¸b awi‡q w`‡q‡Q| N‡i ch©šÍ Av¸b a‡i †M‡Q `qv‡ji| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, 1982, c„.308)

mZy ivs cwÖ ZewÜZvi ai‡bi wfbZœ v _vK‡jI gvwb‡Ki iPbvi †ewki fvM Pwiθ‡jvi g‡a¨ Zv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b ¯vfvweK Kv‡R cwÖ ZewÜZv †Kv‡bv evu av n‡q `vu ovqwb| GKBfv‡e evOvwji MvÖ gxY mgv‡R Ab¨vb¨ vfvweK gvb‡y li g‡ZvB cwÖ ZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv‡Z fv‡jvevmv, Kíbv, msmvi Kivi cœ wVK †Zgwb nZvkv, †ÿvf, wnsmv, cwÖ Z‡kva †bIqvi ún„ v BZ¨vw` gvbwmK I Av‡ewMK ewkó¨ cwijwÿZ nq|

cÖwZewÜZvi cÖwZ evOvwj mgv‡Ri „wófw½ I MÖnY‡hvM¨Zvgvwb‡Ki †ewki fvM †QvUM‡í wesk kZvãxi MÖvgxY mgv‡R cÖwZeÜx e¨w³iv mgvR wew”Qbœ bq eis mgv‡RiB Ask wn‡m‡e cwiùzwUZ n‡q‡Q| cÖwZeÜx‡`i cwievi †_‡K wew”Qbœ bv K‡i cwiev‡iiB

m`m¨ wn‡m‡e cwiev‡ii Avi Ab¨ m`m¨‡`i m‡½ cÖwZeÜx‡`i fiY‡cvlY, †jLvcov I weevn †`Iqvi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q hv D‡jøL‡hvM¨fv‡e cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q gvwb‡Ki iPbvq|

ÔZvici? Õ†QvUM‡í wkï eq‡m cÖvß AvNv‡Z kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx M‡R‡bi cÖwZ cwiev‡ii fiY‡cvlY I †jLvcov Kiv‡bvi cÖ‡Póv we‡klfv‡e jÿYxq| M‡R‡bi evg nvZwU A‡K‡Rv n‡q wM‡qwQj Ges Luywo‡q Luywo‡q nuvU‡Zv| M‡R‡bi gv‡qi Acg„Zz¨i GMvi gv‡mi g‡a¨ evev wMwik Avevi weevn e܇b Ave× n‡jI MíKv‡ii fvlvq ÔcÖ_g c‡ÿi GKgvÎ Luy‡Z †Q‡jÕ M‡Rb‡K gvbyl Kivi ZvwM‡` ¯‹z‡j fwZ© Kwi‡q †`q (gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, c„. 304)| wcZv wn‡m‡e cÖwZeÜx mšÍvb‡K †jLvcovi gva¨‡g ^vej¤^x Kivi vwqZ¡ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq|

Ômixm„cÕ M‡í gv Pviæi Zvi eyw× cÖwZeÜx fze‡bi Rb¨ ¯^vfvweK DwØMœZv wQj| wZwb †`L‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb gv‡qi AeZ©gv‡b GKwU eyw× cÖwZeÜx wkï‡K cwievi Kxfv‡e †`Lfvj K‡i| †mRb¨ †m mvgwqK mg‡qi Rb¨ Kvkx ågY Ki‡Z P‡j hvb| Kvkx _vKvKv‡j eyw× cÖwZeÜx fzeb‡K Lvjv cix I M„ncwiPvwiKv c‡Ùi Kv‡Q †i‡L hvb| gv‡qi AeZ©gv‡b cwiev‡ii AvcbRb GKwU cÖwZeÜx wkï‡K Kxfv‡e hZœ-AvwË K‡i- Zv Pviæ I c‡Ùi K_‡cvK_‡b dz‡U D‡V‡Q-

cÙ RvbvBj mK‡ji fvemve g›` bq| Avevi fv‡jvI bq wKš‘| y‡qi gvSvgvwS| cix Zvi †evb‡cv‡K wVK mgqg‡Zv bv †nvK WvwKqv LvIqvBqv‡Q, gvi Rb¨ nvD-nvD Kwiqv Kuvw`‡j †fvjv‡bvi †PóvI †h K‡i bvB Ggb bq| Z‡e †Pv‡L †Pv‡L I‡K †KD iv‡L bvB| Kvj `ycyi‡ejv fzeb Pzwc Pzwc cjvB‡ZwQj, cÙ †`wL‡Z cvBqv †Kó‡K w`qv aivBqv Avwbqv‡Q| †Mvjgvj ïwbqv Avwmqv ebgvjx Zv‡K K‡qK NÈv N‡i eÜ Kwiqv ivwLqvwQj| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 43)

Avevi gv Pviæi g„Zz¨i ci i³ m¤^Ünxb ebgvjx eyw× cÖwZeÜx wkï fze‡bi jvjb-cvj‡bi `vwqZ¡ †bq| gvZ…nviv fze‡bi mve©ÿwYK †`Lfv‡ji Rb¨ GKRb M„ncwiPviK‡K wb‡qvM †`q| ebgvjx fze‡bi m‡½ LvIqv-`vIqv, m‡½ wb‡q Ny‡i †eov‡bv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i, fze‡bi Ôeyw×i RoZv webóÕ Kivi bvbv ai‡bi cÖ‡Póv Ae¨vnZ iv‡L|

†Kó‡K †m Ab¨ †Kv‡bv KvR Kwi‡Z wb‡la Kwiqv w`qv‡Q-fzeb‡K me©`v †Pv‡L †Pv‡L ivwL‡e| LvIqvi mgq ebgvjx fzeb‡K Kv‡Q LvB‡Z emvq, cÖvqB Zvnv‡K m‡½ jBqv †gvUi Pvwcqv †eovB‡Z hvq, Aemi mg‡q Kv‡Q WvwKqv Zvnvi m‡½ K_v e‡j, Zvnv‡K bvbvb welq wkLvBevi †Póv K‡i| ...Zvi eyw×i RoZv webó Kwi‡e GB Zvnvi B”Qv| Kv‡Ri g‡Zv GKUv KvR cvBqv ebgvjx fvwi myLx| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 47)

ebgvjxi GB wkÿv cÖ‡Póv ïay fv‡jvevmv ev `vwqZ¡‡eva †_‡K bq eis cÖwZewÜZvi cÖwZ BwZevPK g‡bvfve evievi cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| ebgvjx aviYv K‡i, eyw× cÖwZeÜx wkïi gv‡SI wkLb †hvM¨Zv i‡q‡Q, Zvi fvlvq ÔI‡K Pviæw` ( fze‡bi gv) †evKv K‡i †i‡LwQj, Avm‡j I †evKv bq|Õ (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 47)| ebgvjx GB g‡bvfv‡ei cwieZ©b

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 19evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx18

g~jZ fze‡bi cÖwZ Zvi Zxÿè ch©‡eÿY mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| ebgvjx Zvi e„× gv‡K wbw`©ó mg‡q Ilya LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ cwiev‡ii KvD‡K Av‡`k w`‡qwQ‡jb| cwiev‡ii †mB m`m¨ fz‡j †M‡jI fzeb AcÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e Zv g‡b iv‡L Ges Nwo‡Z QÕUv evRvi NÈv co‡j Zv ebgvjx‡K Rvbvq| fze‡bi Giƒc Af‚Zc~e© cwieZ©b ebgvjx‡K gy» K‡i| ebgvjxi g‡a¨ wek¦vm ˆZwi nq, Dchy³ cÖ‡Póv Ges hZœ Ki‡j AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b Avbqb Kiv m¤¢e|

mvgvwRKfv‡e cÖwZeÜxiv mnRfv‡e M„nxZ I mnvqZv †c‡jI memgq Zv †h AbyK‚‡j wQj Zv bq| KL‡bv KL‡bv cÖwZeÜx‡`i SzuwKc~Y© Rxe‡bi w`‡K †V‡j †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZeÜx wkïi gv Zvi cÖwZeÜx wkï wb‡q µgvMZ D`MÖxe, ywðšÍv cÖwZeÜx wkïi mgv‡R AwbwðZ Rxe‡bi cÖwZdwjZ K‡i| Ômixm„cÕ M‡í gv Pviæ eyw× cÖwZeÜx fze‡bi Rb¨ Avkw¼Z n‡q cÖkœ K‡iwQj, ÔAvwg †h wPiKvj euvPe bv cÙ, ZLb Kx n‡e?Õ (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 43)| gv‡qi Avk¼v Ag~jK nqwb| gv Pviæi g„Zz¨i ci Avcb Lvjv cix Zvi wbR ^v‡_© eyw× cÖwZeÜx fzeb‡K GKvKx ARvbv MšÍ‡e¨i D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwU †Uª‡b Zz‡j †`q|

fiY‡cvlY I †jLvcovi m‡½ m‡½ gvwb‡Ki M‡í D‡V G‡m‡Q wesk kZvãx‡Z cwÖ ZeÜx †g‡q‡K mgqg‡Zv weevn m¤úv`‡bi e¨e v’ Kivi| ÔAÜÕ M‡í mbvZb PµeZx© i GKgvÎ †g‡q w„ ó cwÖ ZeÜx †gvwnbxi we‡qi Rb¨ eo †`vZjv evwo I bM` A‡_i© e¨e v’ †i‡LwQ‡jb| cwÖ ZeÜx †gvwnbxi m‡½ AvB‡bi QvÎ wMwiRv Kgz v‡ii we‡q m¤úbœ nq Ges c_Ö g K‡qK eQi †m kï¦ ievwo‡Z wM‡q msmvi K‡i| †mLv‡b c_Ö gw`‡K hšY¿ v †c‡jI cieZx© mg‡q RvgvB-kv¦ ïwo-bb`-Gi msmv‡i †m ÔcwÖ ZcwËÕ ARb© K‡iwQj|

mgv‡R kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx M‡R‡bi evev wMwik, „wó cÖwZeÜx †g‡q †gvwnbxi evev mbvZb ev cÖwZ‡ekx ebgvjxi g‡Zv `vwqZ¡ m‡PZb gvby‡li mÜvb †hgb cvIqv hvq, †Zgwb cixi g‡Zv wkïi cÖwZ AgvbweK AvPi‡Yi gvby‡liI †`Lv †g‡j| Gfv‡e gvwb‡Ki iPbvq cÖwZeÜx Pwi‡Îi cÖwZ cwiev‡ii m`‡m¨i AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g ZrKvjxb mgv‡RiB wPÎ dz‡U D‡V‡Q| cwievi †hgb cÖwZeÜx mšÍvb‡K jvjb-cvjb, wkÿv I weevn cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q †Zgwb mgvRI cÖwZeÜx‡`i msmv‡i ev we`¨vj‡q ¯^vfvweKfv‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

ch©v‡jvPbvgvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †ewki fvM †QvUMí MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi †cÖÿvc‡U wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨wZµgag©x PwiÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| GB e¨wZµgawg©Zv †hgb kvixwiK, gvbwmK, Rb¥MZ †Zgwb Rb¥MZ bq; cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM, cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v wKsev RxweKvi Kvi‡Y †h n‡Z cv‡i Zvi cÖgvY †g‡j gvwb‡Ki †QvUM‡í| Ômixm„cÕ M‡í Pviæi wkïcyÎ fzeb‡K †`L‡Z cvB Rb¥MZfv‡e ¯^vfvweK eyw×i weKv‡k evavcÖvß we‡kl wkï wn‡m‡e| Avevi ÔAÜÕ M‡í †g‡q †gvwnbx wQj „wó cÖwZeÜx, Ôfq¼iÕ M‡í dzwj kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx, ÔMv‡qbÕ M‡í bUe‡ii †g‡q evK cÖwZeÜx, Ô†civbUvÕ M‡í dzjevby‡K Ges ÔgnvKv‡ji RUvi RUÕ M‡í eo †g‡q mywPÎv‡K †`L‡Z cvB eyw× cÖwZeÜx iƒ‡c| DwjøwLZ Pwiθ‡jv wQj Rb¥MZfv‡e e¨wZµgag©x| Avi ÔZvici?Õ M‡í KvYKvwj Muv‡qi M‡Rb Ges Ôbe Avjcbv Õ M‡í bUzK cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi Kvi‡Y kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq| ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡í wfLy evwo‡Z WvKvwZ Ki‡Z wM‡q Kuv‡a ek©vi AvNvZcÖvß n‡q wPwKrmvi Afv‡e Z_v RxweKvi Kvi‡Y kvixwiK

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cwÖ ZewÜZvi GB wewfbZœ v _vK‡jI gvwb‡Ki M‡í cwÖ ZeÜx e¨w³ Avi mevi g‡ZvB cwievi I mgvR v¦ iv Mn„ xZ n‡q‡Q| mgvR Zv‡`i Avjv`v K‡iwb| eis MvÖ gxY mgvR I cwiev‡ii we`¨gvb m‡y hvM-mwy eavi Øviv cwÖ ZeÜx‡`i mgv‡R jvwjZ-cvwjZ K‡i‡Q| Giƒ‡c cwievi I mgv‡R †mvk¨vj g‡W‡ji Aw¯‡Í Zi¡ / Abky xj‡bi cgÖ vY cvIqv hvq| `wÿY Gwkqvq cwÖ ZewÜZv I mgvR welqK ÷vwW‡ZI †`Lv hvq †h, mgv‡Ri cwÖ ZeÜx gvb‡y li Rxeb-aviY Kxfv‡e cwievi, mgvR Ges ag© Z_v ms¯‹w… Z Øviv cfÖ vweZ nq (wmmKv I nvexe, 2015)| AvVv‡iv-Dwbk kZ‡K evOvwj mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv wQj GKvbeœ Zx© cwieviwfwËK| GLv‡b K‡qK cRÖ b¥ †hgb bvbv-bvbx, v`v-`v`x, gvgv-PvPv, Lvjv-dcz ,y fvwMbv-fvwZRv, fvwMbx-fvwZwR mevB GK‡Î GKB cwiev‡i emevm Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| cwiev‡ii cwÖ ZwU m`m¨B n‡”Q cwiev‡ii Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| e¨w³i Ici mgvR I cwiev‡ii kvmb wQj †Rviv‡jv (†Mvjvg giy wk`, 2015)| cwievi¸‡jv eׄ -weaev-AweevwnZ-cwÖ ZeÜx-†eKvi mK‡ji cwÖ Zcvjb K‡i Ges wbivcËv cÖ vb K‡i| gvwb‡Ki †QvUMí¸‡jv‡ZI Avgiv cwievi¸‡jv‡K Zv‡`i cwÖ ZeÜx m`‡m¨i vwqZ¡ wb‡Z I cwÖ Zcvjb Ki‡Z †`L‡Z cvB| Ômixmc„ Õ M‡í AvacvMjv ¯vgx‡K wek eQi I ewy × cwÖ ZeÜx wkïcÎy fez ‡bi cwÖ Zcvjb Ki‡Z Pviæi cvkvcvwk AvkqÖ `vZv ebgvjx‡KI †`Lv †M‡Q| ÔAÜÕ M‡í gvZn… viv w„ ó cwÖ ZeÜx †g‡q †gvwnbx‡K Zvi wcZv mbvZb PµeZx© B †`Lfvj K‡i weevn †`b| ÔgnvKv‡ji RUvi RUÕ M‡í †QvU †g‡qi weev‡ni c‡~ e© eo †g‡q cwÖ ZeÜx mwy PÎv‡K Av‡M we‡q †`Iqv KZe© ¨ e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| Ô†civbUvÕ M‡í djz evby I ÔMv‡qbÕ M‡í bUe‡ii cwÖ ZeÜx †g‡q ce~ © n‡ZB weevwnZ wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z cvB| ÔZvici?Õ M‡í M‡Rb‡K kvixwiK cwÖ ZewÜZv m‡ËI¡ mgv‡Ri Avi kUv wkïi g‡ZvB ‹‡z j fwZ© Kwi‡q †`Iqv nq| mZy ivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, Ab¨vb¨ m`‡m¨i g‡Zv cwÖ ZeÜx m`m¨ivI GKBfv‡e GKwU cwiev‡i cwÖ ZcvwjZ n‡”Q Ges cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK KgK© v‡Ð fw‚ gKv ivL‡Q|

Dcgnv‡`‡k ag© cÖwZewÜZv‡K mgvR I e¨w³gvb‡m LvcLvIqv‡Z Ab¨Zg iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| cÖwZewÜZv‡K mnRfv‡e †g‡b wb‡Z Ges cÖwZeÜx‡`i mnRfv‡e MÖnY Kivi gvbwmKZv ˆZwi Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q ag©| wn›`y a‡g© cÖwZewÜZv‡K c~e©R‡b¥i Kg©dj wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| `y¯’ I cÖwZeÜx‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv‡K m„wóKZ©vi AvbyK‚j¨ I ^M©jv‡fi Dcvq wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq (Narayan,

2004)| †eŠ×a‡g© cÖwZewÜZvi Rb¨ e¨w³we‡kl‡K vqx K‡i bv eis Zvi cÖwZ mnvbyf‚wZkxj nq Ges eZ©gvb fv‡jv Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g fv‡M¨i cwieZ©b n‡e e‡j Avkv K‡i (Gupta, 2011)| Ab¨w`‡K Bmjvg a‡g© ^v¯’¨‡K m„wóKZ©vi vb Ges †ivM-e¨wa I cÖwZewÜZv‡K m„wóKZ©vi cÖwZ wek¦vm ’vc‡bi cixÿv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq (Bhatty, Moten, Tawakkul & Amer, 2009)| gvwb‡Ki †QvUM‡íI jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, cÖwZewÜZv‡K Rxe‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e †g‡b wb‡”Q cwievi I mgvR Ges e¨w³ wb‡RI| cÖwZewÜZvi welq wb‡q †Kv‡bv †ÿvf ev AbyZßZv `„wó‡MvPixf‚Z nqwb| eis wfLy, †gvwnbx, dzjevby, M‡Rb Zv‡`i ¯^vfvweK Rxeb hvc‡bi P¨v‡jĸ‡jv Avi `kRb m`‡m¨i g‡ZvB MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 21evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx20

g~jZ fze‡bi cÖwZ Zvi Zxÿè ch©‡eÿY mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| ebgvjx Zvi e„× gv‡K wbw`©ó mg‡q Ilya LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ cwiev‡ii KvD‡K Av‡`k w`‡qwQ‡jb| cwiev‡ii †mB m`m¨ fz‡j †M‡jI fzeb AcÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e Zv g‡b iv‡L Ges Nwo‡Z QÕUv evRvi NÈv co‡j Zv ebgvjx‡K Rvbvq| fze‡bi Giƒc Af‚Zc~e© cwieZ©b ebgvjx‡K gy» K‡i| ebgvjxi g‡a¨ wek¦vm ˆZwi nq, Dchy³ cÖ‡Póv Ges hZœ Ki‡j AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b Avbqb Kiv m¤¢e|

mvgvwRKfv‡e cÖwZeÜxiv mnRfv‡e M„nxZ I mnvqZv †c‡jI memgq Zv †h AbyK‚‡j wQj Zv bq| KL‡bv KL‡bv cÖwZeÜx‡`i SzuwKc~Y© Rxe‡bi w`‡K †V‡j †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZeÜx wkïi gv Zvi cÖwZeÜx wkï wb‡q µgvMZ D`MÖxe, ywðšÍv cÖwZeÜx wkïi mgv‡R AwbwðZ Rxe‡bi cÖwZdwjZ K‡i| Ômixm„cÕ M‡í gv Pviæ eyw× cÖwZeÜx fze‡bi Rb¨ Avkw¼Z n‡q cÖkœ K‡iwQj, ÔAvwg †h wPiKvj euvPe bv cÙ, ZLb Kx n‡e?Õ (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 43)| gv‡qi Avk¼v Ag~jK nqwb| gv Pviæi g„Zz¨i ci Avcb Lvjv cix Zvi wbR ^v‡_© eyw× cÖwZeÜx fzeb‡K GKvKx ARvbv MšÍ‡e¨i D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwU †Uª‡b Zz‡j †`q|

fiY‡cvlY I †jLvcovi m‡½ m‡½ gvwb‡Ki M‡í D‡V G‡m‡Q wesk kZvãx‡Z cwÖ ZeÜx †g‡q‡K mgqg‡Zv weevn m¤úv`‡bi e¨e v’ Kivi| ÔAÜÕ M‡í mbvZb PµeZx© i GKgvÎ †g‡q w„ ó cwÖ ZeÜx †gvwnbxi we‡qi Rb¨ eo †`vZjv evwo I bM` A‡_i© e¨e v’ †i‡LwQ‡jb| cwÖ ZeÜx †gvwnbxi m‡½ AvB‡bi QvÎ wMwiRv Kgz v‡ii we‡q m¤úbœ nq Ges c_Ö g K‡qK eQi †m kï¦ ievwo‡Z wM‡q msmvi K‡i| †mLv‡b c_Ö gw`‡K hšY¿ v †c‡jI cieZx© mg‡q RvgvB-kv¦ ïwo-bb`-Gi msmv‡i †m ÔcwÖ ZcwËÕ ARb© K‡iwQj|

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ch©v‡jvPbvgvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †ewki fvM †QvUMí MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi †cÖÿvc‡U wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨wZµgag©x PwiÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| GB e¨wZµgawg©Zv †hgb kvixwiK, gvbwmK, Rb¥MZ †Zgwb Rb¥MZ bq; cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM, cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v wKsev RxweKvi Kvi‡Y †h n‡Z cv‡i Zvi cÖgvY †g‡j gvwb‡Ki †QvUM‡í| Ômixm„cÕ M‡í Pviæi wkïcyÎ fzeb‡K †`L‡Z cvB Rb¥MZfv‡e ¯^vfvweK eyw×i weKv‡k evavcÖvß we‡kl wkï wn‡m‡e| Avevi ÔAÜÕ M‡í †g‡q †gvwnbx wQj „wó cÖwZeÜx, Ôfq¼iÕ M‡í dzwj kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx, ÔMv‡qbÕ M‡í bUe‡ii †g‡q evK cÖwZeÜx, Ô†civbUvÕ M‡í dzjevby‡K Ges ÔgnvKv‡ji RUvi RUÕ M‡í eo †g‡q mywPÎv‡K †`L‡Z cvB eyw× cÖwZeÜx iƒ‡c| DwjøwLZ Pwiθ‡jv wQj Rb¥MZfv‡e e¨wZµgag©x| Avi ÔZvici?Õ M‡í KvYKvwj Muv‡qi M‡Rb Ges Ôbe Avjcbv Õ M‡í bUzK cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi Kvi‡Y kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq| ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡í wfLy evwo‡Z WvKvwZ Ki‡Z wM‡q Kuv‡a ek©vi AvNvZcÖvß n‡q wPwKrmvi Afv‡e Z_v RxweKvi Kvi‡Y kvixwiK

cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq| Avevi GKBfv‡e, ÔRxweKvÕ M‡í RxweKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b Bu`vivq †Lvqv wRwbm †LuvRvi `iæb cieZ©x‡Z Kv‡b ïb‡Z †c‡jI Kvjy ÿYKv‡ji Rb¨ n‡jI ewaiZv cÖvß n‡qwQj| Gfv‡e gvwb‡Ki †QvUM‡í wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨wZµgag©x Pwi‡Îi mgv‡ek jÿ Kiv hvq|

cwÖ ZewÜZvi GB wewfbZœ v _vK‡jI gvwb‡Ki M‡í cwÖ ZeÜx e¨w³ Avi mevi g‡ZvB cwievi I mgvR v¦ iv Mn„ xZ n‡q‡Q| mgvR Zv‡`i Avjv`v K‡iwb| eis MvÖ gxY mgvR I cwiev‡ii we`¨gvb m‡y hvM-mwy eavi Øviv cwÖ ZeÜx‡`i mgv‡R jvwjZ-cvwjZ K‡i‡Q| Giƒ‡c cwievi I mgv‡R †mvk¨vj g‡W‡ji Aw¯‡Í Zi¡ / Abky xj‡bi cgÖ vY cvIqv hvq| `wÿY Gwkqvq cwÖ ZewÜZv I mgvR welqK ÷vwW‡ZI †`Lv hvq †h, mgv‡Ri cwÖ ZeÜx gvb‡y li Rxeb-aviY Kxfv‡e cwievi, mgvR Ges ag© Z_v ms¯‹w… Z Øviv cfÖ vweZ nq (wmmKv I nvexe, 2015)| AvVv‡iv-Dwbk kZ‡K evOvwj mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv wQj GKvbeœ Zx© cwieviwfwËK| GLv‡b K‡qK cRÖ b¥ †hgb bvbv-bvbx, v`v-`v`x, gvgv-PvPv, Lvjv-dcz ,y fvwMbv-fvwZRv, fvwMbx-fvwZwR mevB GK‡Î GKB cwiev‡i emevm Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| cwiev‡ii cwÖ ZwU m`m¨B n‡”Q cwiev‡ii Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| e¨w³i Ici mgvR I cwiev‡ii kvmb wQj †Rviv‡jv (†Mvjvg giy wk`, 2015)| cwievi¸‡jv eׄ -weaev-AweevwnZ-cwÖ ZeÜx-†eKvi mK‡ji cwÖ Zcvjb K‡i Ges wbivcËv cÖ vb K‡i| gvwb‡Ki †QvUMí¸‡jv‡ZI Avgiv cwievi¸‡jv‡K Zv‡`i cwÖ ZeÜx m`‡m¨i vwqZ¡ wb‡Z I cwÖ Zcvjb Ki‡Z †`L‡Z cvB| Ômixmc„ Õ M‡í AvacvMjv ¯vgx‡K wek eQi I ewy × cwÖ ZeÜx wkïcÎy fez ‡bi cwÖ Zcvjb Ki‡Z Pviæi cvkvcvwk AvkqÖ `vZv ebgvjx‡KI †`Lv †M‡Q| ÔAÜÕ M‡í gvZn… viv w„ ó cwÖ ZeÜx †g‡q †gvwnbx‡K Zvi wcZv mbvZb PµeZx© B †`Lfvj K‡i weevn †`b| ÔgnvKv‡ji RUvi RUÕ M‡í †QvU †g‡qi weev‡ni c‡~ e© eo †g‡q cwÖ ZeÜx mwy PÎv‡K Av‡M we‡q †`Iqv KZe© ¨ e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| Ô†civbUvÕ M‡í djz evby I ÔMv‡qbÕ M‡í bUe‡ii cwÖ ZeÜx †g‡q ce~ © n‡ZB weevwnZ wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z cvB| ÔZvici?Õ M‡í M‡Rb‡K kvixwiK cwÖ ZewÜZv m‡ËI¡ mgv‡Ri Avi kUv wkïi g‡ZvB ‹‡z j fwZ© Kwi‡q †`Iqv nq| mZy ivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, Ab¨vb¨ m`‡m¨i g‡Zv cwÖ ZeÜx m`m¨ivI GKBfv‡e GKwU cwiev‡i cwÖ ZcvwjZ n‡”Q Ges cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK KgK© v‡Ð fw‚ gKv ivL‡Q|

Dcgnv‡`‡k ag© cÖwZewÜZv‡K mgvR I e¨w³gvb‡m LvcLvIqv‡Z Ab¨Zg iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| cÖwZewÜZv‡K mnRfv‡e †g‡b wb‡Z Ges cÖwZeÜx‡`i mnRfv‡e MÖnY Kivi gvbwmKZv ˆZwi Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q ag©| wn›`y a‡g© cÖwZewÜZv‡K c~e©R‡b¥i Kg©dj wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| `y¯’ I cÖwZeÜx‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv‡K m„wóKZ©vi AvbyK‚j¨ I ^M©jv‡fi Dcvq wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq (Narayan,

2004)| †eŠ×a‡g© cÖwZewÜZvi Rb¨ e¨w³we‡kl‡K vqx K‡i bv eis Zvi cÖwZ mnvbyf‚wZkxj nq Ges eZ©gvb fv‡jv Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g fv‡M¨i cwieZ©b n‡e e‡j Avkv K‡i (Gupta, 2011)| Ab¨w`‡K Bmjvg a‡g© ^v¯’¨‡K m„wóKZ©vi vb Ges †ivM-e¨wa I cÖwZewÜZv‡K m„wóKZ©vi cÖwZ wek¦vm ’vc‡bi cixÿv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq (Bhatty, Moten, Tawakkul & Amer, 2009)| gvwb‡Ki †QvUM‡íI jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, cÖwZewÜZv‡K Rxe‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e †g‡b wb‡”Q cwievi I mgvR Ges e¨w³ wb‡RI| cÖwZewÜZvi welq wb‡q †Kv‡bv †ÿvf ev AbyZßZv `„wó‡MvPixf‚Z nqwb| eis wfLy, †gvwnbx, dzjevby, M‡Rb Zv‡`i ¯^vfvweK Rxeb hvc‡bi P¨v‡jĸ‡jv Avi `kRb m`‡m¨i g‡ZvB MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 21evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx20

Dcgnv‡`kxq k¦vkZ (K¬vwmK¨vj) mvwnZ¨¸‡jv‡Z cÖwZeÜx‡`i cÖwZ BwZevPK g‡bvfv‡ei cÖgvY D‡jøL cvB| gnvfvi‡Zi a„Zivóª AÜ n‡qI cieZ©x mg‡q ivRv wn‡m‡e ivR¨kvm‡bi Rb¨ AwawôZ nb| ivgvq‡Y weL¨vZ `vk©wbK I mswnZvKvi gywb Aóeµ weKjv½ n‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges Zvi †`‡ni AvUwU ¯’vb euvKv wQj (myaxiP›`ª miKvi, 2003)| A‰ØZev` I mg`k©b wel‡q `vk©wbK Aóe‡µi `k©b Aóeµ MxZv bv‡g wekwU Aa¨v‡q msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| GKBfv‡e ga¨hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨I cÖwZeÜx‡`i cÖwZ A‡bK BwZevPK g‡bvfve mgfv‡e cwijwÿZ nq| cÖwZeÜx‡`i †Kv‡bv we‡kl we‡kl Kv‡R cvi`wk©Zv Ges †mB ÿZv Abyhvqx wbw`©ó Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nIqvi Z_¨vw` cvIqv hvq| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, ga¨hy‡M fvi‡Z evK I kÖæwZ cÖwZeÜx‡`i miKvwi †Mvcbxq `wjj-`¯Ív‡eR Abywjwc cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ ivRv KZ…©K wb‡qvM †`Iqv n‡Zv| (bvivqY, 2004)| Dcgnv‡`‡ki Abykvmb Ges HwZn¨ cÖwZeÜx‡`i cÖwZ cÖwZK‚j bq eis A‡bKvs‡k AbyK‚j f‚wgKv †i‡L‡Q|

eZ©gvb M‡elYvq Avgiv GKwU mg‡qi GKRb †jL‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖwZewÜZv‡K Zz‡j Avbvi †Póv K‡iwQ| †hwU †Kv‡bvfv‡eB mvaviYxKiY Kiv hvq bv| Dciš‘, wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k bMivqY ïiæ n‡jI eZ©gvb M‡elYvwU‡Z ïay MÖvgxY cUf‚wg‡Z cÖwZewÜZvi GKwU LÐwPÎ cvIqv hvq| myZivs ’vbxq cUf‚wg‡Z cÖwZeÜx cv‡Vi GKwU weivU Ask Abvwe¯‹…Z i‡q †M‡Q| cÖwZewÜZv‡K mwVKfv‡e Abyave‡bi m‡½ †`kxq HwZn¨, BwZnvm Ges Gi mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK †cÖÿvc‡Ui †evaMg¨Zv AZ¨šÍ iæZ¡c~Y©| ïay wesk kZvãx bq G‡`‡ki Avengvb Kv‡ji BwZnvm I HwZn¨ †_‡K cÖwZeÜx welqK M‡elYv Avgv‡`i cÖwZewÜZv wel‡q Kvh©Kix Abyave‡b we‡kl f‚wgKv ivL‡e|

Avgiv †`L‡Z †Póv K‡iwQ †mvk¨vj g‡Wj hLb cvðv‡Z¨i mgmvgwqK aviYv I Av‡›`vjb wVK ZLb wesk kZvãxi c_Ö gv‡a© G‡`‡ki MvÖ gxY mgv‡R †mvk¨vj g‡W‡ji aviYv jvwjZ Ki‡Q| cwÖ ZeÜx e¨w³‡K c_„ KxKiY bv K‡i Zv‡K mgv‡R GKxfZ‚ n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| eZg© v‡b GKxfZ‚ wkÿv Ges mgvR MV‡bi †h Av‡›`vjb weke¦ ¨vcx Pj‡Q; Avgv‡`i MvÖ gxY mgv‡R Ges mvs¯‹w… ZK HwZn¨ Zv eû Av‡M †_‡KB †Rviv‡jvfv‡e enb Ki‡Q| Dchcy© wi we‡`kx aviYv Ges g‡Wj‡K mivmwi AbKy iY bv K‡i Kxfv‡e G‡`kxq AvengvbKv‡ji mvs¯‹w… ZK, mvgvwRK I HwZnvwmK Dcv`vb we‡klø ‡Yi gva¨‡g cwÖ ZewÜZvi mg¨K aviYv jvf Kiv hvq-G M‡elYv †mB †ciÖ Yv‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i|

Z_¨cÄx1. †MvcxKvbv_ ivq‡PŠayix. (2008) gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq: Rxeb`„wó I wkíixwZ, KjKvZv:

†`ÕR cvewjwks, c„. 144

2. †Mvjvg gyiwk`. (2015). †i‡bmÝ evsjvi †i‡bmÝ, XvKv: Aemi cÖKvkbv ms¯’v, c„. 176

3. eyׇ`e fÆvPvh©. (2012). cy‡o hvq Rxeb bk¦i, KjKvZv: b¨vkbvj eyK G‡RwÝ cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 102

4. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq. (1982). gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-3, KjKvZv: MÖš’vjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 469

5. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq. (1982). gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, KjKvZv: MÖš’vjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 420

6. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq. (1983). gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-9, KjKvZv: MÖš’vjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 439

7. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq. (1984). gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-10, KjKvZv: MÖš’vjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 438

8. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq. (1985). gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-12, KjKvZv: MÖš’vjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 391

9. ˆmq` AvwRRjy nK. (2015). †kôÖ gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, XvKv: Aemi cKÖ vkbv ms¯v’ , c.„ 784

10.myaxiP›`ª miKvi. (2003). †cŠivwYK Awfavb, KwjKvZv, Gg.wm. miKvi A¨vÛ mÝ cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 599

11. Priestley, M. (2006). Developing disability studies programmes: the

international context. In B. Watermeyer, L. Swartz, T. Lorenzo, M. Schneider & M. Priestley (Eds). Disability and social change: a South African agenda. (pp.19-30). Cape Town: Human Science Research Council (HSRC) Press.

12. Bhatty, I., Moten, A. A., Tawakkul, M. & Amer, M. (2009). Disability in Islam:

Insights into Theology, Law, History, and Practice, In Catherine A. Marshall, Elizabeth Kendall, Mariah Gover (Eds), Disabilities: Insights from across fields and around the World, Westport: Praeger Publishers, p.157-176.

13.Gupta, V.B. (2011). How Hindus cope with disability. Journal of Religion,

Disability & Health, 15(1),72-78.

14.Narayan, J. (2004). Persons with Disabilities in India: a special educator’s

personal perspective. Disability Studies Quarterly, 24(2).

15.Siska, J. & Habib, A. (2015). Disability in South Asia: Hitorical understanding

through family, religion and support structure. Specialini Pedagogoka, 4, pp. 478-488

16. Siska, J. & Habib, A. (2013). Attitudes towards disability and inclusion

in Bangladesh: from history to practice, International Journal of Inclusion Education, 17: 4, pp. 393-405

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 23evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx22

Dcgnv‡`kxq k¦vkZ (K¬vwmK¨vj) mvwnZ¨¸‡jv‡Z cÖwZeÜx‡`i cÖwZ BwZevPK g‡bvfv‡ei cÖgvY D‡jøL cvB| gnvfvi‡Zi a„Zivóª AÜ n‡qI cieZ©x mg‡q ivRv wn‡m‡e ivR¨kvm‡bi Rb¨ AwawôZ nb| ivgvq‡Y weL¨vZ `vk©wbK I mswnZvKvi gywb Aóeµ weKjv½ n‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges Zvi †`‡ni AvUwU ¯’vb euvKv wQj (myaxiP›`ª miKvi, 2003)| A‰ØZev` I mg`k©b wel‡q `vk©wbK Aóe‡µi `k©b Aóeµ MxZv bv‡g wekwU Aa¨v‡q msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| GKBfv‡e ga¨hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨I cÖwZeÜx‡`i cÖwZ A‡bK BwZevPK g‡bvfve mgfv‡e cwijwÿZ nq| cÖwZeÜx‡`i †Kv‡bv we‡kl we‡kl Kv‡R cvi`wk©Zv Ges †mB ÿZv Abyhvqx wbw`©ó Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nIqvi Z_¨vw` cvIqv hvq| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, ga¨hy‡M fvi‡Z evK I kÖæwZ cÖwZeÜx‡`i miKvwi †Mvcbxq `wjj-`¯Ív‡eR Abywjwc cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ ivRv KZ…©K wb‡qvM †`Iqv n‡Zv| (bvivqY, 2004)| Dcgnv‡`‡ki Abykvmb Ges HwZn¨ cÖwZeÜx‡`i cÖwZ cÖwZK‚j bq eis A‡bKvs‡k AbyK‚j f‚wgKv †i‡L‡Q|

eZ©gvb M‡elYvq Avgiv GKwU mg‡qi GKRb †jL‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖwZewÜZv‡K Zz‡j Avbvi †Póv K‡iwQ| †hwU †Kv‡bvfv‡eB mvaviYxKiY Kiv hvq bv| Dciš‘, wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k bMivqY ïiæ n‡jI eZ©gvb M‡elYvwU‡Z ïay MÖvgxY cUf‚wg‡Z cÖwZewÜZvi GKwU LÐwPÎ cvIqv hvq| myZivs ’vbxq cUf‚wg‡Z cÖwZeÜx cv‡Vi GKwU weivU Ask Abvwe¯‹…Z i‡q †M‡Q| cÖwZewÜZv‡K mwVKfv‡e Abyave‡bi m‡½ †`kxq HwZn¨, BwZnvm Ges Gi mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK †cÖÿvc‡Ui †evaMg¨Zv AZ¨šÍ iæZ¡c~Y©| ïay wesk kZvãx bq G‡`‡ki Avengvb Kv‡ji BwZnvm I HwZn¨ †_‡K cÖwZeÜx welqK M‡elYv Avgv‡`i cÖwZewÜZv wel‡q Kvh©Kix Abyave‡b we‡kl f‚wgKv ivL‡e|

Avgiv †`L‡Z †Póv K‡iwQ †mvk¨vj g‡Wj hLb cvðv‡Z¨i mgmvgwqK aviYv I Av‡›`vjb wVK ZLb wesk kZvãxi c_Ö gv‡a© G‡`‡ki MvÖ gxY mgv‡R †mvk¨vj g‡W‡ji aviYv jvwjZ Ki‡Q| cwÖ ZeÜx e¨w³‡K c_„ KxKiY bv K‡i Zv‡K mgv‡R GKxfZ‚ n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| eZg© v‡b GKxfZ‚ wkÿv Ges mgvR MV‡bi †h Av‡›`vjb weke¦ ¨vcx Pj‡Q; Avgv‡`i MvÖ gxY mgv‡R Ges mvs¯‹w… ZK HwZn¨ Zv eû Av‡M †_‡KB †Rviv‡jvfv‡e enb Ki‡Q| Dchcy© wi we‡`kx aviYv Ges g‡Wj‡K mivmwi AbKy iY bv K‡i Kxfv‡e G‡`kxq AvengvbKv‡ji mvs¯‹w… ZK, mvgvwRK I HwZnvwmK Dcv`vb we‡klø ‡Yi gva¨‡g cwÖ ZewÜZvi mg¨K aviYv jvf Kiv hvq-G M‡elYv †mB †ciÖ Yv‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i|

Z_¨cÄx1. †MvcxKvbv_ ivq‡PŠayix. (2008) gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq: Rxeb`„wó I wkíixwZ, KjKvZv:

†`ÕR cvewjwks, c„. 144

2. †Mvjvg gyiwk`. (2015). †i‡bmÝ evsjvi †i‡bmÝ, XvKv: Aemi cÖKvkbv ms¯’v, c„. 176

3. eyׇ`e fÆvPvh©. (2012). cy‡o hvq Rxeb bk¦i, KjKvZv: b¨vkbvj eyK G‡RwÝ cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 102

4. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq. (1982). gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-3, KjKvZv: MÖš’vjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 469

5. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq. (1982). gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, KjKvZv: MÖš’vjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 420

6. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq. (1983). gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-9, KjKvZv: MÖš’vjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 439

7. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq. (1984). gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-10, KjKvZv: MÖš’vjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 438

8. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq. (1985). gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-12, KjKvZv: MÖš’vjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 391

9. ˆmq` AvwRRjy nK. (2015). †kôÖ gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, XvKv: Aemi cKÖ vkbv ms¯v’ , c.„ 784

10.myaxiP›`ª miKvi. (2003). †cŠivwYK Awfavb, KwjKvZv, Gg.wm. miKvi A¨vÛ mÝ cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 599

11. Priestley, M. (2006). Developing disability studies programmes: the

international context. In B. Watermeyer, L. Swartz, T. Lorenzo, M. Schneider & M. Priestley (Eds). Disability and social change: a South African agenda. (pp.19-30). Cape Town: Human Science Research Council (HSRC) Press.

12. Bhatty, I., Moten, A. A., Tawakkul, M. & Amer, M. (2009). Disability in Islam:

Insights into Theology, Law, History, and Practice, In Catherine A. Marshall, Elizabeth Kendall, Mariah Gover (Eds), Disabilities: Insights from across fields and around the World, Westport: Praeger Publishers, p.157-176.

13.Gupta, V.B. (2011). How Hindus cope with disability. Journal of Religion,

Disability & Health, 15(1),72-78.

14.Narayan, J. (2004). Persons with Disabilities in India: a special educator’s

personal perspective. Disability Studies Quarterly, 24(2).

15.Siska, J. & Habib, A. (2015). Disability in South Asia: Hitorical understanding

through family, religion and support structure. Specialini Pedagogoka, 4, pp. 478-488

16. Siska, J. & Habib, A. (2013). Attitudes towards disability and inclusion

in Bangladesh: from history to practice, International Journal of Inclusion Education, 17: 4, pp. 393-405

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 23evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx22