««««polemikuri werilebipolemikuri werilebipolemikuri werilebipolemikuri werilebi

“cxovreba da kanonis” gamo“cxovreba da kanonis” gamo“cxovreba da kanonis” gamo“cxovreba da kanonis” gamo»»»»

werili pirveliwerili pirveliwerili pirveliwerili pirveli

tfilisi, 3 ianvari

am Svidis wlis winad “iveriam”,* jer roca

Jurnali iyo, gamosTqva, rom sofeli erT wode-baTa gaurCvels sazogadoebas unda warmoadgendes; 1) rom soflis marTvelobasa da gamgeobaSi wode-baTa garCeva ar unda iyos; rom ufleba da mova-leoba erTnairis TanasworobiT ganawilebul unda iqmnes soflis yvela mkvidrze, imisda miuxedavad, Tu mkvidri romlis wodebisaa. “iveriam” winadve aRiara Tvisi SiSi maszed, rom am Cvens azrs TviT-msjelobas moklebuli kaci moeseva da uvicobis laRobiT pentvas dauwyebso. winadgrZnobam ar umtyunva “iverias” da imav “iveriis” furclebzed erTma liberalma, liberalobis saxeliT, gamo-ilaSqra am azrzed da mis avtors retrogradoba Seswama. 2) amiT gaTavda maSin es saqme. avtorma

* ixile Jurnali iveria, 1879 w.

9

pasuxi ar gasca Tavmomwone liberals, magram am liberals cudi saqme daemarTa. ucebobis naxtomi aq iseTi didi mouvida, rom Tavmowonebuli libe-rali, misda daukiTxavad, retrogradTa wreSi moeqca. iqneba mere bevric ioca, es ra momividao, magram raRas uSvelida.

ar gasula erTi weliwadi, da profesorma gradovskim gamosTqva igive azri, rac “iveriam”. ra Tqma unda, es garemoeba kidev sakmarisi ar iqneboda, rom tyuilis liberalobis cecxliT apilpilebuli da gaxurebuli kaci ganelebuliyo. am samisa Tu oTxis wlis winad, roca aw gansvenebulma aksakovma niSnis migebiT waayvedra ruseTis liberalebs, Tqvenc ar iciT ra gsurTo, da Tu iciT, aba erTi gvaCveneT, Tqvens droSazed ra aweriao, maSin Jurnalma “Вестник Европы“-m libe-ralebis saxeliT sxvaTa Soris daasaxela igive azri, rac Jurnalma “iveriam gamoTqva, da rac ase gabedviT iTakila Cvenma Sinaurma liberalma, rogorc retrogradebis azri. xolo saocari ambavi ki moxda. mas aqed am azrs eurCebian da ebrZvian ruseTSi retrogradebi, da liberalebi ki mfarveloben da esrClebian. visac yuri udevnia rusul Jurnal-gazeTebisaTvis da erTob litera-turisaTvis, amis sabuTs ar mogvTxoven. “iveriisagan” gamoTquli azri da Cvenis libera-lisagan dawunebuli, dRes ruseTSi dids garCe-vaSia da sabaaso sagania, radganac TviT umaRlesi mTavroba hzrunavs, rom soflis saTemo mmarTve-loba ukeTesad moawyos, imitom rom SeniSnulia misi exlandeli naklulovaneba.

13-s dekembers warsulis wlisas erTs samec-niero sazogadoebaSi* peterburgSi b-n arsenievis referatis gamo amave saganzed Camovardnila lapa- * Административное Отделение Юридического Обшества.

10

raki da b-n arsenievs Tvis mopirdapireTaTvis uTqvams: yovelTa wodebaTa saerTo sasoflo Te-moba (всесословная волостъ) erTaderTi Ronea da sax-sari, erTaderTi SesaZlebeli agebulebaa adgilob-rivis mmarTvelobisa da mTlad Seefereba exlan-delis cxovrebis moTxovnilebasao. b-ns spasoviCs gamoucxadebia, rom srulad Tanamoziare var b-n arsenievis azrisao da mec erTaderT Roned yovelTa wodebaTa saerTo sasoflo Temoba mimaC-niao. ara gvgonia, Cvenma Sinaurma liberalma Tavis gasamarTleblad ikadnieros da b-nni arsenievi da spasoviCi retrogradTa ricxvSi moaqcios. Zneli saqmea, roca kaci liberalobs da ar icis cnoba azrisa, Tu qveS ar uweria, es azri ama da am fe-risaao. amasa hqvian, rusebi rom ityvian: “своя своих не познаша”.

Cven Tu es daviwyebuli ambavi gavixseneT, mar-to imisaTvis, rom dRes aqauri mTavrobac da umaRlesic imis zrunvaSia, rom ganakargos sasoflo TviTmarTveloba. meti ar iqneba, rom aqaurma axalis wesis SemadgenelTa saxeSi iqonion saTanagrZnobeli azri b-nT arsenievisa da spasoviCisa.

11

««««purpurpurpureuleuleuleuliT vaWrobis saqme CvenSiiT vaWrobis saqme CvenSiiT vaWrobis saqme CvenSiiT vaWrobis saqme CvenSi»»»»

tfilisi, 5 ianvari, Cveni werilebi puris vaWrobis Taobazed CvenSi

savse ar iqneba, rom erTi is garemoebac ar warmo-vudginoT mkiTxvels, romlis gamoc CvenSi aRZruli 1885 da 1886 wels puris vaWroba Sem-Txvevas unda mieweros da ara mkvidrad daye-nebuls warmatebas puris moyvanisas. vis ar axsovs, rarigad daiwia CvenSi puris fasma 1884 wels da am daweulma fasma sagrZnoblad arc 1885 wels aiwia. garda amisa, Tumca fasebi metad dawe-uli iyo, am 1884 wels TiTqmis muStari ara hyvanda Cvens pursa. ai, amisi mazezi ra iyo. am 1884 wels puri dahklebia, CetvertobiT rom vian-gariSoT:

inglissa da irlandias ....................................23.900.000 safrangeTs ..................................................................9.200.000 germanias .......................................................................3.500.000 belgiasa da golandias ........................................1.750.000 ispaniasa da portugalias ....................................500.000 italiasa da sicilias ..........................................1.500.000 Sveicarias ....................................................................1.250.000 meqsikas .............................................................................250.000 dasavleT-indoeTs ......................................................950.000 Sida-amerikas ................................................................990.000

12

perus ..................................................................................100.000 brazilias .......................................................................250.000 samxreT-amerikas .........................................................500.000

_________ sul: ..........................................................................44.640.000

amave 1884 wels puri mohmatebia

osmaleTs .......................................................................2.750.000 avstro-vengrias ............................................................500.000 ruminias ..........................................................................1.000.000 ruseTs ..........................................................................13.200.000 sparseTs .......................................................................... 250.000 aRmosavleT indoeTs ..............................................8.000.000 avstralias .......................................................................750.000 axal zelandias ............................................................600.000 Crdilo-amerikis Statebs ................................30.000.000 kanadas .................................................................................650.000 Cilis ...................................................................................750.000 laplatas .........................................................................200.000 _________ sul: 58.650.000

am cifrebidam sCans, rom saqveyno bazars

purisas 44.640.000 Cetvertis muStari hyolia da gamsyidveli ki 58.650.000 Cetvertisa. am saxiT saqveyno bazrisaTvis ToTxmeti milioni* Cetverti puri meti yofila imazed, rac saWiro iyo. aS-karaa, puris fasi unda dacemuliyo saqveyno bazarSi; aSkaraa, raki Cvens samzRvargared amodenad meti puri iyo, rom iqac muStari ver eSovna, CvenSi iqidam puris sasyidlad aravin movidoda 1884 wels. aman Zalian daswia puris fasi yvelgan da nametnavad CvenSi.

puris fasis Zlierma dawevam is Sedegi iqonia, rom inglisma irCia sapured saxnav-saTess miwebzed_puris magier sxva ufro Zviris fasis

* Англо-Руский торговый журнал 1884 г. №10, gverdi 226.

13

mcenareni ram moeyvana da amitomac xvna-Tesva purisaTvis Seamokla ase, rom aszed ToTxmeti daaklo. amerikaSi puris fasis dawevis gamo bevrs adgilas mosuli yanebi aRar damkes da ise mianebes Tavi mindvrebzed, radganac momkisa da ga-lewvis fasadac ara hqondaT imedi puri gaeyidnaT. indoeTSi 227, 481 akriT* naklebi miwebi moxnes da moTeses. amis gamo puris raodenobam 1885 w. da nametnavad 1886 w. Zalian iklo da fasma aiwia. raki saqveyno bazars puri Semoaklda im adgilebidan, saidamac aqamde mosdioda puri, ra Tqma unda, muStari yvelgan daiwyebda Zebnas purisas. amis gamo puris muStari samzRvar-gareTidam CvenSiac movida da mas aqeTia puris fasi hmatulobs.

aSkaraa, es magaliTi da iSviaTi SemTxveva Wkvas aswavlis inglissac da imisTana puris boRazebsac, rogornic arian amerika, indoeTi da avstralia. arasgziT mosalodneli ar aris rom 1885 da 1886 wlebiT ganswavluli inglisi, amerika, indoeTi da avstralia, Cven Tavis muStars purisas dagviTmobs. piriqiT, yovels Rones ixmareben, rom Cveni sakuTari muStaric wagvarTvan. es usabuTo SiSi ar aris da Zalian Wkuazed axloa, Tu kaci kargad daakvirdeba miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis avkar-gianobas Cvenis qveynis gared. am saganzed Semdegs nomerSi zogierTs mosazrebas warvudgenT mkiTx-velsa.

* akri imerul qcevazed 41 oTxkuTxi saJeniT naklebia.

14

tfilisi, 7 ianvari

sakvirveli gaxSireba samiwaTmomqmedo maSi-

nebisa amerikaSi xarjs puris moyvanisas metis-metad acotavebs. TiTqmis ar aris imisTana samu-Sao miwisa, rom maSiniT ara keTdebodes. garda amisa, rom xarji iq am gziT Semoklebulia, Tvi-Ton mosavalic purisa didia, imitom rom codniT ekidebian saqmes da yovels saxsars da Rones mecnierebisas hxmaroben mosavlis gandidebis da gaZlierebisaTvis. ra Tqma unda, ese yoveli imo-denad gaaiafebs pursa, rom Cven amaSi cilobis gaweva ar SegviZlian. Tund esec ar iyos, marto is garemoeba, rom yoveli WurWeli amerikisa rki-nis gziT aris SeerTebuli navsadgurebTan da rki-nis gzebiT puris gadatana dauyovnebelia, swrafia da iafi, _ marto es garemoeba sakmaoa daafolos Cveni puri saqveyno bazarSi da iqidam, rogorc metiCara, gamodevnos. amasTan isic daumateT, rom amerikis miwaTmomqmeds daujereblad iafi krediti aqvs saxelmwifosagan, ase rom gaWirvebis dros miwaTmomqmedi subuqad da advilad xels inac-vlebs. amas isic zed daurTeT, rom dids aReb-micemobaSi sazogadod da purisaSi sakuTriv pati-osneba da namusic dids saqonlad miaCniaT ameri-kaSi. Cveneburi vaWari ise TiTqmis aras gahyidis, rom muStari ar moatyuos da amiT estibari ar gaifuWos samermisod. aq CvenSi vaWroba motyueba-zed ufroa damyarebuli, vidre imis cdazed, rom saqonlis sikeTiT da iefobiT mudami muStari aiCinos kacma da Tavnis xSirad da bevrjel gadatrialebiT imdeni moigos, ramodenisac erTxa-nad vaWars sixarbe aqvs. amerikeli vaWari cota sargebelsac sjerdeba, radganac iq Tavni iefia da amasTan iseTi estibari da ndoba aqvs evropiis

15

vaWrebTana, rom unaxavadac marto erTis depeSiT milionebis pursa hyidis da hyidulobs da darwmunebulia, rom arc meoreSi arc TviTon mostyuvdeba da arc sxvas moatyuebs.

yovelive es imisTana garemoebaa, rom amerikis puris vaWroba Cvens vaWrobas purisas ar axeirebs saqveyno bazarSi, Tu erTi ubeduri weliwadi ar Sexvda amerikasa.

meore didi boRazi purisa indoeTia, romelsac dRes TiTqmis mesame adgili uWiravs puris saqveyno bazarSi. indoeTSi muSa Zlier iefia, da Tumca didi sasixarulo aq ara aris ra, magram am iefobis gamo puris moyvanac iefad ujdebaT. Tvi-Ton miwebi Zlier nayofieria da cda ingli-selebisa, rom puris vaWrobaSi indoeTma Tu ar ajobos amerikas, bevriT aRaras CamorCes ra, amao cda ar aris. jer es warmoidgineT, rom iq aTas xuTasi millioni desetina mSvenieri miwa jer Ta-visufalia, uqmad aris da elis kacis marjvena xels, rom sul sayaned gadaiqces. garda amisa, indoeTi evropiis bazarzed ufro axloa, vidre amerika. es garemoeba puris gadatanis fass hcvlis indoeTis sasargeblod da amerikis sawinaaRmdegod. garda amisa, ingliselebi hcdiloben indoeTis Sida gzebi imodenad kargi iqonion, rom puris gamotana Signidam navsadgurebamde bevri ara hjde-bodes. imis magaliTad, Tu ramodenad marjved mih-yavT ingliselebs am mxriT saqme, sayuradReboa Semdegi cifrebi. 1853 wels indoeTSi rkinis gzebi sul 201/2 inglisuri milis* manZilzed iyo; 1860 w. 839 mili rkinis gza hqondaT ukve; 1870 w. _ 4,775; 1895 w. _ 6,519 da 1881 wlis dasasruls _9,875. ese swrafad keTeba rkinis gzebisa am sidide manZilzed im qveyanaSi, saca imodena sim- * inglisuri mili - 11/2 verstia.

16

ravlea mkvidrTa da imodena buneburi simdidrea, aSkarad gvaCvenebs imas, Tu ra bedi moelis indoeTs saqveyno bazarSi sazogadod da puris vaWrobaSi sakuTriv. TiTqmis amisTana saxeiro gzazedve sdgas avstraliaca, es meoTxe boRazi purisa, da modiT da Tqven iqonieT imedi, rom, Tu ar uecari da iSviaTi ram ubedureba Camo-Tvlil qveynebisa, sxva raime aiZulebs saqveyno bazris muStars am boRazebs purisas Tavi daanebos da CvenSi movides savaWrod!.. am iSviaTis ubedu-robis imediT nuravin nu mostyuvdeba da xvnis da Tesvis raodenoba marto Sinaurs bazarzed gaian-gariSos. Torem Tu wascda da am 1885 da 1886 wlebis iSviaTs magaliTebs mihyva, puri ambrebSi daulpeba da zaralis mets aras hnaxavs. imas aRar vityviT, rom arc am wlebis fasebma purisam imodenad aiwia, rom didad saxarbielo yofiliyo miwaTmomqmedisaTvis. Tu es asea dRes, roca aseTi iSviaTi da CvenTvis saxeiro weliwadebi Segves-wro, ra unda vigulisxmoT maSin, roca ruseTs, amerikas, indoeTs, avstralias da sxva qveynebs Tavisi orTa Sua mosavali mouvaT!.. maSin is iqneba, rac 1884 w. mogvivida; Sin saxmarzed name-tani puri fuTi Svid Saurad, or abazad da cxra Saurad Znelad iyideboda da es TiTqmis marto momkisa, kalozed mitanis da galewvis fassac ar aayenebs; xvna-farcxva, Tesli, Rala ki tyuilub-ralod ikargeba samudamod. aSkaraa, Cveni qveyana am mxriT wels ver gaimagrebs. Cven marto imas unda vecadoT, _ puri imodenad moviyvanoT, rom sasyi-deli ar gagvixdes Cven da Cvens Sinaurs eyos. mi-waTmoqmedeba da sazogadod soflis meurneoba Cve-ni sxva imisTana saganzed unda miiqces, romlis gamoc CvenTan cilobis gaweva saqveyno vaWrobaSi Znelia. adgili da hava amis nebas gvaZlevs. sxva rom ara vsTqvaT ra, ai Tund aviRoT magaliTad

17

Rvino. amaSi Cveni bevrni mocileni ver amogviC-ndebian da Tu amogviCndebian, aqauris Rvinis sike-Te Rones gvaZlevs brZolisaTvis da imeds gamar-jvebisas.

18

««««bambis moyvanis saqme da bazris bambis moyvanis saqme da bazris bambis moyvanis saqme da bazris bambis moyvanis saqme da bazris

sakiTxisakiTxisakiTxisakiTxi»»»»

tfilisi, 8 ianvari ruseTSi didZali fabrikebi da qarxanebia bam-

beulobis saqonlis safeiqrosi. Tanxa, romelsac am saqmeSi ruseTi yovelwliv atrialebs, ramden-same ass milions maneTs iWers. am bambeulobis sa-qonlis safeiqro fabrikebsa da qarxanebsa ram-denime asi aTasi muSakaci undeba. maSasadame, esgvari safabriko mrewveloba inaxavs da hkvebavs ramdensame asi aTas muSakacs Tavis saxleulobiTa da col-SviliTa. aqedama sCans, ra didi mniS-vneloba unda hqondes saero ekonomiisaTvis da sa-xelmwifo interesisaTvis amgvars mrewvelobasa. xolo sxva mxriTac metad sazrunvelia da safiq-rebeli eg mrewveloba ruseTisaTvis. saqme is aris, rom TviTon masala am fabrikebisaTvis, e.i. bamba, ruseTs samzRvargareTidam Semoaqvs da amis gamo es uSvelebeli mrewveloba ruseTisa sxva qveynebzea damokidebuli. ruseTi bambas sam-zRvargared hyidulobs da am gziT samzRvargareTs yovelwliv TiTqmis 75 millioni maneTi oqros fuli gaaqvs ruseTidam. es garemoeba aramc Tu av-

19

nebs egred wodebuls ”savaWro balanss”* ruseTisas, aramed TviT veqsilis kurssac afo-lebs da am mxriT vneba moaqvs saxelmwifo inte-resebisaTvisac.

yovelive es karga xania SeniSnulia mTav-robisaganac da ruseTis Jurnal-gazeTebisaganac. dRes am bambis Taobaze laparakia atexili im az-riT, rom ruseTma rogorme Tavisi sakuTari bamba gaiCinos da iqonios. saqarTvelo sakuTriv, amierkavkasia saerTod, da Sida azia, saca exla ruseTs uzarmazari adgilebi upyria, aseTi qvey-nebi arian, romelTac hava, adgilmdebareoba da TviTon adgili xels uwyobs bambis moyvanisaTvis. am ambavma Cven gagvaxsena 1862 da Semdegi wlebi, roca qarTl-kaxeTSi da nametnavad imereTSi bambis moyvanazed miimarTa didi da patara, visac ki co-dna da weli miuZRoda. im xanebSi karga Zali bamba mohyvandaT da kai fasadac iyideboda. nametnavad imereTma imarjva am SemTxvevaSi, radganac zRva ax-lo hqonda da gadatanis fasi SesaZlebel hyofda bambis sapalnebis sxvazed iefad zidvasa. rom es ambavi CvenTvis sakuTriv da amierkavkasiisaTvis saerTod alalbedobisa da SemTxvevis mowyaleba iyo, rogorc dRes puris vaWrobaa CvenSi, es imiTi mtkicdeba, rom dRes bamba TiTqmis aRaravis moh-yavs da mis moyvanazed TiTqmis xeli aiRes. ra SemTxveva iyo iseTi, rom maSin amisTana cieb-cxeleba SeudgaT bambis moyvanisa da dRes ki ase dascxra da ganelda?

yvelazed udidesi boRazi bambisa isev Crdilo amerikaa. aseTive iyo igi winadac. mTels saqveyno bazars TiTqmis marto Crdilo amerika uZRveboda

* savaWro balansi imas hqvian, roca Sewonilia Semotanilis da gatanilis saqonlis fasi, da Tu Semotanilisa aRemateba gatanilisas, maSin amboben, balansi sazaraloao.

20

da aZRobda, minam Crdilo amerikis saqme Tavis ri-gsa da weszed midioda, bamba ruseTis umTavres ba-zarSi niJegarodis “iarmukazed” fuTi oTxsa da xuT maneTad gadioda. maSin, rasakvirvelia, Cve-neburs mowarmoebs bambisas xels ar miscemda bamba moeyvana, radganac marto gadatanis fasi manaTamde adioda fuTzed da mwarmoebels fudzed marto manaTi an ori manaTiRa rCeboda yovelgvar xarjis asayeneblad da Tavis gasamrjelod. Tqma ar unda, rom amisTana garemoeba aravis waaqezebda im rTulsa, xarjians da Znel muSaobisaTvis, rome-lic bambis moyvanas sWirdeba. amitomac im dromde bambis moyvana CvenSi ise kantikuntad sadme, xilad Tu iqneboda, Torem gamosarComad ki TiTqmis ar-sad iyo, erevnis guberniis garda. erevnis guber-niaSi bambis moyvana xels aZlevda maSin imitom, rom Sin da ruseTSi rkinis gzebi ase xSiri ar iyo da amerikis bambis Semotana Sida ruseTSi avis gzebis xarjs ZlivZliobiT asdioda. ase, rom erevnidan bambis waReba cotaodnad ufro sarfa iyo, vidre amerikidama. es imitom, rom Sida ruse-Tis gzebzed erevnis gubernia ufro axloa, vidre amerika, da Tu am gzebzed orsave erTi xarji undebodaT, amerikis bambas fasi emateboda amerikidam ruseTamde mosatanisa.

xolo roca Crdilo amerikis Stateb Soris omi astyda, maSin bambis iqidam zidva Seswyda. ase, rom evropiis bazarSi TiTqmis xsenebac ki gaswyda bambisa. maSin iyo is saxelovani gaWirveba, ro-melsac “bambis kriziss” eZaxian da romelmanc auarebeli qoneba mefabrikeebisa da meqarxneebisa STanTqa da TviTon fabrikebi da qarxanebi in-glissa da ruseTSi pirqve daamxo. marto ruseTSi 659 safeiqro fabrikebidam, romelnic 1860 wels moqmedebdnen, 1863 wels 388-Ra darCa, TiTqmis naxevarze Camoxta. isic ZlivZlivobiT suls

21

itrialebdnen. bamba Sida aziisa da buxarisa, romelic 1860-mde fuTi oTx da xuT manaTad Zliv gadioda niJegorodis dids bazarSi, Crdilo amerikis Statebis omis dros 1861 w. Svid-rva ma-naTamde aiwia, 1862 wels _ Tormet-camet mana-Tamde da 1863 wels ki ocdaor-ocdasam manaTamde. ra Tqma unda, amgvarma yofam bambis saqmisam mTels qveynierobazed Tavisi zemoqmedeba iqonia. muStari bambisa buzsaviT yvelgan ireoda, rasakvirvelia, im qveynebSi ki, sadac hava da adgili bambis mosayva-nad Sesaferisi iyo. am didma fasebma da muStarma Cvenamdinac moaRwia da yvela, didi da patara, visac ki xeli miuwvdeboda, miawyda bambis saqmesa. im xanad imereTma kargi gamorComa hnaxa da es SemTxveva yvelazed ukeTesad iman gamoiyena: did-Zali Tesva bambisa daiwyes imereTSi da karga fuli gainaRdes am gziT. dRes bambis moyvanis saqme CvenSi srulad Semwydaria da es wyaro sim-didrisa xelidan gamogvecala. ra iyo amisi mizezi da ra RonisZiebaa saxmari, rom es saxeiro saqme CvenTvisac da ruseTisaTvisac kvlav aRorZindes, amazed Semdegs nomerSi movilaparakebT

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tfilisi, 9 ianvari ra Tqma unda, rom Tu ruseTs hsurs Tavisi

sakuTari bamba iqonios da am mxriT sxva qveynebzed ar iyos damokidebuli, bambis moyvanas Zalian xeli unda Seuwyos yvelgan, saca ki hava da adgili Sesaferia am mcenarisa. Sida aziis garda, bamba Zalian kargad modis amierkavkasiaSi. qarTl-kaxeTi da erTob imereTi amisaTvis Zalian kargi adgilebia da am mxareSi rom mTavrobam Tavisi Semweoba moaSvelos miwismoqmedTa da pirvel xanebSi mainc yovelisferSi xeli gaumarTos, yovelgvari SeRavaTi misces, didZals bambas ruseTi jer am amierkavkasiaSi iSovis. swored ese moiqcnen ingliselebi. roca Crdilo amerikis Statebs Soris omi astyda da bambis krizisma Tavi iCina, ingliselebma araviTari Rone, araviTari xarji, araviTari Semweoba ar dahzoges, rom sadme Tavis saxelmwifos samzRvrebSi aaRorZinon da fexzed daayenon. indoeTsa da egvipteSiac ki, romelic ingliselebs arc ki ekuTvniT, didZali mecadineoba ixmares, didZali fuli daatriales amis gulisaTvis. garda amisa, TviT inglisis fulis patronTac, rogorc kerZo kacTa, didZali fuli miaSveles brazilias da xvna-Tesva bambisa didad gaaZlieres iqac ki. am mTavrobisa da kerZo kacTa cdam da xarjma amaod ar CauaraT ingliselebsa. am mecadineobis da xarjis Sedegi is iyo, rom 1.800.000 fuTi bamba, romelic 1862_63 w.w. gamohqondaT, magaliTebr, egviptidam, cxra million fuTamde aiyvanes 1884-85 wlebSi. es imodena bambaa, ramodenic ruseTis mrewvelobas da erTob ruseTis bazars TiTqmis srulebiTa hyofnis. dRes inglisi cotad Tu bevrad daimedebulia, rom rac unda uecari ubedureba SeemTxves Crdilo amerikis bambasa,

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inglisi cotad Tu bevrad daimedebuli iqneba, rom fabrikebi da qarxanebi ar moucdeba.

ingliselebis mixedviT, Tu sakuTaris mignebiT, ruseTSiac fulis patronebma, kerZo kacebma xeli mohkides am saqmesa da ganizraxes riTme moh-Svelebodnen im qveynebs, saca bamba modis. amas winad sovdagarma marozovma Cvens soflis sameur-nio sazogadoebas bambis Tesli gamougzavna, rom xalxs daurigdes da xalisi aRuZras bambis moy-vanisa. sazogadoebam dauriga igi Tesli, magram, samwuxarod, Tesli imodenad uxeiro gamodga, rom moscda da ar amovida. TviT mTavrobasac ori nas-wavli kaci gaugzavnia amerikaSi, rom iswavlon bambis moyvanis xeli da mere ruseTis samzRvrebSi mohfinon Tavisi swavla da codna da am mxriT, Seweoba aRmouCinon mowaTmomqmedTa. rasakvirvelia, es RonisZiebani sakmaoni ar arian, rom xalxma xe-li mohkidos bambis moyvanis saqmesa, Tumca arc uimisoa, rom cotaodnad mainc xeli ar moumar-Tos. CvenSi bambis moyvanis saqmis codna, mar-Talia, imodena ar aris, ramodenic sanatrelia, magram imodeni kia, kaci cotad Tu bevrad am mxriT dids dabrkolebas vera hnaxavs. xom iyo CvenSi cotad Tu bevrad gaZlierebuli bambis moyvanis saqme 1862-63-64 da sxva wlebSi, minam bamba kai fasad gadioda da xalxs xels aZlevda. saqme is aris,_xalxma guli daajeros, rom bambis moyvana sarfaa, Torem moiyvanos da im fasad hyidos, rom xarji Zlivs aayenos, _ amas vera miwaTmomqmedi ver gauZlebs. es garemoeba suls amoarTmevs xelaxlad dawyobils saqmesa da xalxi, rasakvirvelia, moerideba, rac unda kargi Tesli bambisa urigon da rac unda bevri uqadagon mswav-lulma da mcodne kacebma.

rom es ase ar moxdes, saWiroa xalxi dar-wmunebuli iyos, rom 1) misi bamba ruseTis

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bazarSi gava da 2) fasi gamosarComi eqmneba. saca saqonels bazari ara aqvs da amasTanac gamorComa ram, iq yovelive cda amaoa. Tu marTla sasur-velia ruseTisaTvis, rom amierkavkasiam Tavisi bam-ba miaSvelos, saqme ise unda moawyon, rom am sur-vilis aRsrulebis gzac misce. Cveni ekonomiuri ubedureba is aris aqac, rac puris vaWrobaSi: gadatanis xarji metad Zvirad ujdeba mwarmoebels da esa gvxuTavs Cven yovelisferSi. jer rom rki-nis gza metad did fuls iRebs saqonlis waReb-wamoRebisaTvis, mere TviTon rkinis gzamdinac mi-tana Wiria ugzoukvloobis gamo. ai, am mxriT moSveleba unda, visac hsurs bambis moyvanis saqmes fexi aadgmevinos CvenSi. gamocnobilia da gamoan-gariSebuli, rom Tu bambis mitana moskovSi manaTzed da manaTs uzalTunzed meti dajda, Cvens bambas gasavali ar eqmneba, an Tu eqmneba, bambis patroni zaralis mets verasa hnaxavs. rusuli gazeTebi amboben, rom samxreT ruseTis rkinis gzebisa ruseTis naosnobis da vaWrobis sazoga-doebis Soris molaparakeba ariso, rom Sida aziis bambis gadmotana moskovamde xuT abaz uzalTunzed meti ar daujdes fuTio. swored amisTana gankar-gulebaa saWiro Cvenis mxris bambisaTvisac, Tu visme hsurs bambis moyvanas CvenSi fexi aadgmevinos imodenad, ramodenadac sasurvelia. Torem dRes fuTi moskovamde TiTqmis sami manaTi marto gada-tana jdeba da sad gauZlebs amodena xarjs Cvene-buri bamba?

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««««iase andronikaSviliiase andronikaSviliiase andronikaSviliiase andronikaSvili»»»»

tfilisi, 10 ianvari.

Cumi, mSvidobiani, dinji, aramyvirala da Cxava-

na moRvaweoba, _ saca unda iyos, _ Tu gulmxur-valobiT aris gamTbari, gulmodgineobiT warmar-Tuli, erTgulebiT Zirmagari da patiosnebiT na-Telcxebuli, _ utyuari niSania moRvawis did-bunebovanobisa. iqneba zogierTebs examuSos, zogierTs eucxovos es Cveni azri, da sityva Se-mogvibrunos: “didi saqmea marto utyuari niSani TviTon mosaqmis didbunebovanobisao”. es marTalia, Tu saqme qmnilia. Tu ar aris qmnili da marto amao TavmowonebiT da cudmedidobiT xelwatanebu-lia, maSin saqme didia Tu patara, sul erTia: igi xelis wamtanebelis qarafSutobas ufro gvisabu-Tebs da gvimtkicebs, vidre didbunebovanobasa. maSasadame, am SemTxvevaSi Zala qmnasa hqonia da ara marto xelis watanebasa da fotinsa. araqmna yovel dids saqmes amcirebs da qmna ki patarasac didsa hxdis. esec marTalia, rom qveyanazed bevri, imisTana bevri saqmea, romelic TavisTavad hxmau-robs, qarbuqs ayenebs da yvelas Tvalwin udga mTelis Tavis sididiTa. xolo imisTana saqmenic arian, romelTac JRarunebi ara aqvT da ara hxmauroben, magram miT ara naklebi mniSvneloba

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aqvT wuTisoflis simwaris dasatkboblad da sim-wvavis gasaneleblad, amisTana saqmea, magaliTad, marTlmsajuleba. igi ar daiareba qveyanazed buki-Ta da naRariTa. misTa msaxurTa mzadmzareuli gvirgvini Saravandedisa ar adgiaT Tavzed, rom diadobis qari hqondes kacTa TvalTaTvis. rogorc TviTon marTlmsajuleba, isec misni msaxurni, mSvidobianad, ubuknaRarod saqmoben Tavis saqmesa da mSvidobas qveynisas, sikeTes ojaxisas, namuss da patiosnebas adamianisas hpatronoben da esar-Clebian. Tu ese ar aris, ase mainc unda iyos da Cven maszed ki ar vlaparakobT, rac aris, aramed maszed, rac unda iyos.

nuTu am aramyvirala saqmeSi kaci Cabmuli da patiosnad moRvawe, ar SeiZleba didbunebovani iyos, marto imitom, rom TviTon saqme myvirala ar aris, Cumia da xmaamouRebeli? nuTu TviTon saqme, uromlisodac mTeli qveynieroba erTs areuls da erTmaneTis mWamels mxecTa grovas warmoadgenda, nuTu, _ vambobT, _ TviTon eg saqme didi ar aris marto imitom, rom bukiTa da naRa-riT ar iCens Tavsa!... saqme didia da didi aris igic, vinc gulTbilad, kacTmoyvareobiT, patios-nad da sworis sasworiT xelSi emsaxura da hmsaxurobs.

erTi amisTana msaxuri marTlmsajulebisa aris T. iase adamis Ze andronikaSvili, romelsac 23-s Tebervals 1887 wlisas usruldeba ormocdaaTi weliwadi mas aqed, rac saxelmwifo samsaxurSia da ormocdaerTi weliwadi mas aqed, rac hmsajulobs CvenSi. maSasadame, igi yofila msaju-lad imisTana xanebSiac, roca axali wesebi Semo-Rebulni ar iyvnen da Zvelni ki, samarTlianad aTvalwunebulni, msajuls saxsars aZlevda yovelive cudkacoba Caedina da samarTlis saswori ise ebrudebina, rogorc gunebaSi gauvlida. Tqma

27

ar unda, rom amisTana yofa marTlmsajulebisa mizezs aZlevda kacs aTasnairi marTali da tyuili brali SeewamaT maSindel msajulTaTvis, magram T. iase andronikaSvilma dResaqamomde ise patiosnad da marTlad atara Tavisi saxeli, rom arc erTxel TviTon cilmac ki ver Sehbeda ci-liswameba; arc erTxel yovelTa siwmindis Sem-bRalveli borotebac ki avgulis kacisa imodenad ver gakadnierda, rom mcireodeni Crdili mainc mieyenebina mis keTilsindisianobisa da patiosne-bisaTvis. metad wminda da Suqsxmuli patiosneba unda iyos, rom amodena xnis ganmavlobaSi yovelis gambedavi cili da boroteba adamianisa ver hbedav-des moscxos ram da enaCavardnili da gabaTilebu-li mis winaSe pirqve daemxos!...

marto am mxriT ar aris cnobili CvenSi T. iase andronikaSvili. misi miudgomeli piruTvneli simarTle, misi gulmodgineba saqmisa, dauRalavi Sroma, misi saqmeSi suliT da guliT Caxedva, misi gulSematkivroba, kacTmoyvareoba, siTbo da sitkbo, _ yvelam icis, yvelas enazed akeria. saca marTalia, iq T. andronikaSvilisaTvis sxva ar aris ra marTlis meti: arc naTesaoba, arc megob-roba, arc Txovna-vedreba ara sWris-ra erTxel mis mier aRiarebul marTlis meti. ara erTxel da orjel Cvenis yuriT gagvigonia: madloba RmerTs, dRes T. iase andronikaSvili iqneba Cemis saqmis msajulada, sxvaTa Soris, da imedia, marTals mo-sarCle eyoleba da samarTlis saswors _ mfarve-li ganaCenis dadgenis drosao. vinc icis, ra didi ganZi unda zneobisa, rom kacma sazogadod da msa-julma sakuTriv amisTana ndoba moipovos, is Cven aRar mogvkiTxavs qebasa da didebasa T. androni-kaSvilisas, rogorc sasiqadulo kacisas da yov-lad patiosan msajulisas.

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saxelmwifo samsaxurSi myofsa, arc sazoga-doebis samsaxuri dahzarebia odesme T. androni-kaSvils. aTi weliwadi emsaxura Cvenis bankis saq-mesa uangarod, usasyidlod, imave siyvaruliT, gulmxurvaleobiT da gulmodginebiT, rogorc cnobilia yvelgan da yvelasagan. arc erTi samad-lo saqme ara keTdeba CvenSi, rom iq T. iase an-dronikaSvilis wvlili da xeli ar erios. amisaT-vis ara xarjs, ara garjas da Semweobas ar mohri-debia Tvis da sasaxelod da umweoTa sasi-xarulod. aseTia igi kaci, romelsac upireben dRe ormocdaaTis wlis moRvaweobisa pativiscemiT ga-dauxadono! ufross Tavmjdomares sasamarTlos palatisas b-n ganCarovs, aqaur gazeTebis sityviT, ganuzraxavs, sasamarTlos moxeleTa erTob pativi agon dRes T. iase andronikaSvilis ormocdaaTi wlis Seumwikvlel samsaxurisas da miT daum-tkicon Tvisi piruTvneli, guliTadi pativiscema kacs, romelic yovlad Rirseuli warmomadgenelia marTlmsajulebisa kavkasiaSi.

Tu marto sasamarTlos moxeleTaTvis ar aris es ganzraxva, rasakvirvelia, mravalni sxvanic moiwadineben monawileoba miiRon da am gziT gamoucxadon Tavisi guliTadi pativiscema da siy-varuli kacs, romlis moRvaweoba esoden yvelasaT-vis samagaliToa. Tu ara da sasurvelia, rom tfi-lisis sazogadoebam, yvelam saerTod, pativi sces am dRes T. andronikaSvils Tavis mxriTac da amiT daamtkicos, rom kaikacobas, keTil-sinidisianobas da patiosnebas, didsa Tu patara saqmeSi, CvenSiac pativi da dideba aqvs da eqneba. Znelad Sexvdeba kaci, rom pativiscema da siyvaruli sazogadoebi-sa ise marTlad da utyuarad Seewonos WeSmarits Rirsebasa, rogorc am SemTxvevaSi. nu viqnebiT umadurni da yvelas Tavisi mivuwyoT xolme. xalisi amiTi mxneobs da mxneoba amiT hxalisobs.

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««««bismarkis sityva samxedro kanonis bismarkis sityva samxedro kanonis bismarkis sityva samxedro kanonis bismarkis sityva samxedro kanonis

SesaxebSesaxebSesaxebSesaxeb»»»»

tfilisi, 12 ianvari.

mTeli evropaa da T. bismarkis sityva, Tqmuli

parlamentSi samxedro kanonis Sesaxeb T. bismarki da, maSasadame, mTavroba germaniisa hTxoulobda, rom parlamentma neba da fuli misces 41 000 kaciT meti jari iyolios germaniam. vidre exla hyavs im ueWvelis zed damatebiT, rom amisi neba da fuli hqondes mTavrobasa Svidis wlis gan-mavlobaSi Seucvlelad da daurRvevlad. par-lamenti, romelic hxedavs rarig mZime tvirTad daawveba xarji am 41 000 kacisa germaniis ersa, uimisodac metad damZimebulsa da Sewuxebuls mravalgvaris xarjiTa, winaaRudga am axals kanons. SesaniSnavi es aris, rom parlamentma mTlad ara hyo uari da gadaswyvita, eg kanoni miRebul iqnas marto samis wliTa da ara Svidis wliTa. am gadawyvetilebaSi ori sagania sagu-lisxmiero; erTi isa rom TviTon parlamenti guldajerebuli yofila, rom exlandeli mdgo-mareoba germaniisa marTla jaris momatebas hTxoulobs da maSasadame, SiSi ram dasdgomia Tvalwin parlamentsa; meore isa, rom parlamenti veRara hndobia T. bismarkis politikas didis

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xnobiT da amisaTvis samis wlis vadiT neba miucia meti jari iyolios da mere ki xelaxlad gan-sajos TviTon parlamentma, _ saWiroa kidev Tu ara amodena jaris yola. ase axsna opoziciis mo-Tavem vindgorstma samis wlis vadianoba, romel-zedac bolos TviT parlamentic dadga. T. bis-markma bevri ilaparaka maszed, rom Cveni kanon-proeqti an ucvlelad miiReT, ese igi, mTelis Svidis wlis vadiTao, an arada parlaments davi-TxovT da xelaxlad arCevans davniSnavTo. par-lamenti ar SeuSinda am muqarasa da ar Seiwynara bismarkis Txovna. T bismarkma iqav parlamentSive amoiRo ubidam brZaneba imperatorisa, winadve momzadebuli, da waukiTxa parlamentsa, rom daTxovnili xarT da axali arCevania daniSnulio. am saxiT dRes germaniaSi parlamenti daSlilia.

am ambavma mTeli qveyana aayayana. zogi ras ambobs, zogi rasa da marTali ki jer gamocnobili ar aris. ra Tqma unda, rom am marTlis sapov-nelad mivardnen T. bismarkis sityvas, parlamentSi Tqmuls. amisTana orpira da orazrovani sityva bevri ara Tqmula parlamentSi. cxadia T. bis-markma mTeli Tavisi ostatoba ixmara, rom is ar eTqva, rac gulSi edva da rasac marTali iTxovda. avstriasTan Zalian da metismetad kargada varTo, sTqva bismarkma; ruseTTan ise megobrulad varT, rom aq araviTari eWvi ar gvaqvso; safrangeTs Cven ar davecemiT, Tu isini ar dagvecemian da arca gvgonia TviTon safrangeTmac am xanebSi xeli gamoiRoso, da rac Seexeba bolgariis saqmes, Cven iq ara gvtkivarao. maS, jaris momzadeba raRad gindaTo, _ hkiTxes bismarksa, Tu yovelis mxriT aseTi mSvidobiamoba mogveliso. aq iCina Tavi T. bismarkis ostatobam. vin icis, ra ar moxdeso, upasuxa: marTalia, dRes safrangeTi xmas ar iRebs, magram is iseTi qveyanaa, xval aravin icis ras

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moaxdenso. erTis sityviT, orWobad laparaki T bismarkisa dRes mTelis evropis salaparako sagania. TviTon T. bismarkmac ki aRiara, rom misi sityva erTsa da imave dros “hoc” aris da “ar-aca”. “venaSi Cems sityvas ruseTis siyvarulSi CamomarTmeven da peterburgSi _ avstria-vengriis siyvarulSio”, sTqva man sxvaTa Soris. gamarTlda es winaswarmetyveleba Tu ara, Cven ar viciT. Cven mxolod amas vityviT, rom bismarkis sityvaSi zogi SiSis sabuTs hxedavs, zogi nugeSinisas da erTic da meorec marTalia: erTsa da imave sityvaSi SiSic aris da nugeSic. Wkviani kaci imiTia Wkviani, rom icis “zogjer TqmiTac daSavdebis”. axla yvelafers xom ver vityviT, wamoscda erTgan T. bismarksa. modi da aq is kaci gaamtyune, romelic sxvas maxes ugebs, _ ratom ar gveubnebi, ra maxes, sad da rogor gvigebo. amazea naTqvami:

“swyurodes, wyalsa vin dahRvris

kaci uSmago, cnobili”!

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««««safrangeTis saerTaSoriso safrangeTis saerTaSoriso safrangeTis saerTaSoriso safrangeTis saerTaSoriso

mdgomareobismdgomareobismdgomareobismdgomareobis

ganmtkicebisaTvis zrganmtkicebisaTvis zrganmtkicebisaTvis zrganmtkicebisaTvis zrunvaunvaunvaunva»»»»

tfilisi, 13 ianvari. am mTavar-ministrobidan gadamdgar freisines

magier, bevrsa hlaparakobdnen safrangeTSi, floke gaministrdebao, magram es ver moxda da mTavar ministrad mowveul iqmna goble. es floke prezidenti iyo deputatTa palatisa da pirvels ianvars xelmeored amorCeul iqmna am TanamdebobisaTvis. daiWira Tu ara Tavisi adgili palataSi, b-ma flokem, Cveulebisamebr, sityva warmoTqva da madloba gadauxada palatas xela-xalad amorCevisaTvis. rasakvirvelia, marto madlobis Tqma ar ikmara b-ma flokem da arc TviTon palata ikmarebda amisTana gaWirebuls dros, Sina Tu gared. marTalia, politikaSi gavlenian kacebs wesad miRebuli aqvT da xSirad iZulebulnic arian sxvadasxva garemoebis gamo mokle sityva grZlada sTqvan da amasTanave iostaton da ara sTqvan ra. magram sityva mainc sityvaa da kacma rac unda Tavi imalos soroSi, rogorRac moxdeba xolme, rom kudi gared hrCeba. bevri gazeTi, Sinauri Tu gareuli, flokes sityvas mSvidobis momaswavebels sityvaTa sTvlis.

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iqneba egrec iyos, xolo mis mier TqmulSi oriode imisTana sityva urevia, rom kacs sul sxvarigad Caafiqrebs.

b-nma flokem gadauxada ra madloba palatas xelaxlad arCevisaTvis, sagrZnobelis sityviT miiwvia palata, erToba da Tanxmoba urTierTSoris iqonios, radganac simtkice da simkvidre sarespubliko mTavrobisa amas iTxovs da uamisod Tavs Znelad daiWerso. suliT da guliT monatrebuli varT, rom igi mamuliSviluri cda da msxverpli, romelsac safrangeTi eweva dRes Cvenis erovnulis wyobis warmatebisaTvis da gansakuTrebiT jaris gaZlierebisaTvis ar dascxres da ar ganeldeso. “Tu Cven, dasTa sxva-dasxvaobis miuxedavad, erTnairis gulistkiviliT mxars vaZlevT Cvens mSromels da gamrjels ymawvilkacobas, Tu Cven erTsulobisagan frTaasxmulni ara vzogavT arc Tavs, arc qonebas Cvenis Zal-Ronis gaZlierebisaTvis, _ eg SiSiT ki ar mogvdis, an gulswrafobiT da mouTmenelobiTa: Cven gvinda safrangeTs moupovoT da SevurCinoT sayovelTavo pativiscema”. am sityvazed mTelma palatam taSis cemiT daigriala.

visac axsovs, rom safrangeTis damarcxebis Semdeg, ese igi 1870 wels aqed bismarkis mecadineobiT da xerxiT gamoZevebul iqmna vropiis areopagidam; visac axsovs, rom damarcxebuli, Ronemixdili, dazaralebuli, mamulebCamorTmeuli safrangeTi dRes aqamomde, bismarkis wyalobiT, CrdilSi iyo miyenebuli, TiTqmis aravin aras ekiTxeboda saqveyno saqmeebSi, TiTqo ar arsebobso da bismarkic arc erTs SemTxvevas ara hkargavda, rom safrangeTis araraoba ar egrZnobinebina safrangeTisaTvisve, _ visac yovelive es axsoms, igi b-n flokes sityvaSi erTs axals sagans dainaxavs, romlisaTvisac safrangeTi Tavs

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gamoidebs. aqamde safrangeTis wina-kacni iZaxodnen, rom Cven omis atexa ar gvinda, Tu Cvens arsebobas ar Seexebiano. TviTon misTanebSi metad kadnieri da gambedavi samxedro ministri bulanJe amas ambobda xolme, roca SemTxveva da garemoeba gamoiwvevda saTqmelad. exla b-n flokes sityvisagan Cans, rom safrangeTi mzad aris Tavi gamoidos aramcTu maSin, roca mis arsebobas Seexebian, aramed sayovelTavo pativiscemis mosapoebladac da SesarCenad. visac sagnis gulSi Caxedvis unari aqvs, is aSkarad dainaxavs, rom arsebobis dacva da pativis Sovnis wyurvili erTi da igive sagani ar aris. pirvels wamlad eyofa frTxili lodinica, kargad mzad yofa mtris mosagereblad da dasaxvedrad, meores – xelTa ganZreva unda, fexis win wadgma da ara dgoma da lodini. raca gaqvs, imisaTvis faria saWiro, rac saSovaria, imisaTvis – xmali. erTs dgoma unda, meores – svla. es flokes sityva, erTianis taSiT miRebuli safrangeTis deputatTa palatisagan, nugeSia Tu sxva ram – eg TviTon mkiTxvelma gamoicnos. Cven ki ese gvgonia, rom T. bismarks erTi aqamde utkivari tkivili unda moematos: T. bismarkma Zalian kargad icis, rom modi da mnaxe, - erTia, da moval da gnaxav – sul sxvaa, roca mteri mters eubneba. pirvelSi Sen gelodeba, meoreSi Sen galodinebs. erTs erTi qari aqvs, meores – meore. esea da ese! ... ras izam!

“ar dawynardeba qveyana da misi sanaxavebi”.

35

««««aJiotaJi bismarkis sityvis gamoaJiotaJi bismarkis sityvis gamoaJiotaJi bismarkis sityvis gamoaJiotaJi bismarkis sityvis gamo»»»»

tfilisi, 15 ianvari.

mTeli evropa hcdilobs RviZli upovos bismarkis sityvasa, misi gulisnadebi xelis gulzed gaigoros. “rogor da riT gaTavdeba yovelive esao? es Savi Rrublebi, romelic Tavs dastrialebs evropasa, gaifanteba, Tu Weqa-quxilis momaswavebeliao?” hkiTxuloben yvelani, didi Tu patara. veravis ver miugnia, - ra sTqva bismarkma TqmiTa da ra ara sTqva araTqmiTa. “bismarkis sityvaSio,_ ambobs erTi gazeTi: SesaZloa kacma nugeSi mSvidobianobisac ipovoso. arc ki es aris dasamalavi, rom imav sityvaSi yvelaferia, rasac ki kaci moindomebso”.

nametnavad safrangeTis gazeTebma miaqcies am sityvas yuradReba da TiTqo gamocnobaSi erTmaneTs ejibrebiano, ise xarbad ewafebian yvelani am sityvasa. sakvirvelic ar aris. mometebuli nawili bismarkis sityvisa imazea miqceuli, reixstagi daajeros, rom adre Tu gvian omi safrangeTsa da germaniis Sua aucilebelia. aSkaraa, gazeTebi safrangeTisa amisTana laparaks ar gauCumdebodnen. es ki unda iTqvas rom safrangeTis Jurnal-gazeToba bismarkis sityvas frTxilad da TavdaWeriT moepyra. sityva-pasuxi

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safrangeTis gazeTebisa am saganze ise moqmedobs, TiTqo bismarkis sityvaSi safrangeTisaTvis nugeSisa da dawynarebis meti ara iyo ra da TiTqo bismarkma yovelive SiSi gansacdelisa ganufanta. magram vin icis? gveli garedam aris Wreli, kaci Signidam. iqneba guli rom kargad dauCxrikos adamianma safrangeTis gazeTebis Tqmulsa, sul sxva gamovides. iqneba safrangeTi gambetas anderZs misdevs. erTxel amana sTqva: ”oms nu axsenebT Tavis dReSi da omis wadili ki yovelTvis gulSi gqondeT da amisaTvis zrunev-deTo”. SeiZleba esec iyos.

bismarkma es kargad icis. “safrangeTSio, sTqva man: amboben Cven vSiSobT, germania ar dagveces Tavzed. nu daijerebT, rom marTla es ase iyos da vinc amas ambobs safrangeTSi, TviTon imanac icis, rom marTals ar ambobso”... “gana ariso,- ambobs sxva adgilas bismarki: an erTi gazeTi safrangeTSi, an erTi kaci imisTana, rom sTqvas, - Cven xeli agviRia elzas-lotaringiazedao?” maSasadame, bismarkis azriT, tkivili safrangeTisa dauamebelia da omic aucilebeli, Tumca amas ki umatebs, rom exlandels saministros safran-geTisas omi fiqradac ara aqvso, magram vin icis, xval vin Caigdebs xelSi safrangeTis gam-geblobasao? uceb generali bulanJe rom moeqces kenweroSio, maSin?... samxedro diqtatura gana axali ambavia safrangeTisaTvisao? erTxel momxdara eg ambavi, Tu orjelo? Tu diqtatoroba safrangeTSi bevrjel yofila, ratom exla ki ar SeiZleba moxdeso? esa da amisebrivi sxva sabuTebi mohyavs bismarks imis dasamtkiceblad, rom omi aucilebelia safrangeTsa da germanias Soris. “rodis aris mosalodneli eg omio? hkiTxulobs bismarki: aTs dRes ukan Tu aTs wels ukan? ai sakiTxavi, romlis pasuxi me ver gamomicvnia. me

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jer 1867 w. vsTqvi, rom luqsemburgis Taobazed ara Rirs omi avstexoT meTqi; exlac amasve vambob. me guldajerebiT veras vityvi mermiszeda. es ki vici, rom mermisSi garemoeba ufro Cvenda saxeirod moewyoba swored ise, rogorc 1870 wels moewyo, vidre 1867 w. iyo mowyobilio”.

1867 w. bismarkma ukan daixia da omi ar autexa safrangeTs luqsemburgis gamo, Tumca aq bevri ram uwoda maSindels germanias, ratom, imitom rom garemoeba xels ar uwyobda. 1870 wels ki mtveri aadina safrangeTs, radganac maSin garemoeba misken iyo. “exlac imas vambob, rasac maSinao”. aqedam gamodis, vaTomc exlac safrangeTi aqvs niSanSi amoRebuli da marto elis, garemoeba misda sasargeblod moewyos, rom miesios da tuta adinos. amis meti daskvna sxva ar SeiZleba ra kacma gamoiyvanos mis zemoTqmul sityvebisagan. marTla ki egrea? ara gvgonia. ara gvgonia, imitom rom WkvaTamyofeli kaci Tavis mters egre aSkarad ar gadauSlis Tavis gulisnadebsa. es erTi, meore isa, rom gonieri kaci Tavis mters ver etyvis: exla garemoeba imodenad ara mSveliso, rom Sen mogeriovo da mere ki me vicio. orSi erTi: an bismarki atyuebs safrangeTsa, rom magas eubneba, miTam da, dee, uRonod migulos, vacdino da gamemklavoso, an TvaliT erTisaken iyureba da niSanSi ki sxva hyavs amoRebuli sacdenada!.. Cven es ukanaskneli ufro WkvasTan axlod migvaCnia. aba, zemoTqmuls sityvaSi “luqsemburgis” magier “bolgaria” CasviT, da cota CaufiqrdiT exlandels dros da exlandels garemoebas, Tu amocana TavisTavad erTad ar gadixsnas! .. am cru-samyofels wuTisofelSi yvelaferi mosalodnelia. an ra gvikvirdes sawuTrosi! “ra uqmnia uarako’’!

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««««belgiis saomari mzadebabelgiis saomari mzadebabelgiis saomari mzadebabelgiis saomari mzadeba»

tfilisi, 16 ianvari.

1866 wels, roca bismarkma daupira avstrias omi, raTa srulebiT germaniazed xeli aaRebinos da piri aRmosavleTisaken aqmnevinos, maSin aqa-iq xmebi ismoda, rom bismarki napoleons dahpir-dao, oRond Sen xels nu gamoiReb, nu damiSli avstriazed guli vijero da im nawils belgiisas, romelic Sens mxriv aris, Sens anabarad dagigdeb, Tunda gadaylape, Tunda rac ginda, is uyavio; erTis sityviT,_ Senc “su’’, roca me avstrias wewvas davuwyeb da mec “su’’, roca Sen belgias klanWs gamosdebo. ra Tqma unda, bismarkma napoleoni amiT daiTaTbira, avstria miamtvria, germaniidam gamoaZeva da ubrZana: Sen aq xeli ara gaqvs, Seni saqme aRmosavleTiao da napoleons ki SeuTvala, belgiazed nuras ukacravodao. es xmebi maSin Worad dadioda da am Wors zogierTi sabuTi hqonda. safrangeTisaTvis avstria didi ram iyo, radganac scdilobda misis momxreobis SiSiT prusia, romelic dRedadRe Zlierdeboda, Tavis qerqSi emyofebina miT ufro, rom maSin germaniaSi upiratesobisaTvis avstrias da prusias mudam erTmaneTSi cili hqondaT da erTmaneTis jibri. vis ar unda gahkvireboda, rom napoleonma xma ar

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amoiRo da avstria prusias gaaTelvina da amisaTvis ara gamorCa ra!... ai, im xmebis saTave sad da raSi iyo. Tu im xmebs davijerebT, napoleoni III, maSin evropis Tavmomwone da Zlieri mbrZanebeli, am Cvenma bismarkma yinulzed gaacura, Tavis wadili aisrula da imas ki TiTi gamouyo. Tu kidev im xmebs avyvebiT, - es ambavi napoleonma gulSi Caixvia da roca 1870 wels safrangeTi da germania erTmaneTzed saomrad ailursnen da Setotindnen, xma gaisma evropis Jurnal-gaze-TobaSi, rom TavidaTavi mizezi amaTis aSlilobisa bismarkisagan napoleonis motyueba ariso da napoleoni javrs iyriso.

ramodenad marTalia is ambavi, rom safrangeTsa da germanias belgiazed raRac laparaki hqoniaT da raRac sixarbiT Tvali sWeriaT, Cven amis gamokvlevas ver gamovudgebiT da dRes arc saWiroa. Cven mxolod amas SevniSnavT, rom, roca germanias da safrangeTs mtroba gaumwvavdebaT, pataras da bedniers belgias havo aeSleba xolme. sakvirvelic ar aris, erTs lukmas belgias cal mxriT safrangeTi miswolia da meores mxriT germania da aba, aqlemebi rom waikidnen, kozaks ra xeiri daeyreba. da ai, belgia saomars mzadebaSia da amis gamo erTi gazeTi ambobs: “mTelis evropis gasaoceblad exlandelis vaivaglaxis mizezad pawia belgia gamodiso’’. amis Tqma _ Tu dacinva ar aris, metismeti siTamamea gazeTis mier, magram belgia iseTis siswrafiT da siCqariT iWurveba iaraRiTa da saomrad emzadeba, rom marTla SesaniSnavia. belgiis samxedro ministrs am dReebSi uTqvams, rom swrafad SeiaraReba aucilebeli saWiroeba ariso. gamosula belgiis mefis brZaneba, rom jars moematos kidev ori axali razmi. Sin daTxovnilis zurgis jaris aficrebi moiwvies, rom yvelam Tav-

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Tavisi adgili daiWiros jarSi da amasac umateben, rom am dReebSi palataSi Setanili iqneba winadadeba, rom aekrZaloT cxenebis gayvana belgiidam da winadve aRiniSnos wesi saomaris begarisa, Tu vinicobaa omi moxda. ra Tqma unda, aqed-iqidam ikiTxavdnen, - am facafucis mizezi ra ariso da amazed belgiis mefis leopoldis saministro pasuxs iZleva, rom Cven fiqrad sxva ara gvaqvs ra garda imisa, rom mtris Semosevis SiSi gvaqvs da imis dasaxvedrad vemzadebiTo; ar gvinda saqmeTa garemoebas da gansacdels ise xelcarielebi davxvdeT, rogorc 1870 wels mogvivida, roca kinaRam Cven Cveni damoukidebloba xelidam ar gamogvecalao.

ra Tqma unda, belgiam ase unda axsnas Tavisi dRevandeli yofa da gacxarebuli mzadeba. sxva sabuTic rom hqondes da sxva gulisnadebi, amis winaswar Tqma miutevebeli cdoma iqneba belgiis mxriT. vin icis, belgias ris alRo auRia da ris qari da zari amoqmedebs? adamianis sixarbes sazRvari ara aqvs: veravin ityvis, rom cal-mxriT safrangeTs da cal-mxriT germanias gemrielis lukmis pirSi Cadeba ezarebodeT. marTalia, belgiis damoukideblobis Tavdeboba inglissa aqvs nakisrebi, magram aqedamac aravin icis, ra gamova. Zneli gamosacnobia, dro da Jami ras moitans, vis rogor gauWirebs saqmes, vis visTvis da rogor moaclis? dRes ki iseTi dRea, rom yvelas marto Tavis Tavi gaxdomia TavSi sacemlad.

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««««navTis saqme kavkasiaSinavTis saqme kavkasiaSinavTis saqme kavkasiaSinavTis saqme kavkasiaSi»»»»

tfilisi, 17 ianvari

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“ra qmnas kargma monardema, drozed SaSi Tu ar mova”, _ swored Cvens amierkavkasiazed iTqmis. aqeT-iqiT iyurebi, sinjav da hxedav, rom mTeli es mSvenieri kunWuli dedamiwisa, Savisa da TeTris (kaspiis) zRvis Sua mdebare, TiTqo sabudaria, romelSiac uangaro da guluxvi buneba, rogorc kruxi, Camjdara, da dauRalavad, ganuwyvetliv, Seuferxeblad sCeks yovelsgvars simdidresa. aq mcxovrebi kaci ki mainc Raribia da Raribi. eg kidev cota vsTqviT: zogjer TviT eg simdidre Tavisis auareblobiT adamianis damamxobel mizezadac gvixdeba da am gziT sabednierod mice-muli simdidre bunebisa Wirad gadagveqceva xolme. ai Tund magaliTad aviRoT navTi. imodena navTi, rac dRes baqoSi amodis da RvTis wyalobiT kidevac amova, TiTqmis zRvas Sehqmnis, magram ra gamovida? daatyo ram am simdidrem aqaurobas? piriqiT, ramodena qoneba CanTqa am simdidris veSapma da ramodena kaci SeZlebuli da qonebiani Tan Caitana da miwasTan gaaswora.

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mTels qveyanaze yvelazed gamoCenili adgilebi navTisa sul oria: erTi amerika da meore Cveni kavkasia. kavkasiaSi bevrs adgilas amodis navTi, magram imodena ki, rac baqoSi, arsad ar aris. navTi amodis amierkavkasiaSi Semaxiisa da tfilisis axlo, kaxeTSi mTeli tbebia zogan, magaliTebr, zemo xodaSenSi b-n saginovebis mamulSi, TuqurmiSaSi da bevrgan sxvagan. marTalia, rom CvenSi navTi bevrgan aris, magram navTis mrewvelobam fexi moikida marto baqoSi. amis mizezi is aris, rom iq navTi auarebelia, didi Txra da vai-vaglaxi ar unda imis amoRebas, ase rom Savis navTis amoReba fuTi 11/2 _ 3 kapikamde ujdeba amomRebsa. sxva adgilebSi ki bevrs ecadnen, magram fuTis navTis amoReba or da sam Saur nakleb ver daisves. ra Tqma unda, rom es amisTana garemoeba arafers xeirs ar moaswavebda mSromelisaTvis da amitomac SemaxiaSi, tfilisis gareSemoSi, kaxeTSi da sxva amisTana adgilebSi navTis saqmem Tavi ver daiWira, an rogor daiWerda, roca baqos navTi gawmendili da gadaxalisebuli, tfilissa da SemaxiaSi marto oriode SauriT metad hRirs, vidre adgilobrivi gauwmendeli da pirdapir amoRebuli navTi.

baqos navTis wyaroni ise mdidarni arian, rom marTla gasaocari da iSviaTi ambavia. mTels dedamiwis zurgzed Tavis dReSi ara yofila aseTi uleveli da metismetad mdidari auzi navTisa. sakvirveli is aris, rom zRva navTi amodis yovel cisamara dRes da navTi aramcTu klebulobs, dRiTidRe matulobs kidec maSin, rodesac sxvagan, magaliTebr, amerikaSi, klebulobs. ro cota mainc SevatyobinoT mkiTxvels, ra didZali simdidrea navTisa baqoSi, sakmaoa marto cifrebi vala-parakoT. yvelgan amerikaa cnobili erT imisTana qveynad, saca mravali da mdidari adgilebia

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navTisa da saca navTis mrewveloba didi xania fexmokidebulia da fexgamagrebuli. ai baqos navTis metnakleboba rom am amerikis navTis metnaklebobas pirispir davuyenoT, maSin cifrebi Tavis utyuars ganaCens ityvian.

yoveldRe baqoSi amodis 500.000 fuTi Savi navTi. es navTi amodis 160-is Widam. am Weebs uWiravs sul oTxi oTxkuTxi versti. amdenive navTi amodis amerikaSi yoveldRe. xolo iq moqmedobs 24.000 Wa, da adgili, saca es Weebi muSaoben _ sigrZiT 200 verstia da siganiT 40-I, anu 8000 oTxkuTxi versti. garda amisa SemCneulia, rom amerikaSi yovel eqvss weliwadSi Wa navTisa hSreba da amis gamo yovels eqvs weliwadzed navTis mrewvelni iZulebul arian gadinacvlon xolme fexi da axla sxvagan sTxaron da eZion navTi. am ukanasknel droSi amerikelT orjel gadunacvliaT fexi, sxva adgilebzed gadasulan, radganac pirvandel adgilebzed navTi damSrala. baqoSi ki am aTis wlis ganmavlobaSi aramc Tu uklia navTsa, aramed erTiorad umatnia. magaliTebr, 1880 wela baqoSi 35 millioni fuTi navti amouRiaT, 1885 w. _ 115 millioni da warsuls 1886 wels _ 170 millioni. aqamomde sul amouRiaT navTi 600 millioni fuTi. sul 800 dRiuri miwa kia is adgili, romelic am uzarmazars ricxvs navTs iZleva, ase rom TiTo dRiurs uZlevia TiTqmis ¾ millioni fuTi. mecnierni, romelTac am or sxvadasxvanairs garemoebas navTis wyaroebisas yuradReba miaqcies, amboben, rom aq Sinagani mizezi moqmedobso. am Sinagan mizezad sTvlian geologiur wyobas miwisas baqosas da amerikisas. amboben, rom amerikaSi didi xania miwisqveS navTi keTebula da gaCenilao. igi navTni, romelTaganac navTi keTdeba miwisqveSeTis ZalTagan, amerikaSi sul moilia da

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aRar arsebobeno, da amitom, rac wina droTagan navTi keTebula da darCenila miwis qveS, dRes amerikaSi marto isRa amoaqvT, da raki amoswurven, rasakvirvelia, mas mermed Wa Srebao. xolo im garemoebidam, rom baqoSi navTi dRes aramcTu hklebulobs, hmatulobs kidec, mecnierT is azri gamohyvaT, rom dRes baqoSi miwisqveSeTni nivTierebani navTis Sesadgenad aramcTu mos-pobilan, aramed jer kidev bevri ariso da dRes navTis momavlinebeli mizezni jer kidev ga-nuwyvetliv moqmedebeno. am saxiT gamodis, rom baqos navTis wyaro jer kidev didxans ar daSreba da ar moswydeba Turme.

baqos navTis mrewveloba aramcTu am mxriT ufro kargs garemoebaSi unda iyos da unda sjobnides amerikis mrewvelobas, aramed sxva mxriTac. amerikaSi navTisaTvis kaci metad Rrmad unda Cavides miwaSi da iqidam amoswuros navTi. baqoSi navTi ise Rrmad Casvlas ar iTxovs, radganac dedamiwis zedapirzed axloa navTi. es erTi. meore isa, rom amerikaSi gangeb amowurva unda da aq baqoSi ki, raki Was cotad Tu bevrad amosTxrian, navTi Sadrevanad scems da uxarjod da uSromelad TavisTavad amodis. am saxiT, amerikas erTis fuTis navTis amoReba erTi abazi ujdeba, baqos ki samis groSidam eqvs groSamde. kaci amaebis SemniSvneli da mnaxveli ityvis: maS baqos navTis saqme gakeTebula, rogorRa gauwevs amerikis navTi cilobas baqos navTs saqveyno bazarSio!.. sabuTi da loRika sabuTisa swored amas ambobs da saqme ki sul sxvasa, da es baqos navTis Sadrevanebze aranakleb gasaocaria. rogorc amerikisaTvis, isec baqosaTvis TiTqmis erTaderTi bazari evropaa, romelic Cvenzed ufro axloa, vidre amerikazed, ase rom am mxriTac ki baqo win aris. magram saocari es aris, rom yovel mxriT

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bunebisagan xelmouwyobeli amerika evropis bazarSi yovelwliv cxra millions fuTs navTs asaRebs da baqo, yovel mxriT bunebisagan xel-mowyobili, million-naxevarsa! modi da nu gaocdebiT. gagonila! baqos navTi bevri aqvs, amoReba TiTqmis erTisamad, xan erT Tormetad nakleb ujdeba, gzac axlo aqvs, da amerikis navTis cileba ki ver autania, roca evropaSi gaaqvT.

navTi imodenaa dRes baqoSi da yoveldRe imodena amodis, rom lamis warRvnas mTeli baqo, uSvelebeli tbebia navTis Weebis gareSemo, adgilic ara aqvT sad Seinaxon. gamoxdas da gadawmendasac veRar aswroben da bazari ki ver gauxsnia, bazari ki ver Seuqmnia. amas vina sCivis? navTis adgilebis patronebs es simdidre TavSi sacemad gaxdomiaT, radganac ar ician, ra uyon, rogor mouaron, sad Seinaxon da rogor upatronon! calke kacia aq am ubedurobis mizezi, garemoeba kacTaganve Seqmnili, Tu guneba, _ eg Tqven gamoicaniT. qveyanasac ki sasacilodac ar eyofa, rom RmerTsac moucia aseTi Zvirfasi simdidre da Cven ki Wirad gadagvqcevia. maxlas!..

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tfilisi, 19 ianvari

Cven wina werilSi navTzed CamovagdeT laparaki

da exlac amazed gvsurs ganvagrZoT saubari. ra Tqma unda, rom Cven am saganzed arafers axals ver vityviT, da srulebiTac gunebaSi ar gagvitarebia, es saqme mTelis Tavis sigrZe-siganiT gamovikvlioT. Cven amisaTvis arc saWiro codna gvaqvs da arc saWiro Rone. Cven gvsurs mxolod

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zogierTs cnobas am saqmis Taobazed Tavi erTad movuyaroT da am erTad Tavmoyril cnobaTagan cotaodeni naTeli movfinoT navTis saqmesa, romelzedac bevrs ucabedad hlaparakoben.

yvelazed win SesaniSnavi baqos navTis gamo is aris, rom Tu Wa dReSi 1.000 fuTzed nakleb navTs iZleva, meqarxneebi amisTana Was Tavs anebeben, radganac xarjsac ar ayenebs. gamoan-gariSebulia, rom sxvadasxva xarji navTis amoRebisa, sul rom cota vTqvaT, fuTzed 3/4 ¾kapeiki modis. esec im SemTxvevaSi, Tu 1.000 fuTs mainc iZleva dReSi TiTo Wa. Tu amazed naklebi navTi amodis, xarji kidev is undeba, rac aTas fuTsa, da Tu amazed naklebi navTi amova, aSkara zaralia. amerikaSi axlad gaTxrili Wa iZleva dReSi 80_200 fuTamde navTsa da iq mainc imisTana Weebs amoqmedeben iseTis ostatobiT, rom aramc Tu hzaraloben, gamorComasac moelian. CvenSi ki amisTana Weebi unavTo Weebad iTvleba da amisTana Wazed Tavis dReSi aravin ar moscdeba. am saxiT Wa, romelic amerikaSi simdidris wyarod iTvleba, CvenSi siRaribis mizezad Sericxulia.

ra aris amis mizezi? yvelazed uwinares isa, rom satexniko codna ara aqvT aqaurs menavTeebs. am ucodinarobis bralia, rom Widam amoRebul Sav navTs hxdian da gadawmindaven xolme marto sanTeblad xmarebisaTvis, da rac am gamoxdas da gawmendas gadarCeba, imis gamoyeneba ar ician Cvenma meqarxneebma. TviTon am gamoxdaSiac aTSi marto sams fuTs sanTebels navTs Zlivs ayeneben, danarCeni Svidi fuTi ki gadasayrelad uxdebaT. saxelganTqmuli qimikosi mendeleevi ki ambobs, rom Tu meqarxneebs kargi codna eqnebaT, aTs fuT Sav navTidam aramcTu marto sami fuTi sanaTebeli gamova, aramed rvao. Tundac amodena wminda navTis gamoxda ar iyos SesaZlebeli, mainc

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kidev navTis gamonaxadi, romelic ucodinarobiT tyuilubralod hfuWdeba da gadiyreba xolme, mravalgvarad gamosayenia da gamosarComi, Tu kacs codna da xerxi eqmneba. saqme imaSia, rom Savi navTi marto imiTi ki ar aris saxeiro da gamosarComi, rom sanaTebel navTad gadiwmindeba xolme, aramed imitomac, rom danarCen gamonaxadidam SeiZleba kidev bevri sxva ram sabazro nivTic gamoixados, metad kai fasad gasasaRebeli. magaliTebr, wasasmeli zeTi

(смазочныя масла), benzini, vazelini, erTgvari sunnelovani zeTi, romelsac “ароматический

углеводород”- hqvian da sxvani. TiTeuls amas kai gasavali aqvs evropis bazarSi da kai fasica. yovelive es baqoSi metad cota keTdeba dRes, jer, rasakvirvelia, imitom, rom meqarxneebma amisi xeli an sul ar ician, an Zalian cota ician, da meore imitom, rom aqac gadasatans Rones moklebulni arian.

exla aSkaraa Cvenis mkiTxvelisaTvis, rad aris ise, rom Wa dReSi 80_200 fuTamde navTis momcemi amerikaSi simdidred iTvleba da CvenSi ki kaci axlos ar udgeba. amerikaSi yovlis ostatobiT da codniT ekidebian am saqmes. garda imisa, rom erTisa da imave zomis navTisagan ufro bevri sanaTebeli gadawmendili navTi gamoyavT, im danarCen gamonaxadsac bevrs rasmes hrCebian, ase, rom TiTqmis TviTveuli nawili gamonaxadisa sxva raime safasurs da sasargeblo nivTs iZleva. iq ara ikargeba ra, CvenSi aTSi Svidi fuTi tyuilubralod gadasayrelia; iq aTs fuTSi rvas mainc ase TuU ise fass amoaRebinebs kaci da aq CvenSi aTSi marto sams fuTsa. modi da amisTana garemoebas win daudeqiT!..

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baqom Tundac im mravalgvarobiT gamoiyenos navTis gamonaxadi, rogorc amerika sCadis, _ sad gaasaRos da an rogor gaitanos saqveyno bazarSi? jer marto es viqonioT saxeSi, rom navTis gamonaxadidam gakeTebul sxvadasxva nivTierebasa TviTon ruseTSiac ver gauxsnia bazari. dResac ruseTSi amerikidam motanils ufro hyiduloben, vidre baqodam. aqamomde saqme ise ver mouwyviaT, rom ruseTma TviTonve moixmaros Tavisi sakuTari simdidre.

IIIIIIIIIIII

tfilisi, 20 ianvari.

am winaze Cvena vsTqviT, rom uTvalavi da

auarebeli navTi amierkavkasiisa ver mogvixmaria da lamis eg, jer-xanad dauSrobeli wyaro simdid-risa, TavSi sacemlad gagvixdeso. umTavresi mizezi am mouxmareblobisa is aris, rom navTis bazarSi gasatani saxsari ara aqvT. marTalia, amierkavkasiis rkinis gza, romelic dRes muSaobs baqosa da baToms Sua, ezideba dRemudam navTsa, magram imodena navTis gadatanis Zal-Rone ara aqvs, ramodenac saWiroa navTis simravlis mixedviTa. bevrsa hlaparakobdnen vagonebis momatebazed, magram rac momateba SesaZlo iyo, moumates, da exla Tunda kidevac moumaton, veras gaxdebian, imitom rom matareblebi saaTSi erTxel daiarebian da amazed xSirad siaruli SeuZlebelia. roca amazed guli daajeres rkinis gza gamgebelTa da navTis mwarmoebelTa, maSin daapires meore liandagis dageba, rom navTis sazidavma vagonebma oris gziT iaron. ufro mdidarT navTis mwarmoebelT azri mouvidaT, rkinis gzas Tavi

49

daanebon da milebi daawyon baqodam baTomamde da miliT ataron navTi. meore liandagis dagebazed laparaki am bolos dros sruliad Seswyda, milebiT navTis gayvanazed ki dResac bevri laparakia.

fiqrada aqvT, miTam Savi navTi gaiyvanon miliTa im zomiT, rom weliwadSi 50 millioni fuTi gavides baqodam baTumSi. am bolos xanebSi isic ismis, rom eg milebi samtrediis sadgurTan unda gaortotdes, erTi toti wavides foTzed da meore baTomzed, professor mendelevis angariSiT erTi fuTi Savi navTi miliT gayvanili baqodam baTomSi dajdeba ara umetes 10_11 kapeikisa. erTi

ucnobi avtori ”Биржевыя Ведомости”-Si amtkicebs, rom fuTis navTis gadatana baqodam baTomSi cxra kapeikze meti ar dajdebao. am saxiT gamodis, rom fuTi navTi Tavis safasuriT da xarjiT 12_15 kapeikamde dajdeba baTomSi. radganac igive navTi amerikas 20 kapeikad ujdeba da amasTanave baTomSi Catanili navTi evropis bazarzed ufro axloa, vidre amerikisa, amitom, b-n mendeleevis azriT, baqos navTs SeuZlian ciloba gauwios amerikis navTsa da amiT aswios da ganaZlieros Cveni cocxal-mkvdari mrewveloba navTisa. rasakvir-velia, am azris asasruleblad saWiroa baTomSi gaimarTos Savis navTis saxdeli da gasawmendeli qarxnebi, Torem Savis navTis muStris Sovna Znelia. amasve hfiqroben miliT navTis gatanis momxreni. Cven amazed calke gveqneba saubari. exla ki amas vityviT, rom miliT navTis gatanis saqme xazinam Tavis xelidam ar unda gauSvaso, _ amboben milis momxreni, _ TviTon milebic xazinam Tavisis xarjiT unda daawyoso, Torem Tu calke kacs mieca amis neba, usaTuod monopolias gamoiwvevs

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da es monopolia bevrs navTis meqarxneebs bolos mouRebso.

gamoangariSebulia, rom navTis gasayvanad milebis dawyoba da erTob amisi xarji 25 millions manaTs fuls daiWerso. Znelad gasabedia xazinisaTvis exlandels gaWirvebuls droSi amodena fuli am saqmes moaxmaros da aq daabandos. garda amis, erTi ramec aris safiqrebeli: marTalia baqoSi Zlier bevri navTia da jer aramcTu daSrobis, momatebis niSnebia, magram advilad safiqrebelia, rom adre iqneba, Tu gvian, iq, saca exla navTi amodis, odesme bolo unda moeRos navTsa. amis SiSsa da fiqrsa miscemia imisTana specialisti, rogoric cnobili inJineri sokolovskia. Tu marTla aucilebelia, rom odesme baqos navTi klebaSi Seva, am mxriT gamokvleva saqmisa metad saWiroa winaTve, vidre milebis dawyobas Seudgebian. Tu navTis klebis dros rkinis gzasTan milebic iqmneba, maSin an erTma unda daiSalos navTis zidva da maSasadame, Semosavalzed xeli aiRos, an meorem. orsave SemTxvevaSi xazina izaralebs.

“Биржевыя Ведомости”-s am wlis #8-Si zemoxsenebuli ucnobi avtori amtkicebs, rom miliT navTis gayvana araviTars sargebels ar moaswavebso. igi ambobs, rom, marTalia, exla gadatana gawmendilis navTisa fuTi 16 kapeikada hRirso, magram SeiZleba es fasi 81/2 kapeikzed Camoaxdinos kacma da mainc kidev rkinis gza mogebaSi iqmnebao. miliT gayvanili navTi ki da mere baTomSi gadawmendili 18 kapeikad dajdeba fuTio. amis dasamtkiceblad ai ra angariSi mohyavs: Savi navTis gadatana baTomSi miliTa dajdeba fuTi 9 kapeikad. oris fuTis Savis navTidam gamoixdeba wminda navTi da sxva saxmari

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da sasargeblo zeTebi sul erTad marto erTi fuTio; maSasadame fuTi gadawmendili navTi Tavis zeTebiT 18 kapeiki modiso. esec maSin dagvijdeba, rodesac miliT gaviyvanT Savs navTs yovelwliv 50 milion fuTzed aranakleb. Tu raime mizeziT am ricxvma iklo, maSin is ori fuTi Savi navTi, romelic marto erTs fuTs wminda navTs ayenebs Tavisis zeTebiT, 18 kapeikzed ufro Zvirad dajdebao, imitom rom xarji erTi da igivea erTs milion fuTs gamoiyvan milebSi, Tu ormocdaaTs milionsao. rkinis gzas ki bevri eqmneba gada-satani, Tu cota, SeuZlia rva kapeiknaxevrad hzidos baqodan baTomamde navTi da ara izaralos rao.

am saxiT, saubari da baasi didia, da amasobaSi arc rkinis gza hfiqrobs navTis gadasatani fasi 81/2 kapeikzed Camoaxdinos da arc milis dawyobas Sesdgomia vinme. minam an erTisagan gamova wyaloba, an meorisagan, navTis mwarmoebelT suli exuTebaT da simdidris tbebSi mcuravTa lamis SimSilisagan suli amouvideT. modiT da nu gaocdebiT!..

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«saSemosavlo gadasaxadis «saSemosavlo gadasaxadis «saSemosavlo gadasaxadis «saSemosavlo gadasaxadis SemoRebaSemoRebaSemoRebaSemoReba»»»»

tfilisi, 21 ianvari ruseTis gazeTebma mogvitanes ambavi, viTomc

peterburgSi gaxSirebuli laparakia safinanso sferaSi maszed, rom am axlo xanebSi kanonad daidgineba gadasaxadi Semosavalze. amboben, rom im auarebel arapirdapir gadasaxadebis magier, romelic am mokle xanebSi dawesda da romelic mrewvelobas da warmoebas ufro hxuTavs, vidre hrgebs rasme saxelmwifo xazinasa, dawesdeba

gadasaxadi Semosavalzeo /подоходный налогъ/. am-nairive gadasaxadi didi xania SemoRebulia evropaSi da exla ruseTSiac SemoaqvT, rogorca sCans. Tavdapirvelad am gadasaxadis SemoReba unda mieweros yofils finansTa ministrs b-ns bunges, romelmac daawesa aszed xuTi manaTi gadasaxadi im Semosavlidam, rasac Tavni fuli aZlevs fulis patronsa. exla ganuzraxavT eg gadasaxadi daedvas yvela Semosavals, rasac ki uZravi da moZravi sa-kuTreba aZlevs kacsa da amas garda sakuTari Sromaca. rasakvirvelia, amasTan gansazRvruli iq-neba ris nakleb ar unda iyos Semosavali, rom gadasaxadi ixados. Semosavlis gadasaxads unda eq-vemdebaron yvela qveSevrdomni ruseTisani da garda amisa is ucxo qveynis kacnic, romelTac an

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modmivi cxovreba aqvT, an erTs weliwadzed metsa rCebian xolme ruseTis imperiaSi, da yvelani, visac uZravi ram sakuTreba aqvT, Semosavlis mom-cemi. gansazRvruli gardasaxadi gamoerTmeva or-gvarad: mTlad da uklebliv imas, visac garja da Sroma SeuZlian da amisaTvis wlovanebaa dadebuli 18-dam 55-mde da imaT ki visac TviTon garja da Sroma ar SeuZliaT da Tavis sakuTar saqmes ver gauZRvebian, is SeRavaTi eZlevaT, rom gadasaxadi daklebuli gamoerTmevaT. am saxiT gansazRvruli Semosavlis gadasaxadi daklebulis zomiT gamoer-TmevaT: 1/ maT, vinc samxedro begaras ixdis mTelis im xanis ganmavalobaSi, minam jarSia; 2/ imaT, vinc jarSi samsaxuris dros daWrilan, an daSavebulan da Caricxulni arian pirvel sams xarisxSi daWrilebTa Soris; 3/ imaT, vinc swavlaSi arian saswavleblebSi, vidre 26 wlisad ar Sesruldebian; 4/ uvadod da vadiT daTxovnil jariskacebma da yazaxebma, minam daTxovnilni arian, mTlad unda ixadon gadasaxadi da roca miwveul iqmnebian jarSi samsaxurisaTvis, maSin ki naklebad gamoerTmevaT. mTeli wlis gadasaxadi orad ganiyofeba, erTi naxevari 1-s ivlisamde unda iqmnas xazinaSi Setanili da meore 1-s dekembersa. am vadebs vinc gadaacilebs, didi jarima unda gadixadon.

ai, umTavresni safuZvelni, romelzedac ganuz-raxavT axalis kanon-proeqtis aSeneba da ageba. es proeqti momzaddeba Tu ara, waredgineba jer umaRless safinanso kamisias da mere Setanil iqm-neba saxelmwifo rjuldebulebis wesis gziTao. amave dros mzaddeba Turme proeqti Sesaxeb zo-gierTis wvrilmanis gadasaxadis amokveTisa im azriT, rom warmatebis gza gauxsnan da gaufarTovon mrewvelobas da warmoebas ruseTisas.

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««««safrangeTsa da germanias Soris safrangeTsa da germanias Soris safrangeTsa da germanias Soris safrangeTsa da germanias Soris

urTierTobis urTierTobis urTierTobis urTierTobis gamwvavebagamwvavebagamwvavebagamwvaveba»»»»

tfilisi, 22 ianvari

am ukanaskneli dReebis gazeTebs rom yuri

ugdos kacma, evropaSi omis suni htrialebs da zogni iqamdinac ki midian, rom gadawyvetilad da gadaWriT amboben, am gazafxulze evropa Tavis beds ar gadurCeba uomradao. marTladac, saidac ginda miixedoT, yvelgan gaZlierebuli mzadebaa. patara saxelmwifonic ki, romelTac uRonobis gamo sixarbe ara aqvT visme ra waarTvan, visme piridam lukma gamohglijon, isinic iWireben saqmes da Tof-iaraRqveS sdgebian. Sveicaria, belgia, dania, Svecia-norvegia da sxva amisTanani dRedaRam imis mecadineobaSi arian, rom winad-nagrZnobma gansacdelma moumzadeblad ar moaswros da amodena xnis mSvidobiani da keTili cxovreba – sul erTma wuTma ar amoaSxamos. am SemTxvevaSi zrunva da cda am wvrilTa saxelmwifoTa marto imazea miqceuli, rom ZlierTa Soris TviTon rogorme ar gaiWyliton. maSsadame, aqedan SiSi da gansacdeli mosalodneli ar aris, radganac es wvrilni saxelmwifoni fars imzadeben mosagereblad da ara xmals satevrad.

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safrangeTi da germania orad ori saxelmwifoni arian, romelT Sorisac metad gamwvavebulia saqme da, Tu garemoeba xels Seuwyobs, arc erTi ar moerideba erTmaneTTan gamklavebas. Tavmomwone safrangeTi ar iviwyebs Tavis damarcxebas germaniisagan da CamorTmeulis qveynebis ukan dabrunebis imeds ar iSorebs gulidam da germania metad TavgamometebiT ufrTxis, rom gamarjvebisagan mopoebuli da didi msxverpliT SeZenili erToba germaniisa da upiratesoba evropaSi xelidam ar gamoecalos. es ori saxelmwifo karga xania erTmaneTs mtrulis TvaliT uyurebs da TviTveuli maTgani marto Tvisda saxeiro garemoebas elis, rom eces da Tan gaitanos meore.

es meSvidmete weliwadia mas aqed, rac safrangeTi daamarcxa germaniam da im dRidan moyolebuli aqamomde arc safrangeTs, arc germa-nias xeli ar dauyenebia, rom xelaxlad daja-xebisaTvis ar mzadebuliyvnen. laSqarT Sinagani wyoba da darazmva gindaT, Tu Tof-iaraRi, tyvia-wamali, zarbazani da sxva mravali kacTa mmusravi manqana, _ yovels amazed auarebeli Sroma da fulia daxarjuli orisave mxriT. dRe midis da yovelive es urTierTis mixedviT hmatulobs da hmatulobs ase, rom haraqaTi da ilaji gauwydaT, nametnavad germaniis ersa, romelic gacilebiT Raribia safrangeTis erzed. ai, dResac germaniis mTavrobam Svidis wliT mosTxova germaniis saimperio parlaments fuli 41.000 jariskacis momatebisaTvis da sabuTad is warudgina, rom germaniis Zlierebas jer kidev bevri gansacdeli moelis dasavleTidam da aRmosavleTidamao, da mzad unda viyvneTo. parlamentma ar Seimwynara es sabuTi da Tumca dahyva 41.000 jariskacis momatebaze, magram daumata, rom amis nebas samis

56

wlis vadiT mogcemTo. Tamamma da yovelTvis kadnierma bismarkma aiRo da parlamenti daSala da axali arCevani daniSna. dRes gacxarebuli brZolaa atexili am arCevanis gamo germaniaSi mTavrobisa da parlamentis momxreTa Soris. arvin icis, vin gaimarjvebs am axal arCevanSi, amas ki yvelani guldajerebiT amtkiceben, rom Tu vinicobaa paralamentis momxreni gaimarjveben, bismarki arc amas Seudrkeba da ase Tu ise uparlamentodac Tavisas gaiyvanso.

am garemoebas kaci rom kargad daukvirdes, hnaxavs, rom aq sxva ambavia. aq marto imazed ki ar aris laparaki, rom fuli da samati jari mieces Svidisa Tu samis wliT bismarksa. aq ufro mwvavi sagania dayenebuli germaniis eris winaSe: parlamenti germaniisa didi xania ebrZvis bismar-kis TviTnebobasa. bismarki didi xania hcdilobs parlaments gadamwyveti xma SeuxuTos da SeurCinos marto xma rCevisa. amas parlamenti hTakilobs da ibrZvis TviTarsebobisaTvis. es ambavi marto dRevandeli ambavi ar aris. didi xania saimperio parlamenti hgrZnobs, rom igi bismarks unda mrCevelad iyolios mxolod da ara saqmeTa gadamwyvetelad da gamgebelad. dRes aqa-momde egredwodebuli pasuxismgebloba sami-nistrosi germaniaSi ar aris, Tumca parlamenti ki didi xania. amitomac erTi magaliTi ara yofila, rom parlamentis mier dawunebulma moqmedebam ministrisa iZulebul hyos, ministri samsaxuridam gadasdges, rogorc es xSiria xolme safrangeTsa, inglisSi da sxvaganac bevrgan, saca parlamenti Tvis kuTvnils ZalaSia.

dRes brZola dasTa Soris germaniaSi swored am saganzed htrialebs. jaris momatebis kanoni marto mizezia. parlamentis momxreTa dasma am mizezs Caavlo xeli da hsurs, rom parlaments

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Tavisi kuTvnili Zala da xma moupovos. ai dRes swored es burTia gagdebuli arCevanis moedanzed germaniaSi da vin gaitans am burTs, dro gamoaCens.

12-s ianvars bismarkma pirdapir usayvedura saimperio parlaments, roca prusiis seimSi Tavi imarTla saimperio parlamentis daSlisa gamo da am sayvedurSi ismoda, rom parlamenti xels miSlis germaniis erToba, saxeli da upiratesoba evropaSi mtkice safuvelzed davayenovo. ai, sada scems bismarki, _ da misni mopirdapireni Wkvaga-dalayebulni xom ar arian, rom ver gaigon ra moaswavebs rasa! amgvarad Sin aSlili saqme germaniisaTvis saxumaro ar aris. marTalia, bevri magaliTebi gvinaxavs, rom amgvarebs bismarki yovelTvis guldagul daxvedria da mainc Tavisi gauyvania. 1864 wels, roca Slezvig-golSteinis gamo prusia danias eomeboda, imave dass daniis mxare eWira; 1866 w. igive dasi ewinaaRmdega avstriasTan omsa, am omis Semdeg Crdilo germaniis parlamentis winaaRmdegi iyo da 1869 welsa, roca prusias xviTqiT ofli sdioda da safrangeTTan omis asatexad emzadeboda, igive dasi hTxoulobda Tof-iaraRis ayrasa da jarebis Secotavebasa, - magram bismarkma yuric ar Seiber-tya. daniasac lazaTianad CamoarTva Slezvig-golSteini, avstriac kargad miamtvria, safrang-eTic mihbertya da dRes isev is bismarkia, mxolod ufro saxelovani, ufro didebuli. magram naTqvamia, koka yovelTvis wyals ar moitans, erTxelac iqneba, gatydebao.

amboben, dRes amisi SiSi Sehparvia bismarksa da viTomc amitom iZulebulia, xelaxlad daejaxos safrangeTsa, rom es Sinauri tkivili daavi-wyebinos germaniis ersa da raki gared gaimarjvebs, maSin xom Sinac gamarjvebuli iqneba da gamarjvebuli. xmas viRa amoiRebs!... gamarjvebam

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Zalian Tavbrus dasxma icis da pirSi burTis Cadeba...

asea Tu ise, dRes es ki aSkaraa, rom germaniis gazeTebi kadnierad da raRac SeteviT hlapa-rakoben safrangeTzed. safrangeTis gazeTebi ki mSvidobianis xmiT urCeven safrangeTsa da mis ersa: nu aCqardebiT, wynarad da mSvidobianad iyaviTo. amasobaSi germania, rogorc dasavleTis samzRvrebs, ise aRmosavleTisas amagrebs da jarebiT aZlierebs. safrangeTis ufro dids cdasa da zrunvaSia da arasfers ara hzogavs mzad yofisaTvis. safrangeTi da germania dRes xom ese Setotebulni arian erTmaneTzed, magram vin icis, mermisi da bedi vis saiTken miaxedebs.

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««««evropis wvril saxelmwifoTa evropis wvril saxelmwifoTa evropis wvril saxelmwifoTa evropis wvril saxelmwifoTa

saomari mzadebasaomari mzadebasaomari mzadebasaomari mzadeba»»»»

tfilisi, 23 ianvari

. bolgariis saqmem dRes Tavisi pirvel-

xarisxovneba dakarga evropiis politikis sar-bielzed. mis magier fexzed wamodga sazaro landsa da aCrdilsaviT safrangeTisa da germaniis erTmaneTTan gamklavebis molodini. dRes mTeli Jurnal-gazeToba amazea moclili, didi da patara sul amazed hlaparakobs da hTrTis xvalindeli dRisaTvis. germaniis gazeTebs rom daujeros kacma, TavidaTavi mizezi saSinelis am amrezilobisa, romelica hsufevs safrangeTisa da germaniis Sua, safrangeTis samxedro ministri generali bulanJea da amisi daucxromeli garja da Sroma safrangeTis jaris gankargebisa da rigian fexzed dayenebisaTvis. zogierTi gazeTi am garemoebas ise azviadebs, rom ambobs: safrangeTma an bulanJe unda daiTxovos samsaxuridam an omi gamoucxados germaniaso, sxva ara saxsari ar aris, rom evropa dascxres da dawynardeso. Cven dRes amazed laparaks Tavs davanebebT da yuradRebas mkiTxvelisas mivaqcevT sul sxva garemoebazed, romelic mravalmniSvnelovania da Zalianac angariSSi misaRebi.

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Cven guSinaca vsTqviT, rom didTa mayurebelni wvrilni saxelmwifonica dids mzadebaSi arian. ufro SeniSnulia, rom belgia, dania da Svecia-norvegia, rac Zali da Rone SeswevT, hcdiloben Tavisi jarebi gaawyon da gaaZlieron. ganzraxva belgiisa Tumca zedmiwevniT aravin icis, magram Tvalad es mainca sCans, rom Tu vinicobaa ors maTs mezobels, safrangeTs da germanias omi autydaT, belgias ar unda gadelaxvinos. sityviT amas ambobs belgiis mTavroba da gulSi ra aqvs, Zneli gamosacnobia. patara dania Tavis gulis nadebs ara hmalavs da pirdapir gulaxdilad hlaparakobs. misma samxedro ministrma generalma bansonma arc gaxia, arc gafxriwa da mourideblad sTqva: Cvenis qveynis erTi nawili, erTi nawili Cvenis sisxlisa da xorcis erisa prusiis uRelqveS hkvnesiso. aSkaraa, daniis mzadeba ras moaswavebs da sakvirveli es aris, rom uRono, pawia dania ar hSiSobs amis Tqmasa da ar ufrTxis wyromas Zlieris prusiisas. germaniis gazeTebi am xmebzed swored yalxzed Sesdgnen: rogor Tu dania germanias mtrobas ubedavso. ra Tqma unda, dania martoka Sinidam fexsac ar gamosdgams yovlad Zlieri germaniis winaaRmdeg. sCans, danias imisi imedi aqvs, rom vinicobaa safrangeTi germanias saqmes gauWirebs, maSin daniac ecdeba javri iyaros germaniazed da warTmeuli ger-maniisagan Slezvig-golSteini rogorme isev xelT igdos da daibrunos. rac unda iyos, Tumca dania calked saSiSari ar aris germaniisaTvis, magram Tu germania da safrangeTi erTmaneTs daejaxnen, germaniam erTi 40000 kaci mainc unda moacdinos daniis gasaZRolad. es germaniisaTvis dids angariSs Seadgens didis omis dros. erTi sityviT, daniasac mizezi aqvs mzadebisa da Tof-iaraRis asxmisa. amocanad marto Svecia _ norvegiaa. es di-

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dis xnidam mSvidobianad myofi qveyana ram aamRvria da ram aiZula saomrad mzadebisaTvis? jer SarSanve, vidre bolgariis saqme gamwvavdeboda, Svecia mzadebas Seudga da dResac imave saqmezea gadagebuli. es ambavi, rasakvirvelia, Seutyobrad ar darCa evropasa. xolo qveyanass ukvirs, rom Sveciis mefem oskarma exlaxan parlamentSi Tavisi sefe-sityva warmosTqva da srulebiT xma ar amoiRo arc imazed Tu - ras moaswavebs eg daucxromeli mzadeba, arc imazed Tu, – ra guliT, ra gunebiT aris Svecia-norvegia sagareo politikisa gamo. am xmaamouReblobam, am gaCumebam ufro Zlier aacqvetina yurebi diplomatiasa. rada da risTvisao? hkiTxulobs cnobismoyvare gulswrafoba adamianisa. maTa da misTvisao, iZaxis metiCroba gulTmisnobisa... es amisTana pasuxi, Tu gnebavT arc arafersa hniSnavs da, Tu gnebavT, bevrs rasmesaca.

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««««WaWis aryis gamoxdazed SeRavaTiani WaWis aryis gamoxdazed SeRavaTiani WaWis aryis gamoxdazed SeRavaTiani WaWis aryis gamoxdazed SeRavaTiani

sabaJo wesebis SemoRebis SesaxebsabaJo wesebis SemoRebis SesaxebsabaJo wesebis SemoRebis SesaxebsabaJo wesebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb»»»»

tfilisi, 24 ianvari. ruseTis Jurnal-gazeTobamac, rogorc iqmna,

miaqcia yuradReba im sabaJo wesebs, romelmac pirqve daamxo CvenSi WaWisagan arayis xda 1876 wlidan romelmac wvrilman patronebs venaxebisas didi zarali misca. “araviTari eWvi ar ariso, ambobs erTi gazeTi: rom venaxisa da Rvinis keTeba, arayis xdasTan erTad umTavresi Stoa sasoflo meurneobisa kavkasiaSi; rom am Stos warmatebazed damokidebulia iqaurTa mkvidrTa keTil mdgomareoba da aRyvaveba TviTon mxrisa. dro iyo da ara Sori droc, roca TiTqmis mTeli glexkacoba kavkasiisa da erTob soflis mkvidrni didis gamorCobiT venaxisa da Rvinis keTebazed iyvnen miqceulni da amasTan WaWisagan araysa xdidnen da amisaTvis bevrs glexTa, venaxis patronTa, Tavisi sakuTari saxdeli qvabebi hqondaT. xda arayisa ufro saSinao mrewveloba iyo da sakmaod mxars aZlevda sasoflo meur-neobas, radganac WaWa-Txlesac Tavisi sargebloba mohqonda da amas garda, roca yurZeni raime mizeziT hfuWdeboda, an setyvisagan gailaxeboda da dasawurad aRar vargoda, imisaganac araysa

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hxdidnen da amiT glexkacoba xels inacvlebda. am bedniers dros kavkasielni ixseneben exla, rogorc “oqros drosa”. am “oqros drom” moaRwia 1876 wlamde da mas Semdeg ki saqmeTa mdgoma-reobam saswrafod feri icvala da dRes warmoadgens suraTs mTlad damxobisasa.

mTavrobas, rogorc etyoba, yuradReba mouqcevia am marTlada sazaralos wesebisaTvis da dRes, erTis gazeTis sityviT, saxelmwifo sabWoSi finansTa saministros proeqti warudgenia, rom WaWisa da Txlisagan arayis xdas Sveba da SeRavaTi mieces da amiT xeli moemarToT venaxis sxvilTa da wvrilTa patronenTa. Cvenda samwuxarod, gazeTs, romlisaganac es cnobani mogvyavs, dawvrilebiT da TvalnaTlad ar mohyavs, ra Sveba da SeRavaTi ganuzraxavs, mianiWos venaxis patronebsa finansTa saministrom Txle-WaWisagan arayis xdis gamo. igi gazeTi amas ambobs, rom:

“mTavrobis sferoSi sabolood gadawyvetilia, rom am axal wlis 1-s ivlisidam amier-kavkasiaSic Setanil iqmnas zogadni wesni imperiisa arayis xdisaTvis dadgenilni da momqmedni. amave droidan Semdegis zomis baJia dawesebuli Txle-WaWisagan gamoxdil arayzed. im arayzed, romelic gamoxdi-li iqneba Sinauris qvabiTa Txle-WaWisagan vena-xebis patronTagan amier-kavkasiaSi, CernogoriaSi, yubanisa da Tergis mxares, stavropolis gu-berniaSi, Tu vinicobaa arayi gasayidad gaitaneba, gadaxdeba or kapeiknaxevari graduszed traleris “spirtometriT” Semowmebulzed. or weliwadSi erTxel graduszed TiTo kapeiki baJi moemateba im dromde, vidre iqamde miva, rom WaWis aryis baJi marto oTxis kapeikiT iyos naklebi puris arayis baJzeda. dasamJavebeli WurWeli arayis saxdel qarxnisa /saca ki qarxanaa da ara Sinauri saxdeli qvabi/ unda itevdes ara nakleb 360 vedrasa.”

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rogorc etyoba, Sveba da SeRavaTi am SemTxvevaSi orgvaria: erTi TviTon zoma baJisa, romelic graduszed 21/2 kapeikamde Camoaxdina axlad ganzraxulma kanonma da meore isa, rom 360 vedriani WurWeli dauwesebiaT meqarxneTaTvis gamosaxdel masalis dasamJaveblad. Cvena gvgonia, es amodena WurWeli imitom dauvalebiaT meqa-rxneTaTvis, rom wvrilma qarxanebma Sinaurs qvabebs ciloba ar gauwion glexkacobas, romelsac marto Sinaur saxdedlis qvabis Sovnis Rone Zliva aqvs, xelidam ar gamoacalon is gamorComa da sarfa, rasac Sin gamoxda WaWa-Txlisa moutans. RmerTma hqmnas, es axlad ganzraxuli kanoni kargad mouxdes Cvens qveyanasa da igi simdidre, romelic aqamde Cveni glex-kacoba iZulebuliyo TiTqmis gadaeyara aw momqmed sabaJo wesis wyalobiTa, ukanve daubrundes da uwindelebr xelis gasamarTav wyarod Seeqmnes.

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««««parlamenti Tu saministroparlamenti Tu saministroparlamenti Tu saministroparlamenti Tu saministro»»»»

tfilisi, 26 ianvari.

Cven ramdenisame dRis winad movixsenieT, rom

germaniaSi atexili mSvidobiani brZola parlamentisa erTis mxriT da germaniis kancleris bismarkisa meores mxriT ar moaswavebs samxedro kanon-proeqtis gamo brZolas. Cvena vsTqviT, rom eg kanon-proeqti marto mizezad Seiqmna, Torem aq sul sxva tkivilma gaiRviZao. bismarkmac kargad icis esa, radganac prusiis seimSi exlaxans warmoTqva, rom parlamentisagan uaryofa Cvenis samxedro kanon-proeqtisa dedaazris saqmea da ara im calke SemTxvevisa, romelmac TviTon kanon-proeqti gamoiwviao. rom cota ram TvalnaTlad davinaxoT am bundmodebul saqmeSi, meti ar iqneba mokle istoria warmovudginoT mkiTxvels misi Tu, - rodindeli ambavia es axlad dRes warmomdgari ambavi da raSi mdgomareobs igi dedaazri, romelsac bismarkma kanon-proeqtis uaryofa daabrala. aSkaraa, rom dRes germaniaSi ori dedaazri daejaxa erTmaneTs da TviTveuli maTgani hlamobs gamarjvebasa. erTis dedaazris mimdevaria bismarki da meorisa parlamentis momxreni. minam eg dedaazrni egre medgrad gaemklavebodnen erTmaneTs cxovrebaSi adgilis dasaWerad, jer, rasakvir-

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velia, mecnierebaSi iyvnen dajaxebulni da saxelganTqmul mecnierTa Soris dRes erTis momxrenic moipovebian da meorisanic, nametnavad germaniaSi. am saxiT am saganzed, romlis gamoc dRes ibrZvian germaniaSi, orgvari mdinareobaa azrisa, erTi meoris winaaRmdegia da erTsac da meoresac mecnieri momxreni hyavs. amitomac metismeti umarTebuloba iqmneba, dRevandeli moq-medeba bismarkisa marto mis TviTnebobas da jiutobas SevwamoT. SesaZloa igi rwmeniTac moqmedobdes, rwmeniT, romelic Cvenis azriT Seuwynarebelia, magram damyarebuli kia saxel-ganTqmul mecnierTa moZRvrebazed. marTalia, rwmena yovelTvis WeSmaritebad misaRebi ar aris, magram pativsacemi ki yovelTvis aris.

gamoCenils mecniers lorenc Steins, romelic meore gamoCenil mecnier gneistTan erTad avtoritetad aris cnobili germaniaSi sapoli-tiko saqmeTa codnasa da axsnaSi da romelic – CvenSi ki iTqvas – cota TvaldaxuWuli uyurebs egreTwodebuls “parlamentarobas”, mohyavs or-gvari magaliTi parlamentarobisa: erTi, saca aRmasrulebeli Zali saxelmwifosi, ese igi saministro, srulad emorCileba rjulTmdebels parlamentsa, rogorc magaliTebr, inglisia, da meore, saca saministro TiTqmis damokidebuli ar aris parlamentzeda, rogorc dRes germaniaSia. Tqma ar unda, rom Steins ufro germaniis wesi moswons da swunobs inglisis wessa. Steinis sityviT, inglisis saministro saxelmwifos mosamsaxure ar aris; igi aris yurmoWrili yma im dasisa, romelic sxvadasxva SemTxvevisa gamo hmetobs parlamentSi da romelic cvalebadia. igio, ambobs Steini, warmomadgenelia parlamentSi gauflebulis dasisa da amitomac zogadi xasiaTi mTavrobisa inglisSi igia, rom TavisiT mTavrobas

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ara xasiaTi ara aqvso. iq pasuxisgeba saministosi fuWi sityvaao, imitom, rom ministrebis da-moukideblobasTan erTad maTi pasuxisgebac gah-qrao, radganac raki dasi ganagebs da marTvelobs, eg pasuxisgeba umizezoao. Steinis azriT, - raki ministrebi gauflebulis dasis warmomadgenelni da winamZRolelni arian da unda iyvnen kidec, Tu ara da, unda daeTxovon TavianT Tanamdebobas, maS araviTari SemTxveva ar iqneba SesaZlebeli, rom saministro parlamentis survilis aRmsrulebeli ar iyos yovelTvis. raki esea, mizezic pasu-xisgebisa Tavis dReSi ar aRmoCndeba. Tu mizezi pasuxisgebisa saTaveSi mowyvetilia, pasuxisgeba riRas maqnisia. amazed amyarebs Steini Tavis azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom inglisSi pasuxisgeba minis-trebisa uqmi sityvaao da swunobs iqaurs rigsa da wessa.

meores mxriT, Steini TiTqmis mTlad iwonebs im rigsa da wessa, romlis ZaliTac ministrebi ise damoukidebelni ar arian, rom zogjer metad “uceremoniod” ekidebian parlamentis survilsa. igi gvarwmunebs, viTomc germaniis saministroni emsaxurebian gauflebuls dass ki ara, aramed “umaRles ideas, dedaazrs” da amitomac germaniao “ukeTesi magaliTia WeSmaritis mimoqcevisa erTmaneTSi erTis mxriT saministrosi da meores mxriT, parlamentisao”. “didad SesamCneviao, ambobs Semdeg Steini: rom germaniis saxelmwifoni Tavis dReSi ar gadasdgomian WeSmarits bunebas sami-nistrosasao, Tumca wesni marTvelobisani jer SemTavrebuli da dasrulebuli ara aqvso. am saukunis dasawyisSi germanias yvelgan ara hyolia ministrebi, garna saca ki hyolia, namdvili mi-nistrebi iyvneno”.

Cven ar gamovudgebiT Steinis azris garCevas. CvenTvis amJamad saWiro ar aris vicodeT, raSia

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Steini marTali da raSi mtyuani. es sul sxva sagania da amisaTvis Cven arc dro migviZRvis da arc adgilia. Cven Tu amazed CamovagdeT laparaki, marto imisTvis, rom dRevandels moqmedebas bismarkisas erTis mxriT, da germaniis parlamentisas meores mxriT saTave vupovoT. kaci rom daukvirdes Steinis azrsa da am azrs qveS dauyenos bismarkis dRevandeli moqmedeba, TvalnaTlad dainaxavs, ra wyaros daswafebia bismarki da ra dedaazri gauxdia sagnad Tvisis moqmedebisa. am ocis wlis winad, bismarkma pirdapir gamoucxada prusiis palatas, roca dRevandelebr erTmaneTs daetaknen, rom “Cven Tqveni ministrebi ki ara varT, Cvena varT ministrebi misis didebulebis korolisao”. mere saimperio seimSi 1879 w. igive azri warmosTqva: “saministros SeuZlia dauTmos romelsame dass, rom zedmoqmedeba iqonios zogierTa saqmeTa msvlelobazed im momxreobis samagierod, romelsac dasi saministros aRmouCens. xolo Tu igi dasi moiwadinebs, rom TviTon ganagebdes saministrosa, amiT igi iZulebulhyofs mTavrobasa win gadudgeso. me Tavis dReSi, mas aqed, rac ministrada var, arc erTs dassa ar vkuTnebulvar da arc mindoda vkuTnebodi. rac dasebi arian, TviTveulad yvelasa vZuldi, iqneba zogierTs ki vuyvardi. me ar SemiZlian, mTavrobas ar SeuZlian kudad gamoebas romelsame calke dassa da imis ukan irbinos. mTavroba unda vidodes im gziT, romelic TviTon mas swore gzad miaCnia da parlamentis gadawyvetileba unda marto amow-mebdes siswores gzisas. saministrosaTvis saWiroa momxreoba dasebisa, magram igi Tavis dReSi ar daemorCileba batonobas arc erTis dasisas”.

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aba yovelive es SeuwoneT Steinis Tqmulsa da hnaxavT, rom bismarki am saqmeSi mimdevaria xsenebul mecnierisa da warmomadgenelia da ganmaxorcielebeli Steinis dedaazrisa. am de-daazris gamo, romelsac ase ufrTxildeba bismarki da romlisTvisac igi dRes ebrZvis germaniis parlamentsa, germaniaSi egreTwodebuls “saministro kriziss” sul sxva feri adevs. iq saministro krizisis mizezad gaxdeba xolme marto uTanxmoeba romelisame calke ministrisa da saimpero kancleris Soris. “viRac falkebi da fridentalebi, _ ambobs erTi mwerali: iZulebul arian daeTxovon samsaxursa, Tu gabedaven da ar eTanxmebian bismarksao”. eseTia didis xnis survili bismarkisa da raki dRes saqmeTa msvlelobam germaniis parlamenti gaduRoba win am survilsa, advili misaxvedria ra gamwarebuli unda iyos bismarki.

axla vikiTxoT, ras Txouloben parlamentis momxreni? am sakiTxavzed pasuxi mcireodenad zemoTqmulSiac moipoveba da garda amisa, Cven amas winadac gakvriT movixsenieT Cvens gazeTSi. xolo TviTon momxreTa rom vaTqmevinoT amisi pasuxi, ufro marTali da dasajerebeli iqneba. dRes, rogorc mogexsenebaT, germaniis parlamenti daTxovilia da axali arCevania daniSnuli, rom germaniis erma Tvisi azri gamosTqas – axlad arCeul deputatTa piriTa. rom germaniis eri ar motyuvdes da sakiTxav sagnad parlamentis mier dawunebuli kanon-proeqti ar miiRos, parlamentis momxreebma amisTana saarCevno manifestiT mihmarTes amomrCevlebs:

Tanamoazreno da Tanamemamuleno! saimperio

mTavrobam gadaayena reixstagi da Tqven mogmarTaT sakiTxavad. am saxiT, Tqven win wamomdgaria erTi

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sagani gadasawyvetad: hsurs qveyanas, iqonios cxadi da arsebiTi sakonstitucio ufleba, Tu sTmobs da xels iRebs amazed?

mometebuli nawili reixstagisa dasTanxmda, rom karga blomad moematos jarsa. am mxriT, veraferi ver davaTmobineT. mainc am mometebuls nawils reixstagisas swamoben, rom vneba miayena saxelmwifos mxedrobis Zlierebasao. Cven davuT-meT saxelmwifos yvelaferi, razedac ki Cveni sindisi nebas gvaZlevda. Cven mxolod ar gvindoda gaTamamebuls brZanebas davmorCilebuliyaviT; Cven ar movindomeT gagvewira Cveni ufleba zedam-xedaobisa.

mRviZared iyaviT; Tavi gamoideT yvelgan, saca ki SegiZlianT da epirispireT marTalis SebRalvas da tyuils braldebas. nu daiviwyebT, rom Tu reixstagi am saqmeSi Tavs moixris, Rone aRar eqmneba winaaRudges siTamames saministrosas araferSi...

dRevandeli dRe iseTia, rom an “ho” da an “ara”. oRond yvelam Tavisi movaleoba aRasrulos, marTali Seimoseba ZleviT da germaniis imperia gadurCeba im saSinels gansacdelsa, romlis msgavsic jer ar unaxavs mis aqed, rac xelaxlad aRorZinda.

ai, WeSmariti mniSvneloba dRevandelis Wapan-

wyvetisa germaniaSi. am saqmis ZarRvi iseTia, rom misi xelis xleba da didis tkivilebis aSla germaniisaTvis erTia. amitomac sakvirveli ar aris, rom mTeli qveyana mouTmenlad moelis, - ras ixerxebs yovlis momxerxebeli bismarki? Tu arCevanma momxreebi gamougzavna bismarks reixstagSi, maSin pasuxi cxadia da saqmis gaZRola Zneli ar aris. gaWireba maSin iqneba, Tu arCevanma umtyuna bismarks. aba swored amas

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hkiTxuloben, maSin rasa iqms bismarkio? visac bismarkis vaJkacoba da siTamame Setyobili aqvs, is amasac pasuxs moupovebs. xolo rasa iqms germaniis eri, Tu bismarki Tavis Tvisebebisamebr lomsaviT moiqca? ai sakiTxavi, romelzedac pasuxi “ar egebis”.

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««««salusberis saministros gasaWirisalusberis saministros gasaWirisalusberis saministros gasaWirisalusberis saministros gasaWiri»»»»

tfilisi, 27 ianvari.

inglisis saministrom xma patara daimdabla da

iseTis rixiT aRar hlaparakobs sagareo politikis saqmeTa mimdinareobazed. markimi salusberi, romlis dauZinebels moqmedebas zogerTni abraleben, rom bolgaria aqamde urCobs, TavisTavs vera hgrZnobs kargs gunebazed. misi siTamame karga sakmaod dascxra, roca lordi CerCili daeTxova saministrosa, gadga da egred wodebuls “neo- konservatorebs” moTaved gauxda. amis gamosvlam saministrodam sxva Rrubelic miayena salusberis saministros. gladstonis dasma da radikalT-disidentebis moTavem Camberlenma erTmaneTs molaparakeba dauwyes Serigebazed da bevrnic imedovneben, rom es nawili liberalebisa kvlav miemxroba gladstonsao, liberalTa dasi gladstonis moZRvrebisa kvlav gaZlierdeba da, vin icis, iqneba daamxos kideca salusberis saministroo. TviTon inglisis ermac, romelmac ukanasknel arCevanSi gladstonis moZRvreba da politika daiwuna, exla, rogorca sCans, sxvafriv aaxila Tvali da gladstonis politika dRedadRe momxreebsa hSoulobs. Cvens mkiTxvelebs ukve moexsenebaT, rom, roca lord CerCili, romelic

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finansTa ministrad iyo salusberis saministrosi, gamovida saministrodam, salusberim bevris aqed-iqiT mecadineobis Semdeg Zlivs ipova axali ministri lord CerCilis samagierod. axali ministri goSeni gladstonisagan gadamdgar libe-ralTa dasis kacia. inglisis wesiT yoveli mi-nistri usaTuod deputatad unda iyos amorCeuli parlamentSi. uamisod ministrad yofna SeuZ-lebelia. radganac axlad daniSnuli ministri goSeni deputatad ar iricxeboda, amis gamo saWiroebam, anu uked vsTqvaT, sakonstitucio wesma moiTxova, rom goSens kenWi eyara da sadme amorCeuliyo. swored am dros qalaqs liverpuls deputati aklda parlamentSi. goSenma aiRo da Tavisi kandidatoba deputatobisa aq wamoayena da aq gaixada saarCevnod Tavi. aq goSenma da salusberim miT ufro didis imediT gahbedes arCevani, rom liverpulma am bolos sazogado arCevanis dros konservatorTa dasis kaci amoirCiva Tavis warmomadgenlad parlamentSi da egonaT rom exlac ese moxdebao. gladstonis momxreebma Tavisi kaci daupirispires goSensa da goSeni damarcxda: gladstonis momxrem Svidis kenWiT ajoba. Sexta da Semotrialda salusberi da misni momxreni. bevri simrude da urigoba Seswames am arCevansa, undodaT rogorme gaeuq-mebinaT da axali arCevani moexdinaT. bevri iostates, magram saqme rom gasinjes, veraferi uwesoeba ver damtkicda da gladstonis momxre kanonierad amorCeul deputatad aRiares.

es ambavi Tumca Tvalad mcire ram aris, magram TiTqmis yvelam imis sabuTad miiRes, rom inglisis erma azri icvalao da guneba da guli isev gladstonisaken moibrunao. exla goSeni am saministos unda daeTxovos, an iseTs saarCevno olqs warudginos Tvisi kandidatoba, romelic

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cnobilia, viTarca erTguli momxre konservatorebisa. dRes saqme salusberis saministrosi amazea Semdgari da Tu aqac Tavisi survili kvlav ar auxda, fexTa qveS miwa moulxveba. Tund egec ar iyos, maincdamainc uqadian salusberis saministros, rom dRe aRsasrulisa moaxloebulia; dResa Tu xvale, saqme iqamde miaRwevs, rom an dRevandeli parlamenti daiTxovos da xelaxlad daekiTxos ersao, an salusberi Tavisi momxreebiT unda gadadges da burTi da moedani gladstons gadaulocoso. amboben, rom Tundac parlamenti daiTxovon da axali arCevani daniSnon, maSinac imedi ar aris, rom salusberis saministrom gaimarjvos da Tavi daiWiros, imedi aqvT, rom exla inglisis eri gladstonis momxreebs amoirCevs saparlamentodao.

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««««bulgareTis saqmis mSvidobianad bulgareTis saqmis mSvidobianad bulgareTis saqmis mSvidobianad bulgareTis saqmis mSvidobianad

damTavrebis cdadamTavrebis cdadamTavrebis cdadamTavrebis cda»»»»

tfilisi, 28 ianvari.

bolgariis saqme iqamde inaxes gauTaveblad, vidre diplomatebis qseli mravalgvarad ar gaiba evropaSi didTa saxelmwifoTa Soris. dRes evropa am qselisagan isea gablanduli, rom Tavi da bolo ar uCans. is ostati, romelic xelSi aTamaSebs marTulebs politikisas, xerxianad aTamaSebs, rogorc etyoba. dRes aqamomde arev-darevis erTaderT mizezad balkanis naxevarkunZuli epyra xelSi da roca am mizezma saxelmwifoni erTma-neTSi aSala da am aSlis korianteli adga, maSin sul sxva saganzed mihmarTa Tvali da yuri evropisa. am saxiT bolgariis saqmem Tavisi sicxare dahkarga da ganelda. dRes es saqme, ruseTis oficialuri gazeTis sityviT, samSvidoboSia gasuli da SesaZloa marto molaparakebiTac gaTavdeso.

am imeds iZleva igi garemoeba, rom dragani cankovi, exlandelis regentebis opoziciis moTave, didma vezirma osmaleTisam ruseTis elCis neli-dovis dakiTxviTa miiwvia stambolSi mosala-parakebladao. iqav unda mividnen deputatnic exlandelis bolgariis mTavrobisa, romelnic amas winad evropaSi gagzavnil iyvnen da romelnic,

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gazeTis sityviT, veraferis nugeSiT ver daubrundnen bolgariasao. osmaleTma am saxiT ikisra cda, rom bolgariis saqme rogorme daabolovos sayovelTavo sasiamovnod. amis guli-saTvis sulTanis mTavrobam mihmarTa TviTveuls dids saxelmwifos TxovniTa, rom Tqvens elCebs stambolSi ubrZaneT, am molaparakebaSi mona-wileoba miiRono da mxari mogvceno bolgariis saqmis mSvodobianad gaTavebisaTvisao. es Txovna mometebulma nawilma didTa saxelmwifoTagan ar iucxova da TanagrZnobiT miiRo. marto erTi inglisi pirvel xanebSi htokavda da TiTqmis uarzed idga. exla amboben, rom ruseTma, avstri-vengriam, italiam, germaniam da safrangeTma TviTveulma Tav-Tavis elCs daavala monawileoba miiRon molaparakebaSi da saqmis keTilad warmarTvaSi. inglismac uari aRara sTqva miT ufro, misi elCi uaiti exla sxvarigad gaewyo osmaleTis mTavrobasTana.

zogierTi diplomatebi Zalian scdilobdnen, rom am elCTa molaparakebas konferenciis saxeli ar erqvas. es imasa hniSnavs, rom am elCTa krebis ganaCeni, Tu romelsame dids saxelmwifos ar moewona, SesaZloa im saxelmwifos mier savalde-bulod ar iqnas miRebuli. maS ris momaswavebelia es amisTana molaparakeba, es amisTana kreba, Tu rasac ityvian da rasac daadgenen, yvelasaTvis savaldebulo ar iqneba? orSi erTi: amis damwyobT an imedi aqvT, rom igi kreba yvelas sasiamovnod da saxeirod gaaTavebs saqmes.......

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««««italiis mier masitaliis mier masitaliis mier masitaliis mier masssssovas dapyrobis ovas dapyrobis ovas dapyrobis ovas dapyrobis

mcdelobamcdelobamcdelobamcdeloba»»»»

tfilisi, 29 ianvari

am ramdenime wlis winad yvela saxemwifos

evropaSi, didsa Tu pataras, erTi cieb-cxeleba SeudgaT sakolonio politikisa, TiTqo Sin sakuTari da TavSi sacemi saqme gamoeliaTo. safrangeTma tonkinisaken gaiwoda xeli da karga blomad xarji fuliT Tu kaciT zed Sealia. inglisma birmaniis imperias Cahkida xeli da amas garda aqed-iqidac Tvali moatriala, xom ar aris imisTana rame, rom xelT vigdoo. ispanias da germanias xom raRac korolinis kunZulebzed kinaRam omic ar autydaT, Tu rom papis Suaka-cobas ar eSvela. am cieb-cxelebas arc italia gadurCa. amanac gaiwia da afrikaSi mewamulis zRvis piras, abisiniis axlos, massova daiWira. amboben, rom italia aq inglisma waityua. ingliss maSin sudanis daWera undoda, sadac saxelovani da aw gansvenebuli mahdi, axali winaswarmetyveli mahmadianTa, win aRudga mTelis eriTa. am mahdim ise gauWira saqme inglissa, rom inglisma aRar icoda, ra eqmna da mSvelels eZebda mezobelTa Soris. am sudanis saqmeSi marto sams saxel-mwifos SeeZlo gareuliyo, marto imisTana saxel-

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mwifos, romelsac didi interesi aqvs xmelTaSua zRvaSi, radganac afrikas am zRvazed moudevs Tavi CrdiloeTiT. amisTana saxelmwifoni arian osmaleTi, safrangeTi da italia. osmaleTi da safrangeTi ver miexmarebodnen ingliss, radganac oriv eseni amrezilni iyvnen da dResac arian ingliszed egviptisa da suezis arxis gamo. darCa marto italia. inglisma oqros mTebi dauqada italias, zemoxsenebuli massova da am gziT gaaba saqmeSi. ingliss imis imedi hqonda, rom italia samxreT-aRmosavleTiT moawveba sudansa, mec zevidam wamoval da Sig movimwyvdevT suda-nelebsao. marTalia, italiam massova daiWira, magram ingliss survili ver ausrulda. massovaSi fexis Sedgmam italiis mxriT abisiniis niguSi /mefe/ ioane didi sagonebelSi Caagdo. ioanes ar eWaSnika italiis mezobloba da italielebs daxvda win jariTa.

am ianvarSi italiaSi massovidam sul cudi ambebi modioda. imis garda, rom italiis jarebi wydeboda im cxel qveyanaSi autanelis havisa gamo, xmebi ismoda, rom abisiniis jari modis italielebzeo. am xmebma iZulebelhyves italiis parlamentis deputatni ekiTxaT mTavrobisaTvis, - ra ambavia massovaSio. 12-s ianvars am kiTxvazed italiis ministrma robilanma pasuxi misca, rom Tumca, marTalia, abisiniis jari Cvens jarzed modiso, magram Cveni generali jene, romelsac Cveni jari abaria massovaSi, iwereba, SiSi arafrisaa, radganac sakmao Rone maqvs ukuvaqcio abisinelebio. amas TavisiT robinalma isic daumata, rom am SiSis xmebsa didi mniSvneloba ar unda mieceso. generali jene marto imas hTxoulobda, rom 600 kaci momaSveleT da me gavuZRvebi abisinelebsa, miT ufro, rom ara mgonia niguSma ioanem mtroba Semogvbedoso.

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13-s ianvars ambavi movida italiaSi, rom abisiniis sardali rass-aluda dascemia italielebs massovaSi da 200 kaciT dazara-lebula maSin, rodesac italielebs xuTi kaci mohkvdomiaT. am ambavs suakimidam is ambavic mohyva, rom massovaSi areuloba moxda da omi ita-lielebsa da abisinelTa Soris sacaa astydebao. 14-s ianvars robilani mainc kidev arwmunebda parlaments, rom SiSi arafrisaao da rac iq jari gvyavs, sakmaoa “barbarozni” ukuaqcios damarcxe-bulio. 21-s ianvars ambavi movida, rom massovis axlos saatisSi abisinelebi Tavs dasxmian italielebs da rac aficrebi yofilan italiis jarSi, sul gauJletiaT. sCans, Zalian damar-cxebula italiis jari, Tuki erTi aficeric ver gadarCenila. am ambis miRebisve umal italiis mTavroba Sesdgomia 600 kacis magier, romelTac hTxoulobda aw damarcxebuli generali jene, aTiaTasi kaci Casxas xomaldebSi da miaSvelos. amisaTvis brZanebac gaica, rom italiis gem-xomaldebs Tavi moeyaraT neapolSi jarebis wasayvanad. Tumca italiis senatma, moismina ra es samwuxaro ambavi, dadgina, gamoecxados sa-ministros sruli ndoba, magram maSinve xma davarda, rom robilanis saminstro Tavs veRar daiWerso. guSindelma depeSam gvacnoba, rom es xma gamarTlda da robilanis saministro gadadga. es ambavi miT ufro sayuradReboa, rom Tavis zedmoqmedebas iqoniebs evropis exlandels politikazed, radganac robilani cnobilia, vi-Tarca erTguli momxre avstriisa da, saca gindaT da ar gindaT, avstrias mxars aZlevda da sarCls uwevda.

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««««“zemski naCalnikis” SemoRebis “zemski naCalnikis” SemoRebis “zemski naCalnikis” SemoRebis “zemski naCalnikis” SemoRebis

aucileblobaaucileblobaaucileblobaaucilebloba»»»»

tfilisi, 30 ianvari

karga xania rac SinaganTa saqmeTa saministroSi Semdgaria egreTwodebuli gansakuTrebuli komisia, romelsac mindobili aqvs xelaxlad ganxilva kanonebisa, romelTa krebas hqvian: “положение о

уездныхъ учреждениахъ”. am komisiaSi miwveul arian gubernatorebi da Tavad-aznaurTa marSlebi. am ko-misias saWirod daunaxavs, axali Tanamdeboba “zem-skis naCalnikiss” da am saganzed dawvrilebiTi wesdeba ukve SeudgeniaT, gvauwyeben moskovis gaze-Tebi. Sedgenilis proeqtis mixedviT, “zemskis na-Calnikebs” miendobaT gamgeoba yovelis adminis-trateburis da mazris patronobis saqmeni. um-Tavresi movaleobani am axalis Tanamdebobisa arian Semdegni: 1) “zemskis naCalnikebi”, unda iyvnen miucilebelni wevrni samazro da sagubernio ero-baTa krebisa da maTze iqneba damokidebuli war-marTva saqmeTa, romelnic Seexebian ekonomiurs yofa-cxovrebas TviTveulis mxarisas. 2)”zemskis naCalnikebs” mieniWebaT yovelive administrateburi Zali da ufleba momrigebel Suakacebisa /мировых посредниковъ/ da amasTanac ufleba gadaxedvinebisa, Tu vinicobaa vinmem daarRvia dadgenili wesi. 3) garda administrateburis uflebisa “zemskis na-

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Calnikebs” miecemaT gansamarTlebis uflebaca wvrilman bralisa da danaSaulobisaTvis da maTve eqvemdebareba samoqalaqo saqmenica, Tu sadavo s-agani ocdaaTs Tumans ar aRemateba. 4) gan-zraxulia momrigebel- mosamarTleni gauqmebul iqmnan mazrebSi da maTi saqmeni unda sul gadaeces “zemskis naCalnikebs”. 5) appelaciis gansaxil-velad dadgenilia saerTo kreba “zemskis naCal-nikebisa”, romelnic unda Seiyarnon xolme yovels TTves imdenjer, ramdenjerac winadve iqmneba dawe-sebuli. 6) am “zemskis naCalnikebsve” valad daedebaT zedamxedveloba iqonion, rom aR-srulebul iqmnan saero krebaTa ganaCenebi, romel-nic Seexebian sazogado janmrTlianobas, gzebis keTebas da mSvidobianobis dacvasa da patronobas.

ganweseba “zemskis naCalnikebisa” orgvarad un-da moxdes: a/ im guberniebSi, saca TavadaznaurTa arCevanebia, “zemskis naCalnikebi” unda amorCeul iqmnen adgilobriv Tavad-aznaurTagan Tavisis wri-dam da am saxiT amorCeulsa gubernatori daam-tkicebs da b/ im guberniebSi ki, saca Tavad-az-naurTa warmomadgenlobas saarCevno ufleba ara aqvT miniWebuli, “zemskis naCalnikebi” dainiSnebian adgilobriv gubernatorTagan da damtkicebuli iq-mnebian SinaganTa ministrisagan, rac Seexeba Cinebis miRebas da jamagirebsa, “zemskis naCalnikebi” mom-rigebel SuakacTa weszed iqnebian im gansxvavebiT, rom jamagirebi ramdenadme meti eqmnebaT exlandel cxovrebis da mazrisa da guberniis metnaklebobis mixedviTa. “zemskis naCalnikebi”pirdapir eqvemdeba-rebian adgilobrivs gubernators.

es axali Tanamdeboba dawesebulia marto im 36 guberniisaTvis, saca saero dawesebulebani ukve moqmedoben. es Tanamdeboba ar iqneba SemoRebuli amier-kavkasiaSi, vilenisa, kovenisa, grodnisa, min-skisa da vislis midamo guberniebSi.

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««««abisiniis saxelmwifos raobaabisiniis saxelmwifos raobaabisiniis saxelmwifos raobaabisiniis saxelmwifos raoba»»»»

tfilisi, 31 ianvari. evropis diplomatiam, daRalulma da moqan-

culma bolgariis tyuilubralod gaWianurebul saqmisagan da eldacemulma safrangeTis da ger-maniis erTmaneTzed amrezilobisagan, dRes piri ibruna italiisaken. abisinelTa gamarjveba ita-lielebze massovaSi axal sacoxnel sagnad SeeqmnaT. Tumca es ambavi Tvalad umniSvneloa, magram diplomatia raRac kavSirsa hxedavs am ambavisa da saxelmwifoTa erTmaneTSi xelaxlad gawyobis Soris. depretisis saministroSi sagareo saqmeTa ministroba eWira robinals, kacsa metad daaxloebuls avstriis didkacobasTan da sxvafrivadac dids momxres avstriisas. am robilans abraleben, rom bolo TriasaviT aeTria am bolos Jams Tavis Zvels mters avstriasa, avstriisa da inglisis politikas kudad gamoeba da daaSora safrangeTsa. radikalTa dasi italiisa metad swunobda am politikasa da roca ki SemTxveva eZlevoda, ara hzogavda saministros depretisisas gasakicxavad. exla, roca massovidam mosulma ambavma moindo depretisis saministro da depretisi Tavisi robilaniT gadadga samsaxuridam, diplomatias sabuTi mieca imedi iqonios, rom politika italiisa evropis saqmeebSi fers

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icvlis da am cvlilebas sxva axali ganwyobileba mohyveba didTa saxelmwifoTa Soris, ese igi, exla saxelmwifoni sxvarigad daewyobian erTmaneTSio. am sabuTs, rasakvirvelia, Tavisi simarTle aqvs, radganac depretisisagan daclils moedans sami-nistroisas daiWers radikalTa dasi, romelsac guli ufro safrangeTisaken miuwevs, vidre sxva vismesaken, da avstriasa da inglissa, italiazed daimedebulT, frTa aekvecebaT.

Tumca Soreuli ambavia, magram meti ara gvgonia, Cvens mkiTxvelebs mokled mainc vauwyoT ra aris massova, rad daiWira igi italiam, rad gamoidva Tavi abisiniam italielebis sapirispirod da TviT abisinia ra qveyanaa.

abesinia, abisinia, anu habeSi Zvels droSi cnobilia efiopiad. igi mdebareobs afrikis aRmosavleTis mxares, mewamulis zRvis piras. uWiravs 16.000 oTxkuTxi milli da xuTi millioni mkvidri hyavs. igini qristianebi arian marTlmadidebelni, ebraelTa da mahmadianTa rjulisanic arian zogan. sataxto qalaqs abisiniisas gondari hqvian. meTvramete saukunemde abisinia erTs dids saxelmwifos Seadgenda erTis mefis* brZanebis qveS. mas mermed mTlianoba saxelmwifosi daibzara da daiyo cal-calke samefoebad da samTavroebad. amaT Soris sxvebzed ufro Zlieri iyo Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken samefo tigre, amgara, romelsac gondari eWira, takaces mdinaredgan dasavleTisaken da samxreTiT Soa. am ukanasknel droTa ganmavlobaSi gondaris brZanebelma, saxelad yazim, daipyro mometebuli nawili abisiniisa, 1855 wels daamarcxa mefe tigresi da abisiniis taxtzed avida mefed da saxelad Teodore dairqva. am Teodores * mefes imaTeburad negusi hqvian.

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Zlevamosilebas gadaurCa mxolod samefo Soa, romelic dResac damoukidebeli samefoa da romelmac yuradReba miaqcia am bolos xanebSi, roca italielebsa da abisinelebs SuRli CamouvardaT. am SoaSi mefed menelikia. meneliki daibada 1818 w. gamefda 1841 welsa. meneliks Tavisi STamomavloba gamohyavs mefe solomonisa da dedofal savasagan. es ki namdvilad cnobilia, rom roca wminda frumentim Seitana qristianoba abisiniaSi, winaparni menelikisa ukve mefobdnen Soas. roca mere meTeqvsmete saukuneSi abisiniaSi gamefebulma gvareulobam miiRi kaTolikeTa sarwmunoeba, maSin Soas mefe iakobi kaToliked moinaTla. mas Semdeg iezuitebsa da abisiniis mefes Cxubi mouvidaT da abisiniis mefem uaryo kaTolikeTa sarwmunoeba. amis magaliTsve mihyva Soas samefo gvareulobaca. TviTon meneliki ki, exlandeli mefe Soasi, Zalian TanamgrZnobeli da Semwea kaTolikeTa sarwmunoebis misionerebisa da amis gamo exlandelma papma 1879 wels gaugzavna oqros gvirgvini. italiis xelmwifem niSani misca. 1868 wels, roca ingliselebi daecnen malagas, maSin menelikma ar miaSvela jari neguss Teodores da amiT igi Semoimwyrala. Tumca meneliki damoukidebeli mefea, magram abisiniis mefis winaSe erTi valdebuleba aqvs: omis dros jariT unda mieSvelos xolme. ai ra mxriT aris mefe Soasi meneliki saferebeli da xelSi dasaWeri italielebisaTvis, roca abisinelTa da italielT Soris Cxubia. ra Tqma unda, rom am saxiT Soas samefos didi mniSvneloba aqvs dRes, roca italia da abisinia erTmaneTs hlamian datakebas. italielebi yovels RonisZiebas, yovels ostatobas ixmareben, rom meneliki moimxron da am gziT cixe abisiniisa Signidamve gastexon.

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rasakvirvelia, yovels amas TavisTavad araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs evropiis politikisaTvis, magram radganac italia Zalauneburad gaebmis afrikis saqmeSi, jari amazed unda moacdinos, didi xarji gaswios, veRar moiclis evropiis saqmeTaTvis da ise xelgaxsnilad veRar imoqmedebs, rogorc aqamdisa. yovel amas is unda mohyves, rom evropiis diplomatTa saTvalavSi italia imodena adgils veRar daiWers, rom bevrad misaRebi iyos angariSSi. Cvenc am mxriT mivaqcieT am ambavs yuradReba da Semdegs werilSi vecdebiT danarCeni garemoebanic am saqmisa avxsnaT.

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««««iiiitaliisa da abisinias Soris taliisa da abisinias Soris taliisa da abisinias Soris taliisa da abisinias Soris

urTierTobis gamwvaveba massovas urTierTobis gamwvaveba massovas urTierTobis gamwvaveba massovas urTierTobis gamwvaveba massovas

gamogamogamogamo»»»»

tfilisi, 3 Tebervali

qalaqs massovas uWiravs erTi patara kunZuli mewamulis zRvazed afrikaSi. eg adgili, mdebare abisiniisa da mewamulis zRvis Sua, erTaderTi karia Sesasvleli abisiniaSi zRvidam da magisTana kargi da marjve navTsadguri mis axlo-maxlo sxva ar aris mewamulis zRvazeda abisiniisaTvis. rac ki vaWroba da aReb-micemobaa abisiniasTan, sul am qalaqiT midis da modis. vaWrobas gamoaqvs abisiniidam tyavi, yava, wminda sanTeli, spilos Zvali, Tafli, erbo, rqosani saqoneli, jor-cxeni, oqro, Tambaqo da siraqlemas frTa, romelic kai fasad iyideba evropaSi, - da Seaqvs abisiniaSi ufro Tof-iaraRi, abreSumisa da bambis saqoneli. 1881 wlis cnobidama sCans, rom TiTqmis samis millionis manaTis vaWroba hqonia evropas abisiniasTan.

massova suakimTan erTad zRvisnapira adgilia da Zveladganve ekuTvnoda abisinias, meTeqvsmete saukuneSi es adgilebi daipyro osmaleTma da 1865 w. dauTmo egviptesa. SarSan 8-s Tebervals

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italiam arc aiRo, arc daiRo, mivida da daiWira massova im ganzraxviT, rom massovas mdebareobis SemweobiT xelT igdos ukeTesi navTsadguri mewamulis zRvazed da aqedam gza gaixsnas vaWrobisaTvis abisiniasTan. jer maSinve ambobdnen, rom es Zalmomreoba gamoiwvevs Cxubsa abisi-niasTan, radganac es massova erTaderTi karia, rom abisiniam rigiani aReb-micemoba iqonios evropasTan. italia bevrs ecada, rom rogorme moego guli abisiniis exlandelis mefisa ioannesi, magram mefe ioanne verasgziT ver moinadires. italiis xelmwifem humbertma mociqulic gaugzavna gene-rali polocini didis saCuqrebiTa da ZRveniTa. magram ioannem uari SemouTvala da ar miiRo mociquli. im dRidan aqamomde yoveldRe moelod-nen, rom abisinia da italia erTmaneTs daeZge-rebiano da marTladac daeZgernen.

italielebma, marTalia, kargad gaamagres massova da gareSamo didsa da patara manZilzed, saca saWiro iyo, cixe-simagreni amarTes, magram jari ki metad cota hyvandaT. generali jene, romelic winamZRvrobs iqaurs jarsa, metad ekadniereboda abisinielebs, TiTqmis ararad agdeb-da da marto 4.500 kaciT imedovnebda ukuqcevas abisinielebisas, ukeTu ieriSs moitandnen. 15-s ianvars tigresis vice-koroli ras-aluli dascemia italielebs massovasTan, auRia wina cixe-simagreni, italiis axal-moSeneni gauJletia ase, rom 480 kacodam 50-Ra gadarCenila. am ambavma moaRwia Tu ara romamde, didi aliaqoTi astexa romSi. Seiyvana maSinve parlamenti da parlaments imodena gaborotebuli xalxi daedo, rom mTavroba iZulebul Seiqmna jari Semoertya parla-mentisaTvis rigisa da wesis dasacavad. xalxi Turme hyviroda, “ganaZeT depretisi, massovis damnaSaveo”. depretisi mTavari ministria italiisa

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da, rogorc depeSidam viciT, dRes amis gamo unda gadamdgariyo ministrobidam, es ambavi rom avstriaSi mivida, metad Sewuxdnen, advilad misaxvedric aris radac. depretisi da sagareo saqmeTa ministri robilani didni momxreni da amyolni iyvnen avstriisa da germaniisa. amaTi gadadgoma da am samTa saxelmwifoTa Soris kavSiris cotad Tu bevrad Seryeva erTia.

Tumca zogni gavlenianni kacni didi xania iZaxodnen, davaneboT Tavi massovas, ra xeli gvaqvs iqa da an ra sargeblobas unda movelodneTo, magram exla, roca aseTi marcxi mouvidaT da abrus gatexa afrikaSi emZimebaT, amitomac TiTqmis erTxmad gadawyvites, rom jari miaSvelon general jenes aTi aTas kacamde mainc. dRes italia am jarebis gadayvanis TadarigSia miT ufro, rom anbavi mosula, TviTon abisiniis mefe ioanne modis italielebzed didis laSqriTao. dRes aqamomde italielebs es mouxerxebiaT, rom Soas mefe meneliki moubirebiaT da momxreTa hyavT. amboben, meneliks dahpirebian, abisiniis mefes ioannes taxts wavarTmevT da Sen agiyvanT abisiniis mefis taxtzedao. ra Tqma unda, rom meneliki amis imediT yovels RonisZiebas ixmarebs italielebis SewevnisaTvis. am saxiT, ueWvelia, rom abisinias da italias erTmaneTSi omi autydebaT da riT gaTavdeba, vin icis. italiisaTvis es omi metad uxerxuls dros modis. evropaSi saqmeebi ise daxvlanjilia, rom italia orisave TvaliT aqed-iqiT unda iyurebodes, imisTana ara moxdes ra, rom italia carielzed dasvan da raime gansacdeli SeamTxvion. raki igi abisiniasTan omSi gaebmis, evropiis saqmeTaTvis igi ise xelgaxsnili ar iqmneba, rogorc aqamdis iyo. garda amisa, Tu depretisis magier radikalTa dasis kacT Caigdes saministro, mTeli politika italiisa, romelic

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dRes aqamomde germaniisa da avstriis kudad iyo, sul sxva saxes da mimarTulebas miiRebs. ai, amitoma vsTqviT wina werilSi, rom es massovis ambavi Tavis zedmoqmedebas iqoniebso saxelmwi-foTa Soris gabmul da daxlarTul sadiplomatio qselzedao.

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evropaSievropaSievropaSievropaSi»»»»

tfilisi, 4 Tebervali. is gaWirebuli mdgomareoba, romelmac am

ramdenisame xnis winad Seafiqra mSvidobismoyvareni evropaSi, zogireTis sityviT, exla sakmaod ganel-da da mSvidobianobisaken midrikao. zogni kidev mainc iZaxian, rom gansacdelis Rrubeli jer ar gaduyria sapolitiko casao da gansacdeli mainc-damainc mosalodneliao. mSvidobianobis msurvelni da moyvareni iZaxian, rom sul tyuili farTi-fu-rTi iyovo, rasac aqamde an erTi an meore mxare qadulobda. bismarks Sin saqme gauWirdao da iZu-lebul Seiqmna SiSis zariT emoqmedna Tavisis sityvis da survilis gasayvanad germaniaSi, ro-melic mis mier mowveulia axalis reixstagis deputatTa arCevanisaTvisao da Tu am SiSma es samsaxuri gauwia bismarksa, mere yovelisferi dalagdeba da dawynardebao.

omio, iZaxian sxvani, marto maSin astydebao, Tu bismarki moiwadinebso da amasTanac umateben, rom bismarki saqveynod ambobso, omi sulac ar un-da germanias da germania pirveli ar amoiRebs xmals qarqaSidam, Tu zed ar moeseva vinme da ma-Sin meti ra gzaa, mtris mosagereblad mzad unda viyvneTo. am saxiT sCans, viTom germaniis mxriT

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mosalodneli ar aris raime uecari gansacdeli. iqiT safrangeTi Tavis bedis gamgebelTa kacTa pi-riT dRe mudam arwmunebs qveyanasa, rom mSvido-bianobis msurvelia da araviTari SiSi ar moelis am mSvidobianobasao. exlaxan safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrs fluranss gamoucxadebia, rom Cvenis elCebisagan miRebulma ambebma sruliad gadagviyares yovelive SiSi mSvidobianobis dar-Rvevisao. bolgariis saqmea da amazedac amboben, rom imedia aqac evropa samSvidobo gzazeda sdga-so, imedia, arc es saqme Caagdebs evropas gansac-delSio da yvelaferi yovelTa sasurvelad gaTav-debao. avstriamac, Tumca delegatebic moiwvia, rom jarisaTvis 25 millioni gamosTxovos da garda amisa mometebulis daxarjvis nebaca, Tu vinicobaa saqmeTa viTareba da saWiroeba moiTxovs, magram igi avstriac ki anugeSebs qveyanas, rom Si-Si arafrisaao da Tu Cven vemzadebiT, marto imisaTvis, rom yovel SemTxvevisaTvis mzad viy-vneTo. erTis sityviT, saidac ki miixedavT, yve-lani imas iZaxian, rom mSvidobis wyurvilia Cveni wyurvili da saxelmwifos gamgebelni kacni rac Zali da Rone aqvT iZaxian, saSiSars xmebs aravi-Tari sabuTi ara aqvs da sul yvelaferi mogonili ambavia marto imisaTvis, rom birJas elda scen da xarbma kacebma birJazed moTamaSeebma, am arev-darevaSi xeli moiTbon.

rasakvirvelia, es SiSis xmebi Jurnal-gaze-Tobam mohfina qveyanazed da arc is aris sak-virveli, rom mTeli oficialuri evropa egre gulmodgined uarhyofs im xmebsa da qveyanas amSvi-debs, arafris SiSiao. aq erTi moswrebuli sityva bismarkisa gvagondeba. Jurnal-gazeTobis mier mo-fenils xmas nu daijerebT im dromde, vidre ofi-cialurad uaryofil ar iqmneso, sTqva erTxel Wkvamaxvilma bismarkma.

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««««bisbisbisbismarkis avtoritetis Sesusteba markis avtoritetis Sesusteba markis avtoritetis Sesusteba markis avtoritetis Sesusteba

germaniaSigermaniaSigermaniaSigermaniaSi»»»»

tfilisi, 5 Tebervali. T. bismarki, etyoba, exla ise yovlad Zlierad

ara hgrZnobs Tavis Tavsa germaniaSi, rogorc aqamde yvelas samarTlianad egona. raki kacs saqme ise gauxdeba, rom sxvas unda Seexvewos, momexmareo, is magrad ar unda idges fexzed da imedi TavisiT gamarjvebisa da Zlevisa cotad Tu bevrad Seryeuli unda hqondes. Tavadma bismarkma aw daTxovnil reixstagSi muqara gauwia Suagulis dasis kacTa, romelTac vidhorsti hwinamZRvrobs da romelnic viT kaTolikeni papis yurmoWrilni monani arian, rom Tu vinicobaa “Svidwleuls” samxedro kanons ar daamtkicebT, papis samduravs daimsaxurebTo. es muqara gauwia reixstags im kacma, romelic ramdenisame wlis winad Tamamad iZaxda, rom paps araviTari neba da sabuTi ara aqvs germaniis Sinaur saqmeebSi raime xma da gavlena iqonioso. exla TviTve iwvevs paps maszed, raze-dac winad TavgamodebiT uars eubneboda da aras gziT ar iwynarebda.

ra Tqma unda, am muqaram, friad sasiamovnom vatikanis TavmowonebisaTvis, papis yuramde miaRwia da xerxiani, gamWriaxi politika kaTolikeTa umaRlesis samRvdeloebisa gaacocxla moqme-

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debisaTvis. sakvirvelic ar aris, raki bismarkisaviT Zlieri kaci Tavisis saxeliTa, ueWvelia paps, bevrs mware dRis mnaxvels, es garemoeba nebas miscemda eTqva, sCans mec kidev erTi ram vyofilvar qveyanaSio, da am garemoebas moqmedebac unda mohyoloda, rom papis saxeli da mniSvneloba Zirs ar daSvebuliyo, egrec moxda. papis kancelariidam, bismarkisave TxovniT da mecadineobiT, epistole miuvidaT germaniis reixstagis Suagulis dasis moTaveTa da winamZRvarTa. am epistoleSi papi urCevda Suaguls dassa, mieRoT “Svidwleuli” samxedro kanoni. am saxiT survili bismarkisa aRsrulebul iqmna. xolo sakvirveli is aris, rom am bolos xanamde es epistole arsad iyo dabeWdili da mxolod am ukanasknel dReebSi saWirod dainaxes daebeWdaT. yvelas ukvirs es ambavi da veravin ver mimxvdara, rad ar daibeWda miRebisve umal. zogi amas ambobs, rom TviTon epistoleSi iyo zedmiwerili, rom unda daibeWdos, radganac bismarkisaTvis isic sakmaoa, rom papma weriliT gamoacxada igi, rac bismarks swaddao. zogi imas abralebs, TviT Suagulis dasis winamZRvarTa saWirod ar dainaxes imisTana werilis dabeWdva, romelic ase Tu ise imoqmedebda exlandels arCevanebzeo.

bismarki, rogorc mogexsenebaT, imisTana kacia, raki erTxel gaiwevs, bolomde gaiwevs da Sua gzazed ar gaCerdeba. am mxriT misi mxneoba da Jini ukan dauxevelia. imdeni imecadina bismarkma, rom sawadeli aisrula: aramcTu pirveli epistole daabeWdina, rom qveyanam waikiTxos, aramed meorec ki daawerina papis kancelariasa da maSinve daabeWdina. eg meore epistole kardinalis iakobinis saxeliT aris dawerili papis warmo-madgenelTan miunxenSi. es ukanaskneli epistole or nawilad ganiyofeba: erTSi moxsenebulia, rom

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wminda papi saWirod hxedavs reixstagSi usaTuod arsebobdes Suagulis dasi da am dass igi aZlevs sruls Tavisuflebas rogorc hsurdes, ise imoqmedos sapolitiko saqmeebis gamo. meoreSi kardinali iakobini ixseniebs “Svidwleuls” samxedro kanonsa da amis Taobzed ambobs:

“Tu wminda mamam saWirod scna gamoecxadebina

Tavisi azri da survili am “Svidwleulis” kanonis Sesaxeb, amisi mizezi is aris, rom mag kanonzed damokidebulni arian saqmeni sareligio da sazneo mniSvnelobisani”.

es sityvebi ase iTargmneba mdabio sikvdilis

SvilTa enazed: maisis kanonebi, romelic bismarkma ZalmomreobiT Semoitana germaniaSi kaTolikeTa samRvdeloebis SesaxuTavad da abrus gasatexad, Cven xeirs ar gvayriso. amitomac “wminda taxts papisas hsurs aamos imperatorsa da bismarksao”.

Suagulis dasis moTaveebma yuric ar Seibrtyes

arc pirvel epistolezed, arc meorezed. imaT pirdapir gamoacxades, rom Cven vemorCilebiT wminda paps marto sasuliero saqmeSi da saero saqmeebSi ki imas CvenTan xeli ara aqvso; aq marto eris mondobiloba win migviZRvis da Cveni sakuTari sindisio, sxva verara Zali ver Searyevs Cvens nebasao. meore epistole kardinalis iakobinisa xom ise ostaturad gamoiyenes bismarkis winaaRmdeg, rom meti aRar iqneba. jer pirvelSi, roca daibeWda es epistole, yvelas egona, rom raki aseTia survili papis, daTxovnilis reixstagis umravlesobas mTeli Suaguli dasi Camoecleba da gamarjveba arCevnebSi bismarks dahrCebao. magram vindhorstma, Suagulis dasis winamZRolma, Zalian uxerxa da ara gvgonia es

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xerxi Zalian eWaSnikoT bismarkis momxreebsa. amas winad kelnSi krebaze Seiyara xuTi aTasi kaci. vindhorsts aq sityva unda warmoeTqva da yvelani mouTmenlad elodnen, ras ityviso iakobinis mier gamocxadebul papis survilis gamovo. vindhorstma metad maxvilgonivrad da moswrebulad auxsna krebas epistoleSi mowerili saqme: papi xom sruls Tavisuflebas gvaZlevs sapolitiko saq-meebSi, Cvenc amazed meti ara gvinda rao. epistole iakobinisa marto imisaTvis aris dawerili, rom “aamos da asiamovnos imperatorsa da bismarksao”. amas TviTon iakobinive brZanebs da amtkicebso: es amovneba amovnebad darCes da Cven Cveni vimecadinoT, amas Cven papi ar gviSliso. ai, ese ostaturad gamoiyena vindhorstma is fandi, romelic misis dasis saZlevad iyo ganzraxuli.

Tunca dRes saqme am yofaSia, magram mainc winad ver iTqmis, burTi da moedani arCevnebSi vis darCeba: bismarks, Tu parlamentarsa? ufro bevri niSnebi kia, rom bismarki erTxel kideva sZlevs. Cven es ambavi imitom moviyvaneT, rom sxvafriv aris sagulisxmiero, saxeldobr, im mxriv, rom bismarks Zalian gaWirebia Sin saqme, radganac papis uRono kalTasac ki mohkidebia. es gaWireba bismarkisa miT ufro Zlieria, rom moxucebuli imperatori vilhelmi dRes ise Tanaziari ar aris bismarkisa, rogorc aqamdis iyo. imperators ara hsurs Turme danarCeni dReebi Caimwaros an imiT, rom samtrod gamoekidos romelsame saxelmwifos germania, an imiT, rom Sin Tavis erTan raime ganxeTqileba ram Cauvardes parlamentis gamo. amboben, am xanebSi ubZanebia, rom araviTars saqciels saministrosas ar Seiwynarebs, Tu ram sakonstitucio wes-wyobilebis winaaRmdegi iqnebao. am sityvebs imperatorisas hxdian mizezad, rom bismarkma am bolos xanebSi TiTqmis arc erTi

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SemTxveva ar dahkarga, rom ar eTqva, me fiqradac ar gamitarebia sakonstitucio wes-wyobilebisas gadavcde maSinac ki, roca gaWireba Tavis umwvervaless wertilamde mivao. asea Tu ise, dRes germaniaSi didma tkivilma iCina Tavi da ra wamals dasdebs Tavis Tavs germaniis eri, exlandeli arCevanebi gamoaCenen. es aSkarad SesamCnevia, rom dRes bismarks sityva ise aRar uWris germaniaSi, rogorc uwin da mis aqamde Zlevamosils msvlelobas ise ueklod savali aRara aqvs.

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««««ermolovi da Crdiloermolovi da Crdiloermolovi da Crdiloermolovi da Crdilo----kavkasiis kavkasiis kavkasiis kavkasiis

RvinoebiRvinoebiRvinoebiRvinoebi»»»»

tfilisi, 6 Tebervali.

b-ni a. s. ermolivi, Tu ara vcdebiT, SarSan Tu

SarSanwin gamogzavnili iyo saxelmwifo qonebaTa saministrosagan kavkasiaSi aqauris Rvinis keTebis saqmis Sesaswavlad da sacodnelad. b-ni ermolovi karga xans yofila imierkavkasiis mxares, yizlarSi da sxvagan Crdilo kavkasiaSi, saca vazi hxeirobs da Rvino modis, amierkavkasiasac swvevia, magram cota xniT, rogorc gvaxsovs, egrec unda yo-filiyo, Tu Tqvenc ityviT: amierkavkasiaSi venaxebic bevria, Rvinoc bevri da kargic modis, da visac Rvinis keTebis naxva da gasinjva unda, aq ki ar unda momcdariyo didis xniT dayovnebiT, aq ki, saca boRazia Rvinisa, ar unda dahkvirveboda gasasinjad da sacodnelad Rvinis keTebis saqmesa, aramed iq, saca Wyapurta Rvino modis, “Cixirad cnobili, da saca yurZnis wvenis Rvinod qcevisaTvis bevri sxva masalaa kidev Sesarevi da samati. magram kacia da gunebao, naTqvamia, b-n ermolovs ase unebebia da amitomac misi nakvlevi, naxuli da nacadi, ufro Crdilo kavkasiis Rvinis keTebas Seexeba, vidre samxreTisas.

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28-s am ianvrisas erTs sazogadoebis krebaSi* b-ns ermolovs am imierkavkasiis Rvinis keTebis saqmezed ulaparaknia. jer yvelazed uwinaresad b-ns ermolovs Seudarebia sikeTe imierkavkasiis Rvinoebisa amieris Rvinoebis sikeTesTan da uTqvams, rom pirvelsaxed amierkavkasiis Rvi-noebisad cnobilia kaxuri Rvino, magram es tyuili brZanebaao, radganac amierkavkasiis Rvinoebi mravalgvarni arian da amaTSi kaxuri ufro gavrcelebuliao, xolo exla sxvagvar Rvinoebsac bazari exsnebao. umTavresi Tviseba Crdilo kavkasiis Rvinoebisa is aris, rom araviTari gansxvavebuli, gansakuTrebeli Tviseba ara aqvTo, da amitomac SesaZloa maTi msgavsi Rvino gangebac gakeTdeso (подделка), ra gemosac gindaT, ra fersac, yvelafers iTvisebs da iSvnevso. es arTvisebobis Tviseba, b-n ermolovis sityviT, imiTia kargi, rom Crdilo kavkasiis Rvinoebi ufro advilad SesakeTebelia; Tu codniT da kargad SekeTdebao, imisTana Rirsebas miiRebs, rom sasiamovno iqneba imaTTvis, vinc ucxo qveynebis Rvinoebs SesCveviao. imierkavkasiis Rvino bevriT ukeTesia amierisazed, amierkavkasiis Rvino, Rvino ki ar aris, marto Rvinis masalaa, romlisaganac SesaZloa kai Rvinis dayenebacao da sxvani da sxvani amgvarni. roca amaebsa da amis msgavs hkiTxulobT, hkvirobT da gaocebiT hkiTxavT Tqvens Tavs: nuTu amgvarebis codnisaTvis saWiro iyo kavkasiaSi wamosvla peterburgidam? rad garjila? gana es cnobani TviTon pe-terburgSi ki ver moikrifeboda? magram vin icis? iqneba b-ma ermolovma bevri imisTanac aRmoaCina an amier an imier kavkasiaSi, romelic marto adgil-

* 2-ое отделение Императорского Волъно-екологического Общества.

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zevea SesaZlo aRmosaCenad. Tu asea, brali Cvenis samduravisa im gazeTs unda daedvas, romelmac Cven marto amisTana cnobani gadmogvca b-n ermolovis naTqvamisagan.

es kia, rom b-n ermolovs yuradReba miuqcevia imisaTvis Tu, ra aris saWiro Rvinis keTebis warmatebisaTvis kavkasiaSi, oci sagani dausa-xelebia, romlis ZaliTac SesaZloa gankargeba da warmateba venaxisa da Rvinis keTebisa Rvinis aRebmicemobisa kavkasiaSi da erTob ruseTSiac. am oc saganTa Soris moxsenebulia: skolebis gamarTva, magaliTebr, yizlarSi! saca uwinac yofila; xazinis xarjiT, anu xazinis SemweobiT, gamarTva sawnexelebisa, agreTve sardafebisa, saca unda mogrovil iqmnas tkbili Rvinis dasa-yenebelad da sakeTeblad; gamarRva sawyobisa, saca ukeTesi iaraRi Rvinis keTebisa unda iyidebodes, yizlaramde (kidev yizlaramde? aba, Rvinis boRazi upovia b-ns ermolovs!) rostov-vladikavkasiis rkinis gzis gayvana da Rvinis gadatanis fasis dakleba, yizlaridam astraxanamde fostis gzis gaxsna, navTasvla Tergsa da kumazed, risTvisac saWiroa CaRrmaveba da Casworeba ama mdinareebis savalisa da sxvani da sxvani. yovelive es didis mowonebiT miuRia pativcemuls krebas, krebaSi gamoCenilan imisTana kacnic, romelTac erTi marTla friad saWiro da advilad aRsasrulebeli Ronec daumatebiaT b-n ermolovis mier warmoTqmul zomaTaTvis Rvinis keTebis warsa-mateblad. uTqvamT, rom saWiroa Rvinis mkeTebelT xeli moewyoT fulis miSvelebiTao da amisaTvis unda mieceT krediti rogorc kerZo, isec saxelmwifo bankisaganao da amas garda venaxebi Seikras (страхование), filoqserisaganao. saeko-nomio sazogadoebis krebas miuRia yvela es

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winadadebani da daudgenia iTanamSromlos mTavro-bis winaSe yovel amisaTvis.

Cven, rasakvirvelia, ara gvSurs yizlaris Rvinis mkeTebelTaTvis yovelive es sikeTe, RmerTma erTiaTad metic misceT, magram raki sityva Rvinozea Camogdebuli, nuTu amirkavkasia, romelic yovelisfriT dedaa Rvinisa, daviwyebuli, gamoklebuli da saxsenebeli ar unda iyos? yurs esmis da gonebas ara sjera es saarako ambavi...

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««««evropis politikis cvalebadobaevropis politikis cvalebadobaevropis politikis cvalebadobaevropis politikis cvalebadoba»»»»

tfilisi, 10 Tebervali.

evropis politikam kidev xelaxlad icvala

sagani da gza. am samisa Tu oTxis kviris winad evropa, jer SeSinebuli bismarkis sityvebisagan da mere ufro eldacemuli germanul gazeTebis muqarisagan, marto safrangeTsa da germaniasRa Sehyurebda da JamTa viTarebis sve-bedsa am didTa saxelmwifoTa SuRlisa da mtrobisagan gamoelod-da. balkaniis naxevarkunZulis saqme Tavisis gauTa-vebel bolgariis saqmiTurT am mizeziT CrdilSi miyenebul iqmna, TiTqo am wyluls araviTari SiSi ar mosdevso; yvelam daiviwya bolgaria da Tu it-yodnen rasmes xolme kanti-kuntad, isic imitom, rom guli moifxanon. mTelis evropis Tvali ki safrangeTsa da germaniazed iyo miqceuli da Si-SiT gaCerebuli. exla, rogorc etyoba, es SuRli da mtroba am oris didis saxelmwifosi cota ar iyos dascxra, ganelda. igi saSineli gansacdeli, romelic hlamoda Seeryia mTeli evropa da didi da patara erTmaneTisaTvis daejaxebina, exla TiT-qo ganqarda, ganifanta Tu samudamod ara, droebiT mainca. am saxiT dRes evropam, dasavleTzed TiTqmis guldamSvidebulma, isev aRmosavleTisaken ibruna piri da bolgariis saqmes dauwyo cqera

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winandelebr gulaSfoTebiT. ra iyo da ra aris mizezi am TiTqmis uecaris cvalebadobisa?

sxvam rac unda sTqvas da Cven ki gavbedavT da vityviT, rom naskvi am gamocanisa erTi patara saxelmwifoa da im patara saxelmwifos belgia hqvian. am saxelmwifoze erTis mxridam germaniaa zed modgomili da meore mxridam safrangeTi. arc erTs da arc meores, rogorc mogexsenebaT, mada ar akliaT, rom am bednierT pawia saxelmwifoTi piri Caigemrielon, miT ufro, rom madis garda erTsac da meorasac iseTi Ronieri kuWebi aqvT, rom advilad moineleben im mgelTa Sua kravad dabadebuls qveyanas, romelsac belgia hqvian. dRes. es kravi xom ar aris gamzadebuli Sesawi-ravad? Tumca es Tamami fiqria, magram aq SeuZ-lebeli ara aris ra. gana didi saqmea, T. bismarkma yurSi CauwveTos safrangeTs: kaco, ras Cam-civebixar? ager belgia, erTis mxriv Sensken aris gamowolili, CaiWer da “su”!... jerxanad egec kai mosanelebeli lukmaa; jer eg ikmare da sxva dro-sa da JamTa viTarebas mianebe da me ki xel-fexi gamixsen, me sxva saqme maqvs da “sxvagan hqris Cemi gonebao”. aq saarako da daujerebeli bevri ara aris ra.

esea Tu ara, es dasavleTis cidam Rrublebis gadayra, cis mowmenda, dacxroma da ganeleba rom saxeSi viqonioT da dRevandeli yofa belgiisa am ambavs SevuwonoT, dids sagonebelSi Cavardeba ka-ci. inglissa aqvs nakisri belgiis damoukideb-lobis mfarveloba. jer warsul omSi, roca saf-rangeTi da prusia erTmaneTs daetaknen, maSin in-glisma Tamamad gamoido Tavi belgiisaTvis da saq-veynod gamoacxada, rom Tu an erTis laSqarma, an meorisam gadalaxa belgiis miwa-wyali, mec mtrad miguloso. yvelas egona, rom dResac inglisi am Tavis daqadebuls sityvas ar gastexs da dResac

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Tavs gamoidebs belgiisaTvis, Tu vinicobaa saf-rangeTi da germania erTmaneTs xelaxlad Seetaknen da erTman an meorem fexi daadga belgiis miwasao. ai, exla inglisis saministros gazeTi “Standard“-i ambobs: belgia TavisTavis anabarad unda darCeso; inglisi TiTsac ar gaanZreva mis dasaxsnelad da dasafaravadao. ras hniSnavs es naTqvami sami-nistros gazeTisa? nuTu mas, rom inglisma saWi-rod dainaxa belgia, romlisaTvis uwin saomrad Tavs imetebda igiv inglisi, ufro sxva dids in-teress Seswiros!

TviTon belgiac ki hgrZnobs, rom Tavis saku-Tars bedzea Tavminebebuli. igi didis Tav-ganwirviT emzadeba TavisTavis dasaxsnelad da ga-dasarCenad. igi hcdilobs 130.000 kacamde aiyvanos Tvisi saomrad gasasvleli mxedroba da mravalis cixe-simagreebiT SemoizRudos garSemo. rasakvir-velia, SesaZloa kacma yovelive es metismets sif-rTxilesac miaweros belgiis mxriT: roca ori didi mezobeli aqed-iqidam erTmaneTs qeCoSi was-wvdeba, maSin SuaSi mdgomi mesamec fexzed unda idges mzad yovelis SemTxvevisaTvis, Torem an er-Ti gahqelavs, an meore. magram roca imisTana pawia saxelmwifo, rogorc belgiaa, 130.000 kacs saom-rad amzadebs da ara xarjs ar erideba, rom simag-reebis salte gars Semoirtyas – eg welebzed fe-xis dadgmaa, romelic marto saSinelma ganwiru-lebam icis da saSinelis gansacdelis molodinma. amitomac vgonebT, rom Cveni eWvic usabuTo ar aris, Tu nametnavad imasac gavixsenebT, rom am bo-los dros SesaniSnavad mourbilda da mout-kbilda safrangeTsa evropis iupiteri Tavadi bis-marki da safrangeTma xom Tavdapirvelidganve yuri mouyrua yovels muqaras da qadilsa.

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««««adgilobriv Sav navTze da adgilobriv Sav navTze da adgilobriv Sav navTze da adgilobriv Sav navTze da

ucxoeTidan Semotanil navTze baJis ucxoeTidan Semotanil navTze baJis ucxoeTidan Semotanil navTze baJis ucxoeTidan Semotanil navTze baJis

dadebis sakiTxis gamodadebis sakiTxis gamodadebis sakiTxis gamodadebis sakiTxis gamo»»»»

tfilisi, 11 Tebervali am ukanasknel dReebSi depeSam gvacnoba, rom

navTisa da navTis nakveTarzed baJis dadebis saqme gadudviaT orisa Tu samis wliT. Tumca es ambavi gazeTebis mier moifina, magram irwmunebian, rom marTali ariso da namdvilad Setyobilio. Cven amis garCevas ar SevudgebiT, Tumca sakvirveli kia. sakvirvelia imitom, rom kacma ar icis, ra unda hqmnas navTis mrewvelobam am baJis dadebis lodinSi? rogor gaiangariSos Tavisi dRevandeli moqmedeba? ras Seuwonos da ras dauyenos qveS? amis molodinSi yovelTvis frTxili fuli xom adamianis jibidamac ver amohyofs Tavsa, ver Caereva im mrewvelobaSi, romelmac ar icis, orisa Tu samis wlis Semdeg ris gadamxdeli Seiqmneba, ra tvirTis mzidveli? am orisa Tu samis wlis mayurebeli fulis patroni marto oris wliT Tu gahbedavs fuli daabandos navTis saqmeSi da is xangrZlivi dabandeba fulisa ki, romelic ase saWiroa mkvidrad saqmis daWerisaTvis da TviTon mrewvelobis warmatebisaTvis, am or weliwadSi marto uqm natvrad unda darCes, vidre baJis saqme

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ase Tu ise gadawydeba. Cven es ucnauri garemoeba ise gakvriT movixsenieT.

Cven zemodxsenebulma depeSam mogvagona navTis baJis saqme da am saqmem iseTi ucnauri ambavica, romelic pirveli SexedviT daujerebelia da wina Tqmuls ucnaurzed ufro ucnauria! rogora ggoniaT? sarTi daswrebisa vis unda ergos navTzed baJis dadebis saqmis atexazed? sanaZleo, waugebeli sanaZleo SeiZleba kacma dasdos, Tu vinme Soridam mainc mixvdeba, gumans mainc miitans imazed, rom vinc es baJi moiwadina. warmoidgineT, gamodis rom navTzed baJis dadeba moiwadina TviT navTis mrewvelmave!... gana isic erTma da orma,_ mTelma krebulma. am krebulma sTxova mTavrobas didis TxovniTa, rom wyaloba gviyaviT da Cvens Savs navTs, ese igi jer gaduwmendels da gamouxdels, baJi daadeT, Torem am didis simdidris momaswavebels mrewvelobas navTisas hlamis suli SeexuTos da Tavis sakuTars simdidreSive CairCoso. roca Sav navTs baJi daedeba da daZvirdeba, maSin qarxanis patroni ecdeba erTsa da imave navTisagan rac SeiZleba meti sabazro sagani akeTos, _ da exla, roca aTisagan marto samis gamorCena aqvTo da Svids ki cudubralod hyriano. auarebeli simdidre mtvrad midis da ikargebao. garda amisa xazinasac Semosavali moemateba, radganac navTis baJi karga bloma fuls Seadgenso. es uTxovniaT TviT navTis mrewvelTa da am sabuTebiT mourTavT Tavisi saocari Txovna, romelic jerxanad mTavrobas _ RvTis madliT _ ar Seuwynarebia, depeSis sityviTa.

Cven vecdebiT Semdegs nomerSi am ucnaurs Txovnas Signeuli gamovuwlaT da maSin aSkarad davinaxavT am jer arSewynarebulT mTxovnelT ris muclis tkivilica aqvT.

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tfilisi. 12 Tebervali. Cven wina werilSi vsTqviT, rom navTzed baJis

dadeba iTxova TviTon navTis mrewvelmave da mere erTma da orma ki ara, _ mTelma krebulmao. amas cota gasworeba unda, an uked vsTqvaT, ufro naTlad gamoTqma, gamomzeeba.

xom mogexsenebaT, rom navTis mrewvelobas miawyda bloma xalxi. am bloma xalxSi imisTananic arian, romelnic uRonobisa da SeuZleblobis gamo cota fuls atrialeben da imisTananic, romelTac millionebi Caayares am navTis saqmesa. ai, am didis fulis patronebi arian isini, visac bednieri fiqri mosvliaT, mTavrobas sTxovon baJi daadon Savs navTsa da miT miTam xazina gaamdidron. yvelam icis, rom fuli ramodenac bevria, imodenad xarbia da gaumaZRari da amitomac pirvel SexedviT kacs ukvirs, am didfulebianebs saidan aRZvriaT gulistkivili sxvis ga-didrebisaTvis. yvela brali SeiZleba kacma didfulians Seswamos da amisTana cili ki, rom sxvis gamdidrebisaTvis gulmtkinveulobdes, metismeti usamarTloba iqneba. Tumca rusebi amboben, rom “Голъ на выдумка хитра”, magram arc ki mdidari kaci yofila amisTanebSi beCavi da mouxerxebeli. ai saqme Turme raSia:

navTis saqmes bevri wvrili xalxi daexvia. TviTveuli maTgani calke, rasakvirvelia, erT dResac ver gauZlebda didfulians da gabaTilebul iqmneboda, rogorc uqmi Tamasuqi; didfuliani, roca ki moisurvebs, TviTveuls calke imisave navTSi CaarCobda da burTsa da moedans navTis warmoebisas TviTon daisakuTrebda. magram Wiri is aris, rom es wvrilni mosaqmeni navTisa ricxviT sakmaod blomad arian da didfulians mwarmoebelT saqme ise gauWires, rom

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hlamis gaakutron. didfulianebi Tu gamoxdil da gawmendil navTs fuTs, magaliTebr, oTx abazad gauSveben bazarSi, es wvrilni sams abazsa sjerdebian da navTis fass Zirs Camoaxdenen xolme; didfulianebi Tu sams abazzed Camovlen amaTis mixedviT, isini maSinve fuTs aT Saurad gaxdian da am ubedurebisaTvis didfulianebs veraviTari wamali ver daudviaT. amisTana cilebas da jibrs ver uZleben mdidarni mrewvelni da xalxs ki, ese igi, vinc navTsa hyidulobs da hxmarobs, am cilebisa da jibris wyalobiT navTi iefad ujdeba. am cilebas da jibrs es sikeTe moaqvs sayovelTavod, da Raribs xalxs sanaTebeli navTi Tavis jibis SeZlebisadagvarad ujdeba da uxerxdeba. rom es ase aRar iyos da wvrilTa mwarmoebelTa ilaji da saxsari amgvaris cilobisa sul gauqarwylon, mdidrebma es Rone moigones, rom Sav navTs baJi daedos. ai, ra angariSi miuZRvis win mdidrebsa: raki Sav navTs baJi daedeba, maSin navTis warmoebisagan marto is ixeirebs da gamorComas naxavs, vinc didsa da Zvirfass qarxanas iwoniebs, da radganac wvrils mwarmoebels navTisas magisi Rone da SeZleba ara aqvs, unda Tu ara, far-xmali Zirs unda dahyaros da gulzed xelebi daikrifos. exla fuTi Savi navTi eqvs groSamde Rirs xolme adgilze. vsTqvaT foTs ori Sauri baJi daades da am gziT futi Savi navTi 13 kapeikad gaxda. Tu qarxana yovels mxriT ise mowyobili da gamarTuli ar aris, rogorc exlandeli teqnika da mecniereba iTxovs, aTis fuTis Savis navTisagan bevri-bevri sami futi sabazro nakeTari* ram daayenos, sxva Svidi fuTi ki gadasayrelia da araferSi gamosayeni. am saxiT, raki baJi aTis * продукт.

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fuTisa iqmneba gadaxdili da am aT fuTidam marto sami fuTiRa daudgeba gamosayeni da danarCeni gadasayreli, ra Tqma unda, mTelis aTis fuTis baJi am samma fuTma unda uzRos mwarmoebelsa. aTis fuTis baJi Seadgens, zemoxsenebul angariSiT, erTs manaTs, maSasadame, es erTi manaTi samma fuTma unda hzRos, an TviTo fuTma 33 1/2 kapeiki. karga mowyobili da gamarTuli qarxana ki aTis fuTidam rva fuTs sxvadasxvagvars nakeTars navTisas daayenebs, rogorc mecnierTagan gamokvleulia. maSasadame, is erTi manaTi baJi, aTs fuTzed gadaxdili, am SemTxvevaSi rva fuTma unda hzRos. aq fuTs Sexvdeba 12 1/2 kap. aba sad 12

1/2 kap. gadasaxadi da sad TiTqmis Svidi Sauri, rogorc wvrils mwarmoebelT mouvaT. raki fasebSi ase didi gansxvaveba iqneba, rogorRa gauwevs wvrili mwarmoebeli cilobas saqveyno bazarSi? iman TiTqmis xuTi SauriT metad unda hyidos navTis nakeTari, rom didi qarxnis patronis odenoba gaswios, an arada xeli unda aiRos warmoebazed. ra Tqma unda, Zalauneburad es ukanaskneli RoneRa darCeba sacodavs.

gana es ikmares am qveynis mokeTeebma. vsTqvaT, am baJis dadebiT wvrilni mwarmoebelni gaaba-Tilon da pirqve dascen. mainc kidev erTi Zlieri metoqe darCebaT. eg metoqe amerikaa. romlis navTi gzas ar aZlevs baqos navTsa saqveyno bazarSi. amis gaclaca hsurT ruseTis bazridam mainc, da amitomac hsTxoven mTavrobas, rom ruseTSi Semotana gauZneldeT amerikelebsao. rasakvirvelia, jer mTavrobam arc erTi amaTi Txovna ar Seiwynara, magram Txovnas amiTi Tavi sunnelovaneba ar dahklebia da exla yvelam viciT, sada scems im didTa mwarmoebelTa gulSematkivroba.

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raki mdidrebi im gziT Semoiclian wvrilebs, romelnic dRes kriWaSi udganan, raki amerikelebsac baJiT gzas gaduRoben, maSin burTic imaT darCebaT ucilod da moedanic da maSin mSvidobiT iefobav navTisav. mdabio xalxi, ro-melsac iefoba navTisa SeZlebas aZlevda saxli gaenaTebina, saxlSi sanaTuri hqonoda, maSin unda gamoesalmos am netarebas imitom, rom gul-Sematkivarni didfuliani mwarmoebelni navTisani ecdebian iseTi fasebi dasdon navTsa, rom xelmokle kaci ver Seswvdeba. ai, ra muclis gvrema SehyriaT didfulian mwarmoebelT navTisas, rom uTxovniaT Sav navTs baJi daadeTo. swored amisTana saqme dahmarTa Txle-WaWisagan aryis xdas aw gansvenebulma fissunma, romelmac aseTi baJi da wesebi SemoiRo, rom Tu ar Zvirfasi qarxana, sxva araviTari Rone ar iyo am baJebsa da wesebs gasZRoloda.

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««««Cveni sofluri meurneobis Cveni sofluri meurneobis Cveni sofluri meurneobis Cveni sofluri meurneobis

SesaZleblobani da biurokratizmiSesaZleblobani da biurokratizmiSesaZleblobani da biurokratizmiSesaZleblobani da biurokratizmi»»»»

tfilisi, 16 Tebervali. am bolo xanebSi Cvenma qveyanam da ufro misma

buneburma simdidrem moizida yuradReba, rogorc TviTon ruseTisa, isec samzRvargareTisa. saiTac ki miixedavT, yovlis mxridam marto is ismis, rom ai es da es fuliani an kaci an sazogadoeba modis da ama da am saqmes hkidebs xelsao. an aqamde ratom ar iyo es ambavi, gvikvirs. amierkavkasia havisa da miwis sikeTiTa SemZlebeli TiTqmis yovlisferisa, rac ki ram izrdeba, modis da xeirobs dedamiwis zurgzed. qinaqinis xe da Cais buCqic ki gamozarda Cvenma qveyanam imodenad kargad, rom exla TviTon mTavrobac ki hcdilobs meurneoba erTisa da meorisac aayvavos aq da gaavrcelos. ra Tqma unda, rom amgvarebisaTvis mecadineoba da xarji uqmad ar Caivlis da dids sarfas miscems rogorc Cvens qveyanas, isec mTels saxelmwifos, Tu qinaqinis xe da Cais buCqi marto TeTrs qaRaldzed ar dairga da Savis melniT ar moirwya. amisTana saqmeSi armcodne kaci, Tunda gulmodgineca, verafers gaawyobs miwer-moweris mets da am miwer-moweraSi ise aurev-daurevs davTrebs, rom qinaqinis xe da Cais buCqi yvelas daaviwydebaT da darCeba saxsovrad marto

111

uSvelebeli zvini qaRaldebisa, romelic marto imas gvimowmebs Tu, ra gziT vin gauxmo Ziri qinaqinis xes da Cais buCqsac. ase mouvida abreSumis saqmes nuxSi, ase mouvida venaxisa da Rvinis saqmes kaxeTSi. nuxSiac da kaxeTSiac mTavrobam araferi dahzoga, rom abreSumis saqme da Rvinisac kargad moemarTa da fexzed daeyenebina, magram moxeleobam, romelsac Caabares es saqmeni, verc erTgan ver gaamarTla imedi mTavrobisa. amisTana saqmes, rogorc axali simdidris gzis gaxsnaa, saqmiani, moxerxebuli, gamrjeli, saqmeSi daostatebuli kaci unda. amisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris marto diplomi, romelic yovelTvis ara hmowmobs, rom mis patrons jerovani codna aqvs, da Tundac hmowmobdes, saqme marto codna ki ar aris, gamocdilebaa. Cven aq sityvas “gamocdilebas” mTelis Tavisis mniSvnelobiT vxmarobT. jer xom kacs Tavisi codna unda TviTon saqmeSi ecadnos da mere zedmiwevniT naxuli da nacadi hqondes, ra bunebasTan aqvs saqme da ra xalxTana. adgilobrivis bunebisa da xalxisa Tu ara icis ra, igi amisTana saqmeSi, rogorc axalis risame gasaCenad SemoRebaa, erTs nabijsac umarcxod ver gadasdgams. ara erTi da ori magaliTi yofila CvenSi, romelsac Tvalad daunaxvebia CvenTvis, rom uimisod, raca vsTqviT, xelidam araferi gamosvlia kacs da saqmisaTvis is vnebac miuyenebia, rom sxvisTvisac guli auyrevinebia da aucruebia kargsa da sarfians saqmezeda.

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««««Rvino _ Cveni qveRvino _ Cveni qveRvino _ Cveni qveRvino _ Cveni qveynis simdidris ynis simdidris ynis simdidris ynis simdidris

wyarowyarowyarowyaro»»»»

tfilisi, 17 Tebervali. guSin sityva CamovagdeT maszed, rom Cvens

qveyanaSi qinaqinis xisa da Cais buCqis gaCenas gvpirdebian. es, rasakvirvelia, samermiso saqmea da RmerTma xeli moumarToT, visac fiqrad mosvlia, am axalis SemoRebiT Cveni qveyana cotad Tu bev-rad gaamdidros. yvela axali, Tuki miT mog-vemateba ram, kargia da sanatreli. magram es qinaqinis xe da Cais buCqi xvalindeli qaTamia, da is dRevandeli kvercxi ki, romelic xelT gvip-yria, daudevrobiT lamis gagvilaydes. samermiso mermiss mivandoT, sadReisod ki ukeTesi da ufro Wkuas axlos iqneboda gvefiqra maszed, rac dRes xelTa gvaqvs, rac hlamis simdidris karga mozrdil wyarod gadaeqces Cvens qveyanasa, Tu ki xelSemwyobi eyoleba...

eg wyaro Rvinoa. amitomac am sagnis viTarebis gamoZieba da gamokvleva da yovel amis daw-vrilebiT codna meti ar iqneba CvenTvis. minam vityodeT rasme, ra abrkolebs da ra hSvelis Rvinis saqmes CvenSi, saWiroa vicodeT, ramodena Rvino modis CvenSi da ramodenis bazaris imedi unda gvqondes RvinisaTvis. Cvenda samwuxarod,

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cnobebi Rvinis raodenobisa marto erTis wlisa gvaqvs, saxeldobr, 1870-isa. erTis wlis cnobebzed Zlier Znelia raime daskvnis gamoyvana, miT ufro, rom arc ki viciT, sandoni arian is cnobani Tu ara, radganac im wignSi*, saidamac Cven amis qvemod amovkrebT am cnobebs, ar aris naC-venebi, razed aris dafuZnebuli. radganac jer xelT ukeTesi sxva ara gvaqvs ra, meti ra gzaa, igi unda gavimZRvaroT win da mas davefuZnoT.

amierkavkasia Rvinis mosavlis kvalobazed xuT nawilad aris gayofili xsenebul wignSi da TviTo nawilis mosavali calkea moxsenebuli: esec ar unda daviviwyoT, rom es cnobani 1870 wels ekuT-vnian da “vedriT”** arian aricxulni:

mosavali Sin mouxmariaT gauyidniaT

Savi zRvisa da rionis napirebi……3.753.500 2.276.750 975.750 kaxeTi .................................................. 2.915.080 728.770 2.186.310 mtvris napirebi ............................... 1.425.910 875.546 570.364 araxsis napirebi .............................. 952.200 575.520 383.680 Samaxa-geokCai .................................... 95.737 23.934 71.003 _______________________________ sul amierkavkasiaSi ..................... 8.648.427 __ 4.460.520 __ 4.187.907

am saxiT gamodis, rom naxevarzed meti Rvino Sin ismeva da marto naxevarzed cota naklebi ga-dis bazarSi gasasyidad. rom gaviangariSoT, gamova, rom aszed

Sin ismeva iyideba

imereTSi ......................... 70 30

kaxeTSi ............................ 25 75 qarTl_somxiTSi ....... 60 40

* Историко-Статистический обзор промишленности Росии Т. I.

** vedra sami Tungia anu 16 boTli.

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maSasadame, amierkavkasias TiTqmis 41/4 mil-lioni vedra Rvino aqvs bazarSi gasatani da ga-sasyidi; vedra rom erTierTmaneTzed maneT-naxev-rad viangariSoT, gamova, rom Rvinisagan amier-kavkasias unda Semouvides eqvsi millioni da 375.000maneTi; aqedam imereTs TiTqmis million-naxevari, kaxeTs sami millioni da TiTqmis 279.000 maneTi, qarTlsa da somxiTs TiTqmis 855.000 maneTi da sxvani.

imierkavkasiasa, daRestansa da yubanis mxaresa, sul modis 2.212.800 vedra Rvino. aqedam Sin sas-melad rCeba 588.245 da 1.624.735 gasayidad gadis. bessarabiaSi, yirimsa, donzed da astraxnis guber-niaSi modis sul 4.042 950 vedra; aqedam Sin sas-melad hrCeba 539.296 da gasasyidad gadis 3.503.654.

am saxiT gamodis, rom amier da imierkavkasiaSi da danarCens adgilebSi ruseTs sul 15 mil-lionamde vedra Rvino mosdis weliwadSi; aqedam 5.588.061 Sin sasmelad hrCeba Rvinis patronebs da danarCeni 9.316.296 gadis gasasyidad. exla ikiTxavs mkiTxveli, ra bazari unda gauZRves amo-dena Rvinosao? miT ufro WkvaSi mosasvleli sakiTxavia es, rom samzRvargared sul 0.02% Rvi-no ar gaaqvT ruseTis samzRvrebidam da TviTon ruseTis xalxic yurZnis wvenis Rvinos SeCveulni ar arian da ara hxmaroben. xom asea, magram ori da sami magodena Rvinoc rom iyos, marto ruseTis bazars ver auva, Tuki Cveni Rvinoebi gzas gaix-snian da ruseTs moawoneben Tavsa. amis dasam-tkiceblad moviyvanT Semdegs cifrebs ruseTidam samzRvargared gatanilis Rvinisas da arayisas da iqidam Semotanilisas fulad:

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orTa Sua ricxviTorTa Sua ricxviTorTa Sua ricxviTorTa Sua ricxviT

wlidam wlamde gatanili Semotanili 1853 1855 11.120 man 5.888.405 man. 1856 1860 39.200 “ 6.322.905 “ 1861 1865 72.425 “ 6.989.923 “ 1866 1870 30.600 “ 7..586.604 “

1871 1875 24.600 “ 13.802.819 “ 1876 1880 99.950 “ 12.095.665 “

1880 wels ruseTSi SemoutaniaT Rvino TiTqmis 181/2 million manaTisa. aqedam gamodis, rom ruseTi SigniTve asaRebs aramc Tu im 10 millions vedras, romelic ruseTs TviTon aqvs yovelwliv gasasyidlad, aramed Tvramet million maneTisas kidev sxvagan yidulobs da Semoaqvs. maSasadame, amierkavkasiis xuTi millioni vedra Rvino erTioTxad da xuTadac rom iqces, maSinac Zlivs gauZRveba marto ruseTis bazarsa. aq marto gzebis gaxsna unda da bazris daWera Rvinis sikeTiTa da iefobiTa. Cvens Rvinos Zlieri metoqe da mocile hyavs ruseTis bazarSi: eg metoqe evropaa, romlis Rvinosac ruseTi didi xania svams da didi xania SeCveulia. am metoqis gandevna ruseTis bazridam da misis adgilis daWera metad rTuli da Zneli saqmea. am mxriT odesme movelaparakebiT Cvens mkiTxvelebs, da minam qinaqinis xes da Cais buCqsa CvenSi vaxeirebdeT, rom amas, rac dRes xelSi gvaqvs, xeli Seuwyon da gza miscen, ar iqmneba urigo.

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««««egvipte _ egvipte _ egvipte _ egvipte _ evropis saxelmwifoTa evropis saxelmwifoTa evropis saxelmwifoTa evropis saxelmwifoTa

erTmaneTSi mourigeblobis mizezierTmaneTSi mourigeblobis mizezierTmaneTSi mourigeblobis mizezierTmaneTSi mourigeblobis mizezi»»»»

tfilisi, 18 Tebervali.

evropis erTmaneTSi morigebas da garigebas Zalian abrkolebs da uSlis egviptis saqme. am egviptis gamo sami saxelmwifoa gulnatkeni da natkenobisagan, cota ar iyos mtrobac aris fexadgmuli. es mtroba da aSliloba ganxeTqilebis mizezad hxdeba am sam saxelmwifos Soris maSin, rodesac eg egviptes saqme rom ar iyos, sxva bevri imisTana interesebia evropaSi, rom es dRes erTmaneTTan mokamaTe saxelmwifoni SesaZloa erTad gaswevdnen dRevandelis dRis uRelsa da Tu erTad ara, erTmaneTs mainc ar dauSlidnen. es sami saxelmwifo osmaleTia, inglisi da safrangeTi. Cvenma mkiTxvelebma ukve unda icodnen, am samSi vis ra ewvis egviptis saqmeTa gamo.

egvipte osmalos sulTanis sabatonoa da amis gamo damokidebulia osmaleTzed, romelsac egvipte amis niSnad xarksac aZlevs. egvipte da suezis arxi safrangeTisaTvis TiTqmis erTaderTi aucilebeli saWiro gzaa safrangeTis kaloniebSi misvla-mosvlisaTvis da inglisisaTvis TiTqmis karia zRviT indoeTSi Sesasvlelad. am gare-

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moebisagan kaci advilad Seadgens azrs maszed Tu, - vis ra emZimeba egvipteSi.

inglisma sxvadasxva garemoebis gamo, romelTac politikaSi wesierebis dadgenas eZaxian da Cveneburad, mdabiurad ki mizez-mizez dos marili akliao hqvian, egvipte xelT igdo TiTqmis, Tavisi jarebi Caayena da TiTqmis da samarTvelodac Tavisi kacebi miuCina, drumond volfi da beringi, romelnic dRes egviptes ganageben inglisis survilisamebr; swored inglisis ministrebi arian egvipteSi ganwesebulni. erTi saSinao saqmeTa mmarTvelia da meore sagareoTa swored ise, rogorc ministrebi arian inglisSi. ra Tqma unda, aseTi yofa egviptisa WkvaSi ar mosdis osmaleTs, arc safrangeTsa da erTic da meorec iTxoven, rom egvipte dacalos inglisma da Tavis bedzed amyofos. inglisi didxans urCobda da amis gamo safrangeTsa da osmalos erTis mxriT da inglisis meores mxriT erTi-erTmaneTzed guli aeSalaT. es aSliloba nebas ar aZlevda arc erTs mxares, rom evropis sxva saqmeebSi mxari-mxars evloT. exla, rogorc ismis, inglisi uwindeleb aRar aris akviatebuli da mzad aris egviptis gamo cotad Tu bevrad orsave saxelmwifos guli mougos.

gazeTebis sityviT, ingliss Tavisi mociqulis drumond volfis piriT gamoucxadebia osma-losTvis, rom egvipte saneitralo qveynad aRiarebul iqmnas, mxolod im pirobiT ki ara, rogorc belgiaa, romlis neitraloba kisrad udvia inglissa, rac Seexeba egviptis damoki-deblobas da misTa samzRvarTa daurRvevlobas, amisaTvis winad araferi iyos dadgenili. mxolod didsa saxelmwifoTa xelSekruloba dasdvan, rom hedivis, egviptis marTvelis, adgil-mamuli xelSeuxeblad darCes. inglisi Tanaxmaa suezis arxiT jarebi Tavisuflad gadiyvan-gadmoiyvanon

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saxelmwifoebma, egviptis finansebzed saerTo zedamxedveloba iqonion, oRond ki inglisis aficrebi daniSnul iyvnen egviptis jarebSi. inglisis jarebi gamoyvanili iqmneba egviptidam; mSvidobianobis da wesierebis dacva hedivsa da sulTans daevaleba; sulTans neba eZleva Tavisi jarebi gahgzavnos yairSi. mxolod maSin ki, roca sazogado mSvidobianoba darRveul iqmneba, inglisi am SemTxvevisaTvis itovebs nebas Tvisi jarebi Caayenos egvipteSi; yovels sxva SemTxvevaSi ki inglisi ise imoqmedebs, rogorc wevri erTaSorisis komisiisa. rom am pirobebzed daiyolios osmaleTi, inglisi hpirdeba, rac egviptisagan xarki gekuTvnis, ramdenisame wlisa winadve Cemgan miiReo.

am saxiT inglisi mzad aris saneitralod gahxados aramcTu marto suezis arxi, aramed TviT egvipteca da mis sakuTrad daCemebazed xeli aiRos. amboben, ingliss es aqnevina safrangeTis muqarama da ruseTma, romelsac am saqmeSi safrangeTis mxare uWiravs. Tu safrangeTma da osmalom yovelive es ikmara, maT da inglisis Soris samduravis mizezi moispoba da maSin Se-saZloa, saxelmwifoTa erTmaneTSi ganwyobam sxva gza airCios da sxva mimarTuleba miiRos.

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«Rvinis qarTulad dayeneba»«Rvinis qarTulad dayeneba»«Rvinis qarTulad dayeneba»«Rvinis qarTulad dayeneba»

tfilisi, 19 Tebervali.

Cvens ekonomiurs yofa-cxovrebas rom kaci

rigianad da gonierad daakvirdes, bevrs sagulisxmos ipovis. erTi udidesi da upirvelesi saxsari Cvenis ekonomiurisEcxovrebisa miwaT-moqmedobaa da sxvagvari saxsari jer CvenSi TiTqmis arc ki daZrula, xelnaxlebic ar aris, mermiss elis. miwaTmoqmedebas ori sagani moaqvs Cvenis qveynis gasaZRolad, Rvino da yovelgvari egredwodebuli sapure marcvali. am orgvars warmoebas didi xania vadgivarT da didi xania mis gzazed vSromobT da Tavs avad Tu kargad vikvebavT. Cven amas arafrad vagdebT, TiTqo am xangrZlivs warmoebas CvenTvis ara uswavlebia ra, araviTari gamocdileba ar moucia, TiTqos yovels mas, rasac dRes warmoebaSi vxedavT, araviTari sabuTi da mizezi ara hqonia, TiTqo yovelive alalbedobiT, ucabedobiT mogvsvlia. ai es, Cvenis fiqriT, riT aixsneba:

Cvenma Zvelma istoriam ar mogvacala, rom codna-swavlis gza gvekafna da Cvenis sulisa da gulis ZaliT mecnierebis axo gamogveRo umecrebis bardebiT da jagiT moculs aremarezed. am mxriT, Zalian CamovrCiT danarCens kacobriobas, romelic

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dReyovel codnisa da swavlis warmatebasa da winsvlaSi iyo. saxelovanma da saocarma na-moqmedarma kacobriobis codnisam da swavlisam ise mogvaswro Cven, rogorc sabneleTidam uecrad mzeze gamosulsa! metis sinaTlisa da Suqisagan TvalT dagvibnelda. Zalovanma mecnierebam, romlis naRvawi Cvens uvicobas xSirad saswaulad miaCnda da miaCnia, ise dabriyva Cveni Wkua da goneba, ise Tavbru daasxa, rom erTic da meorec yurmoWril ymad gaixada da rogorc tyve, gahbawra. aba, saca ucxenod da ukambeCod uzarmazaris saxlebis ta-reba moigones, saca telegrafma da telefonma sivrce gaabaTila da eleqtronma lamis Zveleburs Tilismobas gadaaWarbos, iq Cveni beCavi umecreba da uvicoba xmas rogorRa amoiRebda. rogor ar unda gvegrZno Cveni araraoba? rogor ar unda gveTqva: Cven rani varT? rac yofilan, isini yofilano! raki kacobriobis codna-swavlis saocarma Zlevamosilebam ase aSkarad dagvanaxva sxva qveynebis upiratesoba da warCinebuloba, Cven erTic da meorec kisrad unda gvedo da davdumebuliyaviT, rogorc Zlieris winaSe uZluri, mecnierebis winaSe umecari. swored egrec dagvemarTa: Cvenc davdumdiT da imodenad davdumdiT, rom raki kaci ucxo qveynidam movidoda CvenSi, swavlulia Tu uswavleli, Wkviani Tu suleli,_ amas aRar davdevdiT da pirRia SevyurebdiT, Wkuis maswavlebeli aba es ariso. garda amisa, sakmao iyo kacs eTqva, samzRvargared ese ariso, rom Cvenc migveRo ganusjelad, auwonlad, daufiqreblad. iqaurma xalxma es Cveni pirRiaobis ambavi kargad icoda da amitomac yvela isini, visac Tavis qveyanaSi vera gaekeTebina ra, Cvenken gamorboda, Tan oriode mzad gakeTebuli da mogonebuli receptic mohqonda da mtvers agviyenebda xolme Tvalwin

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Cven umecrebs da ucodinarebs codnisa da mecnierebis saxeliTa. samzRvargared eseao, Tqvenc ese unda moiqceTo da Cvenc sxva gza ara gvqonda, unda dagvejerebina da vijerebdiT kidec. amas kidev ar gvakmarebdnen xolme: rac ki ram Cvens samSobloSi iyo, yvelas gvifolavdnen, Tqven ra iciT, briyvebi xarTo, aba kargi ra geqnebaTo. Cvenc viZaxodiT: marTali brZanebaao.

raki sxvagan Cvenzed gacilebiT didi ostatoba gamoiCina bevrma bevrSi, Cvenc davijereT, rom, bevri bevrSi ki ara, yvelani yvelaferSi Cvenzed ukeTesni ostatebi arian. davijereT da mere rogor? Cveni aRaraferi viwameT, aRaraferi vigulveT. is ki gonebidam gamogvepara, rom Cvenc gvicxovria, gvimoqmednia Tavis sakvebad, CvenSiac yofila xeloba da ostatoba miwaTmoqmedobisa, da Tu Cveni nacxovari, nakeTari da namoqmedari mecnierebamde ar agviyvania, angariSSi Casagdebi gamosaZiebeli da gamosakvlevi xom aris, rogorc nacadi didi xnisa, rogorc mravalis wlis moRvaweobiT Semowmebuli saqme da saqmianoba. es Cveni nacadi, es Cveni gamocdiloba gagvibaTila, gagviqarwyla saxelma da abrum ucxo qveynisam, romelmac yvelaferSi brmad CagviTria, radganac bevrSi samarTali da sabuTi miuZRvodaT, rogorc gacilebiT Cvenzed win mavalTa da warmatebulTa. am garemoebas erTi aravin Caufiqrda da ara sTqva: kaco, iqneba CvenSiac iyos erTi ram kargi, sxvisis sityviT yvelafers ratom ese xelaRebiT viwunebT!..

eg Cvenis umecrebis, ucodinarobis bralia. TviT msjeloba SegviSina ucxo qveynebis abruma, gambedaoba gamoacala. amis gamo Cveni veRara vikvlieT ra, veRara gamoviZieT ra. an raRas vikvlevdiT, rom Cveni aRara gvjeroda ra. yovels mxares Cvenis cxovrebisas am gaubedaobam gonebisam

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Tavisi damRa daasva da dRes CvenSi ucxo qveyneli sulelic Wkvian kacad gadis da iqauri tyuili marTlada, mere rogori tyuili? iqav tyuilad cnobili da aRiarebuli. am tyuilma ise arsad ar iCina Tavi, rogorc Cvenebur Rvinis keTebis saqmeSi. aq aramcTu ucxo qveynelebi gza-kvals gvireven, TviTon Cvenebic ki, maTis saxeliT da sityviT brmad gatacebulni da fexis xmis amyolni, imaTzed uaresad gvxveven mCvarSi. Cvenni Sinaurni ostatebi brZaneben, rom Cveneburi Rvinis keTeba groSad ara hRirso; Cven ar viciT verc erTnairis da gamZle Rvinis keTeba, verc Sampanurisa, verc koniakisa da sxva amgvar didfasian sasmelebisao. samzRvargared ki, mecnierebis SemweobiT, erTnairs gamZles Rvinos akeTben, Sapanurs, koniaks da sxva amisTana sasmelebs xom raRa Tqma undao. aqedam, am azrebidam wamosulni Cveni Sinauri ostatebi hcdiloben rogorme mogvarjulon Rvinis keTeba Segvacvlevinon evropielTa mixedviTa da am cdas morjulebisas did samsaxurad gviTvlian. rasakvirvelia, es Cveni Tavisianebi TavisiT arras amboben. eseni Segirdebi arian ucxo qveynel ostatebisa, da rac maTgan gaugiaT, ganusjelad gauzepirebiaT, da fiqradac ar mosvliaT, rom maTi ostatebi SesaZloa styuodnen, SesaZloa maTma ostatebma bevri ara icodnen ra. es ki gonebis Tvalisagan mohsxletiaT, rom Rvinis keTebas CvenSi mTeli aTasis wlebis istoria aqvs da, maSasadame, aris ram mizezi, romlis ZaliTac Cveni eri Tavisebur Rvinis keTebas hrCeobs da evropiuls ufrTxis da erideba dResac. vin icis, iqneba es mizezi pativsadebia, Wkvad misaRebia? amas gamoZieba, gamokvleva unda da uamisod Cvenebur Rvinozed wunis dadeba, Rvinis Cveneburad keTebis abuCad agdeba, moSlilis wisqvilis raxunia da

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tyuilis ostatobis Tavgazviadebuli sibriyve da kadnierebaa. nuravin nu ifiqrebs, viTomc Cven amiT imis Tqma gvinda, rom Cvens keTebas da dayenebas Rvinisas ara aklia ra. Cven amas ver vityviT. bevri ram aklia, amas Tqma ar unda. mxolod igi nakli Cvenis Rvinisa, romelsac Cveneburs Rvinos wunad uTvlian CvenSi Sinaurni Tu gareulni ostatebi, swored igi nakli Rirsebaa Cvenis Rvinisa, da Tu Cveni Rvino odesme gzas gaixsnis saqveyno bazrisas, swored am Rirsebis wyalobiT gaixsnis, Tu Zaladamacxovne Sinaur ostatebis zedmosevas da qadagebas RvTisa da Tqvenis wyalobiT gadvurCiT.

Cven vecdebiT Semdegs werilebSi es Cveni azri sagulisxmo sabuTebiT SevamowmoT.

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tfilisi, 20 Tebervali. Cven minam moviyvandeT Cven mier wina werilSi

dapirebul sabuTebs Cveneburad Rvinis keTebis Sesaxeb da aqedam Cvenis Rvinis avkargianobazed gamovikvlevdeT rasme, saWiroa avRnusxoT, _ ra wunsa sdeben Cvens Rvinos da ra wamals gvirCeven; maSin davinaxavT, sadamde midis marTali da tyuili. sazogadod unda vsTqvaT, rom Cven yvelaferSi CamorCenili varT sxvebzed, da raki yvelaferSi ukana varT, Rvinis saqmeSiac ukan unda viyvneT, maSasadame, Cveni, rac kia, ar unda vargodes. am sabuTiT SeiaraRebulni sakmarisad hxedven marto zogadis frazebiT wunis dadebas da amiT iolad wasvlasa. erTs amisTana magaliTs warmogvidgens erTi patara wignaki, romelic SarSan daibeWda moskovSi rusulad am saxeliT: О

главнейших нуждах и потребностях Кахетии. pativcemuls avtors, raki Cvenzed hlaparakobs, hgonebia, rom rac ki unda sTqvas Cveneburis Rvinisa da venaxebis keTebis Taobazed, sul marTali iqneba, oRond qeba da mowoneba risame ar iyos da amitomac brZanebs:

“Кахетинские виноградники доходны, что главным образом

обусловливается неудачных выбором места для виноградников и патриархалъным способом обработки виноградной почвы”.

gamodis, rom b-n avtoris azriT, Cven arc adgilis SerCeva gvcodnia savenaxed da venaxis keTebac adamisJmuri gvqonia. aq arc erTis dasamkicebeli sabuTi ar aris moyvanili. an ra saWiro iyo! gana sakmarisi ar aris, rom qarTvelebma ar ician ra da, maSasadame, arc es ecodinebaT. erTi es fiqrad mainc rogor ar mouvida b-ns avtors, rom ramdenime saukunea, rac saqarTveloSi venaxobas misdeven, da ra RmerTi

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gagviwyreboda, adgilis amorCevac ver gveswavla. Cven ki gvgonia, rom adgilis amorCevazed Cven abuCad veravin ver agvigdebs. Cvens venaxebs ukeTesi adgilebi uWiravT. amas amtkicebs is garemoeba, rom saca dRes venaxebia, im adgilebidam kargi Rvino gamodis da venaxebis didi xnis warsulic gvemowmeba amas. Tund egec ar iyos, b-nma avtorma aiRos romelime sofeli da migviTiTos imisTana adgilzed, romelic im adgilebzed ukeTesia, saca dRes venaxebia. magas ver izams, aTasSi erTsac ver gvaCvenebs. es magaliTi nuTu imis momaswavebeli ar aris, rom adgilis amorCeva venaxebisaTvis viciT da arc SesaZloa ar gvcodnoda, imitom, rom venaxis keTeba CvenSi guSindeli saqme ar aris da kargis arCevanisaTvis ramdenisame saukunis gamocdileba xelTa gvaqvs. vinc cotaodnad mcodnea Cvenis venaxis patronebisa, is gvimowmebs, rom TiTqmis arc erTi venaxis patroni glexi ar aris CvenSi, rom am saganzed Wkvad misaRebi darigeba da rCeva ar mogceT. am mxriT Cveneburi glexi evropiel mecniersac ki ajobebs, imitom rom miwaT-moqmedobaSi saerTod da venaxobis saqmeSi calke gamocdileba didiEram aris, da Cveneburi glexi evropiels mecnierzed gamocdilebiT metismetad win iqneba imitom, rom adgilis kacia. tyuilad ki ar aris naTqvami, adgilis kurdRels adgilis mwevari daiWerso. Secdoma mosvlia pativcemuls avtors, am gziT ar gamouZiebia saqme da marto imas dasjerebia, rom aba amaT saidam ra eco-dinebaT, yvelaferSi CamorCenilni arian da amaSic CamorCenilni iqnebiano. am saxiTve mohqcevia b-ni avtori venaxebis Cveneburad keTebis saqmesa. ras gviwunebs b-ni avtori? garkveviT da CamoTvliT aras gveubneba. marto amas ambobs, rom venaxis miwas adamisJmur wesiT akeTebeno. TviTon vazis

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movlis wess ki srulebiTac ar ixseniebs. Cvenc am vazis movlis saqmes Tavi davaneboT da miwis keTebis saqmes SevudgeT.

raSi mdgomareobs es adamisJmuri wesi, arc amas gveubneba, usaTuod imav mosazrebis ZaliT, rom Zveli xalxia, ukan CamorComili, da ra didi lari da xaziRa unda, rom adamisJmuri wesi eqmnebaTo. miwis keTeba venaxisaTvis _ barva da Toxvnaa da amazed damokidebuli gawmenda venaxisa, dawvena da damuxlva vazisa; sxva ra aris, gvibZanon. avtori rom venaxis miwis keTebas gviwunebs, nuTu amiT imisi Tqma unda, rom barva da Toxvna da maTze damokidebuli muSaoba venaxis miwisa CvenSi jer saWirod cnobili ar aris? an Tu cnobilia, nuTu hgonebia, barva da Toxvna ar viciT, rogorc rigia? yvelaferSi SeuZlian mCvarSi gagvaxvios kacma, magram sTqvas ki, rom qarTvelma kacma barva, Toxvna, gawmenda venaxisa, vazis damuxlva da dawvena ar icodes, _ es mTqmelis mtknari umecroba iqmneba da ara Cvenis xalxisa. marTalia, CvenSi egredwodebul “plan-taJiT” momzadeba miwisa venaxisaTvis ar aris jer SemoRebuli, da Tu aris, kantikuntad, da arc larzed Cayra vazisaa CvenSi gaxSirebuli, magram sxvafriv venaxis miwis keTeba da movla, romelic arsebiTs saWiroebas Seadgens venaxis kargad keTebisas, CvenSi sakmaod kargad ician, imodenad kargad, rom romels evropielsac es Cveneburi codna win ar waumZRvarebia da Tavis WkuiT ukeTebia CvenSi venaxi, gaSenebulic ki amovardnia. amisi magaliTi dResac Tvalwin gvidga zogs alagas da mxolod dasaxeleba ara gvsurs.

Cven amiTi imis Tqma ar gvinda, rom viTomc Cveneburad venaxisaTvis miwis keTebas sanatreli aRara hqondes ra. eg tyuili baqiaoba iqmneba. Cven marto is gvindoda gveTqva, rom Cveneburs keTebas

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miwisas venaxebisaTvis bevri Tavisi sakuTari mizezi sabuTi aqvs, gamocdilebiT Semowmebuli da mecnierTaganac Wkvad misaRebi. eg wesi miwis keTebisa CvenSiac igivea, rac sxvagan, da zogjer sxvagan is ar aris, rac CvenSia. magaliTebr, vazis gadawvenasa da CamuxlvaSi Cven bevri aravina gvjobia da bevrs SeuZlian Cvengan iswavlos ramec. amis gamo gadaWarbebuli Tavmowoneba ar iqneba vsTqvaT, rom Tu zogi ram aklia Cvens xalxs venaxisaTvis miwis keTebis saqmeSi, zogic imisTana ram icis, rom sxvasac aswavlis. urigo ar iqneba msurvelma iswavlos eg zogi ram da tyuilis abruTi gazviadebuli ar iZaxodes: adamisJmuri wesiao. ara, batonebo, TavidaTavi tkivili Cvenis Rvinis saqmisa iq ar aris, saca ese advilad hpouloben Cveni sxvisiT molaparake mecnierni.

IIIIIIIIIIII tfilisi, 21 Tebervali.

erTi juris ostatebi xom venaxis miwis

keTebas gviwuneben, Cvens codnas da gamocdilebas amis Sesaxeb Caladac ar agdeben, meore jurisani TviTon Rvinis dayenebas da keTebas Cvensas abuCad igdeben. arc am juris kacsa aqvs zedmiwevniT gamokvleuli, risTvis ras ambobs! yovelis keTebis avkargianoba nakeTarma unda gamoaCinos. ramo-denadac nakeTaria kargi an cudi, imdonad keTebac kargi, an cudi iyos. es aSkaraa erTma rom kargi uremi gaakeTos, meore ver etyvis, gamkeTebels urmis keTeba ara scodniao. Cvenis Rvinis ostatobis damwunebels rom Cveni Rvino esinja da mis avkargianobisagan gamoeyvana wuni, maSin, ra Tqma unda, sityvas ver SevubrunebdiT, magram ese

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ar iqceva. mas unaxavs, an gaugonia, rom evropaSi sxvadasxva ostatobaa Rvinis keTebisa da dayenebisa, da radganac magave ostatobas aq vera hxedaven, marto amiT swunoben Cveneburs Rvinis keTebas. magaliTebr, safrangeTis ministrma qimikosma Saptalma aRmoaCina, rom SesaZloa mJave Rvinos simJave daukargos kacma Tu fxvnili marmarilo Caayara, simJaves marmarilo Seisvams da mere Zirs daileqebao. mere marmarilos magierad

amisaTvisve TabaSirs (Гипс.) dauwyes xmareba da am TabaSiriT nakeTobas safrangeTSi Platrage-s eZaxian da TviTon sistemas ki “Saptalizacias”. doqtorma ludvig galma Tavis mxriT, sxva ram moigona. amisis azriT, Rvinis sikeTe imazea damokidebuli, Tu ramodena sitkbo aqvs yurZnis wvensa, ese igi, ramodena Saqari, da Tu yurZnis wvens es aklia, unda gangeb Caematoso. amas “gallizacias” eZaxian. garda amisa Rvinos feris misacemad sandals uSvrebian, Wiafersa, lila, alublis wvens, anwls da sxva aTasgvar wamalsa, magaliTebr, Sabsa, rkinis arjaspsa, spirtsa da erTgvars Senarevs tyviisas, romelsac protoqsids (Cerbonate) tyviisas eZaxian. erTgvars nivTierebasac xmaroben Rvinis saferavad da am nivTierebas fuqsini hqvian da zogjer zed dariSxanasac umateben, amas “fuqsinizacias” eZaxian. marTali ki unda sTqvas kacma, rom yovels amas evropaSi didis mec-nierobiT, ostatobiT da xerxiT axerxeben, magram gana kargia yovelive es? nuTu es sakiTxavi da gamosaZiebeli ar aris!

raki yovelive es evropaSia da raki amisTana abruiani saxelebica aqvs, rogoc “Saptalizacia”, “gallizacia”, “fuqsinizacia”, Cvens ostatebs Rvinisas Tavbru unda dasxmodaT. aba Cvenma kacma rogorRa Sehbedos gamoZieba, sityvis Sebruneba,

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mere visa? evropas da evropis mecnierebas! sCans yovelive es kargia, radganac evropaSia miRebuli, da radganac CvenSi, _ jer RvTis madliT, _ SemoRebul ar aris, arc Rvinis keTeba gvcodnia da arc rigiani Rvino gvqonia. ai, razea aSenebuli azri Cvenis mwurTvnelisa Sinaurisa Tu ga-reulisa. ratom aRar ikiTxaven, rom am ostatobiT da mecnierebiT keTeba Rvinisa Rvinis sunsRa arCens yurZnis wvensa? ratom ar ikiTxven, egred nakeTebi Rvino Rvinod CaiTvlebaRa, ese igi im margebel sasmelad, romlisvTvisac buneburi, marTali Rvinoa daniSnuli?

yovels sasmels, Tu saWmels, yovelT uwinaress is upirvelesi Rirseba unda hqondes, rom agebulebisaTvis margebeli iyos da maincdamainc mawyinari ara. yurZnis wvenis sxvadasxva ostatobiT mecnierTagan aRmoCenil wamlebiT gadasxvaveba nuTu ise brmad mosawonia, rom imis mixedviT daiwunos kacma Cveneburi Rvinis keTeba, romelic marto imazea miqceuli, rom yurZnis wvens ara ra Seerios da Rvinos Tavisi buneburi, Seureveli Tviseba hqondes! eg raRac “Platrage”_ia da “fuqsinizacia”, Zalian gavrcelebulia Turme samxreT safrangeTsa, ispaniasa da italiaSi. nuTu es sakmaoa, rom Cvenc imaT avyveT da margebeli sasmeli mawyinarad da adamianis mosawamlavad gadavaqcioT. ai, am fuqsiniT Sezavebul Rvinozed ras ambobs erTi mecnieri hussoni: “erTi Wiqa davlie Tu ara, maSinve yeli gamiSra da SemekumSa, tuCebzed da tuCis kuTxeebSi raRac ugemuroba vigrZeni ase, rom iZulebul gavxdi eniT mesvelebina wamdauwum. gemo SabiT nakeTebs Rvinos ugvanda. ena da tuCebi cotaodnad SemeReba, gulis zidili vigrZen ufro imisagan, rom magisTana Rvino unda damelia”.

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es fuqsiniT nakeTebi Rvino iseTi mawyinaria, rom, _ ukacraod ar viyoT _ Sardsa wiTlada hRebavs da adamians tanSi hxsnis; modiT da amas iqiT gviTxariT, ratom fuqsiniT Rvinos ar akeTebT!.. ratom “fuqsinizacia” _ es maRalxmovani sistema, miRebuli ara gaqvT-Tqo!.. iqneba bevrSi cudad veqceodeT Rvinosa CvenSi, magram amas ki vityviT, rom cudad nakeTebi Rvino margebeli da umjobesia, vidre kargad nakeTebi da mawyinari. amazed dawvrilebiT SemdegSi vecdebiT movi-laparakoT da iqneba cotad Tu bevrad davajeroT vinme, rom Cveneburi Rvinis keTeba ise abuCad asagdebi, ise mCvarSi gasaxvevi ar aris, rogorc zogierTsa hgoniaT, evropis mixedviT Tavbru-dasxmulTa.

IVIVIVIV

tfilisi, 24 Tebervali. jer minam SevudgebodeT imis garCevas, Tu

romeli keTeba Rvinisa umjobesia, Cveneburi Tu sxvaeburi, da erTisa da meoris avkargianobas erTmaneTs pirSi wauyenebdeT utyuaris ganaCenis dasadgenad, saWiroa vicodeT, raSia WeSmariti Rirseba Rvinisa. ra Tqma unda, Rvino, rogorc sasmeli, romelsac marto adamiani hxmarobs, unda gaisinjos imisda mixedviT Tu, _ ragvar uxdeba, ragvars Semweobas uwevs adamianis agebulebas, anu, uked vsTqvaT, ra unda moeTxovebodes Rvinosa.

am saganzed ai ra azria gamoTqmuli mecnierTagan. Rvino sakvebavi ar aris adamianis agebulebisaTvis; igi agebulebas sazrdos ar aZlevso; igi marto sanelebelia da yvelazed ukeTesi sanelebelic, romelic Zalian kargad

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moqmedebs adamianis ZarRvebsa, gunebasa da gonebazeda. amisTana Tvisebam Rvinisam iseTs aRtacebaSi moiyvana Zvels droSi asklepiadi, hipokratis* mimdevari, rom man Tavis TxzulebaSi sTqva: “RmerTTa Zlierebama ara mgonia imodena hqmnas, rac Rvinis sikeTem da sargeblobamao”. es asklepiadi pirveli iyo, rom sxvadasxvagvars sneulebas ufro RviniT swamlobda. mis magaliTs ahyvnen bolos mkurnalni sidenhami, sviteni, hufelandi, granti, huqsami da dasasrul, brounica, romelmac mTeli skola mkurnalobisa Seadgina inglisSi da misi RviniT wamloba dResac cnobilia misisave saxeliT “brounizmi”. mkurnali stokesi dublinSi saxads da saofles RviniT arCens, fodere wiTelas marto RviniTa swamlobs, lebenstein-lebeli TiTqmis yvela sensa marto RviniTa hkurnavs.

es Rvinis margebloba damtkicebulia mecnierTa gamocdilebiTa. magaliTebr, zRvaSi Relvis dros ori gemi momwydeuli yofila, erTi ingliselebisa da meore frangebisa, orsave gemSi gaCeniliyo erTgvari avadmyofoba, romelsac CvenSi piris tkivils, da ufro gaZlierebuls, vgonebT, elqans eZaxian, da mkurnalobaSi “skorbuti” hqvian. frangis mexomaldeTa, romelTac Rvinos asmevdnen Turme, am saSinelma sneulebam ara daaklo ra, ingliselebi ki arays asmevdnen da kinaRam ar gawydnen. rodesac pariJs gars ertya germaniis jari da gasvla-gamosvla aRaravis SeeZlo, zemoxsenebuli seni saSinelis simZlavriT gaCnda. maSin mkurnalma bruadelma Rvino ixmara wamlad da amiT arCina sneulni. amasac amboben, viTomc cieb-cxelebaSi cxroebas anelebs Rvino da

* saxelovani mkurnali Zvelis saberZneTisa scx”ovrebda qristes winad mexuTe saukuneSi da mkurnalTa mamamTavrad dResac cnobilia.

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sazogadod agrilebs adamianis agebulebasa. erTi safrangeTis mwerali Turme amtkicebs, rom im qveynis eri, saca Rvino modis, ufro gonebiT swrafia, moswrebulia, maxvilgonieria, vidre im qveynisa, saca sasmelad ludsa (pivas) hxmarobeno. es iqneba germanelTa mtrobiT mosdis frangsa, iqneba yovels amaSi cotad Tu bevrad gadaWarbebac iyos, magram is ki ueWvelia, rom zomierad miRebuli Rvino Zaliana hrgebs adamiansa; amRerebs da aRonierebs ZarRvebs moqmedebisaTvis, adamianis agebulebas, kuWsa hSvelis kargad moxarSvas da monelebas saWmlisas da yovel amiT aZlierebs Zalsa sacxovrisas. am saxiT, _ ambobs erTi mwerali, _ Rvino margebeli sanelebelia, yvela saneleblebzed gacilebiT umjobesi da upa-tiosnesi, imitom rom yvelazed ukeT aRamaRlebs xolme adamianis Wkuasa da gulsa. erTi ylapi kargis Rvinisa gamoaxalasebs moxucsa da gamoacocxlebs sneulsa, igi Rones moukrebs xolme dauZlurebuls da dasustebulsa.

ra hxdis Rvinos esoden margebelad, esoden sasargeblod! marto erTi yovladSemZlebeli, Seucdomeli, gabrZnobili ostati, romelsac buneba hqvian. marto buneburs Rvinosa sWirs esodeni sikeTe, esodeni madli.

VVVV

tfilisi, 28 Tebervali.

Cven Rvinis keTebis avkargianobis gamo wina we-rilSi* vsTqviT, rom Rvinos margebel da

* ix. “iveria” # 41

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sasargeblo sasmelada hxdis marto erTi buneba da veravin ver gvetyvis, rom aq, Rvinis keTebaSi bunebas kacma ajobos. bussengo, romlis Rvinis analizebi ukanaskneli sityvaa mecnierebisa da romelic am saqmeSi avtoritetad iTvleba, Tavis moxsenebaSi ambobs, rom Tumca mecnierebam am uka-nasknels droSi bevri ram axali aRmoaCina, magram Znelad iTqmis, rom SesaZloa iyos bunebur Rvinis msgavsi ram gangeb gaakeTos adamianis ostatobam da xelmao. eg imitomao, rom buneburis Rvinis ge-mo, suni (buketi) da janis Sesaxebi keTil-moq-medeba, damokidebulia imisTana nivTierebazed, ro-melic jer Cvengan gamocnobili da mignebuli ar ariso. germaniis rjuldeba pirdapir da cxadad ambobs, rom Rvino marto imasa hqvian, rac marto yurZnis wvenisagan keTdeba da sxva ara ra gangeb Careuli da Camatebuli ara aqvs rao. marTalia, sxvadasxvagvari ostatoba Rvinis keTebisa, maga-liTebr, Saptalizacia, gallizacia, petionizacia da sxva akrZaluli ar aris, magram am ostatobiT nakeTebi sasmeli ar SeiZleba kacma hyidos, Tu WurWelzed zed warwerili ar iqneba, ra gziT aris nakeTebio. safrangeTis kanonebi wyalis Cama-tebasac ki RvinoSi falsifikacias eZaxian, ese igi yalbi Rvinis keTebasa*.

CvenSi am saganzed Tavis dReSi araviTari rjuldeba ara yofila, da Tu yofila, Cven arsad Segvxvedria. magram es ki viciT, rom Cveneburi xalxi Zalian hTakilobs RvinoSi yurZnis wvenis meti sxva raime Caurios, da visac eg kantikuntad

* “Journal des Debats” 10 Tebervals 1884 welsa ambobs, _ rom ara kanoni ar uSlis kacs RvinoSi ramdenic unda wyali Caurios, oRond ki, Tu hyidis amisTana Rvinos, muStari ar moatyuos da Rvinis magier wyalRvino ar miaCeCoso. erTi sityviT, gamsyidvelma unda gamoacxados xolme, RvinoSi amdeni wyalia gangeb dasxmuli da amdeni Rvinovo.

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sadme gaubednia, yovelive RonisZieba uxmaria, aravin Semityoso, esoden sircxvilad da codvad miaCnda CvenSi yvelas wminda wveni bunebisagan mocemulis yurZnisa waewymida da SeebRala riTime TavisgniT CamatebuliT da CareviTa. am sifrT-xiles zneobiTis Tvisebisas, sxva sifrTxile da SiSic mosdevda, imitom rom arc erTi vaWari, arc erTi siraji imisTana kacis marans arc ki mieka-reboda, axloc ar gauvlida, da roca amqrobas Tavisi Zala hqonda, Sehkravda kidec marans, rom aravis gaeWaWana. eseTi pativi hqonda CvenSi bune-burs Rvinos, da Tumca eseTi pativi ara aqvs dRes evropaSi, magram iqac ki mainc Znelad moipoveba kaci, rom wminda Seurevel, xelTuqmnels Rvinos yovelTvis win ar ayenebdes xelTqmnilzed. maSasadame, WeSmariti sagani Rvinis keTebisa, amisi Tavi da bolo, buneburis Rvinis Seqmnaa, ese igi yurZnis wvenis daRvinebaa im gziT, ra gziTac TviTon buneba yurZnis wvens saRvinoed amoqmedebs da bussengo ambobs, rom araviTari adamianis mier mogonili Rone amas ver SesZlebso, Tumca mec-nierebam bevri axali iaraRic misca xelSio. mec-nierebam bevri ram aRmoaCina qveyanazed: maga-liTebr, Rvinis daferva Tu ginda, rkinis Sabiamani Caurie RvinoSio; an roca RvinoSi wyals asxam, rom es ar SeemCnios, gogirdis mJave (серная кис-лота) Caasxio; da gana igive mecniereba ar iZaxis, erTic, meorec da mesamec mawyinariao! kacs wyalis gasaReba unda Rvinis saxeliTa da siyalbes gogirdis mJaviT hmalavs, kacs wamlebiT SeuRebavs Rvino da amiT muStaris motyueba hsurs, _ es Rvinis keTebaa?!

ara, Sors Cvengan amisTana Rvinis keTeba! yovels imas, rasac kaci TavisgniT yurZnis wvenSi umatebs, wyalia, Saqaria, Tu gadawmendili arayi da an sxva ram, Cven Rvinis waxdenad CavTvliT da

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amas cotad Tu bevrad davinaxavT, roca imis garCevaSi SevalT, ras iTxovs buneba, rom buneburi Rvino Seiqmnas, da ras moaswaveben is sistemebi Rvinis keTebisa, romelnic Camatebasa da Serevnazed arian dafuZnebulni da Seelizaciad, Saptalizaciad, gallizaciad da petionizaciad saxelganTqmulni.

VIVIVIVI

tfilisi, 3 marti ori juria Rvinis muStrisa da TviTveuli

maTgani Rvinisagan imasa hTxoulobs, rac sakuTrad misTvis sarfaa da saxeiro. am sxvadasxvaobas muStrisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs, imitom rom am sxvadasxvaobis mixedviT sistemac Rvinis keTebisa ornairia. erTgvari muStari Rvinisa Rvinis pirdapiri mxmarebelia, ese igi kaci, romelic hyidulobs Rvinos imisaTvis, rom TviTon svas, TviTon gamoiyenos da moixmaros; meore Rvinis vaWaria, ese igi kaci, romelic hyidulobs Rvinos marto imisaTvis, rom hyidos. pirvels Rvinis saxeliT imisTana sasmeli unda, rom aramc da aramc mawyinari ar iyos, da amisTana sasmeli, rogorc SemdegSi vnaxavT, marto buneburi, Seurevneli, wminda yurZnis wvenis Rvinoa. meore ki, ese igi Rvinis vaWari, marto imas daeZebs, rom sasmeli erTnairis ferisa, erTnairis gemosi, erTnairad gamZle iyos yovels SemTxvevaSi da imodenad hgvandes Rvinosa, rom pirdapirs mxmarebelzed gaasaRos xolme Rvinis saxeliTa. yovelive es SeuZlebelia bunebur RvinisaTvis, Tu wamlebiT SekeTebuli da Serevnili ar aris. amas mere vnaxavT da exla ki vityviT, rom am

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ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi sasmelis uwyinaroba ukan aris dayenebuli, rogorc imisTana bargi, uromlisodac SeiZleba iolad wasvla, maSin rodesac pirvels SemTxvevaSi am uwyinarobas pirveli da ukanaskneli adgili uWiravs. Cveneburad Rvinis keTebas Rvinis pirdapiri mxmarebeli hyavs saxeSi da evropiulad keTebas _ ufro Rvinis vaWari. am orSi romeli keTebaa Rvinisa ufro marTali, ufro kargi, ufro samjobinari da mosawyeni Tavisis azriTa da ganzraxviTa _ eg advilad gamosacnobia.

Cven jer SevudgebiT imis aRweras Tu igi sistema, romelsac saxeSi hyavs pidapiri mxmarebeli Rvinisa, raSi mdgomareobs da rogor uZRveba Tavis daniSnulebas. eg sistema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom kacma moaSoros yovelive is, rac TviTon bunebas uSlis yurZnis wvenis bunebur Rvinod srulad da savsebiT Seqmnasa da im yurZnis wvenSive arsebulTa da moqmedTa ZalTa bunebisasa xeli Seuwyos, xeli moumarTos. magram minam saqme amazed midgeba, Rvinis damyenebelma unda icodes, ra adgilma ragvari Rvino icis, da ragvari Rvinoc hsurs, imgvars SeurCios savenaxe adgilica* buneburi Rvino sxvadasxva aris da eg sxvadasxvaoba damokidebulia miwis sxvada-sxvaobazed. mZime, ese igi Rrmad saxnavs Tixians miwas mohyavs Rvino moWirebulis ferisa, Zlieris suniTa, gemrieli da gamZle. qviSians adgilzed Rvino ise magari ar aris, sunic naklebi aqvs da ufro naklebad gamZlea. kirreul miwaSi Rvino ufro tkbilia da suniT ar aris Zalian gamoCinebuli. mSralis qvianis adgilis Rvino * Cven aq amazed imitom vlaparakobT, rom jer CvenSi _ RvTis madliT _ Rvinis mkeTebeli da venaxisa erTi da igive momqmedia, amitomac rac venaxis patronis avkargianobas uWirs, is Rvinis mkeTebelsac da rac Rvinis mkeTebels, is venaxis patronsaca.

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tkbilia, magari, did xans gamZle da Zlieri suni ki ara aqvs. havasac, rakvirvelia, didi mniSvneloba aqvs Rvinis sikeTisaTvis. humboltis sityviT, orTa Sua temperatura unda iyos 9,50 reomurisa. amasTan zamTris orTa Sua temperatura ar unda iyos 0,50-ze ufro civi da zafxulisa _ 180-ze ara naklebi Tbili. yurZnis wvenis sitkbozed didi keTilmoqmedeba aqvs mziansa da Tbils darsa RvinobisTTveSi. ra Tqma unda, rac havas, dars, sicxe-sicives wlisas Seexeba, aq adamiani yovlad uRonoa Svela ram gauwios bunebasa, minam yurZeni daukrefavia, magram miwis amorCeva da ganoyiereba-gaRoniereba ki mis xelT aris. Rvinis avkargianobazed zedmoqmedeba aqvs TviTon sasuqsac. Zroxis pativi venaxis sasuqad yvelazed ukeTesad cnobilia. Zalian kargad moqmedebs Zvlebis fxvnilica, mJave fosfori, mJave kirica (Суперфосфат), romelsac Zvlebisaganve akeTeben da fosfor-mJave aqvs. CvenSi sasuqs iSviaTad sadme hxmaroben. kaxeTSi TiTqmis sul ar ician, zogan ki, magaliTebr, qarTlSi da somxiTSi ar eridebian. CvenSi am saganzed erTob is azri aqvT, rom sasuqi Rvinos gemos aZlevs da axdenso. marTalic aris: zogierTi sasuqi, raSiac erTnairi nivTiereba “ammoniaki” metismetad Warbad urevia, an sxva ram Zlierad sagrZnobeli ynosisaTvis, hvnebs Rvinosa. raki esea, Cveneburi kaci, kargis Rvinis damyenebeli, erideba sasuqis Setanas saerTod, ra gvaris sasuqic unda iyos. aqac, Tu gnebavT, igiv TanasagrZnobeli azri moqmedobs, rom kacma TavisiT ara gaurios ra, ara Caumatos ra Rvinosa da es uvicobad aravin ar unda CamoarTvas, imitom rom Tu Cveneburma kacma superfosfatebis gakeTeba ar icis, Zroxis pativiT gapativeba xom icis sayaneebisa, da ra dauSlida amave Ronis xmarebas venaxebis gapati-

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vebisaTvisac, Tu ar is azri, rom eg Rvinos avnebso.

rasakvirvelia, adamianis xeliTve aris, TviTonve yurZnis dakrefasac dro SeurCios, da amasac Rvinis sikeTisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs. CvenSi da yvelgan sxvaganac RvinobisTTvis naxevramde daiwyoba xolme yurZnis krefa, zogjer cota gvianac, radganac, Tu kai daria, yurZeni ufro keTdeba, da amas evropaSi cnobuloben sxvadasxa iaraRiTa da RonisZiebiTa, da CvenSi ki gaWyleten marcvals TiTebSua, da Tu TiTebi wvenis gamo erTmaneTs ewebeba da es dawebeba dRedadRe ufro matulobs, amboben, yurZens jer kidev “webo” ematebao da dacla, daxaneba undao imitom, rom am webos metnaklebobazed damo-kidebulia Rvinis sikeTe. am or RonisZiebaTa gamo marto is iTqmis, rom evropiuli ufro xerxiania da meore ufro sada da ubralo, yurZnis kargad damwifebis da Semosvlis sacodnelad ki orive gamosadegia. ra Tqma unda, rom Cveneburma kacma is evropiuli iaraRi SemoiRos, ukeTesi iqneba. xolo eg imas ara hniSnavs, rom Cveneburad Rvinis keTe-baSi daviwyebuli iyos, an ar vicodeT igi wesi, igi moTxovnileba, romelic gveubneba, rom yurZnis dakrefas dro unda SeerCioso.

yurZnis dakrefis dRidgan Tavdeba movaleoba venaxis mkeTebelisa da iwyeba saqme da movaleoba Rvinis mkeTebelisa. Cven venaxis keTebazed bevri ara vsTqviT ra. imitom, rom aq Cven bevrs veravin ras dagviwunebs, visac ki codniT da winadauRe-belis azriT es saqme CvenSi uswavlia. kidevac gavkadnierdebiT da vityviT, rom venaxis da nametnavad vazis movlaSi Cveneburi kaci sxvas aramc Tu Camouvardeba, zogSi sxvas aswavlis kidec. Cven abuCad agdebulni varT marto Rvinis keTebis saqmeSi. dRes gazeTSi uadgilobis gamo

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Cven SevdgebiT im mijnazed, saca Tavdeba venaxis mkeTebloba da iwyeba mkeTebloba Rvinisa.

VII VII VII VII

tfilisi, 4 marti

SevudgebiT ra Rvinis keTebis saqmis aRwerasa, saWiroda vracxT gavixsenoT, rom mecnierebam Tumca bevri RonisZieba aRmouCina kacs yalbis Rvinis keTebisaTvis, magram imav mecnierebam bevri sxva Ronec misca adamians, rom buneburi Rvino jerovanad keTdebodes. Cven marto jer am ukanas-knel RoneTa CamoTvliT da masTan erTad vecdebiT davanaxoT mkiTxvels, ramodenad axloa Tu Sorsaa Cveneburi Rvinis mkeTebeli imazed, rasac am mxriT mecniereba gvirCevs.

raki yurZeni daikrifa im darisa da drois SerCeviTa, rac wina werilSi vsTqviT, kaci unda ecados, SeZlebisamebr, marcvali yurZnisa moaSo-ros klertsa da gadaarCios. klerts rom CvenSi ar aclian yurZensa, amazed imas amboben, rom klertiT marcvali ufro kargad da Cqarac is-riseba fexqveS da wurvas am gziT hSvelis da uxdebao. garda amisa klertis SerCena imisaTvisac saWiroao, rom dawmindavebis dros, roca Rvinos quds gautexen da daureven, klerti Zirs Cadis da leqi Rvinisac Zirs Caaqvso, amis gamo Rvino male dawminddavdeba xolmeo. es ar viciT, ramodenad marTalia da amas marto gamoZieba gamoaCens. xolo es ki cnobilia mecnierTagan, rom klertzed daduRebuli Rvino pirsa hblandavs, Tumca esec ki marTalia, rom klertzed daduRebuli Rvino, ese igi Cveneburi Rvino, ufro adre da male dawminddavdeba xolme, vidre uklerto. Rvinis

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sabazro sagnad gaxdomisaTvis erTi upirvelesi saWiroeba misi dawmendilobaa. rom Cveneburi kaci hzrunavdes, Rvino male aqcios sabazro, savaWro sagnad, eg advilad misaxvedria da Sesawynarebeli-ca. Cvens fuliT xelmokle kacs male unda nake-Taris fulad qceva, rom Semdegis samuSavosaTvis da cxovrebisaTvis saxsari da Rone iqonios. imas Tanxa ara aqvs, rom xeli moinacvlos. Tumca ese xeldaxel Semzadebuli Rvino didxans ara sZlebs, magram Cveneburi bazari amas ar ufrTxis, radganac iq, saca Rvino iSviaTi sanugbari ar aris da Rvi-nis sma TiTqmis saWiroebad aris gadaqceuli, rogorc CvenSi, Rvino male saRdeba da didxans Sesanaxad aRar uxdeba saqme sirajsa. sul sxvaa evropasa da ruseTSi. erTgan da meoreTganac Rvi-nos marto mdidari xalxi svams da mdidari xalxi yvelgan cotaa. saamaTod gamZle Rvinoebi unda, rom gza aitanos da muStars elodos da ucados. xolo iq, saca, magaliTebr safrangeTSi, Rvinos ufro bevri Sinauri msmeli hyavs, maSasadame, muS-trad TviTon Tavisive xalxi eguleba, rogorc CvenSi, iqac hcdiloben axali Rvino male mom-zaddes da gamZleobisas amisTana RvinoebisaTvis bevrs arafers dagideven. iq amisaTvis bevrs gvars ostatobas hxmaroben da amis gamo, magaliTebr pa-riJSi, sayoveldReo xalxisaTvis sasmel RvinoSi imodena marTali yurZnis wvenia xolme, ramo-denadac wamlebiT SekeTebul kvrinCxis wvenSi. es ostatoba iq Zalian kargad ician da, Cvenda sabednierod, jer Cven ar viciT. maincdamainc, Cvenis fiqriT, gemosaTvis uklertod Rvinis dayeneba sjobia, Tumca Cveneburs xalxs Zalian uyvars is piris blandveli Tviseba Cveneburis Rvinisa da umagisod Rvinos gangeb nakeTebs eZaxis. kacia da gunebao, naTqvamia, da Cveneburs kacs rom Tavisi sakuTari guneba hqondes am SemTxvevaSi, vin

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rad unda sZraxos. Tu dasZraxavs, igi daarRvevs im evropiuls andazas, romelic gviqadagebs: De

gustibus non est disputandum, ese igi, gemos Taobazed kacs sityva ar Seebrunebao.

yovel amiT imisi Tqma ar gvinda, viTomc CvenSi klertis gamocda ar icodnen. ician, magram sak-virveli is aris, rom marto im adgilebSi ician, saca Rvino maWrobaSive iyideba TiTqmis dauw-mendavi, magaliTebr, kaxeTis soflebSi _ Saq-riansa, faSaanssa, turiscixesa da zegaanSi, saca Rvino maWrobaSive iyideba. ra wamsac daswuraven xolme, maSinve WaWidam gadaarCeven klertsa da uklerto WaWazed daaduReben Rvinosa. am ad-gilebis maWari gaTqmulia da vaWaric dawurvisve umal etaneba. gansxvaveba aq marto is aris, rom klerts CvenSi dawurvis Semdeg aclian da sadu-Rarad an sul ar aZleven, an Zalian cotas. ra Tqma unda, rom amas sCadis marto SeZlebuli kaci, imitom rom klertis gadarCevas dro d xarji unda. urigo ar iqneba, Cvenma mecnierebma Tavis tyuils abrus cota xans Tavi daanebon da ga-moiZion: Cveneburi xalxi, roca yurZnis wveni saR-vined unda, ratom ar aclis klertsa da roca ki samaWred _ maSin ki rad aclis? es miT ufro sa-gulixmoa, rom Cveneburma kacma klertis gacla zog SemTxvevaSi icis da zogSi ara da; raki esea, umizezo ar iqneba, saRvine wvens yurZnisas kler-tzed aduReben CvenSi yvelgan gamoukebliv, roca ki marTlad Cveneburad ayeneben Rvinosa. vin icis, iqneb klertzed naduRari Rvino ufro gamZlec iyos. amas gvaniSnebs is ambavi, rom saRvine wvens yurZnisas uklertod ar aduReben da samaWres ki aduReben; sCans aq saqme Rvinis gamZleobazea mimdgari da iqneba klerti am gamZleobas rasme hSvelodes. ra Tqma unda, amisi gadaWriT Tqma

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gamouZiebliv Znelia da meti ar iqneba, rom gamoZiebul iqnas klertis Tviseba am mxriT.

VIIIVIIIVIIIVIII

tfilisi, 5 marti

evropaSi aramcTu yuradRebas aqceven, rom yurZnis marcvals klerti moaSoron da ise swuron da daaduRon Rvino, aramed zogierTs saxelovans venaxSi dakrefis dros zed mte-vanzedve makratliT amosWrian xolme gafuWebuls da dagolvils yurZnis marcvlebsa winadve, minam dahkrefen dasawuravad. CvenSi balRic ar moipoveba iseTi, rom ar icodes, ra kargia RvinisaTvis gadarCeva yurZnisa. da Tu yurZnis gadurCevlobas vinme codvad gviTvlis, es Cvens uvicobas, arcodnas ar unda mieweros. aq sxva mizezia da didad pativsadebica. egred gadarCeva karga dros, jafasa da xarjsa hTxoulobs da Cvenis Rvinis fasi ki dRevandels bazarSi iseTi dabalia, rom uamisodac Zlivs ayenebs sazogado xarjsa, rac magis garda Rvinis keTebas unda. rasakvirvelia, magisTana jafas da xarjsa ar moerideba, magaliTebr, Satodikebis patroni markizi lur salusi, romelsac boTli Rvino TiTqmis oTx-xuT manaTad usaRdeba. amisTana fasi ras ar SeaZlebinebs kacsa! aki esec aris. am markizis venaxSi ufro Sorsac midian, magaliTebr TviTveul mtevnisagan marto damwifebul da kargad Semosuls marcvlebs Camoaclian xolme da Semousvlels zed vazzedve danarCenis mtevniT stoveben dasamwifeblad.. modiT da amis mnaxvelma usayvedureT Cveneburs Rvinis mkeTebels, ratom Senc ase ar iqcevi-Tqo. aba oTxisa da xuTis

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manaTis magier boTlSi erTi manaTi mainc aRuTqviT Cveneburs mkeTebels Rvinisas, Tu amanac Tavisi codna yurZnis gadarCevis Taobazed saWirod ar dainaxos da saqmeSi ar gamoiyenos. saqmeSi arxmarebuli codna ucodinarobas ar hniSnavs. vin ar icis CvenSi, rom gadarCeva yurZnisa kargia, da ufro ukeTesia marcvleulad darCeva Tund markiz salusisamebr! mere sarfaa, xeiria CvenSi egeTi mZime da Zviri jafa da garja, Tu am codnis saqmeSi gamoyeneba zaralis mets aras miscems kacsa, radganac am SemTxvevaSi Rvinos siZviriT aravin miekareba... CvenSi vin oxeri iqneba Tavisi Qqoneba zed gadaayolos Rvinis keTebasa, romlis saekonomio mniSvneloba marto sarfa da gamorComaa da sxva ara ra.

yurZeni raki moikrifa da gadirCa, SeZle-bisaebr, dasawuravad midis. amisaTvis CvenSi an xis navia, an qvitkiris sawnaxelebia, kargad galesili. evropaSi sxvagvari sawnaxelebia. iq ficrisagan Sekrulia erTi uSvelebeli oTxkuTxiani ujra, romelsac oTxkuTxiv gverdebi amaRlebuli aqvs. rogorc CvenSi, ise evropaSi amgvar sawnaxelebSi fexiTa swuraven*. iqneba fexiT wurva, romelic CvenSi yvelgan xmarebulia, sasacilod aigdon! marTalia, evropaSi yurZnis dasawuravad exla saqajavsac (Пресс) hxmaroben, magram es kidev sabuTs ar aZlevs Cveneburs mecniers, cxviri zeviT aiwios. jer xom TviTon evropielnic bevrgan fexiTa swuraven da maSasadame, iqac ise yofila. amas Cveni mecnierebi evropielebs ver gaubedaven, metad TvalsaCino tyuili iqneba. meore isa, rom TviTon marTlad mecnierni evropielni

* moiwveven xolme memusikeTa, romelnic sacekvavs ukraven da muSebi sawnaxelSi, SiSvela fexiT Camdgarni, hcekvaoben da am saxiT Seeqcevian kidec da saqmec keTdeba.

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amtkiceben, _ fexiT wurva yurZnisa bevriT sjobnis saqajaviT wurvasao. imaTis sityviT, fexiT wurvisagan ufro Tanabarad isriseba yurZnis marcvali da wipwa marcvlisa, ese igi kurka yurZnisa, ar iWylitebao. saqajvs uamisod veras gziT ver gadaurCeba wipwao da gaWyletili wipwa ki Rvinos wklartavso da amwarebso. es fexiT wurva zogierTs RviniT gamoCenils adgilebSi ise pativcemulia evropielTagan, rom pirvel mtevnebs venaxis patrons _ qals miarTmeven xolme da igi mourideblad xalxis winaSe gaixdis fexsacmelsa da sakuTaris fexiT swuravs morTmeuls yurZensa. Tumca esea, magram am ukanasknel droSi yvela SemZlebeli kaci hyidulobs saqajavsa marto imis gamo, rom saqajaviT ufro male, ufro uxarjod iwurveba yurZeni. saqajavebi CvenSi didi xania SemoRebulia, magram xalxi ara hxmarobs pirvel gada-wurvisaTvis; mxolod fexiT nawur WaWas gaatarebs xolme saqajavSi danarCenis wvenis gamosawuravad. marTalia, Cveneburi saqajavi iseTi ostaturi ar aris, rogorc evropiuli, magram arc ise Zviria, rogorc iqauri. aSkaraa, CvenSiac scodniaT, rom SeiZleba wurva saqajaviTac, da erTi vikiTxoT, ratom saqajaviT wurva ar dauwyviaT?! vsTqvaT evropiuls saqajavs imitom ara hxmaroben CvenSi, rom Zviria, an moxmareba ar icis Cveneburma kacma, ratom Sinauri saqajavi mainc ar uxmariaT, _ es xom arc Zviria da arc Zneli mosaxmarebeli? sCans amas sxva mizezi aqvs da im mizezTa Soris ukanaskneli adgili ar uWiravs mas, rac fexiT wurvis sikeTezed Cven zeviT movixsenieT. aq xarji, siswrafe muSaobisa kidev imisaTvis Seuwiravs Cveneburs kacsa, rom RvinoSi wipwis iotic ar gaerios, ese igi sxva gareSe ram. amas Zalian erideba Cveneburi Rvinis

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keTeba, rogorc winadac vsTqviT, da es SiSi da sifrxTile TanasagrZnobelia.

IXIXIXIX

tfilisi, 7 marti

raki yurZeni daiwureba xolme ase Tu ise, tkbils miuSveben xolme boWkaSi. TiTqmis yvela evropielni Rvinis WurWlad am SemTxvevaSi da sazogadodac, boWkasa hxmaroben. rasakvirvelia, Sesanaxavad sxva saxis boWkaa da saduRarad sxva saxis, da am ukanasknelT rusulad hqvian “Cani”. CvenSi ki ufro bevrgan pirdapir sawnaxelisa Tu navis milidan qvevrSi miuSveben xolme. xolo am bolos xanebSi zogan “Canebsaca” hxmaroben da Sig “CanebSica” swuraven kidec, gansakuTvrebiT wiTels Rvinosa. arsad ar Segvxvedria amogve-kiTxa, rom evropaSi tkbili ramdensame wverad gahyon da ise cal-calke WurWelSi aduRon. CvenSi ki ician: visac didi mosavali mosdis, saw-naxelidamve gamosuls tkbils sam wverad dahyobs da calke-calke qvevrSi miuSvebs. erTi wvero igia, rac muSebis pirvel gavlaze wveni wamova sawnaxelidam. amas calke miuSveben da amboben, amisi dabali Rvino dadgebao, radganac rac WuWyi, mtveri Cahyolia yurZens da rac meti wyali aqvs, am pirvel nawur wvens gahyvebao. am wvenis feri TiTqmis mRvrie wylis feria. wveni amis Semdeg male icvlis xolme fersa, ase rom kaci TvaliT advilad SeamCnevs. raki es moxdeba, axla wvens sxva qvevrSi miuSveben; nabolovarad wveni erTxel kidev icvlis fersa, ufro moWirebulis ferisa Seiqmneba, ufro sqeli da weboiani, da maSin mesame qvevrSi miuSveben. ra Tqma unda, amas marto didis

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mosavlis patroni iqms. saqme is aris, rom am sam wverad dayofas tkbilisas Tvisi cxadi azri da sabuTi aqvs. amgvarad gancalkevebas sxvadasxva siwmindisa, ferisa da sisqis tkbilisas, cota Tu bevri zedmoqmedeba unda hqondes Rvinis sike-Tezedac.

amas marto erTi nakli aqvs, Tumca advilad mosaSorebeli, magram sakmaod yurs ar aTxoveben CvenSi. am SemTxvevaSi TviTveul wver tkbili-saTvis qvevri imodena unda iyos, rom erTs dRis nawurma tkbilma saduRarad mohyaros qvevri. Tu qvevri imodenad didia, rom ramdenisame dRis sawuri saduRarad Zlivs mohyris, maSin tkbilis meore da mesame dRes Camateba duRils axanebs, agvianebs: duRilis male gaTavebisaTvis saWiroa erTisa da imave drois nawuriT erTsa da imave dRes qvevri, Tu ram sxva WurWeli, imodenad aivsos, ramodenadac qvevrs Tu WurWels duRilisaTvis avseben xolme.

raki tkbils, ese igi wvens yurZnisas, qvevrSi Tu raime sxva WurWelSi Caayeneben, mas mermed daiwyeba is buneburi moqmedeba, romelsac CvenSi duRils eZaxian. yvelazed metad, Tu ar mTlad, am bunebur moqmedebazea damokidebuli Rvinis siav-karge, imitom rom yovelisfriT erTisa da imave yurZnis wvenisagan SesaZloa sxvadasxva Rvinoc dadges, Tu duRili sxvadasxva garemoebaSi mos-vlia, sxvadasxva gvarisa da xarisxisa hqonia.

saWiroa WaWa da klerti Caayolon tkbilsa, Tu ara? Cven duRils buneburi moqmedeba vuwodeT, imitom rom duRili aq kacis xeliT micemulis wamliT, Tu nivTierebiT ar aRiZvris xolme; nivTierebas Tu wamals TviTon buneba aZlevs yurZensa. gamoCenilma pasterma daamtkica, rom igi nawevri, romlis gamoc tkbili aduRdeba xolme, zed yurZnis marcvlis kanzedve aris mtversaviT,

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anu ukeT vsTqvaT, haosaviT. pasterma gangeb sacdelad didi sifrTxiliT wveni ise gamowura yurZnis marcvalsa, rom hao ar Caayola; nawuri minis WurWelSi Caasxa da haeri ar miakara, imitom rom haerSiac yovelTvis aris is samikroskopo sxeuli, romelsac amaduRebeli Tviseba aqvs. yurZnis wveni minaSi ar aduRda da roca is mtveri, Tu hao, yurZnis marcvlis kanisa CauSva, marto mas Semdeg daiwyo wvenma duRili. aqedan ra gamodis? ras gvaswavlis, ras gveubneba es magaliTi? amis pasuxs Semdeg nomerSi mogaxsenebT da am pasuxisagan aixsneba, ris maqnisic aris WaWa da ra saWiroebas Seadgens Rvinis keTebis saqmeSi.

XXXX

tfilisi, 9 marti

wina werilSi moviyvaneT gamoCenilis pasteris nacadi, rom yurZnis marcvlis kanzed aris erTgvari mtveri, Tu hao, romelic aduRebs yurZnis wvensa da uromlisodac wveni srulebiT ara hduRs. aqedam ra gamodis? is gamodis, rom vinc WaWas ar Caayolebs tkbils, igi imas aklebs, rac duRilsa hSvelis da xels umarTavs, imitom rom, Tumca nawurs tkbils nametnavad fexiT nawurs, igi amaduRebeli hao gahyveba, magram ufro meti ki zed WaWas SerCeba da amitomac uWaWoba unda auZlurebdes duRils da miT agvianebdes da axanebdes. iqneba kidec es iyos mizezi im yvelasagan cnobil ambavisa, rom uWaWod naduRi tkbili gvian dawminddavdeba, gvian daRvinovdeba xolme, radganac adre dawmindaveba Rvinisa adre daduRebazea damokidebuli. ra Tqma unda, rom WaWis micema tkbilis kargad da male aduRebisa

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da daduRebisaTvis egre mecnierulad ar aris mignebuli CvenSi, rogorc pasters miugnia, magram gamocdilebiT ki ucvnia Cveneburs kacs, rom Rvinis kargad aduRebisaTvis WaWa saWiroa.

garda amisa WaWa TeTri yurZnisa, Tu Savisa, _ sxva samsaxursac uwevs Rvinosa: igi fers aZlevs, hRebavs Rvinos. TviTon evropielni wiTelis Rvinis dasayeneblad Savis yurZnis WaWas aZleven duRilis dros, ise rogorc CvenSi viciT, imitom rom saferavi Tu saReravi yurZnis marcvlis kanSia*. es saferavi, rogorc Savs yurZensa aqvs, isec TeTrsa TavTavisdagvarad. am saferavebiT TeTriT TeTrs da SaviT Savs Rvinosa vferavT xolme, roca WaWazed vaduRebT tkbilsa, imitom rom duRilis dros marcvlis kansa tkbili gamoswovs xolme saferavsa da iRebeba, Tu nametnavad kani kargad gasresilia. es viciT da WaWas sxvaTa Soris amisTvisac CavayolebT xolme tkbilsa. xolo es ki zogjer gvaviwydeba, rom raki Rvinos davurevT da WaWa Zirs wava da daileqeba, mas Semdeg WaWa aRarc Semdegis Cumis duRilisaTvis aris saWiro, aRarc saferavad, da Tu ar axdens, aRara hSvelis. axla gvetyvian: rad gindaT rom TeTrs Rvinosac hRebavTo? Cven kidev amas vetyviT: kacia da guneba. Tu WaWis gamo wiTeli Rvino ara hxdeba, radganac TviTon evropielni wiTelis RvinisaTvis tkbils usaTuod WaWazed aduReben, TeTris Rvinis WaWazed dayeneba rad unda gveyvedrebodes da arcodnaSi gveT-vlebodes! TeTri moWirebuli feri Rvinisa moswons Cvens xalxsa da dRevandels bazars, ise rogorc Savi moWirebuli feri wiTelis Rvinisa.

* iqneba CvenSi ar icodes zogma, rom Savis yurZnis wveni, ise frTxilad

gamowuruli, rom tyavi marcvlisa ar gaisrisos, TeTria, anu, uked vsTqvaT, wylis feria.

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eseTi mowoneba iqamde gaZlierebulia CvenSi, am bolos xanebSi sirajebi siyalbesac ki aRar eridebian da sxvadasxvagvar wamlebiT TeTrs, magram mcqral Rvinos, gangeb moWirebul fers aZleven.

klerts rom ar aclian da tkbils Tan Caayoleben CvenSi, amasac Tavisi sabuTi hqonia da aqvs imis garda, rac winad vsTqviT. klerti Rvinos keTil sunnovanobas hmatebs da gamZleobis Rones aZlevs Turme. klertSi erTgvari nawevaria

(Дубилъное вещесто), romelic am samsaxurs uwevs Rvinosa. uamisod keTilsunnovaneba da gamZleoba imodenad ar gamohyveba Turme Rvinos. amas TviTon mecnieri RvinismkeTebeli tardani amtkicebs da Tu amas davujerebT, Rvinis gemosac ki ufro sa-siamovnoda hxdis is simJave, romelic enasa hkbens da klrtisagan warmosdgebao. gamodis, rom im sikeTis garda, rac klertzed winaTa vsTqviT, _ es sikeTenic klertis wyalobiT hqonia Rvinosa. ar viciT, es ramdenad marTalia da Tu marTalia, marTalni yofilan Cveneburi Rvinis damye-nebelnica, romelnic uklertod Rvinos ar aduReben. Tqma ar unda, rom yvelgan saWiroa zomiereba. zomas gadametebuli puris Wamac ki mawyinaria. CvenSi kargma Rvinis mkeTebelma da damyenebelma kargad icis, ramdeni WaWa da klerti misces da zomas Tavis dReSi ar gadaacilebs. CvenSi kargad ician, rom gadaWarbebuli WaWa da klerti Rvinos avnebs. amazed ityvian xolme, “daswvavso” Rvinos. maSasadame, Tu esea, rom klerti Rvinis gemos aramcTu afuWebs, akeTebs kidec, da amas garda sxva sikeTec moaqvs _ raRa sabuTi aqvT wuni dasdon Cvens Rvinis keTebas am mxriTa! Tu es klertis Cayoleba Secdomaa da Tu amisTanebSi imisTana mecnieri hcdeba, rogorc

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tardani, Cven es Secdoma rad unda gvekiJinos abrugazviadebul gabedviT da kadnierebiTa!

XI XI XI XI

tfilisi, 11 marti

sawnaxelidam yurZnis wvenis gamoSvebis Semdeg iwyeba sxva axali xana Rvinis keTebisa da am xanas yvelazed meti mniSvneloba aqvs Rvinis sike-TisaTvis. eg xana igi droa, rodesac tkbili duRilSi Sedis. evropaSi duRilisaTvis qvis WurWelic aris da xisac, rogorc magaliTebr, “Cani” da “boWka”, da yvela is Wurweli haerzed dgas sardafSi, an maranSi. CvenSi TiTqmis yvelgan qvevri ician, miwaSi cotad Tu bevrad Rrmad Cafluli. am qvevrsac gviwuneben. Semdeg naxavT, zogierT mcireoden uxerxobasTan, ramdeni saxerxo da samjobinari sikeTe sWirs Cveneburs qvevrsa da ramodenad eggvari WurWeli Seferebulia masTan, rasac duRili iTxovs da Senaxva.

kargis duRilisaTvis, garda imisa, rom kargad damwifebulis yurZnis wveni unda iyos, saWiroa siTbo ara nakleb 100-isa da ara umetes 150-isa reomuris termometriT. evropaSi, maranSi, anu sardafSi, saca tkbili hduRs, Tu 100-zed naklebi siTboa, an “Cans”namjas Semoaxveven garSemo, an cecxls aanTeben gangeb amisaTvis gakeTebul buxarSi da oTaxsaviT aTboben ramdenic saWiroa, _ da Tu 150-zed metia, gangeb agrileben. maSasadame, sardafi an marani gangeb am or SemTxvevisaTvis aSenebuli unda iyos. aseTi marani, Tu sardafi, Zvirad daujdeba kacs; amazed rom kaci zed gadaegos CvenSi xeiria da gamorComis imedic imodena unda hqondes, rom Rvinom, Tavis

151

sakuTaris xarjis garda, sardafzed, an maranzed daxarjulis fulis Tavni da sargebeli Tavis drozed cotcotaobiT daubrunos patronsa. zogan aris kidec CvenSi amisTana Zvirfasi marnebi, magram ufro saxelisaTvis, vidre saxravisaTvis da gamorComisaTvis; winadaca vsTqviT, _ Rvino CvenSi jer Zlivs aayenebs xolme Tavis xarjis fassa da im mcireodens gamorComas, rasac yoveli kaci yovelis mrewvelobisagan samarTlianad moelis. maincdamainc amisTana marans marto SeZlebuli kaci Tu Sewvdeba da amisTana kacebi CvenSi marto oriodea, umravlesoba ki uRonoa amisaTvis. amitomac CvenSi ufro bevrgan farRalala marnebia, xSirad marto walmiT daxuruli, bevrgan ukedleboca. maSasadame, pirvel SexedviT kaci ifiqrebs, rom CvenSi ara scodniaT haeris siTbo-sigrilis mniSvneloba duRilisaTvis. aba farRa-lala maranSi, ra Tqma unda, Tavisuflad imuSavebs civi Tu Tbili haeri da amitom arc mets siTbos eSveleba da arc mets sigrilesa. Sescdebian, vinc ase ifiqrebs: daakvirdiT, WurWeli, raSiac CvenSi tkbils aduReben, ra adgilas aris. igi Rrmad Casmulia da gared haerzed ara sdgas. ratom? sxvaTa Soris imitom, rom verc gareTi sicxe Caatans miwas ise male da xelaRebiT, verc sicive. miwa inaxavs qvevrs erTsa da imave siTbo-sigrileSi da gareTi haeris cvlileba magodenad ara swvdeba qvevrsa da aqedam tkbilsa, romelica qvevrSi hduRs. ityvian, rom radganac qvevri awowvilia, ese igi, maRali, amis gamo sxvadasxva wels tkbilisas sxvadasxva siTbo-sigrile eqmnebao: TavSi, miwis zedapirze axlos tkbili erTs siTbo-sigrileSi mohyveba, qveda pirSi sxvaSio. es cotad Tu bevrad marTalia, magram eg imodena TabauTs ara iqms, rom xelCasakidebel mizezad gaxdes qvevris dawunebisaTvis. gada-

152

metebul sicxes Znelad Tu Sexvdeba kaci, radganac kai venaxis patrons mouxdeba Rvinis daduReba an enkenisTTvis bolos an RvinobisTTvis dasawyiss, roca magrerigad ara cxela da CvenSi am xanebSi iSviaTia iseTi sicivec, rom miwa 100-zed nakleb siTbozed Camoaxdinos. saqme is aris, rom am 100 da 150-s SuaTanabari siTbo-sigrile hqondes WurWels garSemo, _ da qvevrs, miwaSi Cveneburad Cafluls, usaTuod es Tanabaroba eqmneba, radganac, aki vambobT, cvlileba gareTis haerisa miwas magrerigad ver Caatans xolme da mis siTbo-sigriles egre advilad ver Sescvlis. Tu kacma termometriT asinja miwis siTbo-sigrile qvevris miwis Tavidam bolomde sxvadasxva siRrmezed, ara gvgonia rom enke-nisTTvis dasasruls da RvinobisTTvis dasawyiss termometrma 110_120-zed naklebi aCvenos da 150-zed meti, Tu Zalian iSviaTs weliwads ar SevxvdebiT. CvenSi gadametebulis siTbosi ufro hSinebiaT, rogorc etyoba, imitom rom kargi damyenebeli Rvinisa TrTvils elis da mere hkrefavs venaxsa. TrTvili dasawyisia sicivisa, aqedam sCans gadametebulis sicxis SiSi ufro hqoniaT. marTalia, es imiTac aixsneba, rom TrTvili yurZnis marcvals hkumSavs, cotad aWknobs da, amboben, mets wyals acliso, magram am patara sikeTes ar anacvlebdnen im dids sikeTesa, rac RvinosaTvis duRilia, Tu Tan imisi imedi ara hqonodaT, rom enkenisTTvis bolos da Rvino-bisTTvis dasawyiss duRilisaTvis meti sicxe ufro safiqrebelia, vidre meti sicive. xSirad asec aris, nametnavad kaxeTSi.

garda amisa, erTs rasmes kidev vityviT. vin ar icis enkenisTTvis damlevs da RvinobisTTvis dasawyiss dRis siTbo-sigrile ramodenad icvleba RamRamobiT CvenSi. es cvlileba omdenad didia,

153

rom yvela WurWels Seatans, haerzed mdgomares, ase rom WurWels dRisiT rom 120-s siTbos scemdes, RamRamobiT 90_da 100_ siTbo dahkravs, Tu ar kidev naklebi. esodeni cvlileba gana ar imoqmedebs amgvars WurWelSi Rvinis duRilzed? mere Sekruls sardafsa da maranSi xom wminda haerisaTvis samuSavod sadme an fanjara, an kari Ria hqondes, rom naxSirJangis buRma kaci ar daarCos. aSkaraa, am metnaklebobas siTbo-sigrilisas am SemTxvevaSi Znelad ram eSveleba da WurWeli, raSiaca hduRs tkbili, dRisiT mometebul siTboSi iqneba da RamiT naklebSi. qvevrs ki amiT an sul ara dauSavdeba ra, an Zalian cota ram, imitom rom miwaSia, da gareTis haeris cvlileba ise advilad ver Caatans da, maSasadame, ver Sescvlis miwis siTbo-sigrilesa.

Cvenis marnebis farRalalobas erTi sxva sikeTe sWirs: amisTana marani uSiSia adamianisaTvis da amas ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar mieqces. daxuruls, yovelis mxriT Sekruls marans, Tu sardafs, duRilis dros sifrTxile unda, Torem SeiZleba kacic Seiwiros. roca tkbili dids duRilSia da buybuyebs, maSin zemoT burcebs anu qafs moigdebs. aqedam erTnairi buRi gamodis, romelsac naxSirmJaves eZaxian mecnierni. es buRi rom CaisunTqos kacma Zalian advilad dairCoba. rom daxuruls da Sekruls maranSi, Tu sardafSi, kacs es ar daemarTos duRilis dros, xSirad unda amisTana sardafsa, Tu maranSi wminda haeri amuSavos da atrialos, rom is buRi gavides da wminda haeri Sevides. evropaSi amis asacdenelad kargad damwvars kirsac hxmaroben: sardafsa Tu maranSi, mohfenen xolme kirsa, da radganac naxSirmJaves Zalian izidavs kiri, amitomac, ramo-denadac amodis duRilis gamo, imodenad kiri sWams, Tu ese iTqmis.

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Cveneburs kacs gamocdilebiT ucvnia es viTareba duRilisa da rom meti jafa da sifrTxile ar aekviatebina, samjobinarad dauna-xavs Ria marani, saca yovelTvis naxSirmJavesac gamosavali aqvs da wminda haersac Sesavali; asa-duReblad saWiro siTbo-sigrilis Tanabarobi-saTvis qvevri cotad Tu bevrad Rrmad Causvams miwaSi da amasTanave aucilebeli saWiroeba Rvinis keTebisa Tavis jibis metnaklebobisaTvis Seufere-bia. aq, rogorc vnaxeT, magrerigad arc mwvadi iwvis da arc Samfuri.

XIIXIIXIIXII

tfilisi, 13 marti. ra yurZenic gindaT aiRoT, misi wveni, mec-

nierTa gamokvleviT, erTisa da imave nawevrebisagan aris Semdgari, gansxvaveba marto nawevrebis met-naklebobaSia. es nawevrebi arian 1) Saqari, romel-sac zogjer asSi ocdaaTi wili uWiravs, ese igi, 30% da 14%-ze naklebi ki ar varga rom iyos; 2) azoti, romelic duRils hSvelis, 0,2% _ 0,8%; 3) peqtini da sxva webos momcemi nawevrebi; 4) sxva nawevarebi, romelnic jer gamocnobilni ar arian da romelnic Rvinos gemosa da suns aZleven; 5) organiuri simJaveni da marilebi _ tartarisa da 6) uorganiuri: fosforis simJave, xlori kal-ciiT, patasi, magnezia rkiniTa da Savi qviTa.

wveni yurZnisa, Tbil dReSi dakrefilisa, dawurvilisa, TiTqmis maSinve mohyveba duRilsa da erTis dRisa Tu dRenaxevris ganmavlobaSi hma-tulobs imisdagvarad, ramodena siTboa maranSi. TviTon duRili aTbobs wvens zogjer reumuris termometris 280-dan, magram duRilma rom Tavis

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rigzed imuSavos, saWiroa wvenis siTbo 220 _ 230-mde mainc avides. Tu 290-s gadascilda siTbo, ma-Sin Saqris alkogolad gadaqcevas xeli eSleba da TviT alkogolic cxare duRilSi naxSirmJaves gasdevs. Saqris alkogolad gadaqcevaSia umTavresi da upirvelesi mniSvneloba duRilisa.

duRilis xangrZlioba imazea damokidebuli, Tu raodeni Saqari aqvs wvens da ramodenad Tbila, amis gamo zogan didxans hduRs Rvinoebi. zogan ara, ase rom sul naklebi oTxi dRea, da meti or kviras Znelad gadascildeba. xani duRilisa orTa Suad miRebulia rva dRidgan xuTmet dRemde. kaci advilad Seatyobs, roca duRili gaTavdeba xolme. duRilis gaTavebis Tavis drozed Setyobas Tavis mniSvneloba aqvs da es mniSvneloba Cveneburma kac-mac icis, ise rogorc evropielma. jer TvaliTac Seetyoba duRilis gaTaveba. raki buybuyi aRar ismis da burcs, romelSiac naxSirmJavea, aRar ikeTebs wveni, didi duRili gaTavebulia. yuri ki rom daadoT qvevris pirs, anu “Cans”, romelSiac evropielebi tkbils adureben, Signidam mainc SiSini mogesmis. es patara duRilia. TandaTan es SiSinic ufro nakleb da nakleb ismis da bolos srulad miswydeba. amis Semdeg, WaWa zeviT wamova da Tavzed ise magrad Seikvris, rom ketiT gasarRvevi gaxdeba xolme. amas rogorc CvenSi, isec safrangeTSi, quds eZaxian. rogorc CvenSi, isec safrangeTSi am qudsa stexen da daureven. duRili xelaxlad Tavs iCens. am duRilSi zemod moqceuli WaWa da Txle TandaTan Zirs Cadis da Rvino iwmindeba. amasobaSi Rvinos siTbo TandaTan akldeba ase, rom Sig RvinoSi oTxi-xuTi gradusi siTboRaa meti gareTis haeris siTboze. yvelazed utyuari maCvenebeli misi, rom duRili gaTavda erTi niSania: ramdenadac Saqari alkogolad iqceva, imdenad sisqe (плотностъ) Rvinisa hklebu-

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lobs da Txeldeba. es kleba sisqisa duRilis klebis maCvenebelia; amisaTvis erTnairi iaraRi aqvT evropielebs, romelsac “areometrs” eZaxian, _ amas CauSveben RvinoSi da Tu 12-is saaTis ganmavlobaSi cvlileba ara aCvena ra, utyuari sabuTia duRilis gaTavebisa. marTalia, Cven am iaraRs ara vxmarobT da sasurvelia, rom xmarebaSi Semovides, _ magdonadac Zviri ar aris da advili mosaxmarebelia, _ xolo aqedam is ar gamodis, rom raki magas ara vxmarobT, arc is viciT, rom duRilis gaTavebas Tavis drozed Setyoba unda da SetyobisaTvis cotad Tu bevrad gzac ar vicodeT.

am qudis gatexis da darevis Semdeg Rvino da-sawmendad miiqceva xolme. Cveneburi kaci TviTon Rvinis bunebas miendoba xolme am SemTxvevaSiac da dawmendisaTvis arafers wamals ara hxmarobs. raki WaWa-Txle Zirs wava da Tan Caitans RvinoSi gaux-snel nawevarebsac, Semdeg amisa Rvinos simJave ak-ldeba, eZleva suni, da maSin ityvian, Rvino dadga, maWari daRvinovdao. raki Rvino am donemde mivida maSinve unda gadaiRon, nametnavad Tu WaWa da klerti micemuli aqvs, imitom rom WaWa da kle-rti amis Semdeg swyens Rvinosa da aRarafersa hSvelis.

CvenSi amas yurs ar aTxoveben xolme, imitom ki ara, viTomc ar icodnen, rom WaWa da Txle dawmendis mermed swyins Rvinosa, Tu xani das-calda, aramed imitom, rom CvenSi axlad daw-mendils Rvinos muStari uCndeba TiTqmis maSinve da amis lodinSi Cveneburi gaWirvebuli kaci ara hCqarobs Rvinis gadaRebas, miT ufro, rom WaWa-Txlezed Rvino ufro gemoiani, sunnelovani da wmindaa xolme da muStars advilad moawonebs Tavsa. amitomac imis magier, rom giorgobisTTveSi gadaiRos Rvino da xelaxlad ucados imis daw-

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mendas muStrisaTvis, igi didxans Txle-WaWazed inaxavs Rvinos, da Tu moucda lodini, mainc Te-bervals da marts aRar gadaacilebs da gadaiRebs xolme. mets Znelad Tu vinme ayovnebs, imitom rom, Tu gadaRebaSi siTbom moaswro, SesaZloa Rvinom xelaxlad duRili daiwyos da am gvians duRils Rvinis waxdena mosdevs. es CvenSiac ise kargad ician, rogorc evropaSi, da amitomac, minam siciveebi gava, Rvinos usaTuod gadaiReben xolme. raki Rvino gadaRebisaTvis mzad Seiqmneba, am dRidam Rvinis dayeneba Tavdeba da iwyeba Tada-rigi Rvinis Senaxvisa.

XIIIXIIIXIIIXIII

tfilisi, 17 marti

Rvinis SenaxvisaTvis yvelazed uwinares saWiroa, rom TviTon yurZnis wvensa hqondes unari gamZleobisa bunebiT dayolili. CvenSiac da evropaSiac es Zalian kargad ician. aqac da iqac isic Zalian kargad ician, rom gamZleoba bune-buris Rvinisa sxvasxva wamlebzed ki ar aris damokidebuli, aramed imazed, Tu ra juris yurZenis wvenia Rvinod gardaqmnili da ra miwazea gaCenili TviTon yurZeni. CvenSi, magaliTebr, miRe-bulia, rom rqawiTeli, mwvane, romelTac xSirad ferisaTvis mcvivanas ureven, an mcvivanis yurZnis WaWazed aduReben, TeTrs gamZle Rvinos iZleva, agredve wiTels gamZle Rvinos – wminda, Seure-veli saferavi. es kidev sakmao ar aris, rom Rvinis gamZleobis imedi iqonios kacma. didi saqmea isic, Tu romels da ra Tvisebis miwazea moyva-nili yurZeni. Tu rqawiTeli, mwvane an saferavi mZime, Rrmad mosaxnav Tixian miwazea, _ amaTi wveni

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ufro gamZle Rvinos iZleva, vidre igive yurZeni qviSians miwazed mosuli, es CvenSiac ise kargad ician, rogorc evropaSi. amitomac tyuili cdaa, _ yovel juris da miwis yurZnis Rvinos gamZleoba mianiWon, Tu ar sxvadasxva wamlebiT, da maSin bunebur Rvinozed xom xeli unda aiRon.

Cven Rvinoebs swamoben, rom gamZleoba ara aqvso, male hfuWdebao. es bevrSi marTalia, magram es ucodinarobis brali ki ar aris, aramed imisi, rom ufro bevri Rvino CvenSi im miwis venaxebisaa da im juris yurZnisa, romelnic bunebiTad gamZle Rvinos ar iZlevian, Tu raime wamlebiT ar Seazave da am gziT adre da male ar gaafuWe, ese igi, buneburi Rvino wamlebiT nakeTeb Rvinod ar gardahqmen. Cven rom vsTqviT, gauZleoba Cvenis Rvinisa bevrSi marTaliao, imitoma vsTqviT, rom zogSi marTali ar aris. CvenSiac aris gamZle Tvisebis Rvino, saca jura yurZnisa da Tviseba miwisa amas xels umarTavs da Seswevs. ara erTi da ori venaxis patronia CvenSi, romelsac ucdia, rva, aTi da meti weliwadic Seunaxavs Rvino, da unaxavs, rom mis Rvinos gauZlia didxans da am gaZlebaSi ufro gakeTebula yvelafriT. amisi magaliTi ara erTi da ori yofila da aris CvenSi dResac. ratom yvela Rvino ar aris amisTanao, _ amis Tqma, da imisi, ratom yvela kaci bismarki ar ariso _ erTi da igivea. ufro Wkuas axloa kacma es ikiTxos: Tu egrea, ratom didi xniT Sesa-naxavad Rvinos sulac ar ayenebeno sabazrod? imi-tom rom sarfa ar aris, radganac, rac dReisamde bazaria CvenSi, siZvires amgvaris Rvinisas ver aitans da arc muStari hyavs.

aba aiReT, magaliTad, Semdegi angariSi. Sevinaxe da gamovayene, vsTqvaT, aTis wlis Rvino ricxviT oTxasi Tungi, ese igi erTi kaxuri uremi; imisTana Rvino, romelic Sesanaxavad gamodgeba, cotad Tu

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bevrad kargi Tavi Rvino unda iyos; amisTana Rvinos, sul cota rom vsTqvaT, ormoc Tumnad gahyidiT adgilobriv, axlobaSive, ese igi, boTls erTs abazad. vinaxe es Rvino aTi weliwadi, jer martivi sargebeli, Tund eqvsi rom viangariSoT, aTs weliwadSi ormoc Tumanzed ocdaoTxs Tuman Seadgens; aRaras vityviT rTuls sargebelzed, romelic Tavns TiTqmis uswordeba rva weliwadSi, ese igi aTs weliwadzed adre. jer am gziT aTs weliwads ukan igi erTi uremi Rvino samocdaoTx Tumnad unda damijdes. axla amisi movla am aTs weliwadSi, Rvinis dakleba gadawmend-gadmow-mendaSi, xarji, WurWelis daxafreba, WurWelis recxva da sxva amisTana, erTs amodenas Tu ar mets esec Seadgens da am saxiT aTs weliwads Sem-deg Cemi ormocTumniani Rvino ass Tumnad mizis da Tu boTli adgilobrivve aTs Saurad mainc ar gavyide, me verc Cems gasamjelosRa aviReb, romelsac am SemTxvevaSi mTels aTs weliwadSi sul Tormet Tumans vangariSob, verc sargebels da Tavnzedac ZlivZlivobiT gamoval. aba erTi ikiTxeT: romeli suleli iqneba, dRevandeli ormocTumniani Rvino aTi weliwadi inaxos, rom ass Tumnad daujdes da, maSasadame ass Tumnadac rom gahyidos, TiTqmis ara moigos ra. Tund amisTana suleli iyos vinme, axla amas aRar ikiTxavT: sad aris amisTana Rvinis msyidveli? maSin, rodesac Cveneburi bazari amav Rvinos axlobaSive boTls erT abazad hyidulobs alagobriv da Tu TviTon aTs Saurzed nakleb gah-yida, hzaralobs kidec, _ imedia gana TviTon es bazari aTs Saurad boTls iyidda alagobriv? aT Saurad alagobriv nayidi boTli xom manaTnaxevrad unda gahyidos, an sul cota _ manaTad mainc, rom gamorComa hnaxos rame. vin aris CvenSi am Zviris Rvinis msmeli? erTi oriode kaci, isic sagangebod

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da ara sayoveldReod. suleloba da ugunurobaa oriode kaczed gaangariSebuli, daimedebuli, saero mrewveloba rame, magaliTebr amisTana, rogorc CvenSi Rvinis mrewveloba aris. an ra Wkuaa, _ kacma aTis wlis Rvino svas mamasisxlad sasyidi da axlobaSive sasiamovno da gacilebiT iefs Rvinos ki Tavi daanebos! es ueWveli Sormxedveloba aqvs Cveneburs Rvinis mkeTebelsa, marto Cveneburs bazarzed dRevandlamde damo-kidebuls da Rvinos ise akeTebs, rom male iyos sasiamovnod sasmeli, radganac aq CvenSi Rvinos TiTqmis mTeli eri svams da amis gamo did xans dgomas ar hsaWiroebs, male, TiTqmis meore mosav-lamdeve hsaRdeba. mTeli Cveni Rvinis vaWroba am winad danaxuls azrzea agebuli da amitomac arc erTs sirajs, arc erTs vaWars Rvinisas imisi samzadisi ara aqvs, rom Rvino mis sardafSi ori, sami da oTxi weliwadi inaxebodes. raki amdens xans Rvino gausyidavi ar daurCeba _ ra xel-sayrelia amisTana samzadisi?

am bolos xanebSi Cveneburma Rvinom fexi Sedga ruseTis bazarSi. es garemoeba, rasakvirvelia, Rvinis gamZleobis Tavdarigs gaaZlierebs CvenSi, radganac im siSorezed gadatanas Rvinisas ex-landelzed mometebuli gamZleoba unda hqondes da vaWroba Rvinisac iq, saca, rogorc ruseTSi, Rvinos marto SeZlebuli kaci svams, unda imedovnebdes, rom daxanebuli Rvino imis sardafSi ar gafuWdeba gauZleobis gamo. nurvin ifiqrebs, rom am Tavdarigs ver Seudgeba Cveneburi kaci uvicobis, ucodinarobis gamo. Rvinis xeli am SemTxvevisaTvisac Zalian kargad icis Cveneburma kacma da Tu Camouvardeba evropiels raSime, marto imaSi, rom margebelis Rvinis wamlobiT sawamlavad gardaqmna gamZleobisaTvis ar icis da madli RmerTsac, rom egrea.

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am saxiT gabedviT davarwmunebT yvelas, rom Tu Cveneburs kacs buneburis Rvinis Senaxva hsurs did xans, Zalian kargad icis, rom jer TviTon Rvino unda airCios Sesaferis juris yurZnisa da im venaxisa, romlis miwa am unars aZlevs yurZnis wvens bunebiTad. amas garda isic icis, am Sem-TxvevaSi ra gziT aris saWiro xelis Sewyoba, da isic icis, bunebur ZalTa Rvinisas ra gaubrundebs xolme gzasa da ra uSlis maTs Tavisufal moqme-debasa Rvinis gasamZleod, am codnas gamoiyenebs kidec, Tu dainaxavs sarfas, _ am erTaderTs saekonomio sanatrels yovelis mrewvelobisas.

XIVXIVXIVXIV

tfilisi, 18 marti

Cven is dagvaviwyda gveTqva, rom CvenSi,

rogorc evropaSiac, ornairi duRili ician Rvinisa, da radganac es Tavis adgilas ar movixsenieT, bodiSs vixdiT, rom xelaxlad am saganzed CamovagdebT saubarsa. erTnairi duRili daxurulia da meore – axdili. CvenSi daxuruls duRils misdeven ufro alaznis marjvena mxares, nametnavad siRnaRis mazris soflebSi, da axdils ki – ufro gaRma mxareSi, alaznis marcxena mxaris adgilebSi. saca daxuruli duRilia, iq raki Tavis zomis WaWas miscemen “tkbilsa”, qvevris yelSi jvaredinad joxebs gasWeden sakmaod xSirad, rom, Tu vinicobaa WaWam duRilis gamo qudis gasakeTeblad Zalian amoiwios, qvevrs sarqveli ar axados da ar amovides. agre gawyobils qvevrs daxurven sarqvels da miwas miayrian. duRilisagan amomxdars buRsa, magaliTebr naxSirmJavisas, am gziT gamosavali aqvs imodenad sakmao, rom Sig ar hgubdeba da

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gareTis haeris mikarebas ki am gziT cota ar iyos dabrkoleba eZleva, radganac daxurulis duRilis erTi mizezi es aris, sxvaTa Soris. axdilis duRilisaTvis ki sarqvels xSirad ara hxuraven, da Tu hxuraven, miwas aRar ayrian, ase rom tkbili zeze hduRs da zogjer mduRari tkbili qvevris napirebzedac gadmova xolme. roca tkbili didis duRilis Semdeg ukan Caiwevs, joxebs qvevris yelSi maSin ukeTeben, mas Semdeg dahxurven da miwas miayrian. rva-cxra dRis Semdeg WaWa zeviT amova, miebjineba joxebs da quds ikeTebs. am quds, minam gastexen da daureven, jer zemo pirs moswmenden didis gulmodginebiT iqamde, vidre mSrals WaWas mTlad ar amoiReben da svelzed ar davlen, da amis Semdeg daureven. amas amitom Svrebian, rom simSralisagan damJavebuli da ZmarSeparuli WaWa, WaWisa da Rvinis WuWyi ar Caayolon. Rvino, rasakvirvelia, darevis Semdeg kidev cota wamohduRdeba, WaWa TandaTan Zirs wava da TxlesTan erTad daiZireba. ama xani unda da am xanis gavlis Semdeg ki axdian qvevrsa, da Tu qvevrs wipwa ram, anu prke, anu raime qafi zed mougdia, amas yovels bejiTad amoswmenden, da Tu aburculi yurZnis marcvlis kania, amas ki xelaxlad dasresen xeliT da tkbils miscemen. mere gadavsebis Tavdarigs Seudgebian, gadavsebaSi dids sifrTxiles hxmaroben, rom erTierTmaneTis feris, simagris da gemos Rvino miuyenon. xSirad srulad gavsebas qvevrisas dromde aqac eridebian, radganac ician, rom Rvino Cums duRils didxans ar moiSlis da eSiniaT an Rvinom ar amoiwios da ar gadmovides qvevridama, an qvevri ar gaxeTqos dautevrobisagan, Tu sxva gza ara aqvs. evropaSi daxuruls duRils, _ mxolod imodenad ki daxu-ruls, rom duRilis buRs gamosavali hqondes, _ amjobineben. Tu CvenSi zogan axdili duRilia, es

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uvicobas ar unda miaweron, radganac Cvenc viciT daxuruli duRili, da Tu zogan ar mivsdevT amnairs duRilsa da zogan mivdevT, raime pativ-sadebi mizezi unda iyos, an adgilzed, an havazed, an sxva razedme damokidebuli. Cveneburni mec-nierni, imis magier, rom xelaRebiT mCvarSi gvxveven, isa jobia am mizezis gamoZiebas Sesdgo-modnen. iqneba amiT sacodneli Rirsi ram amoeCinad da imaTTvisac kargi iqneboda da CvenTvisac.

exla gadavideT, Rvinis gamZleobisaTvis ra Ronea CvenSi miRebuli. winadac vsTqviT, _ CvenSiac, rogorc sxvagan, yvelam kargad icis, rom gamZleobis unari, Tu TviTon Rvinos ara aqvs bunebisagan Tandayolili, uwamlod amisi aCena SeuZlebelia. eseca vsTqviT, rom aris CvenSi imisTana juri yurZnisa da imisTana adgilis Rvino, romelsac es unari bunebiTad Tandayolili aqvs. romelic Rvinis mowamvlas erideba da marto bunebur Rvinozea miqceuli, rogorc CvenSi, iman Zalian kargad icis romeli yurZnis wveni gamZle Rvinos iZleva da romeli adgili, da ragvarad kacma xeli unda Seuwyos, rom es gamZleobis unari Rvinisa ar daixSos. Cveneburma kacma Zalian kargad icis, rom amisaTvis marto erTaderTi Ronea _ imdenjer wmindad gadaReba Rvinisa, vidre Rvino leqis keTebas ar moiSlis. amis Se-satyobrad ai ra aris saWiro: roca qvevrSi, Tu boWkaSi, Txle-WaWidam gadaiReben dawmendils Rvinos, maSin erTi boTli Rvino unda amoiRos kacma, kargad daucvas da amav qvevris Tu boWkis adgilas dasdgas. drogamoSvebiT inaxulos es boTli, da roca hnaxavs, rom Rvinos leqi gauke-Tebia boTlSi, usaTuod qvevrsa da boWkaSiac leqs gaikeTebda. qvevrisaTvis es iseTi zedmi-wevnili niSani ar aris, rogorc boWkisaTvis, imitom rom qvevri, radganac miwaSia, da boTli

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zeze haerzed, garemoeba erTisa da meorisa sxvadasxva aris siTbo-sicivis da sinaTlis sxvadasxvaobis gamo. amitomac SesaZloa, rom qvevrma ufro gvian gaikeTos leqi, vidre boTlma. aq marto dros metnakleboba iTamaSebs da amas gamocdileba aucileblad daaswavlis kacs, romeli ikeTebs adre Tu gvian leqsa. am saxiT, raki boTlSi Rvinom leqi gaikeTa, maSinve unda gadaiRon, da ese moiqcnen, vidre ukanasknelad gadaRebuli Rvino boTlSi leqs aRar gaikeTebs. leqi aRar eqmnebao rom vsTqviT, eg metismeti mogvivida, imitom rom, am gziT Zalian kargad gamoyenebuli Rvinoc ki, Tu Zalian didxans Seinaxa boTlSi, mainc leqs gaikeTebs Tavis drozed, magram kargad gamoyenebulis Rvinis leqi erTs larzed anu xazzed keTdeba da garSemo kedlebs boTlisas ar gaekvris xolme, rogor es gamoyenebulma Rvinom icis. Rvinos zemoxsenebulis gziT gamoyenebas xuTi da eqvsi weliwadi undeba, da am xanSi leqis gakeTebis umalve gadaReba da gadawmenda usaTuod saWiroa, Tu gsurT, rom Rvino gamZle iyos.

raki ese mouareT xuTisa Tu eqvsis wlis ganmavlobaSi Rvinosa, mere ki boWkebidam Tu qvevrebidam Rvino boTlebSi unda Caisxas da gangeb arCeulis probkiT daicvas magrad. boTlebis dawveniT Senaxvas ufro hrCeoben evropielni, radganac am gziT probka yovelTvis svelia, da Tu gaSra ki, rogorc ayenebuls boTls mosdis, Rvinis suni advilad gzas ipovis gamosasvlelad. Tu amrigad dawvenilma boTlma garSemo kedleb-zedac leqi moikida, es imisi niSania, rom aCqa-rebulan da kargad gamoyenebuli Rvino ar CausxamT. ucodinarni ki swored am kedlebzed gakrul leqiT styuvdebian da uvicobis gamo iZaxian:Laba, kargad gamomdgari Rvino es ariso.

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sul sxvaa Tu boTlma leqi gaikeTa marto im mxriv, romelzedac dawvenilia da marto am mxris erTis xazis gayolebaze; maSin iTqmis, rom Rvino kargad gamoyenebuli CausxamT boTlSi. marTalia, am gziT Rvinos gamZleoba eZleva da rac xani gadis, ufro da ufro keTdeba, xolo xans Rvinisas, mis gamZleobas, Tavisi sazRvari aqvs, da Tu Rvino am sazRvars gadascilda, ekargeba Tavisi gemo, Rirseba da fasi.

Cven Cvens mecadineobas boTlebSi gadaRebamde ara vWimavT, imitom rom saxeSi ara gvyavs, visTvis da risTvis avikviatoT amodena davidaraba da vai-vaglaxi. Cven Rvinis qvevrSi Senaxvis iqiT aRar mivdivarT, radganac Cvenis exlandelis bazris mixedviT _ eg meti cieb-cxelebaa. aba utkivars Tavs gangeb vin aitkiebs marto cariel saxelisaTvis, nametnavad imisTana saqmeSi, saca saxelTan erTad gamorComis imedic amoqmedebs kacsa, rogorc magaliTebr yovels saekonomio moRvaweobaSi saerTod da RvinisaSi sakuTriv.

XVXVXVXV

tfilisi, 19 marti Cven wina werilSi vsTqviT, rom Cveni Tav-

daragi Rvinis gamZleobis Taobazed qvevrSi Rvinis Senaxvis iqiT aRar midis. radganac Cveni qvevri metad aTvalwunebulia CvenTa mecnierTagan, ami-tomac meti ar iqneba qvevris avkargianoba am mxri-Tac SeZlebisamebr gamoviZioT. jer yvelazed uwinares qvevris sikeTisaTvis saWiroa kargi Tixisa iyos da kargad gamomwvari. amitomac Cvene-buri kaci vidre qvevrs iyiddes, jer gamoikiTxavs, ra adgilis Tixisaa da sad aris gamomwvari. yve-

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lam icis, sad da ra adgilis qvevria kargi. amas didis gulmodginebiT eZieben da amisaTvis fassac ki ara hzogaven. qvevrs Tu ar Cahkirven, ise ar Casdgmen miwaSi, visac ki weli misdevs. exla ki zogan SeuZleblobis gamo am xarjs aRar ewevian da es SeuZlebelnic survils imodenad ar sWimven, rom Rvinis sikeTiT Tavi viCinoTo. kargs qvevrs, kargad Cakiruls da miwaSi Cadgmuls, rac unda kargi iyos, erTi didi wuni mainc aqvs da aqvs. es didi wuni Cvenis qvevrisa is aris, rom arc gamosaSvebi mili mouxerdeba, arc isea miwaSi Cadgmuli, rom sifoniT Rbinis gadaReba SeiZle-bodes erTi qvevridam meoreSi, radganac sifoniT gadaRebisas erTi qvevri maRla unda idges da meore dabla. sadamdinac dabla mdgomi maRla mdgomsa swvdeba, swored im xazamde gadmova si-foniT Rvino maRalidam dabla da meti erTi cva-ric ar gadmohyveba. amitomac saWiroa, rom erTis qvevris Ziri meore qvevris pirTan erTs larzed movides, rom sifoniT SesaZlo iyos mTlad gadaReba Rvinisa qvevridam qvevrSi. radganac Cveni qvevrebi erTs mwkrivzea xolme Casmuli miwaSi, da radganac miwaSia, verc mosaSvebi mili gaukeT-deba, _ da amave dros jer sxva Rvinis amosaRebi manqana* SemoRebul ar aris,_ amitom Cveneburi kaci iZulebulia xeliT da CafiT gadiRos Rvino. erTic da meorec male amRvrevs Rvinosa, did-xansac undeba kaci. garda amisa, rom amnairs gada-Rebas ufro meti xarji da dro unda, amnairi ga-daReba Zaliana hlaxavs Rvinos, is efirebi da na-wevarebi, romelic sasiamovno da Rirebuls suns aZlevs, ecleba da ekargeba, nametnavad Tu CafiT * exla amisTana manqana aris Turme mogonili. Cven ar gvinaxavs, da amboben ki, Zalian kargi ariso, Txlemde ise amoaqvs Rvino, rom srulebiT ar amRvrevso. erTs daubarebia es manqana evropidam da ocdaToTxmeti Tumani dasjdomia.

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amoRebuls Rvinos RarebSi asxmen da ise miuSveben qvevrSi. haeridamac Rvino mavnebels nawevarebs da mtvers Caiyolebs xolme: Rvino metad azizi ram aris da yovel amas mis sikeTezed moqmedeba aqvs.

iqneba bevrma ar icodes da CvenSi qvevris am naklzed ara erTi da ori dafiqrebula: cdac ki iyo am naklis mosaSoreblad. CvenSi iyo erTi T. gurgeniZe, romelic hcdilobda es nakli qvevrisa rogorme aecilebina, da amas aq imitom vixseniebT, rom mis azrs am saganzed Tavisi sabuTi aqvs da adviladac Sesasrulebelia. gansvenebuli T. gurgeniZe im azrs daadga, rom Cveneburi marani sxvarigad unda aigos. igi ambobda, marani sam ki-bed mainc unda CaiTxaroso, anu uked vsTqvaT, marans sami didi baqani (terassa) unda gaukeTdeso imodenad erTimeorezed maRali, ramodenic qvevrs simaRle aqvs, ase rom Sua baqanis qvevris piri ze-mo baqanis qvevris ZirTan modiodes da qvemo baqa-nisa Sua baqanis qvevris ZirTan. orTa Sua simaRle qvevrisa rom viqonioT saxeSi, klavmaRla gaWi-mulad awvdil kacis simaRlezed meti ar gamova, anu, uked vsTqvaT, ori gazandris adli. maSasa-dame, TviTo baqnis simaRles moundeba ori adli da sams eqvsi adli. TviTeuls baqans, rasak-virvelia, imodena didi moedani unda hqondes, rom qvevri Tavisuflad Caidgas da CaTxril gverdidam imodena siganis miwa SehrCes, ramodenadac cvli-lebas gareTis haerisas gauZlebs da ar Seiyo-liebs. es CaTxrili gverdia marto aq saSiSi, vai Tu aman ver gauZlos gareTis haeris cvlilebas, Sesaferi urCoba ver gauwios, cvlileba haerisa qvevrsac miswvdes da erTis gverdidam qvevrs erTis zomis siTbo-sicivem Seatanos da sxva gver-debidam sxva zomisam. maSin qvevrs Tavisi umTav-resi mniSvneloba daekargeba, saxeldobr, isa, rom ise pirdapir miwaSi Cadgmuls Tanabari siTbo-

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sicive artyia garsa, _ zafxulSi RvinisaTvis sakmaod grili, zamTarSi sakmaod Tbili, gareTs haers Tu SeadarebT, _ da es Rvinis gamZleobi-saTvis didi ram aris. am mxriT, gvgonia, moev-lebodes ram T. gurgeniZis azrsa, da Tu moevleba, T. gurgeniZis azri metismetad sayuradReboa da mCvarSi gasaxvevi ar aris. amnairad agebuls maran-Si sifoni Zalian kargad imuSavebs Rvinis gadasa-Rebad da dids SeRavaTs da xeirsac aCvenebs amis-Tana marnis patrons. miT ufro, rom sifoni me-tismetad iefia da advilad saxmari.

Cveneburs qvevrs erTs sxva wunsac sdeben Cveni mecnierni: miwidam wyalsa da nests swovso da RvinoSi Seaqvso. es marTalia, Tu qvevri kargad Cakiruli ar aris da amasTan kargis Tixisa da kargad gamomwvari. es aris mizezi, rom roca zo-gierTs qvevrs cotad moakleb, isev ramdenisame xnis Semdeg aivseba xolme, Tu nametnavad maransa hrwyven. es mateba zogs qvevris sikeTed miaCnia, madliani, dalocvili qvevria da TviTon hmatu-lobso, da imas ki ara hfiqroben, rom es utyuari niSania qvevris uvargisobisa: an cudis Tixisaa, an cudad gamomwvaria, an cudad Cakiruli.

XVIXVIXVIXVI

tfilisi, 20 marti. garda imisa, rac wina werilSi movixsenieT,

sxva ra wuni aqvs Cveneburs qvevrsa? araferi, Tu kargad arCeulia, kargad movlili da napatronebi. jer erTi isa, rom TiTqmis qvad qceulia da boWkasaviT Rvinos im erTgvars nawevars ara hmatebs, rac muxis ficarsa aqvs da Rvinos zogjer metad mwklarts gemos aZlevs. es kidev

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araferi, radganac xSirad ar moxdeba xolme, nametnavad Tu Rvino Zalian didxans ara hrCeba boWkaSi da Tavis drozea gadaRebuli boTlebSi; Tu ara da boWkaSi Zalian didxans nadgoms Rvinos raRac kupris msgavsi (дегтярной вкус) gemo eZleva.

Rvino rom kargad Seinaxebodes WurWelSi, minam boTlSi gadasaRebi gaxdeba amisaTvis saWiroa arc metismets nestians adgilas idges, arc metismets mSrals adgilas. boWka radganac zezea, verc nestisagan Seinaxavs Tavs, verc simSra-lisagan, roca an svelobaa, an golva. nestisagan boWkas obi ekideba, wel-sartymeli wneli ulpeba, hwydeba da xSirad ise moulodneladac da anaz-deulad, rom Rvinos daRvrisagan verc ki gadaar-Cenen xolme. es xSirad moxdeba xolme ga-zafxulsa da Semodgomaze, roca dRe da Rame erTmaneTs uswordeba. roca golvaa da mSraloba, maSin boWka Zalian iSrobs Rvinosa, ase, rom asormocdaaTs Tungzed Svid-rva boTls iklebs TTveSi, maSin rodesac zomierd nestianobaSi ki marto orsa, da Tu gasWirda sams boTlsa. amis gamo, Tu mSralobaa, boWkas TTveSi oTxjer da xuTjerac gadavseba unda, da Tu zomieri nestianobaa _ orjel maincdamainc.

Rvino iTxovs, rom misi WurWeli, raSiac sdgas, dids sicxesac mocilebuli iyos da dids sicivesac, da maincdamainc iseTs garemoebaSi iyos, swrafad cvla gareTis haeris siTbo-sicivisa ver miswvdes.

mzis sxivis sinaTle ar unda swvdebodes WurWelsa, imitom rom mzis sxivi aTbobs da Rvinos afuWebs. yovels amas iseTi WurWeli, romelic boWkasaviT zeze unda idges, verasgziT ver aicilebs.

Rvinom rom Tavi daiWiros, saWiroa 100-zed naklebi da 120-zed meti siTbo ar erCodes. zeze

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mdgomels WurWels, romelsac haeri axvevia yovelis mxriT, aucileblad xan meti siTbo eqneba da xan naklebi imisda mixedviT, ra siTbo-sicivea gareTs haerSi. maincdamainc Tanabreoba, siTbo-sicivis zomis igiveoba aucilebels saWiroebas Seadgens Rvinis kargad SenaxvisaTvis.

rasakvirvelia, Tumca boWkas amodena gansacdeli sdevs, magram wamalica aqvs. radganac boWka imisTana WurWelia, rom arc erTs zemoxsenebuls gansacdels TviTon ver uZlebs da evropaSi esgvari WurWeli TiTqmis yvelgan xmarebulia, amitomac iq, rac WurWels aklia, imas TviTon marans, anu sardafs mosTxoven xolme. Cven ar gamovudgebiT imis aRweras, Tu rogors marans, an sardafs aSeneben. CvenTvis amJamad sakmaoa marto isa vsTqvaT, rom sardafs, anu marans, im windaxedulobiT akeTeben, rom saWiro siTbo-sicivis zomac, sinaTlisa, Tu nest-mSralobisa, _ roca undaT, _ im donezed daayenon xolme, ra donesac dro da haeris cvlileba moiTxovs. am saxiT iq marans, anu sardafs, akeTeben im winda-xedulobiT, rom Rvinis WurWeli xsenebuls gansacdelebs moaSoron, da Cven ki TviTon Wur-Wels Rvinisas vayenebT im mdgomareobaSi, romel-zedac im gansacdelebs xeli ar miuwvdebaT.

Cveni kargi qvevri, imiT, rom TiTqmis qvadqceul Tixisaa da miwaSi hzis swored, _ im samsaxurs gviwevs, rasac kargi sardafi, anu marani evropiels. aba yoveli zemoxsenebuli gansacdeli CamosTvaleT da Cvenebur qvevriT Senaxvas Rvinisas zed miayeneT, Tu yovels amaSi Cvenma qvevrma Tavi ar daiWiros, ar imarTlos da boWkazed meti sikeTec sarTad ar daamatos, jer imiT, rom qvevriT gawyobili marani gacilebiT iefia, vidre evropiuli marani, romelic imdenad ufro Zviria, ramodenadac bevri gansacdelia win

171

dasanaxavi boWkis gamo. meore isa, rom Cveni qvevri ar iSrobs Rvinosa da boWka ki, rac unda kargad gakeTebuli da Zvirfasi marani iyos, usaTuod SeiSrobs da TTveSi ukanasknelad orjel mainc gadavsebas hsaWiroebs. mesame isa, rom qvevri mTels saukunoebsa sZlebs da boWka ki ara. esec didi angariSia saekonomio saqmeSi. erTi es aris, rom qvevridam Rvinis amoReba ufro xarjiania, ufro cotad Tu bevrad sazaraloa, rogorc zemoT vsTqviT, xolo igive qvevri, rogorc Rvinis saduRari da Sesanaxi QWurWeli, Cvenis fiqriT, Tu ara sjobia boWkas, araferSi ara Camouvardeba.

rogor inaxavs Tanabrad siTbo-sicives Cveni qvevri _ es xom winadac vsTqviT, roca duRilzed vlaparakobdiT. isic vsTqviT, rom miwiT mWidrod garSemortymuli da sakmaod Rrmad miwaSi Cam-jdari qvevri zamTarSi imodena siTboSia, rac saWiroa, da zafxulSiac sakmao sigrileSia, radganac miwa zamTarSi gareTs haerzed bevrad Tbilia da zafxulSi bevrad grili, da Znelad erTsac da meore SemTxvevaSiac siTbo 100-zed naklebi da 120-zed meti eqneba, nametnavad CvenSi. sinestec gadametebuli ara aqvs BCvenSi miwas. aq CvenSi metismeti simSrale ufro safiqrebelia, vidre sineste, da roca es aris, maransa hrwyven xolme. mzis sxivi xom veras gziT ver miekareba miwaSi Cadgmuls qvevrsa, da Cvena gvgonia, es sibnele, raSiac qvevri imyofeba, iqneba swyindes kidec Rvinos da erTi wunic qvevrisa SesaZloa es garemoebac iyos.

am saxiT erTi da igive saWiroeba Rvinis SenaxvisaTvis Cvenganac imodenad cnobilia, ramodenadac evropaSi, da imodenadve dakmayofi-lebulia, xolo sxvadasxva gziT ki. iq marans akeTeben imisTanas, rom Rvinis WurWeli gansac-dels moaridon, Cven ki TviTon WurWels imis-

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Tanas vakeTebT da ise vinaxavT, rom umarnodac ara gansacdeli ar erCodes.

XVIIXVIIXVIIXVII tfilisi, 23 marti

rac dRevandlamde werilebi iyo dabeWdili,

imiTi vaTavebT bunebur Rvinis keTebazed saubars. rasakvirvelia, Cven aq yvelaferi ver CamovTvaleT, rac CvenSi bunebur Rvinis keTebis rTuls saqmes Seadgens. am rTulis saqmis yovelis codna TviTon xalxSi unda moiZebnos, da davarwmunebT, rom CvenSi bevrs imisTana kacs ipovian, romelnic amis Sesaxeb bevrs rasme aswavlian Cvens mecnierebs, bevrs imisTanas, rac gagonebiTac ar gaugoniaT da friad gamosayeni ki aris. es dawvrilebiT da ukeTesis codniT aRwera Cveneburad Rvinis keTebisa Cvenzed ufro mcodne kacs unda daeTmos, da Cven ki amJamad sakmaod davinaxeT gveCvenebina mkiTxvelisaTvis marto is umTavresi moqmedebani Rvinis keTebisa, movlisa da Senaxvisa, romelic aSkara magaliTi da sabuTia imisa, rom, rac bunebur RvinisaTvis saWiroa, Cvenc imodenad viciT, ramodenac evropielTa. gansxvaveba Tu rame-Sia, marto imaSia, rom iqneba isini ufro saswra-fos da xerxians Ronesa hxmaroben, da Cven ufro gviansa da uxerxuls erTsa da imave saWi-roebisaTvis, xolo orsave Rones erTsa da imave sagnamde mihyavs. rkinis gziT momavali qalaqs da urmiT, orniv qalaqSi Camovlen. erTi male da gauWirveblad, meore gvian da gaWirvebiT, magram pirveli amis gamo ver ukiJinebs, Sen ar ici sad moxvidodio. esec ar unda daviviwyoT, rom rkinis gza xom kai gzaa, magram tfilisidam, vsTqvaT, lilomde aravin gaiyvans, imitom rom xarji meti

173

iqneba mogebazed da aravin dagvZraxavs: “daxe, ra ucodinarni arian! maSin, rodesac evropaSi rkinis gzebi ician, aq ki amisi gagebac ara aqvT, auRiaT da tfilisidam lilomde urmiT dadiano”. yvelas Tavisi mizezi aqvs, Rvinis keTebis saqmes Tavisi, da didad pativsadebica, imitom, rom Rvinis saqmis mizezni saekonomio mizezni arian da, maSasadame, iseTnive garduvalni, rogorc TviTon bunebis moTxovnilebani. Cven iqneba bevrs raSime vcdebo-deT, radganac Cveni codna Cveneburad Rvinis keTe-bisa Zalian fexmoklea im codnasTan, rac TviTon Cvenma xalxma icis. amaSi Cven aravis avuxirdebiT. xolo mTeli es Cveni gZeli saubari marto imazea miqceuli, rom zogierTs umTavress moqmedebas CvenSi Rvinis keTebisas, Cvenis SeZlebisamebr, mizezi avuxseniT da sabuTi vupoveT da vecadeniT dagvemtkicebina, rom arc erTi da arc meore uvicobisagan ar aris warmomdgari. piriqiT, rac saWiroa buneburis RvinisaTvis, Cven igi yoveli gvcodnia, radganac Cveneburs TviTveuls moqme-debas iq mivyevarT, saca midian evropielni, roca buneburis Rvinis dayeneba hsurT. da Tu am svlaSi raime metnaklebobaa Cvensa da maT Soris, eg im rTul garemoebaTa bralia, romelTa krebulic xSirad codnas ukan ayenebs da gamorComisaTvis aTmobinebs adgilsa. eseTi Zala aqvs saekonomio Zalasa.

davamtkiceT Cven yovelive es Tu ara, eg mkiTxvelis saqmea, da Cven ki mxolod amas vikmarebT, Tu Cvengan axsnili mizezni da sabuTni imdenad yuradRebis Rirsni aRmoCndebian, rom kacma zurgi ar Seuqcios da angariSi gauwios, roca Cveneburad Rvinis keTebis avkargianobazed hlaparakoben. Cveni drtvinva da Civili marto is aris, rom mizezTa da sabuTTa gaCxrekasa da gamorkvevazed ar aris damyarebuli CvenTa wunmde-

174

belTa wuni. es metismeti kadnierebaa mTelis eris winaSe, nametnavad, roca erisagan SeTvisebuls da warmoebuls saqmes mTelis aTasis wlis istoria aqvs da, maSasadame, mTelis saukunoebis gamoc-dileba win udevs. Cven ar vityviT, rom amisTana SemTxvevaSi xangrZlioba yovelTvis simarTles moaswavebdes, magram imodenad pativsadebi kia cnobieris kacisagan, rom ganurCevlad, gamouZieb-lad uaryofas iucxovebs da ukadrisobad CasTvlis.

XVXVXVXVIIIIIIIIIIII tfilisi, 24 marti.

rac Seexeba adamianis ostatobiTa da xeliT

bunebur Rvinis gardaqmnasa, anu yalbis Rvinis Seqmnas, romelsa Cveni mecnierni mainc keTebas eZaxian, amaSi ki, unda gamovstydeT, evropielni uangariSo manZilzed Cvenzed win arian. rac dRevandlamde mecnierebas am sagnis gamo aRmouCenia, sul yoveli xelTa aqvT evropielT ostatebsa. Tumca am TiTqmis yovlad SemZlebelma mecnierebam didi Zal-Rone mihmadla yalbis Rvinis ostatebs, magram amav piruTvnelma mecnierebam gamoaqveyna sayovelTavod yovelive eSmakoba, rac ki buneburs Rvinos, _ am margebels da sasiamov-nos sasmels adamianisas, _ hryvnis, afuWebs da xSirad sneulebis mizezad da zogjer sawamla-vadaca hxdis.

vidre amis ganxilvas SevudgebodeT, saWiroa yvelazed uwinares erTs azrs, araerTxel gamoTqmuls CvenSi, pasuxi gavceT. miT ufro angariSSi mosatania es azri, rom igi SigniT tyuilia da Tvalad ki marTalsa hgavs. am azrs Zalian eWidebian ostaturis Rvinis keTebis

175

momxreni. igini amboben: marto umecari Tu ityvis, rom qveyanazed buneburi Rvinoao, gana buneba Rvinosa hqmniso? aq rac aris, kacia da imisi ostatoba da xelio! kaci rom ar iyos, gana buneba Rvinos Sehqmniso? aba magaliTi gviCvenono, sad akeTebs buneba Rvinosao?

am xuTmet weliwadis win venaSi Rvinis keTebis Taobazed gamovida germanuls enazed erTi patara wigni b-n berSisa. igi swored amasve ambobs, TiTqo Cvenebur mecnierTaTTvis yuri moukravs, amaTgan usesxnia igi zemodmoyvanili azri, da TuTi-yuSsaviT imeorebso, _ ise saocrada hgavs imis naTqvami Cvenis mecnierebis naTqvamsa. b-ni berSi ambobs:

“yvelazed Zlieri da Tvalad gamWre xmali, romelic xelSi uWiravT Rvinis ostaturad keTebis mopirdapireTa, erTi yvelasagan cnobili frazaa: “ yovelive, rasac ki bunebur RvinoSi Caumateb, siyalbea, da sasmeli am saxiT Serevnili, Rvino ki aRar aris, nakeTi sasmelia, janmrTe-lobisaTvis mavnebelio”, xolo eseTi azri uRonoa im sabuTis winaSe, rom egredwodebuli “buneburi Rvino” sulac ar arsebobs; rom rogorc gamomcxvari puri, isec Rvino bunebis namoqmedari ar aris”.

cota amas qvemod ase ganagrZobs:

“yurZeni, Tavis anabarobazed migdebuli, Tavis dReSi ar gardaqmnila Rvinod, swored ise, rogorc xorbali TavisTavad ar qceula Tavis dReSi fqvilad da purad”.

yovelive es metismeti marTalia, magram tyuilia marto aqedam gamonaskuli azri. aqao da xorbali TavisTavad fqvilad ara qceula, gana aqedam is gamodis, rom fqvilSi kiris gareva Zalian kargia, an RvinoSi anwlisa? ra aris fqvili? igiv bunebis namoqmedari xorbalia, fxvnilad qceuli adamianisagan. ra ari Rvino? igiv bunebis namoqmedari wvenia yurZnisa, sxva saxed qceuli misisave Tandayolilis bunebis ZalTagan, romelsac kacma marto Tavis nebisa da

176

survilisamebr mimarTuleba misca da romelTac marto xeli Seuwyo. roca kaci ityvis: es fqvili buneburia, amiT imisi Tqma unda, rom aq fqvilis xorblis meti ara aris ra. roca kaci ambobs: es Rvino buneburia, es imas niSnavs, rom aq yurZnis wvenis meti sxva ara aris ra. ese rom ar iyos da b-n berSis azrs avyveT, maSin gafcqvnili da daWrili vaSlic bunebis namoqmedari ar iqneba, radganac vaSli, Tavis anabarobazed datovebuli, Tavis dReSi ar gaifcqvneba da ar daiWreba im saxiT mainc, rogorc amas kaci izams xolme.

Tumca b-ni berSi aseTi Tavgamodebuli momxrea Rvinis ostaturad keTebisa, magram isic ki Tavs iWers da marto sams nivTierebas hxadis Sesawynareblad da marto am sams nivTierebazed ambobs, rom mxolod eseni SeiZleba Caematos Rvinis gabevrebisa da sikeTisaTviso, _ saxel-dobr: wyali, Saqari da Seurevneli, gadawmendili WaWisa Tu Rvinis arayio (spirti). amis Camatebas igi imiT amarTlebs, rom es nivTierebani TviT bunebiTa aqvs miniWebuli yurZnis wvensa, Tu Rvinosa, da amitomac maTi Camateba bunebis garyvna ar ariso.

“gana sul erTi ar ariso, _ ambobs igi, - yurZnis wvenis Saqari TviTon yurZenma gaikeTa, Tu Saqris lerwamma da Warxalma, radganac wvenis duRilSi erTic da meorec erTsa da imave sagans iZlevao. am saxiTve gana sul erTi ar aris, alkogoli Rvinisa im Saqridam warmosdga, romelic yurZensa aqvs, Tu kartofilis Saqridamao. mTelis qveynis qimikosebi ver gamoicnoben, alkogoli yurZnis Saqrisagan aris warmomdgari, Tu gangeb Camatebulis Saqrisagana. amas ver gamoicnoben, imitom rom araviTari gansxvaveba ar ariso’’.

jer TviTon am sityvebidam sCans, rom b-ni berSi ki hTakilobs, Znelad hbedavs, Cvenebur Rvinis Serevnasa, da radganac guli mainc Rvinis Serevnisaken miuwevs da igiv guli amave dros

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rogorRac eTanaRreba, Tavs imiT marTlulobs, rom wyali, Saqari, alkogoli, TviTon bunebiT dayolili Tvisebaa yurZnis wvenisa Tu Rvinisa da amiTi Camateba bunebis winaaRmdegi ar unda iyoso; roca, magaliTebr, amindma xeli ar Seuwyo, yur-Zeni ar moawia da wveni mJanea, maSin sCanso, ambobs igi, rom bunebam ver moaswro Sesaferis sitkbos micema, da rac bunebam daaklo, is Cven rom CavumatoT _ eg bunebis garyvna ki ar iqneba, nak-lis Sevseba iqnebao. wyals, rasakvirvelia, marto Rvinis gabevrebisaTvis hxmaroben, Saqarsac amisaT-visac da alkogolis SeqmnisaTvis, da gadawmen-dils arays simagrisaTvis da ufro xSirad gam-ZleobisaTvis.

ai is Tavgamodebulni momxrenic im ostato-bisa, romelnic marto amaebs ureven yurZnis wven-Si, razedac afuZneben TavianTs azrsa da riT mar-Tluloben Tavsa. Semdeg werilebSi jer am TviT-veuls Sesarevs cal-calke gavarCevT da mere imas, rasac sxva ostatebi hxmaroben metis yalbobisaT-vis.

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tfilisi, 27 marti

xelTnaqmaris, anu ostatobiT namoqmedaris

RvinisaTvis ramdensame Rones xmaroben evropielni. erTi im RoneTagan imazea miqceuli, rom cota Rvino gaaebevron, ese igi erTsa da imave yurZni-sagan rac SeiZleba bevri wveni daayenon da Rvinod aqcion. sxva Roneebs ki saxeSi marto isaa aqvT, rom Rvinis nakli gangeb Seavson da miT gana-kargon.

Rvinis gabevrebisaTvis dRes aqamomde evropaSi cnobilia EerTaderTi Rone, erTaderTi sistema

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romelsac petiotizacia eZaxian. es sistema, anu Rone, moigona da pirvelad ixmara burgundiaSi 1854 wels erTma frangma, saxelad petiom (Petiot). es sakvirveli aRmonaCeni, romlis gamo b-nma petiom saqveynod saxeli gaiTqva, miT ufro sakvirveli, rom aTadam-babadamve Turme aRmoCenili yofila da aris. mere sada da visgan? Turme Tu ityviT, saqarTveloSi da qarTvelTagan, magram radganac amas “RoniaSvilizacia”, anu “qandara-Svilizacia” ara hqvian, amitomac yuri aravis uTxovebia. petiom ki aRmoCenilis aRmoCeniTa qveyanaSi saxeli moipova. Cven amiTi imisi Tqma ar gvinda, rom petiom Cveni ram miiTvisa da Tavisis saxeliT gamoamJRavna. Cvena gvwams, rom igi TavisTavad mixvda, man TavisTavad miagno imas, rac CvenSi didi xania mignebuli iyo da aris dResac, da iqneba Cveni mignebuli ramdenisame saukunis xnisac iyos da evropam ki marto 1854 wels miagno.

razed aris dafuZnebuli petios aRmonaCeni? imazed rom WaWaSi imodena Rvinis nawevrebi rCeba kidev, rom SesaZloa RvinisaTvis wveni kidev gamoiwuros wurviT ki ara, wylis dasxmiTa da Tu wyals SaqriTac SeazavebT da carielis wylis magier Saqarwyals daasxamT, ufro kargi iqneba. rasakvirvelia, yvela es zomiTi da sawyaoTi unda. wylis dasxma WaWazed Cvenc Zalian kargad viciT. zomac viciT ramdenic unda. isic viciT, rom wyaldasxmuli WaWa duRilsac daiwyebs, Tumca Zalian sustad. balRs ver ipovi CvenSi, rom am gziT Rvinis gabevreba ar icodes da amisTana Rvinis saxeli ar giTxras. amas CvenSi “Samans” eZaxian da mdabio xalxi, muSa svams.

petio marto cariels wyalsa ara sjerdeba. igi Saqarsac umatebs da imdenad atkbilebs wyalsa, ramodenadac tkbilia marTali wveni

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yurZnisa. am gziT erTsa da imave WaWisagan samjer-oTxjer gamoxdis xolme im wvens, romelsac safrangeTSi “pikets” eZaxian da CvenSi ki “Samansa”. petiom xelaxlad aRmoCena, rom ar dagvaswros ukve CvenSi aRmoCenilisa, aq saWiroa vsTqvaT, rom igi marto Savis yurZnis WaWisagan hxdis Tavis “pikets”. sjobia Cven davaswroT da gamovacxadoT, rom CvenSi TeTris yurZnis WaWisaganac Samans akeTeben da amas iqiT Tu aRmoCena unda Cvens mecnierebs, esec aRmoaCinon.

axla vikiTxoT ra gansxvavebaa Cvensa da petios Soris? isa, rom petio wyals Saqarsac uSvreba da Cven ki ara. saTave, safuZveli ki orsave moqmedebas erTi da igive aqvs. organve erTi da igive dedaazria, saxeldobr igi, rom WaWisagan wylis dasxmiT kidev SesaZloa Rvinis msgavsi ram sasmeli dadges. ratom ara vxmarobT amisaTvis Cven Saqarsa, rogorc petio, da marto wyalsa vjerdebiT? nuTu imisaTvis viTom, Cveneburma kacma ar icodes gatkbilebuli wyali ufro kargad aaduRebs da kargs Samans daayenebs? amis ucodinarobaSi balRsac ver daiWerT CvenSi. Zalian kargad viciT, mag dRemde mainca, vin giJi iqneboda Samanzed exmara is; rac xilad da wamladac ki sanatreli hqonda. es erTi, meore: visTvis unda gaewia es didi xarji Saqrisa? gana CvenSi dResac ki an erTi vaWari Rvinisa fexs Seadgams im maranSi, saca SaqarwyliT Rvinos akeTeben? an visac gindaT uCveneT petios Samani, auxseniT ra gziT aris nakeTebi, da Tumca yvelani amtkiceben, rom SaqarwyliT nakeTebi Samani mSvenieris gemosi, sunisa da magaric ariso, magram ara gvgonia, sasyidlad axlo gauaros vinmem.

gamoCenili qimikosi safrangeTisa Jirari, romelic pariJis qalaqis laboratoriis ufrosia, ambobs, rom Tumca petios sasmels simagreca aqvs,

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sunic da gamZlec ariso, da Tumca Rvinosaca hgavso, magram Rvino ki ar ariso. safrangeTSi akrZalulia, rom eg petios Samani vaWrebma Rvinos saxeliT hyidon, Torem yalbobad da muStaris motyuebad CamoerTmevaT.

mecnierni petenkoferi, forsteri da hilgeri amtkiceben, rom petios SamanSi bevri Saqari hrCeba gauxsneli, alkogolad argadaqceuli. Saqari imisTana Tvisebisaa Turme, rom mTlad Seewoveba adamianis agebulebas sxvadasxva, duRiliT aragadaqmnil nawevrebTan erTad, grovdeba maTTan erTadve da agebulebidam arc Sardsa da arc gamonavals ar gamosdevs. raki zomas gadadis, gamosvlas hlamis, gzas eZebs, da saxsrebs xelisas, muxlisas, fexisas miadgeba, da radganac aq gza ara aqvs, simsivnesa da tkivils aCens. amitomac hfiqroben, rom egreTwodebuli rusulad “podagra”* am mizeziT mosdis kacsa amgvarad nakeTeb Rvinoebisaganao. WkuasTan axloa es ambavi “podagra” SeuniSnavT evropiul Rvinis msmel-TaTvis, ara marto imaTTvis, vinc uzomada hsmen, aramed imaTTvisac, visac zomierad yoveldRe, magram xangrZlivad ki, evropiuli gangeb SaqriT nakeTebi Rvinoebi usvams.

ra Tqma unda, rom Cven es “podagris” ambavi ise garkveviT da zedmiwevniT ver avxseniT, rogorc amas mkurnali iqmoda. xolo es ki ueWve-lad cnobilia, rom gangeb micemuli Saqari zogi wili isev Saqrada hrCeba RvinoSi, gauxsneli, garduqmneli, da amasTan sxva gauxsnel da gar-duqmnel nawevrebTan erTad abraleben egreT-wodebul “podagrasa”. CvenSi ki, saca TiTqmis

* erTgvari simsivnea xelis, muxlisa, Tu fexis saxsrebisa da amis mixedviT sxvadasxva saxelebica aqvs.

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yvelani Rvinosa hsmen da xSirad bevrsaca, es gvari sneuleba SemCneuli ar aris.

am saxiT, petiotizaciiT Rvinis gabevreba CvenSiac scodniaT, magram Cven ufro uwyinari sasmeli gvikeTebia mag gziT, vidre gamoCenils petiosa, imitom rom Cvens Samans gangeb garedam micemuli Saqari ar urevia. Tu swored gvkiTxavT ki, Cveneburi Samanic da petios “piketic” oriv RmerTma Seinaxos, orive yalbobad migvaCnia Tumca Cven is simarTle migviZRvis, rom Samani Rvinis saxeliT gared ar gamogvaqvs gasasyidad da aravis vatyuebT.

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tfilisi, 28 marti

wyalsa da Saqars hxmaroben evropaSi sxva-gvaradac Rvinis gabevrebisaTvis. es rigi ga-bevrebisa moigona ludvig gallma da amitomac am rigs, anu sistemas eZaxian gallizacias. petios sistema marto imazea miqceuli, rom erTisa da imave zomis yurZnisagan rac SeiZleba blomad wveni gamoxados Rvinis msgavs sasmelis dasa-yeneblad da amisaTvis Saqris wyals WaWazed asxams. gallis sistemas ki sxva saganica aqvs saxeSi: amiT gabevrebasTan TviTon Rvinis gankargebaca hsurs da imav wamalsa hxmarobs. xolo gansxvaveba es aris, rom galli Saqarwyals uSvreba TviTon yurZnis wvensa da ara WaWasa. igi arafrad agdebs arc suns Rvinisas, arc sxvas mis Tvisebasa, da marto imazeda hdgas, rom yurZnis wvens marto erTi ram unda moeTxovebodeso, ese igi is, rom bevri simJave ara hqondes da sakmao Saqari ki usaTuodao. roca an erTi metia, an

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meore naklebi, maSin cudi Rvino dadgebao da amitomac saWiroa Saqarwyali Caematos yurZnis wvensa; am gziT Rvino bevrdeba kideca da ukeTesic dgebao.

gallis sistema ai ragvaria. vsTqvaT, rom kargis Rvinis dasayeneblad saWiroa yurZnis wvens asSi oci wili Saqari hqondes* da 1/2 wili Tavisufali simJave. vsTqvaT, rom cudi weliwadi Sexvda, yurZeni ver moiwia sakmaod da yurZnis wvenSi aRmoCnda, rom ass wilSi marto aTi wili Saqaria da mTeli erTi wili simJave. aviRoT magaliTad erTi Tungi amisTana yurZnis wveni. ra unda hqnas Rvinis damyenebelma? galli ambobs, rom erTi Tungive Saqarwyali gaakeTeT, ise ki, rom 70 wili wyali iyos da 30 Saqari; im erTs Tungs yurZnis wvens daasxiT da erTmaneTSi gadurieT; maSin erTis Tungis magier, romelsac marto 10 wili Saqari hqonda da erTi wili simJave, exla ori Tungi wveni geqnebaT da am wvens 40 wili Saqari eqmneba da erTi wili simJave. amgvarad TiTo TungSi ass wilzed mouva 20 wili Saqari da 1/2 wili simJave, ese igi imdeni, rac magaliTisaTvis saWirod vigulisxmeT. am saxiT Rvinoc erTiorad meti dagidgebaT da arc iseTi mJave iqneba, rogorc uamisod.

Cvena gvgonia, rom am gziT kvrinCxis wvenic SesaZloa Rvinod gardiqces, Tuki axirdebian da Rvinos daarqmeven. aki eseca hSvrebian evropaSi: yovelgvar xilisagan, romelsac ki Saqari cotad mainca aqvs, Rvinos akeTeben; magaliTebr, apelsinisa, kriJovniki da smarodinis wvenisagan aseTs Rvinoebs ayeneben, rom Cveneburi mecnierni

* Saqris raodenobis Sesatyoblad erTi iaraRia mogonili evropaSi, romelsac sawyaos Saqrisas eZaxian; amisTana iaraRi bevrgvaria da ufro cnobilia babosi da heksleisa.

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usaTuod aRtacebaSi movlen, Tu jer ar modian. b-ni berSi da misis moZRvrebis mimdevarni dagvi-Jineben da ityvian: radganac yurZnis wvenisagan TavisTavad Rvino ara keTdeba bunebaSi kacis Seuwevnelad, yurZnis wveni rom ar iyos da kriJovnikisa iyos, ra uSavso!

davaneboT am sasacilo sabuTs Tavi da isev gallis sistemiT Rvinis gabevrebasa da gankargebazed vilaparakoT. jer TviTon am siste-mis saxelovani momgoni b-ni galli TiTqmis araviTars mniSvnelobas ar aZlevs im jer mecnierebis mier gamoucnobels eqstraqtuls nawevrebs, uromlisodac, TviTon b-n berSis sityviTac ki, ara Rvino ar gakeTdeba, ar Seiq-mneba. b-ns galls RvinoSi TiTqos sxva ara daunaxavs ra, garda wylisa, Saqrisa da simJavisa. igi ambobs, rom kargis Rvinis dasayeneblad saWiroa yurZnis wvens as wilSi 24 wili Saqari hqondes 1/2 wili simJave da 75 1/2 wyalio. sxva nawevrebi? magaliTebr, nawevari cilasi, Rvinis marili, Rvinisa da vaSlis simJave, sunis mimcemi efirebi da is eqstraqtuli nawevarebi, uromli-sodac Rvino Rvino ar aris da raRac yalbi xelTnaqmari sasmelia? vsTqvaT, galli am nawevrebsac gulisxmobs, _ da am SerevniT ra emarTeba im nawevrebs, romelnic Zvirfass Rirsebas aZleven Rvinosa, amas b-ni galli ar dagidevT. mis sistemiT erTi orad qceul RvinoSi, saca marto Saqarwyalia Camatebuli, xom es nawevrebi erTi orad naklebi iqneba, imitom, rom rac erTs Tungs yurZnis wvensa hqonda, exla ors Tungze gaiyofa, da, maSasadame, erTi orad naklebi sabuTi gveqneba, mis Rvinos Rvino davarqvaT.

raki vambobT, amas b-ni galli ar dagidevT da masTan erTad ar dagideven isinic, romelnic marTalis Rvinis magier naxevar Saqarwyals da

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naxevar yurZnis wvens asaReben; amas amboben, rom es muStris motyueba ar aris, es siyalbe ar ariso.

maS, aba erTi muStars, vinc unda iyos, es uTxariT: wels metad mJave yurZeni iyo, Rvino cudi dadgeboda. Cven aviReT da rac yurZnis wveni iyo, imdeni Saqarwyali gavurieT, ase gavatkbileT da ai, mSvenieri Rvinoa, iyideT; Tu asSi erTi mogekarebaT, didi saqme iqneba.

am b-nis gallis momxreni Tumca amboben, rom gallizaciiT gakeTebuli Rvino gemrielia da kargio, magram mainc iZulebul arian sTqvan, rom yvela Saqari uwyinar Rvinos akeTebso. usaTuod yurZnis Saqari unda, Torem sxva, magaliTebr kartofilisa, duRilSi metad mawyinars alko-gols iZleva da didad hvnebs adamianis agebu-lebasao; TviTon Saqris lerwmis Saqris Taoba-zedac ki gadaWriT ver iTqmis, rom uvnebelia, roca RvinoSia Careuli.

XXIXXIXXIXXI

tfilisi, 31 marti

Rvinis simagrisa da gamZleobisaTvis evropaSi

umateben alkogolsa, ese igi gadawmendils araysa. amas eZaxian alkogolizacias. am alkogols ufro maSin Caureven xolme maWarSi, roca pirveli didi duRili gaTavdeba. gamoCenili da Rvinis analizebSi avtoritetad cnobili qimikosi bussengo ambobs, rom Tu Rvinos 18% alkogoli aqvs, anu meti, igi bunebur Rvinod aRar CaiTvlebao, imitom rom amodena alkogoliani wveni yurZnisa duRilis unars hkargavs da wvenSi namyofi Saqari alkogolad aRar gadadiso. igi

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pirdapir ambobs, rom am simagris Rvino buneburi ar ariso.

amisda miuxedavad, mainc evropaSi Rvinos gadawmendils arays asxamen. amisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, yovlad wminda araysa hxmaroben, imisTanas, romelSiac alkogolisa da wylis meti sxva ara aris ra; bazarSi rom gadawmendili arayi (spirti) iyideba, amisaTvis bevrad gamosadegi ar aris, radganac imodenad gadawmendili ar aris, ramodenadac nazi buneba Rvinosi iTxovs. yvelazed ukeTesi, WaWisa anu TviTon Rvinisagan gamoxdili da gangeb gadawmendili arayia. Zalian iSviaTi saSovaria amisTana arayi bazarSi, Tu gangeb amisaTvis gadawmendili ar aris. magram rac unda Zalian kargi arayi iSovoT amisaTvis, mainc gangeb Camatebuli arayi Rvinos ufro axdens, vidre akeTebs.

amis dasamtkiceblad ai ra mogvyavs. mecnier-Tagan gamokvleulia, Tu arayi (spirti) Warbad mieciT Rvinos, magaliTebr 5%_6%, Rvino maSinve aireva, aimRvreva, rac unda wminda ankara Rvino iyos, Rvino, romelic minamde ankarasaviT wminda iyo, ZirSi leqs gaikeTebs da amasTanave fersac icvlis. qimiurad rom kargad gamoiZioT es leqi, hnaxavT rom is eqstraqtuli nawevarebi, uromli-sodac Rvino Rvino ar aris, Rvinodam gamosula, gamoridebula da leqSi gamozidula.

cota arayi (spirti) rom CaumatoT Rvinos, magaliTebr 2%_3%, maSinac egeve ambavi moxdeba, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom pirvel xanSive ara. pirvel xanSi Rvinos am SemTxvevaSi ara daetyoba ra, arc aimRvreva, arc feri ecvleba. magram ramdenisame TTvis Semdeg, anu erTis wlis mermed, Tu qimiuri analizi moaxdineT, imav ambavs hnaxavT, rac winad Tqmuls SemTxvevaSi. gamoCenilma da saxelovanma qimikosma Sarl Jirarma bevrgvarad

186

scada zemoqmedeba arayisa Rvinozed. amisaTvis aiRo burgundiis Rvino da 20 ivliss 1883 wels analizi gaukeTa. analiziT aRmoCnda, rom am Rvinos aqvs 19,24% is eqstraqtuli nawevari, uromlisodac, vimeorebT, Rvino Rvinod ar iTvleba TviT bunebur Rvinis uarmyofelTaganac. es Rvino aiRo da Caasxa xuTs boTlSi. pirvels boTls marto 1% wminda arayi (spirti) Caumata, meores_2%, mesames_3%, meoTxes_4% da mexuTes_5%. sams TTves Semdeg qimiuri analizi gaukeTa sams boTls romelTSiac 1%, 3% da 5% arayi iyo Camatebuli. RvinoSi, romelsac arayis Camatebamde 19,24% eqstraqtuli nawevari hqonda, es nawevari am zomisaRa aRmoCnda:

1% boTlSi _ 16,40% eqst. nawevari; 3% boTlSi _ 15,84% “ “ , 5% boTlSi _ 15,80% “ “ ,

am saxiT gamovida, rom pirvelma TiTqmis sami wili eqstraqtuli nawevari daiklo 19,24 wilidam, meorem da mesamem, cota metnaklebobiT, oTx wilamde.

danarCens ors boTls analizi gaukeTa erTis wlis Semdeg, da romels boTlsac 2% arayi hqonda Camatebuli, iq marto 15,30% eqstraqtuli nawevariRa aRmoCnda, da romels boTlsac 4% arayi hqonda _ 14,30%. Jirarma ifiqra, iqneba TviTon Rvinoc uarayodac TavisTavad ase icvleba da aq arayi arafers SuaSiao. amisaTvis 20-s ivliss 1884 wels wminda, Seurevel Rvinos analizi gaukeTa da isev im zomis eqstraqtuli nawevari aRmoCnda, ese igi ass nawilSi 19,24. es ar ikmara frTxilma mecnierma. ocis TTvis Semdeg kidev gaukeTa analizi Senaxuls boTls, romelsac 2% arayi hqonda Camatebuli da aRmoCnda, rom eqstraqtulis nawevaris zoma buneburis Rvinisa Camoxda 19,24-dam 12,76-mde. maSin ki sarwmuno

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sabuTi mieca am ambebidam jerovani daskvna gamoeyvana, da misda mixedviT Cven sarwmuno sabuTi gvaqvs vsTqvaT, rom rac unda wminda arayi CaumatoT Rvinos, Tund ass wilSi erTi, an ori wili, Rvino amiT ki ara keTdeba, aramed, rac dro gadis, ufro fuWdeba da fuWdeba.

safrangeTis mecnieri diuma ambobs, rom Warbad micemuli arayi pirvelSive afuWebs Rvinosa; zomierad da naklebad micemuli ki _ nel-nela, TandaTan, droTa mimavlobaSio; rac unda cota arayi miematos, ERvinos Tavis dReSi ara hrgebso da adre iqneba Tu gvian, Zlier mavnebels cvlilebas moaxdenso.

arman gotiec amave azrisaa. igi ambobs, _ rodesac Rvinos umateben gangeb araysa, wyalsa anu sxvas rasme, Rvino xelmeored aduRdeba xolme da am udroo duRilis gamo RvinoSi imisTana sxva-dasxvagvari wveni (жидкостъ) Cndeba, romelic didad mawyinaria adamianis janmrTelobisaTvisao.

pariJis saeqimo akademiaSi daarsebulia senatis komisia saxelovan mecnierTagan da am komisias davalebuli aqvs gamoikvlios, rarigad moqmedobs adamianis kargamyofobazed sxvadasxvagvarad Seza-vebuli Rvino. am komisiam didi xnis cdisa da gamoZiebis Semdeg sTqva, rom evropiis Rvinoebi, romelSiac ki ureven gadawmendils araysa (spirtsa), imodenadve mawyinaria, im sneulebasve uCens kacsa, rasac cudi, dabali, gauwmendavi arayi,* imitom rom gadawmendili arayi afuWebs RvinoSi imas, rac Zlier sasargeblo aris kacis agebulebisaTvisao. mTelis safrangeTis, italiis, vengriis da ispaniis Rvinoebi sul gafuWebulia Rvinis mkeTebelTagan da amitom mawyinariao. es aris mizezi, rom is kacic, romelic cuds, gauwmendavs araysa svams, da isic, romelic am

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evropiis Rvinoebsa hxmarobs sasmelad, erTisa da imave seniT sneuldebiano.

XXIIXXIIXXIIXXII tfilisi, 1 aprili

Cven gavsinjeT sami evropiuli sistema Rvinis

keTebisa anu uked vsTqvaT, Rvinis Sezavebisa gangeb Camatebulis wyliT, SaqriT da alko-goliTa. es sami sistema miT aris SesaniSnavi, rom amis momxreni uarhyofen am SezavebiT Rvinis bunebis gardaqmnasa im sabuTiT, rom wyali, Saqari da alkogoli buneburi kuTvnilebaa Rvinisa, da maSasadame, amaebis Camateba RvinisaTvis ucxo ramis Camateba ar ariso. Cvena vnaxeT, yovelive es ramodenad hvnebs TviTon Rvinosa da am cotad Tu bevrad margebels sasmels es “buneburni kuTvni-lebani Rvinisa” ramodenad scvlian savneblad adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis. am wyalsa, Saqarsa da alkogolis garda kidev ramdeni sxva sagani da nivTierebaa, romelTac evropielni hxmaroben RvinoSi sxvadasxva azriT. Tu isinic ki, romelnic “bunebur kuTvnilebad” arian cnobilni, axdenen Rvinosa, _ raRa unda iTqvas im saganzed, romel-nic am buneburobasac moklebulni arian?

Cvena vsTqviT, rom gallizacia Saqarwyals umatebs RvinoSi, Tu yurZnis wvens cota sitkbo aqvs da bevri simJave. am SaqarwyliT Rvinos sitkbo emateba da simJave Tumca imodenadve hrCeba yurZnis wvenSi, magram sitkbos momatebiT simJave Tavis Zalas aRar iCens. xolo aris meore sistemac, romelsac saxeSi aqvs TviTon simJave pirdapir daaklos, gamohzidos yurZnis wvenisagan. am sistemas Saptalizacias eZaxian, radganac igi moigona yofilma safrangeTis ministrma Saptalma.

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am sistemazed gakvriT erTs wina werilSiac movixsenieT, xolo aq patara vrclad vityviT.

ai raSi mdgomareobs es sistema: ra wamsac saduRarad mohyrian yurZnis wvens, Sig Caayrian an fxvnils TabaSirs (gipsi) an fxvnils marmarilos. TabaSirs is Tviseba aqvs, rom wvenis duRilis dros gaixsneba, amaduRebels nawevars gaauqmebs da amis gamo Rvino male daiwmindeba xolme. es sistema Zalian gavrcelebulia samxreTs safran-geTsa, ispaniasa, italiaSi da sxvaganac. am TabaSiris Camatebazed dafuZnebulia Saptali-zaciac. fxvnili marmarilo, Tu TabaSiri, izidavs, isvams simJavesa, Zirs midis da ileqeba. xolo imisaTvis, rom duRili ar dadges, Saptali Saqarsac umatebs; Saqari aZlierebs duRils da hmatebs Rvinos alkogolsa. am gziT TabaSirsa, Tu marmarilos, ekargeba is Tviseba, romlis ZaliTac duRils Seakavebs xolme da simJavis gamoklebis TvisebaRa hrCeba. ai ra wuni sdevs am sistemasa. rac unda TabaSirma, anu marmarilom, miizidos da Seisvas simJave da mas mermed Zirs daileqos, RvinoSi mainc hrCeba misgan sxvadasxva kireuli nawevarebi, marilebi, an gaxsnili RvinoSi, an mexanurad SeerTebuli, da es marilebi mawyinarni arian, cuds gemos aZleven Rvinos da yovelive es Zalian Zneli gamosaclelia Rvinisagan**. amitomac safrangeTSi iqaur samxedro saministrosagan akrZalulia SaptalizaciiT nakeTebi Rvino ixmaron samkurnaloebSi; Tu erTs litrs*** Rvino-

* visaca hsurs dawvrilebiT Seityos, ra didad mavnebelia adamianisaTvis arayi sazogadod da dabalis xarisxisa sakuTrad. vurCevT waikiTxos leqcia am saganzed bungesi, romelic fiziologiur qimiis profesoria bazelSi. es leqcia am ukanasknel xanebSi daibeWda da rusuladac aris Tarmnili. **

tardani, 178 gverdi. ***

litri _ franguli sawyaoa, Cveneburad TiTqmis or boTl naxevari.

190

Si es TabaSiri ors grammzed**** meti aRmoCnda, amisTana Rvinos arc erTs samkurnaloSi ara xmaroben. Saqris Camatebis ambavi xom viciT. yove-live es rom saxeSi viqonioT, aSkarad davinaxavT, ra sikeTesa sZens es Saptalizacia Rvinos.

XXIIIXXIIIXXIIIXXIII

tfilisi, 13 aprili

movawyineT Tavi Cvens mkiTxvelebs ase grZlad laparakiT Rvinis Taobazed. magram raki amisTana sayuradRebo saqmeSi SevtopeT, unda boloc gavatanoT da rac saTqmeli gvaqvs, yovelive vsTqvaT.

RvinoSi aris erTnairi nawevari, romelsac gcilerini hqvian. es glicerini ise cotaa RvinoSi, rom erTs boTlze erTi misxali Zlivs modis xolme. radganac am glicerins, sxvaTa Soris, is Tvisebaca aqvs, rom Rvinos gamZleobas aZlevs, amitomac xSirad umateben xolme. glicerini im zomiT, ra zomiTac buneburs RvinoSia, srulebiT mawyinari ar aris, magram boTls RvinoSi rom erTis misxalis magier xuTi iyos, maSin adanians swyins da Sards aklebs, da Tu aTsa da TerTmets misxals gadascilda, maSin iqamde vnebs adamians, rom sisxlis Sardzedac gaiyvans. magram radganac glicerini Turme gamZleobas hmatebs Rvinosa, amitomac erTma kacTmoyvare meafTeqem, SeamCnia ra es Tviseba glicerinisa, daiwyo gliceriniT Rvinis Sezaveba da keTeba. am vaJbatons Seeli erqva da amitomac mis sistemas Seelizacia daerqva, raTa ka-

****

gramm = 1/3 misxalsa.

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cobriobas ar daviwyeboda Zvirfasi saxeli misi, vinc Rvinis gamZleobis siyvaruliTa adamianis mowamlvasac ar moerida. amboben, Tu glicerinTan erTad alkogolic Camatebulia, maSin glicerini ise ara swyenso da amitomac marto glicerinis micema RvinoSi sastikad asakrZalveliao*.

garda amisa, aris kidev erTgvari mJave, romelsac salicinis mJaves eZaxian. am mJaves xmaroben Rvinis gamosakeTeblad da gasamZleod. yofilma ministrma safrangeTisam tirardma akrZala amisi xmareba, radganac metad mawyinarad icna adamianis agebulebisaTvis, da es bZaneba gamovida Tu ara bordoSi, imodena Rvino aRmoCnda salicilis mJaviT nakeTebi, rom ministri iZulebuli gaxda paemani daedva im Rvinoebis gasasaReblad, Tumca mawyinarad cnobilni iyvnen. aseTi Zlieri iyo drtvinva da RaRadi Rvinis vaWrebisa, rom maTma jibis interesma sZlia danarCenis eris janmrTelobis interessa. am Seundobelma sisustem ministrisam Rone moaklo misve kanons da salicilis mJaviT Rvinis mkeTebels sastikad devna veRar dauwyes. zogierTi sasamarTloebi amarTlebdnen kidec amaSi damnaSavesa. xolo sahigieno komitetma safran-geTSi scna silicilis mJavis xmareba uebar sawamlavad adamianis agebulebisaTvis da pariJis prefeqtma 23 Tebervals 1881 w. gamosca mTelis pariJisaTvis savaldebulo bZaneba, rom silicilis mJave ar iqmnas xmarebuli arc sasmelSi raSime, arc xorageulobaSi.

raki alkogolis CamatebiT Rvinos simagres hmateben da am simagres hmateben imisaTvis, rom Rvinom wyalis dasxma aitanos, da am gziT erTi orad iqces, Tqma ar unda, rom Rvino fers * “enciklopedi saWmel-sasmlisa”, tomi I.

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dahkargavs. am borotebas da siyalbes zed mosdevs sxva siyalbe da boroteba, romelic imazea miqceuli, rom dakarguli feri daubrunon Rvinosa da siyalbe Tvalad SesamCnevi ar iyos. amis gamo Rvinos gangeb feraven. Rvinis dasaferavad bevrgvari wamlebia evropaSi cnobili. yvelazed gavrcelebulia egreT wodebuli fuqsiniaa. fuqsiniazed laparaki Cven wina werilebSiaca gvqonda da aq meti iqneba ganmeoreba misi, Tu ramodenad mavnebelia eg fuqsinia da ramodenad Sesawynarebeli TviT sistema, romelic gaTqmulia fuqsinizaciis saxeliTa.

Cven aRar gamovudgebiT sxva mravalgvars mowamvlas Rvinisas. TiTqmis uTvalavia sxvadasxva xerxi, sxvadasxva wamali, romlis wyalobiTac evropaSi Rvinoebs swamlaven muStaris mo-satyueblad da mosawamlavad da gamorComas anacvaleben eris janmrTelobas. Cven aq moviyvanT pariJis samunicipalo laboratoriis gamokvlevas am saganzed da iqidam davinaxavT, ramodenad gavrcelebulia safrangeTSi, am Rvinis boRazSi, arabuneburi Rvinis keTeba. am laboratoriaSi gasinjuli iyo 133 WaSniki sxvadasxva Rvinosi* da aRmoCnda, rom 130 WaSniki avis Tvisebisa iyo da marto 3 kargisa. Jurnal “Yoltaire”-Si 1883 wlis 15 noembers gamocxadebulia amave laboratoriis analizebi da ai, ra aRmoCenila: gausinjavT 650 WaSniki sxvadasxva Rvinoebisa, romelnic war-dgenili yofila laboratoriaSi da marto 60 aRmoCenila uwyinari. am analizebidam aRmoCnda, rom 871 sxvadasxva xerxi uxmariaT yalbobisaTvis da 281 SemTxvevaSi orjer gadauyalbebiaT erTi da igive. es Rvinoebi oqtomberSi usinjavT,

* “Petit dictionnare des falsifications”, L. Doufur.

193

dekemberSiac amave laboratoriaSi warmoudgeniaT 821 WaSniki sxvadasxva Rvinosi da amaTSi gauyalbebeli Rvino aRmoCenila marto 143 da yalbobis sxvadasxva xerxi 968 dauTvliaT! aba ra qmnas muStarma, roca ass sxvadasxva RvinoSi marto aTi urevia marTali Rvino? zogi iqneba isec mokvdes, rom Tavis sicocxleSi am aTs SemTxvevaSi erTi SemTxvevac ar ergos marTalis Rvinis syidvisa da iZulebulia Zalauneburad svas yalbi da mawyinari Rvino da iwamlos nel-nela Tavi.

Cven amiT vaTavebT Rvinis keTebis Taobazed laparaks da marto isRa dagvrCa, rom ganvuziaroT mkiTxvels Cveni azri, ris gamoc saWirod davinaxeT ase gZlad laparaki Rvinozed.

XXXXXIVXIVXIVXIV

tfilisi, 15 aprili

rac rama vsTqviT Rvinis keTebis Taobazed, Tu yovels imas gavixsenebT da gonebis Tvalwin warmovidgenT, davinaxavT, rom Rvinis keTeba orgvaria: erTi yalbis Rvinis keTeba da meore buneburisa. buneburis Rvinis keTeba, igi xeli Tu ostatobaa, romelsac sagnada aqvs marto wminda, Seurevneli yurZnis wveni aqcios Rvinod da es qceva daamyaros marto yurZnis wvenis bunebur Tvisebazed. amgvars Rvinis mkeTebels marto pirdapiri msmeli Rvinisa hyavs muStrad saxeSi da pirdapiri msmeli yovelTvis wminda yurZnis wvenis Rvinos irCevs, vidre gangeb wamlebiT Sezavabuls da gakeTebuls, rac unda es ukanaskneli Tvalisa da gemosaTvis ufro samacduro iyos pirvelzed. ara gvgonia qveyanazed moipovebodes imisTana

194

msmeli Rvinisa, romelmac, raki darwmunebuli iqneba, rom es Rvino wminda yurZnis wvenisaa, da meore gangeb wamlebiT Sezavebuli, marTals Rvinos ar daavlos xeli, rac unda yalbs Rvi-nozed dabali iyos.

Cvena vnaxeT, rom marTalis Rvinis keTe-bisaTvis CvenSiac igive codnaa, rac evropaSi, da Tu amaSi cota ram metnaklebobaa, imodenad RirsSesaniSnavi ara aris ra, rom kacma misda mixedviT an erTi aqos, an meore daiwunos. Tqma ar unda, rom didi bazari evropisa, saca marTals evropuls Rvinoebs didi fasi aqvT, _ dids Rones da SeZlebas aZlevs iqaurs mkeTebels marTalis Rvinisas ufro mometebuli Sroma da xarji gaswios, Rvinis keTebas ufro meti fuli moix-maros, ufro ukeTesi iaraRi da WurWeli axmaros, garemoeba ufro saxerxuli mouwyos, rom marTals Rvinos mTeli Tavisi buneburi Tviseba da Rirseba SearCinos rogorc sikeTisa, isec gamZleobisaTvis.

Tu am mxriT evropielni Cvenzed win arian, ese igi, Tu am mxriT evropielni Cvenzed ukeTes Ro-nesa, xerxsa da iaraRsa hxmaroben _ eg marto saekonomio mizeziT aixsneba: iq dids xarjs keTe-bisas didi fasi hfaravs da mogebasac aZlevs; Cven-Si ki Cveneburi Rvino, marto Cvens Sinaurs viw-rod Semofargluls bazarSi momwyvdeuli, dids xarjs keTebisas ver aitans da zaralis meti ara gamova ra. amas unda mieweros zogierTi Cveni uxerxuloba Rvinis keTebaSi da ara imas, viTom ar vicodeT, ra gziT SesaZloa Rvinis kargad dayeneba da keTeba. es erTi, meore mizezi, isev saekonomio Tvisebisa is aris, rom CvenSi Rvino sayovelTavo saxmari sasmelia: didi da patara, Raribi da mdi-dari, Cveulia Rvinis smasa. amis gamo aq, CvenSi Rvinis keTebis saekonomio angariSi ufro mra-valTaTvis unda iyos daWerili, vidre evropaSi,

195

saca Rvinos, nametnavad marTals, marto mdidari kaci Tu svams da eRirseba. raki muStari Rvinisa eris simravlea, maSasadame ara mdidari xalxi, _ Rvino, Tu iefi ar aris, unda hSiSobdes, rom gausyidveli darCeba. rac unda didi vaWari iyos Rvinisa, Znelad iqmneba, rom aTs urems iefis fa-sis RvinosTan erTi uremi Zvirfasi Tavi Rvino gaasaRos. Cvens bazarSi Zvirfas Tavs Rvinos mdi-dari kacic Zliva hyavs muStrada da amisTana mdi-dari bevri ar aris, da isic, rac aris, Zvirfas Rvinos iSviaTad Tu hxmarobs iSviaTs SemTxvevaSi, roca didi da gamosaCeni wveuleba aqvs. amis gamo Cveneburma Rvinis keTebam marto imisTana Rones Cahkida xeli marTalis Rvinis SeqmnisaTvis, rome-lic Tumca xandisxan uxerxulia, magram iefia da Zvirad ar ujdeba Rvinis mkeTebelsa. eg iefoba xarjisa nebas aZlevs Rvinis mkeTebels iefad hyi-dos Rvino imitom, rom am SemTxvevaSi marto muS-tris simravlea Tavdebi, rom Rvino gausyidveli ar darCeba. mTels evropaSi verc erTs adgils ver gviCvenebT, rom wminda yurZnis wvenis Rvino, Seurevneli da sxvadasxva wamlebiT ar Sedgenili, ise iefi iyos, rogorc CvenSi.

exla Cvens Rvinos sxva bazaric exsneba. eg ba-zari ruseTia. Cveni guliTadi rwmena es aris, rom Cveni Rvinoebi am dids bazarSi fexs moikideben Tu Cveni Zveleburi patiosani sagani Rvinis keTe-bisa ar SevcvaleT. am bazarma guli unda daaje-ros, rom Cveneburi Rvino marTali Rvinoa; rom Cvens RvinoSi ara aris ra, garda yurZnis wvenisa. Cveneburs Rvinis keTebas dRevandlamde amis meti sxva sagani ara hqonia. Tu hsurT, rom ruseTis bazarSi Cvenma Rvinom adgili daiWiros da evro-puls yalbs Rvinoebs ajobos da gza daaclevinos, es marto imiT SesaZloa moxdes, rom gasam-klaveblad evropuls yalbs Rvinos Cveni marTali

196

Rvino pirSi wavuyenoT. aq Cveni gamarjveba ueW-velia imitom, rom ar ari qveyanazed kaci, romel-mac marTali yalbs ar amjobinos, rac unda es yalbi samacduro iyos. Cvens Rvinoebs sxva imedi ar unda hqondes gauZlos evropul Rvinoebis ci-lobasa: yalbis Rvinis keTebaSi Cven evropas ver daveweviT, gaswrobas viRa ityvis. maSasadame, erTiRa dagvrCenia: marTlis Rvinis keTebas nu vuRalatebT; es raRac Saptalizaciebi, galliza-ciebi da sxva “ciebi” Sors Cvengan da Cvenis qvey-nis gared, rogorc SigniTac, marto marTali Rvi-noebi gavitanoT bazarSi. evropam rom Rvinis keTe-baSi siyalbe aRar ixmaros da marto marTali Rvi-no akeTos, es misi marTali Rvino meaTe nawilsac ver gaswvdeba, maSasadame, Cvens marTals Rvinoebs mazanda didi eqmneba da mocilec metad uRono eyoleba marTalis Rvinis uqonlobis gamo.

radganac dRes saxelmwifo qonebaTa sami-nistros fiqrada aqvs, Cveneburis Rvinis keTebas ukeTesi da ufro saxeiro gza misces da warmatebaSi Seiyvanos, _ amas Sors wasvla ar unda. amisaTvis, Cvenis fiqriT, marto ori ram aris saWiro: 1) azri da sagani Cveneburis Rvinis keTebisa arasgziT ar Seicvalos, ese igi bune-buris Rvinis keTebas araviTari siyalbe ar Seeparos, da radganac am azrisa da sagnis gansa-xorcieleblad bevri kargi sxvadasxva Rone da saxsaria CvenSi Tu gared, am Ronisa da saxsris codnisa da daxmarebisaTvis sami skola mainc gaimarTos: erTi kaxeTSi, meore qarTlSi da mesame imereTSi; 2) kanonad daidvas, rom Tu RvinoSi garda yurZnis wvenisa raimea gareuli, an gasabevreblad, an dasawmendad, an gasamagreblad, an saferavad, an gasamZleod, Rvinis gamsyidavi me-duqne movale iyos Rvinis WurWelzed, _ boTli iqneba, Tu boWka, _ daaweros, rom es Rvino ama da

197

am nawevariT Sezavebuliao. es kanoni germaniaSi moqmedobs da ruseTSiac miRebuli rom iyos, dids Semweobas miscems Cveneburs Rvinosa.

Cven aq, rasakvirvelia, marto xelsamZRvani azri aRvniSneT, igi azri, romelic, Cvenis fiqriT, safuZvlad unda daedos kanons Rvinis Taobazed, Tu hsurT, rom Sinaurma Rvinom gza gaikafos ruseTis bazrisaken da igi auarebeli fuli Sin, ruseTSive dahrCes, romelic evropuls yalbs da mawyinars Rvinoebzed exarjeba dResa, da amasTan uwyinari Rvinoc svas xalxma. am xelsamZRvano azrs bevri sxva saWiroebac mosdevs, rom survili kanonisa uqmad ar darCes. am kanonebis vrclad SemuSaveba Cven azrad ara gvqonia da amitomac amiT vaTavebT Cvens grZels laparaksa Rvinis Taobazed.

[Tebervali _ aprili]

198

««««bbbbismarkis muqaraismarkis muqaraismarkis muqaraismarkis muqara»»»»

tfilisi, 23 Tebervali.

roca bismarkma Seitana reixstagSi Tavisi

samxedro kanonproeqti da Svidis wliT iTxova im kanonis miReba, maSin umTaves sabuTad is waradgina, rom Tu Svidis wliT daadgenT am kanons, xom mSvidobianoba evropisa ar dairRvevao da Tu samis wliT _ omis atexa aucilebeliao. rogorc TviTveulma kacma calke, isec reixstagma saerTod Zalian kargad icis, rom sityva yovelTvis imas ar ambobs, rac kacs gulSi aqvs da amitomac reixstagi bismarkis muqaras ar SeuSinda da kanoni miiRo marto samis wlis vadiTa. bismarkmac arc aciva, arc acxela, aiRo da parlamenti daiTxova da axali arCevani daniSna, ese igi, germaniis eri moiwvia _ gamosTqvi arCe-vaniT am saganzed, Sen ra azrisa xaro.

amis Semdeg, rasakvirvelia, mTeli evropa TiTqmis guliscemiT ucdida am arCevanebis gaTavebas germaniaSi. marTali iyo T. bismarkis muqara, Tu tyuili, yvela ki hgrZnobda, rom gansacdeli an samis wliT kanonis miRebaSi imalavs Tavs, an Svidis wlisaSi. amazed evropaSi ar iWvneulobda, umizezod es saqme ese ar gamwvavdebodao, yvela amas iZaxoda. ai dRes arCevani TiTqmis gaTavebulia. 396 deputati,

199

romelic saimperio parlaments germaniisas Seadgens, ukve amorCeulia; zogan Tumca xelaxlad arCevani unda moxdes, magram uamarCevanebodac cxadia, rom T. bismarkma gaimarjva da germaniis erma Tavis parlaments erTxel kidev uTxra, Sen “su”, roca bismarki xmas iRebso.

dRes oficialurad gamocxadebulia sad ra kacebi amourCevia germaniis ersa: korservativebi _ 75; saimperio dasisa _ 34; nacional-liberalebi _ 84; Suagul dasisa _ 90; Tavisufal-msjelni _ 24; socialisti _ 6; elmasebi _ 15; polaki _ 13; velfi _ 2; daneli _ 1; imisTanani, romelT mimarTuleba jer ar ician _ 2 da xelaxlad asarCevi 60 kacia kidev.

amaTSi konservativebi, nacional-liberalebi, saimperio dasis kacni erTgulni yurmoWrilni ymani yofilan bismarkisa, arian da iqnebian, danarCenebi sul erTnairad ewinaaRmdegebian bismarksa, rac Zali da Rone aqvT. am saxiT gamodis, rom samxedro kanonis Taobazed bismarks axals parlamentSi eyoleba erTgul momxeT 193 kaci da mopirdapired _143. danarCeni 60 kaci xelaxlad amosarCevi rom sul mopirdapireTa dasis kacni gamodgnen, maSin, ra Tqma unda, parlamentSi aTis kaciT eseni ajobeben bis-markelebs, magram amis imedi aravisa aqvs. bevri-bevrio, amboben mcodne kacni, es samoci kaci Sua gaiyoso da ocdaaTi kaci erTs ergoso da ocdaaTi meoresao. Tu ese moxda, maSin 223 kaci bismarks eyoleba da 173 mis mopirdapireTa.

am saxiT bismarkis gamarjveba aucilebelia, eWvi aRarafrisaa, rom germaniis parlamenti miiRebs bismarkis samxedro kanons Svidis wliTa da am gziT imperators vilhelms, bismarks da moltkes TavianTi Zalian mowadinebuli survili ausruldebaT. ra iqmneba amis Semdegao,

200

hkiTxulobs didi da patara da veravis gul-dasajeri pasuxi ver moupovebia. evropiis Jurnal-gazeTobam am amocanis axsnisaTvis bevrs kalams mostexa wveri, bevri melani amoaSro, bevrgvarad dResac ramlsa hyris, gulTmisnobs, magram jer bejiTad vera gaugia ra. yovels amaSi metismeti sakvirveli erTi ram aris. dRevandels evropas sami gasaWirebeli saqme aqvs, samiv mizeziani da gansacdeliani: erTi germaniis da safrangeTis SuRli da mtroba, meore egviptis saqme da mesame _ bolgariisa. aba SeniSneT, Tu raRac jadosnoba da Tilisma xan erTs imodenad ar gaamwvavebdes, rom kacs SiSiT guli uTrTis, xan meores, xan mesames da saocari es aris, rom, roca erTi gamwvavdeba, sxva ori miyuCdeba, miscxreba, TiTqo arc yofila da arc ariso. visTvis ra xel-sayrelia, rom politikis mavTulebi kukebsaviT xan safrangeTs amoaxtuneben xolme, xan egviptes, xan bedkruls bolgarias? sCans wyurvili da survili visime amaebSi jerxanad Tavs imalavs da sinjavs, _ vnaxoT vin romelis kukis sanaxavad mova da ra TvaliT daacqerdebao. Cvenis fiqriT, evropa amis cdaSia da radganac jer es cda gaTavebuli ar aris da jer kidev saqmeSia, amitomac jerxanad veravis verara gaugia ra gamova risagan.

201

««««Rirseulis dafasebaRirseulis dafasebaRirseulis dafasebaRirseulis dafaseba»»»»

tfilisi, 25 Tebervali.

23-s Tebervals T. iase adamis Zes andro-

nikaSvils gadauxades ormocdaaTis wlis sam-saxuris dReoba. sazogadoebam Tavisi pativiscema da madloba sajarod gamoucxada kacs, romelsac arc saxelovani omi mougia, arc qveyana daupyria, arc imisTana ram mouxdenia, rac TavisTavad hyviris, hxmaurobs da buksa da naRaras scems.

maS ram gamoiwvia es sajaro pativiscema da madloba? nuTu man, rom kacma ormocdaaTis wlis samsaxurs gauZlo, esoden xangrZlivad hzida tvirTi saxelmwifo Tanamdebobisa? ara. Cvenda sasiamovnod is unda vaRiaroT, rom aq, am ambavSi sxva umaRlesi zneobiTi azria. marTali moaxsenes T. andronikaSvils: ”xangrZlivoba ra aris? eg janis simrTelis saqmea. janis simrTele kidev erTi umaRlesi madlia, romelsac ki RmerTi mianiWebs xolme Tvis rCeulsa, magram mainc madlia da ara Rvawlio”! sasiqadulo da sasaxelo TviT T. andronikaSvilisaTvis igi zneobiTi azria, romelic saTaved udevs mis dReobis ambavsa. aq sazogadoebam xangrZlioba moRvaweobisa ki ar daafasa, aramed is, rom naxevar saukunis ganmav-lobaSi kacma arc erTxel ar umtyuna Tavis

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movaleobasa, Tavis Tanamdebobasa da arc erTxel ciliswamebasac ki ar SeabRalvina Tavisi wminda da patiosani saxeli, mere iciT, ra mizeziania igi Tanamdeboba mosamarTlisa, msajulisa, romelic mTeli ormoci weliwadi wilad xvda T. andronikaSvilsa! vinc es icis, man isic unda icodes, ra didbunebovanobaa kacis mxriT, rom cilsac ki vera gaabedvinos ra, cilsac ki ena mosWras, xma ar amoaRebinos.

yovels adgilas, yovels saqmeSi _ rac unda Cumi iyos, rac unda mcire _ adamians SeuZlia aRmoaCinos sidiade Rvawlisa. tyuilad ki ar aris naTqvami erTis mecnierisagan: “vinc ori marcvali moiyvana iq, saca manamde marto erTi marcvali modioda, igi erTs udidess samsaxurs uwevs kacobriobasao”.

am wuTisofelSi adamians bevri da mraval-saxis saqme aqvs sakeTebeli, rogorc kerZod Tavis TavisaTvis, isec sazogadod yvelasaTvis. saTiTaod yvelas erTnairi daniSnuleba ara aqvs, saTiTaod yvelas raime daniSnuleba ki usaTuod aqvs. maRal zneobis Tvalis winaSe sidide adamianisa da-niSnulebis sididezed ar aris damokidebuli. mravalgvaria niWiereba, Rone da midrekileba adamianisa. sidide da Rirseba is aris, vin rogor aurCia saqme Tavis niWsa, Ronesa, midrekilebasa da vin rogor uZRveba. TviTon saqmis metnakleboba aq arafers SuaSia, didi da patara sul erTia, oRond kacma imas mihmarTos, imas CahWidos xeli, razedac guli miuwevs da niWi da unari miuwvdeba. uamisod yoveli misi saqme mcirea da amisiT ki yoveli patarac ki didia.

mosamarTloba, msajuloba, Cumia, wynari, uxmauro, ubuknaRaro. Rvawli mosamarTlisa, msajulisa iseTi erTiani ar aris, rogorc, magaliTebr, cixis aReba, qveynis dapyroba, omis

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mogeba da sxva ram amgvari didi. TvalsaCino da erTbamad dasanaxavi saqme, romelic erTbamadve acvifrebs adamians. igi ganuwyveteli Zewkvia yoveldRiuris Rvawlisa; igi erTi-erTmaneTzed zedasxmuli marcvalebia adamianis sayoveldReo moqmedebisa. raodenad sinaTle da sikeTe unda Caayolos kacma am uCinars marcvalebs Tavis ganuwyvetelis moRvaweobisas, rom maTi krebuli imad gamoCndes, rasac moqalaqobrivs qvelobas eZaxian da rac samarTlianad gamoiwvevs xolme qebas, didebas, pativiscemas da madlobis gadaxdasa. erTis didis saqmiT amis damsaxureba imodenad Zneli ar aris, Cvenis fiqriT, rac an xagrZlivis dauRalavis RvawliT, dRemudam erTi-erTmaneTzed zedmiyolilis sikeTiT mopoebuli. imitom rom didi saqme zogjer bedisagan wilad xdomilia da adamiani marto far-xmalia bedisagan arCeuli. aq ki gamudmebuli Tavdadeba unda, didi gulmodgineba, didi Rone zneobisa, daucxromeli siyvaruli, dauRalavi bejiToba da gautexloba gulpatiosanis muSakisa da gamrjelisa. yovelive es unda, rom marcvleulobiT naRvawi bolos imodena xvavad aqcios kacma sazogadoebis TvalSi, rom sajarod pativiscema da madloba gamoiwvios. aq adamiani Taosnobs, ixarjeba da ara bedi.

ai, ras vxedavT da ras vpoulobT Cven T. andronikaSvilis dReobaSi misda WeSmarit sasi-qadulod da sasaxelod. TviT igi sazogadoeabac ki pativiT da saxeliT mosaxsenebelia, romelsac Tvali uWris amgvaris Rvawlis dasanaxavad. es utyuari niSania mis gonebis aRmatebisa, imitom rom ubuknaRaros saqmes, Cumsa da uCinars sasar-geblo Rvawls xorcis Zvali Znelad miswvdeba. aq gonebis Wreli Tvali unda, rom Tvalad mcireni, magram keTilni saqmeni, romelic gamudmebul SromiT erTmanerTzed ganuwyvetlad akinZulia,

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zednakecia, icnas didis zneobis saqmed da pativiscemis Rirsad gahxados. didis danaxva advilia, saqme is aris, imaT CumTa muSakTa uCinari Rvawli dainaxos kacma, romelTa naRvawic acxovrebs qveyanasa da dedaboZad udga TviT sazogadoebas.

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««««germaniis SeSfoTebis mizezigermaniis SeSfoTebis mizezigermaniis SeSfoTebis mizezigermaniis SeSfoTebis mizezi»»»»

tfilisi, 27 Tebervali.

germaniis awindeli yofa da qceva yvelas

aocebs. didi da patara imas Sescqeris da hkiTxulobs, ese ra gasWirebia, rom jarebis momatebis survili dRedaRam mosvenebas ar aZlevso. iq paps mivarda da Semweobas Seevedrao, paps, romelsac TviTon T. bismarki erT dros ise aurzaurad moekida da mis samRvdeloebas ger-maniaSi xel-fexi SeuxuTa, iezuitebic ki gamodevna germaniis samzRvrebidam da amiT metad awyina da gaarisxa papi. exlaxans, roca italiaSi sami-nistro depretisisa da robilanisa daeTxova samsaxursa, T-ma bismarkma mTeli Tavisi ostatoba da saxeli moixmara, rom isev depretisisa da robilanis saministro Semdgariyo da ara karo-lisa an krispisa; vsTqvaT, rom depretisi da robilani didi momxrea germaniisa da avstriisa, magram rad uWirs germanias amaTi momxreoba? vin emuqreba? visi da risi SiSi aqvs? aqed ixedebiT, iqid ixedebiT da ra ki hxedavT, rom gansacdeli germaniisaTvis mosalodneli arsaidam ar aris, hkvirobT saidam ra landi uCndeba germanias, rom yvelgan hfacurobs da yvelaferSi mSvelels eZiebs? arCevanebis gaTavebac ki aRar moicada T_ma

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bismarkma da axlad amorCeuli reixstagi moiwvia. rasa sCqarobs? ra iseTi didi sagani misdis da ecleba xelidam, rom xansac aRar ayovnebs, TiTqos raisame SiSisagan eldacemuliao da scdilobso rom SiSs rac SeiZleba adre da male win uswroso?

miTam safrangeTis Tavdasxma afiqrebs T. bismarksa? ara gvgonia, imitom, rom safrangeTsa, Tumca evropaSi dRes erTi Zlieri TanamgrZnobeli hyavs, magram pirdapiri momxreoba ki jer arsad uCans. umomxreod safrangeTi arasgziT germanias oms ver gaubedavs. maSasadame, sxva ra tkivili aqvs germaniasa?

germanias igi tkivili aqvs, rom orsav mxriT, dasavleTiT da aRmosavleTiT mezoblebi metis-metad gauZlierdnen da gauRonierdnen. Tumca arc erTisagan Tavdasxmas germania ar moelodineba da jer xanad arc safiqrebelia, magram T. bismarki metad aSkarad hxedavs, rom dRes ruseTi calis mxriT da safrangeTi, meoris mxriT imodenad gaZlierdnen, rom amodenis RvawliT, sisxliT da xarjiT germaniis mier mopoebuli pirveloba evropaSi lamis xelidam gamoecalos; lamis gegemonia evropaSi CamoerTos germaniasa. eg pirveloba, upiratesoba germaniisa evropaSi T. bismarkis karga xnis Rvawlia. mTeli misi saxeli, misi didkacoba, misi abru geniosobisa am miznad Seqmnils germaniis upiratesobaSia da ai, dRes T. bismarki hgrZnobs, rom amis naRvaws Zlierni mocileni gamouCndnen evropaSi da lamis imodenis msxverpliT aSenebuli dideba germaniisa da am didebiT mopovebuli saxeli TviTon imperatoris vilhelmisa da T. bismarkisa fuWad waxdes da dadnes SarSandelis TovliviTa. ai, sagani, rome-lic germaniis tkivils Seadgens dResa da romlis dasacveladac dRes T. bismarki da masTan mTeli

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germaniac iRvwis da mecadineobs dRedaRam saocaris gamalebiTa da siswrafiTa, amitomac sakvirveli ar aris, rom T. bismarki ara Ro-nisZiebas ara hTakilobs, yovels gvars xerxsa da ostatobas xelsa hkidebs, rom didma Rvawlma amaod ar Cauaros arc imperators vilhelms, arc TviTon bismarks, arc germaniis ersa da germanias kvlavac igiv upiratesoba SearCinos.

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««««mamulebis gamijvnis ukeT mamulebis gamijvnis ukeT mamulebis gamijvnis ukeT mamulebis gamijvnis ukeT

mowyobisaTvmowyobisaTvmowyobisaTvmowyobisaTvisisisis»»»»

tfilisi, 6 marti Cvens gazeTSi iyo Tqmuli, rom mTavrobas

saWirod daunaxavs, aaCqaros Cvens qveyanaSi aqamde taatiT moaruli gamijnaveba mamulebisa. es ambavi didad sasixaruloa yvela imisaTvis, vinc ki icis, ra didi dabrkolebaa ganusazRvreloba kuTvni-lebisa meurneobisaTvis, erisaTvis da TviT sa-xelmwifosaTvisac, romelsac amis gamo auarebeli saqmeebi uCndeba, rogorc sasisxlo samarTliT gasarCevi, radganac xSirad mamulis gamo Cxubs danaSaulebic mosdevs xolme, ise samoqalaqo samarTliTac, radganac davidaraba yovelTvis gasarCevad da gadasawyvetad sasamarTloebamde adis da uamaTod ara Tavdeba.

radganac gasamijnavad dadgenilis wesisa da rigisamebr yvelas neba eZleva _ arc SeiZleba ar mieces, _ rac Tavis dReSi ar udavnia, imasac xeli waatanos da sadavod gahxados, amitomac raki moxele mamulis gasamijnavad miva sadme, yvelani hswrafoben, dava gamoacxadon, isinic ki, romelTac manamde fiqradac ara hqoniaT waedavnon visme rame. amis gamo saca ori da sami sabuTiani davaa memamuleTa Soris, iq aTi da oci usabuTo,

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“iqnebazed” damokidebuli dava Tavs wamohyofs xolme. es garemoeba amravlebs saqmeebs da rasakvirvelia, Zlier abrkolebs gamijvnis svlasa CvenSi. am usabuTod davis atexas kerZo kacisagan, ara eSveleba ra, rac unda didi jarima gauCinoT bolos gadasaxdelad tyuilis davisaTvis. rac mere, bolos iqneba is ise ar aSinebs kacsa, rogorc dRes aqezebs “iqnebazed” damokidebuli imedi. usabuTod modaves ki winadve ver aukrZalavs kanoni, nu idavebo. eg samoqalaqo uflebis CamorTmeva iqneba da amas kanoni Tavis dReSi ar moindomebs.

CvenSi hdavoben mamulebs aramcTu marto kerZo memamuleTa da xazinisa erTmaneTSi. im Cvens gazeTSi moxsenebul ambavidama sCans, rom mTavrobas ganuzraxavs aq CvenSi sakuTari veqilebi iyolios saxazino kuTvnilebis dasacavad, Tu vinicobaa mamulebis gamijvnis dros kerZo kacTagan raime dava astydao. rasakvirvelia, es kargi saqmea saxazino saqmeTaTvis, Tu kerZo kacma xazinas dava autexa. aki vsTqviT, aq kerZo kacsa usabuTo davisaTvisac ki gza ver gadaeRobeba, Tumca sanatrelia, Tu rom es SesaZlebeli iyos rogorme, xolo Cven es unda vTqvaT, rom mravali saqmea TviTon xazinisagan dawyebuli; mravali saqmea, saca TviTon xazina edaveba kerZo kacsa da ara kerZo kaci xazinasa. Tqma ar unda, rom verc xazinas daeSleba Tavisi kuTvnileba eZios kerZo kacis xelisagan. magram xazinasa da kerZos kacs Soris didi gansxvavebaa. xazina, saxelmwifo, rogorc umaRlesi mfarveli marTlisa, ar ikadrebs Tu ar sabuTzec, sxva rasmezed daemyaros davis asatexad, an sxva romelsame gulis Tqmas ahyves, kerZo kacs ki, Cvenda samwuxarod, xSirad sixarbe waacdens da aiyoliebs xolme. raki esea,

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nuTu am mxriT mainc Secotavebas davidarabisas ara eSveleba ra?

Cvenis fiqriT, am mxriv SesaZloa didZali ricxvi saqmeebisa moSordes sasamarTloebsaca da qveyanasac da amiT gaadvildes gamijvnis saqmis svla. rom es ase moxdes, ai, Cvenis azriT, ra ari saWiro: saxelmwifo qonebaTa gamgeobam ar unda miandos, rogorc aqamde winaswar, ganurCevlad davis gamocxadeba “lesniCis” an calke moxelisa, romelmac xSirad arc ki icis sagani davisa da ra sabuTi miuZRvis xazinas davis gamosacxadeblad. gamijvnis sasamarTlo yovel wliv ramdenisame TTviT win atyobinebs xalxs, ra dros da ra adgilas Seudgeba moqmedebas mamulebis gasa-mijnavad. saxelmwifo qonebaTa gamgeobas rom kolejia hyvandes samis mcodne moxelesagan Semdgari da vidre davas astexda sadme, am kole-jiam Tavisad gamoiZios: gasamijnavad daniSnul mamulebSi, sad vis ra edavos, ra mijnebSi da kuTvnilebis sabuTi aqvs raime Sesawynarebeli da xelis mosakidebeli, Tu ara. am gamoZiebis Semdeg daadgines: Rirs da sabuTia Tu ara, dava daiwyos da Tu Rirs da sabuTia, mxolod maSin gamgeobam visac hsurs, imas miandos davis gamocxadeba. amis Semdeg, vin aris marTali da vin ara, xom samarTali gaarCevs, am gziT bevri usabuTo saqme Tavsac ar gamoiCens. yvela modave rom egre jer TviTon samarTlianad da miudgomlad Caukvirdes saqmes da mere, Tu sinidisi etyvis, daiwyos dava, maSin xom naxevarzed meti saqme TavSive moswydeba, _ da zneobiani kaci yovelTvis egred iqceva kidec. xolo Zneli es aris, rom yovels calke kacs eg ver moeTxoveba da saxelmwifosaTvis ki yovlad SelaZlebelia da advilad Sesasrulebeli imitom, rom saxelmwifos amisTanaebrSi win marto marTali da sabuTi miuZRvis da sxva ara ra,

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usabuTo davas saxelmwifo aravis ar uwonebs da TviT rad ikadrebs magisTana davasa.

Cven es gza vaCveneT, magram SesaZloa am azris misaRwevad sxvam ufro kargi gza aCvenos; Cven imazed vdgevarT, rom did SeRavaTs miscems xalxsac da sasamarTloebsac, Tu saxelmwifo qonebaTa gamgeoba winaswar TviTon darwmundebodes xolme, rom dava sabuTiania da ise daiwyebdes saqmesa.

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««««safrangeTsa da germanias Soris safrangeTsa da germanias Soris safrangeTsa da germanias Soris safrangeTsa da germanias Soris

daZabulobis Senelebis cdebidaZabulobis Senelebis cdebidaZabulobis Senelebis cdebidaZabulobis Senelebis cdebi»»»»

tfilisi, 10 marti

germaniisa da safrangeTs Soris jer SarSanve

astyda ayal-mayali. Cven, ese igi, Cveni gazeTi maSinve iZaxoda* rom am mxriT Zneli mosalod-nelia didi SiSi, romelic SarSanve Seepara evropasa. Cven sul amas vambobdiT, rom T, bismarks ise gauWirdeba saqme, rom an yvela sa-xelmwifos moibirebs da gaimartovebs safrangeTsa, an safrangeTs moimxrobs da amisaTvis belgiaSi rasmes mouWris da Tu metismetad gauWirda, elzas-lotaringiasac ki gamoimetebs. Cven am azris gansasuraTeblad moviyvaneT sityvac ki gambetasi, romelmac erTxel sTqva; “dro mova da elzas-lotaringia usisxlod dagvibrundebao.”

iqneba es Cveni azri maSinac examuSa visme, rogorc daujerebeli da alalbedobazed naTqvami; SesaZloa dResac ase miaCndes visme da sasacilod agvigdos, es ”iveria” raebsa hbodavso. marTalic aris: amodena xarji gaswia germaniam kaciT Tu fuliT, amodena sisxli daRvara Zlivs SemoierTa

* ixileT SarSandeli iveria ## 194, 201, 219, 231 da sxvani, romelnic exla xelad ar gvaxsovs da wlevandeli # 10, 17, da 31.

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elzas-lotaringia da amiT safrangeTidam Semosa-sevs mters kari TiTqmis dauketa da exla rogor unda dasTmos!... gaWireba miCvene da gaqcevas giCvenebo, naTqvamia. gaWirebas bevri rame SeuZlian. amodenad ra uWirs dRes germanias? is uWirs, rom, rogorc amas winadac vsTqviT, batonoba evropaSi xelidam misdis germaniasa da amis gamo TviTon prusias germaniaSi gegemonia uqarwyldeba. prusiis gegemonis momduravi bevria germaniaSi da evropaSi germaniis abrus gatexas prusiis abrus gatexa mosdevs da yovelive es iseTi ram aris T. bismar-kisaTvis, rom amasTan elzas-lotaringiazed xelis aReba Calad ara hRirs.

asea Tu ise, dRes Cven amazed ara gvsurda Camogvegdo sityva, Cven mxolod is gvindoda gveTqva, rom lamis Cveni naTqvami elzas-lotaringiazed gamarTldes, “Московския Ведомости” -Si exlaxan dabeWdilia korrespondencia pariJidam da am sagnis Sesaxeb metad saintereso ambavia moTxrobili. korrespondenti ambobs:

“T. bismarki am wams yovel Ronesa hxmarobs daajeros safrangeTi, rom Cemgan nurafris SiSi nu gaqvTo, eg kidev araferi. T. bismarki xelis gul-zed ugordeba safrangeTsa da samacduro pirobas udebs, Tu gulwrfelad Semi-rigdebi da aRmiTqvam, xels ar gamoiReb, Tu vinicobaa sadme saomrad gavebao. sxvaTa Soris pirobas aZlevs elzas -lotaringias luqsemburgs SemovuerTebo da saneitralo qveynad Sevqmni germaniisa da safrangeTis Sorisao: arc Cveni iyos da arc Tqvenio. amis samagierod me ho-landias Cavkideb xelsao. ise gadakvriT ki ufro mosazidavs pirobas uTvlis:

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elzas-lotaringias Sen dagibruneb da me belgias da holandias daviWero”. gamodis, rom Cveni winad Tqmuli sityva ise

alalbedad naTqvami da daujerebeli ar aris, rogorc SesaZlo iyo mieCnia visme. maincdamainc SesaniSnavi ambavia saxelganTqmulis lesepsis gagzavna germaniaSi. safrangeTma es saxelovani kaci gaistumra germaniaSi viTom imisaTvis, rom safrangeTis elCs herberts “sapatio legionis” niSani miutanos. Znelad safiqrebelia, rom amisTana gamoCenili kaci, rogorc lesepsia, am ubralo saqmisaTvis SeewuxebinaT da moecdinaT. yvelam kargad icis, lesepsi imisTana saxelis kacia, rom yvelgan didis pativiT iqneba germaniaSi miRebuli, imperator vilhelmidam dawyebuli ukanasknel germanielamde. swored am mizeziT mis misvla-mosvlas imperator vilhelmTan, bismarkTan da sxva didkacebTan sapolitiko mniSvnelobas iseTis gabedviT veravin Seswamebs da maSasadame, ayal-mayalis atexas diplomatiaSi cotad Tu bevrad gza Seekvris. sxva kaci rom gaegzavna safrangeTs niSanis wasaRebad da imperator vilhelms, bismarks an sxva didkacs visme enaxa, maSinve atydebodnen diplomatebi calke da Jurnal-gazeTebi calke, rad inaxula vilhelma, bismarkma, an sxva, Tu aq sapolitiko saqme ram ar iyoso. lesepzed ki amas ar ityvian, imitom, rom amas Tavisis gamoCenilis saxeliTac yvelgan kari Ria dahxvdeba, romels qveyanaSiac unda mivides. marTladac, yvelgan germaniaSi lesepsi didis pativiT miRebul iqmna. axla Cven rom CavufiqrdeT am ambavsa, davijeroTRa, rom am leseps araferi ara aqvs ra davalebuli safrangeTis mTavrobi-sagan!... davijeroT, rom zemoT moyvanil korespon-dentis naambobi aq arafers SuaSia!

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es ki aSkaraa, rom lesepsis germaniaSi misvlis Semdeg Zalian dauwynardnen erTmaneTs germania da safrangeTi da ise apilpilebulni aRar arian, rogorc aqamomde iyvnen. Tu es marTali gamodgeba, gvixarian, rom am mxriT SiSis molodini aRar eqmneba qveyanasa, uamisodac lodiniT daRalulsa da Sewuxebulsa.

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«avstriis orWofuli politika»«avstriis orWofuli politika»«avstriis orWofuli politika»«avstriis orWofuli politika»

tfilisi, 12 marti

araerTxel gviTqvams Cven, rom avstria

istoriis viTarebaTa gamo orwyalSuaa Camdgari. gamodevnili 1886 wels germaniidam, saca am wlamde igi TiTqmis marto upiratesobda, man, meti gza ar iyo, xeli daibana germaniaSi batonobaze, gamoecala prusiis uZveles metoqobas da piri aRmosavleTisaken ibruna. gulSi ki, rasakvirvelia, es Tavisi marcxi xvanjad Rrmad Seinaxa. moSorda dasavleTs, magram arc aRmosavleTi daxvda ume-toqod. aq pirispir Sexvda mas ruseTi, romlis metoqobac avstriisaTvis TiTqmis imodenadve uZlevelia, ramodenadac exlandeli germania, Tu ufro meti ara, imitom, rom ruseTi aRmosav-leTzed Tavis dReSi xels ar aiRebs Tavga-moumeteblad. ruseTs es Tavis istoriul daniSnulebad miaCnia. amgvarma droTa viTarebisagan warmomdgarma mdgomareobam avstria Zalauneburad damokidebuli gaxada erTis mxriT, germaniazed da meores mxriT, ruseTzed. ase rom, verc aRmo-savleTisaken gaiwevs, Tu germaniam xeli ar Seuwyo, verc dasavleTisaken, Tu ruseTma mxari ar misca. amitomac 1886 wlidam dRemde avstria am orTa ZlierTa saxelmwifoTa Soris htokavs da

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Tavisi sakuTaris, sxvazed damoukidebelis politikisaTvis xeli ver Caukidnia. am Zala-uneburs mdgomareobas avstriisas is mohyva, rom xan garemoeba evropiis politikisa dayuCebuls da jer ar gamTelebuls Zvels tkivilebs dasavle-Tisas mohgvris xolme avstriasa, xan aRmosav-leTis axlad aCenils sanatrelzed saRerRels auSlis. eg imazea xolme damokidebuli Tu, ra dros, vis, rogor ucinis politikis bedi.

minam germania myar kldesaviT Seuryeveli egonaT yvelas, avstrias Tavisi politika nalosaviT gamobmuli hqonda germaniis poli-tikazed da is gulSi Senaxuli xvanji Zvelis marcxisa SiSiT sulganabuli iyo. TviTon bavariis korolis uecarma sikvdilmac ki, romelsac ar SeeZlo ar aeSala Zveli tkivili avstriisaTvis, ver gaabedvina avstrias xma amoeRo, Tumca metismeti mizeziani saqme iyo Zvelis angariSebis gasawmendavad germaniaSi. eseTi xmaamouRebloba sifrTxiles avstriisas unda mieweros da ara imas, rom avstrias samudamod gulidam amoRebuli aqvs wyurvili germaniaSi uwindelebr fexis Sedgmisa. habsburgebis imperatorebi arasdros ar daiviwyeben, rom erTs dros germaniis impera-torebi iyvnen da imav dros avstrias pirveli xma hqonda germaniaSi.

exla dro Seicvala. am ukanasknel droSi aRmoCnda, rom germanias dRes marto ara aqvs darCenili evropiis politikis burTi da moedani. yvela hxedavs, rom dRes germanias calis mxriT, safrangeTis Zliereba asustebs da, meores mxriT, ruseTisa da amiT germaniis batonobasa da uZle-velobas evropaSi Ziri eryeva. amas kargada hxedavs avstriaca, romelmac Tavisi muqaris xma ruseTis mimarT exla ufro tkbils galobazed Sescvala. Tu gazeTebs davujerebT, avstria TiTqo mowadi-

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nebulia dahyves ruseTs bolgariis saqmeSi da ruseTis survilis aRsrulebas mxari misces. ris imediT? im imediT, rom germanias, rogorc etyoba, dRedadRe saqme ufro da ufro uWirdeba da iqneba avstriis bedma ise imuSavos, rom rasac bolgariaSi daTmobiT avstria dahkargavs, is erTi orad gainaRdos germaniaSi. erTi safrangeTis gazeTi “Matin”–i ai am saganzed ras ambobs Tavisis korrespondentis piriT venidam:

“darwmunebuli iyaviT, rom avstrias jer kidev kargad axsovs 1886 weli. arc germania, arc bismarki aq ar uyvarT da dRevandlamde avstrias imedi ar gadauwyvetia sadovis* samagieros gadax-disa. karga xania ostatoba gasdioda bismarks, rom avstrias aRmosavleTis politikis raRac landebiT acdunebda, magram misma sityvam reixstagSi yvelas Tvalebi auxila: dRes yvela kargad hxedavs, ras moaswavebs avstriisaTvis germaniasTan dazaveba. erTi es viki-TxoT: imis magier, rom Tavi gaibas aRmosavleTis gansacdelians saqmeSi, is ara sjobia avstriam ufro axlo, Tavis gareSemo mimoixedos da Tvali moat-rialos? gana SesaZlebeli ar aris, odesme avstria miemxros ruseTsa da safrangeTsa da gaarRvios Sua evropis saxelmwifoTa kavSiri? damijereT, aq SeuZlebeli ara aris ra. amazed dRes yvelgan laparakoben da Zalian bevrsac. erTis sityviT, yvelas raRac winad-

* sadovazed daamarcxa prusiam avstria 1886 wels.

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grZnoba eubneba, rom dRes iqneba, Tu xvale didi cvlileba unda mohxdes da egreTwodebuli saswori evropisa sxva xazzed unda dahdges. ra Tqma unda, jer yovelive es sadiplomato sferaSi ar aris Sesuli, magram maincdamainc am ambebis movlenis niSnebi _ winamorbedi _ ki asanusxavia. gavix-senoT, rom kalnoki winaaRmdegi ar ars ruseTTan daaxlovebisa da ruseTis elCs venaSi Tav. lobanovs, am azris did Tanam-rgZobels, xSiri misvla-mosvla aqvs xelmwife imperatorTan da b_n girsTan”.

ramdenad marTlada sWris Sormxedveloba amis

momweris korrespondentisa, amis Tqma exla metad Znelia, imitom, rom avstria, rogorc saxelmwifo, or wverad yelSi waWirebuli, sul tokvaSi unda iyos, vidre erTi romelime mxare ueWvels Zlierebas da Rones ar gamoiCens. maSin, rasak-virvelia, Zliers da Roniers miudgeba da, amis mixedviT mohmarTavs ra Tavis politikasa, an aRmosavleTisaken gaiwvdens xels, an dasavle-Tisaken, radganac iqac da aqac organve gulis mosafxani sagani aqvs da sanatreli interesi. eseTi yofa avstriisa kargic aris da avic da rogor gamoiyenebs avstria, amas dro gamoaCens.

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««««polemikuri werilebipolemikuri werilebipolemikuri werilebipolemikuri werilebi

“cxovreba da kanonis gamo”“cxovreba da kanonis gamo”“cxovreba da kanonis gamo”“cxovreba da kanonis gamo”»»»»

werili meorewerili meorewerili meorewerili meore

tfilisi, 14 marti b-nma xudadovma Cvenis erTis meTauris gamo

mogviZRvna werili. igi werili ukve dabeWdilia “iveriis” # 51-Si. b-nma xudadovma dagviwuna, rom liberalTa dasis kacni da imav dasis Jurnali “Вестник Европы” vimowmeT erTs SemTxvevaSi. saxeldobr, im SemTxvevaSi, rom sxvadasxva wodebaTa gamoukleblad da ganurCevlad ageba soflis sazogadoebisa Tu Temisa _ liberalTa dasis moZRvrebaa sxvaTa Soris. rasakvirvelia, es azri TavisTavadac aniSnebs kacs, ra banakisac aris. dRes balRmac ki icis, rom uswormasworoba, ujraujroba, gundgundoba kacTa sazogadoebis agebulebaSi, _ pataraa igi sazogadoeba Tu didi, _ yvela warCinebul kacTagan cnobilia warmatebis damabrkolebel mizezad. ruseTSiac scnes esa, da am bolos dros hsciloben erTi ganurCeveli saTemo Sehqmnan, exlandel marto saglexo saTemos magier. yvela ganaTlebul qveynebSi eg patara administratiuli wrec sxvasTan erTad am

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dedaazrzea agebuli. amis codnas didi lari da xazi ar unda, _ Tu gnebavT, _ metic iyo Cvenis mxriT, rom sxvebi vimowmeT. magram sityvam moitana da Cvenc igi mowmebi davasaxeleT imi-saTvis ki ara, rom Cvenis azris sabuTianoba imaTs mowmobazed dagvemyarebina, aramed imisTvis, rom am azrs erT dros retrogradoba ukiJines, da am kiJinis ukusaqcevad ukeTesi ra iqneboda, Tu ar mowmoba TviTon liberalebisa, rom eg Cveni azri da moZRvreba ariso. zogisaTvis amisTana beWeddakruli mowmobaa saWiro, radganac TviT buneba azrisa maTTvis miuwdomelia. b-ns xudadovs ki hgonia, rom Cven TviTon sabuTianoba azrisa am mowmobiT gvindoda dagvemtkicebina. goniaoba, Tu sadave miuSviT, ufro Sorsac wava xolme.

eg araferi. Cven arc erTgan arc erTi sityva ar wagvcdenia, rom kacma dagviwamos, viTom “rixianis muqariT” gveTqvas, “rogor gabedeT” da Cvenis mowmebis winaaRmdeg sTqviT rameo. marTa-lia, kacia da gunebao, magram kacsac da gunabasac Tavisi samzRvari aqvs. gavkadnierdebiT da movaxsenebT b-ns xudadovs, rom igi am samzRvars gadacilebula, radganac unebebia da swored amasa gvwamebs, rom Cvens meTaurs werilSi viTom _ “sul rixiani muqaraa, Tu rogor gabedeT da winaarmdeg gradovskisa, arseniebisa da spaCoviCisa xma amoiReTo”.

b-n xudadovis adgilas Cven amisTana sulelo-bas aravis SevwamebdiT. aq “kacia da guneba” _ ve-raferi meSveulia. imas, rac b-nma xudadovma Segvwama, arc vityviT Tavis dReSi da arc gviTqvams, da vinc esa sTqva, imasve SeekamaTos amisi damwamebeli, Tu sakmao mocaleoba aqvs. b-nis xudadovis werili sxva mxriT aris SesaniSnavi. iq erTi azria gamoTqmuli. romelsac erTs dros didi fxa da avala hqonda ruseTSi da romelmac

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marto miT, rom cnobierad gagebuli ar iyo, ara erTsa da ors ymawvilkacs gza-kvali daubniva iqac da CvenSiac. am azrs b-n xudadovisagan bundad, yrud da gakvirviT gamoTqmuls, ganmarteba unda, da Tu dRes b-n xudadovis werilis gamo CamovagdeT laparaki Cveni Tavdapirveli survili mag azris ganmartebaa.

avtoritetebis mowmad mowvevis gamo b-n xudadovi erTs, cota ar iyos JamTa viTarebiT gaxunebuls zogads azrs gviqadagebs am saxiT:

“eh, darbaiselo, didixania kerpTmsaxureba gadavarda da sxvadasxva bobolebis Tayvaniscema ugunurobad migvaCnia.”

Cven rom b-n xudadovsaviT, kacia da guneba _ am andazas davadgenT, vityodiT, rom es metismeti mosvlia amis mTqmels da amaod Tavmowonebas ufro moaswavebs, vidre damjdar gonebis gamonakvlevs. magram Cven kargad viciT, rom b-n xudadovi gonebagaxsnili kacia, naswavlia, mcodnea da amotom vambobT, rom am sityvebSi is ar unda vigulisxmoT, rasac sityvebi pirdapir gveubnebian. Tu ara vcdebiT, _ b-ns xudadovs amiT imisi Tqma unda, rom avtoritetebi, ese igi, yvelasgan cnobilni, saxelmopoebulni mecnierni yovelTvis arian da iqnebian, da imaTi Tayvaniscema ar daileva qveynierobazed, vidre adamianis WeSmarits Rvawls, zedismiwevnil codnas, mecnierebas, sibrZnes da amaTiT mopovebuls saxels kacis TvalSi pativi, fasi da dideba eqnebaT. xolo brmad dajereba yovel imisa, rasac avtoriteti ambobs, ris Semowmebasac yurismgdebeli Wkua, goneba miswvdeba da rasac es Semowmeba uarhyobs, _ marTla didi xania ugunurobad aris miCneuli. TviT ikvlie, Tu SeZleba da garemoeba Segwevs, mosCrxrike, Seamowme, da Tu avtoritetis azri gamarTlda, daijere mxolod maSin, da am saxiT

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Sens sakuTar rwmenad gardahqmen sxvisagan aRmoCenili da nakvlebi, xolo saca goneba da Wkua, romelisame mizeziT, ver migiwvdes da arCevanSi xar, Sens argamorkveuls azrs, ar-codnas, sxvisi, saxelganTqmulis mecnieris, gar-kveuli azri da codna moaSveleo, _ ai, es aris exlandeli moZRvreba avtoritetebis gamo, da brmad dandoba ki da ayola sxvisa iq, saca Seni sakuTari goneba sabuTianad sxvagvarad gaWris, _ eg uwindeburi codvaa, ugunurobad miCneuli da samarTlianad gandevnili, uaryofili. aqao da aristotelma sTqvao, da rac unda aSkarad dasarRvevi sabuTi gqondaT, aristoteles sityvas ver SeubrundiT, codvad CagviTvlidnen, didi xania, ese brmad ayola, ese daZabuneba Wkuisa da gonebisa Cvenda sabednierod Cailulis wyals gahyva.

magram aqedam srulebiT is ar gamodis, rom avtoritetoba exla Semusvrilia da Tayvaniscema misi ugunurobad cnobili. ai swored egred umecrad gagebulma gamolaSqrebam avtoritetebzed doinji Semoayrevina mtknars uvicobas da aZaxebina: Seqspiri, spenseri, heksli, hekkeli vina gdiao; avtoritetebi ras miqvian, da sxvani da sxvani. aseTma Tavgasulobam uvicobisa bevrs auria gza da kvali. imitom, rom amisTanad Tavgasuli kaci xom TviTon ara aris ra, sxvasac aravis kacad ar agdebs. nuTu es goniereba da hekslis da hekkelis did mecnierebad, did avtoritetad cnoba da Tayvaniscema ki ugunurobaa.

Cven ara gvgonia, rom amis Tqma sdomebodes b-ns xudadovs, da Tu marTla imis Tqma hsurvebia, rasac misi zemod moyvanili sityvebi pirdapir gveubnebian, maSin sxvaa da amazed Semdegs nomerSi movilaparakebT.

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tfilisi, 16 marti

kacma rom sTqvas avtoritetoba, avtoriteti didi xania gadavarda da Tayvaniscema erTisa da meorisac ugunuroba ariso, _ an ar unda esmodes, ras hniSnavs avtoritetoba da avtoriteti, an amisi Tqma ar hsurvebia. es cxadad gamoCndeba, Tu am sityvebis WeSmarits mniSvnelobas gonebis Tvalwin warmovidgenT.

marTlada ra aris avtoritetoba, avtoriteti, ese igi is, rasac b-ni xudadovi “bobolaobis” da “bobolas” saxeliT windauxedavad sasacilod igdebs? avtoritetoba im SemTxvevaSi, ra Sem-TxvevaSiac b-n xudadovs unebebia misi devna da gandevna, im gavlenian saxelovanebisa hqvian, ro-melsac adamiani moipovebs xolme didis sibrZniT, didis gamocdilebiT, didis mecnierobiT*. avto-riteti mecnierebaSi igi kacia, romelsac mis mier SeTvisebuls mecnierebaSi gauTqvams saxeli da moupovebia ndoba imodenad Seuryevelad da ucilobelad, rom erTic da meorec sakmao Tavmdebia misis azris Seucdomelobisa. amisTana kacebi, kacTa sabednierod da b-n xudadovis gulis sawyromad da sasacilod, cotani ar arian qvey-nierobazed da maT Soris Cvenc Tunda imaT davasa-xelebT, vinc TviTon b-s xudadovs CamouTvlia Tavis werilSi, saxeldobr: spenseri, heksli da hekkeli. exla vikiTxoT: rodis gadavarda Tund amaTi avtoritetoba? neta rodis Sehmusra amaTi saxeli da ndoba an b-nma xudadovima da an sxvama? da Tu Sehmusra, aqedam sxva ara gamovida ra, rom Semusrvilis magier Semmusrveli Cadgeboda;

* aris kidev erTgvari avtoritetoba, avtoritetoba uflebisa, romlis mniSvneloba uflebis mniSvnelobazea damokidebuli. am gvars avtoritetobas aq ar vixseniebT, radganac Cvens sabaaso saganTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs.

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maSasadame, avtoritetoba mainc avtoritetobad darCeboda, Tumca exla sxva kacis saxels dairqmevda.

ra aris b-n xudadovis mier am SemTxvevaSi xsenebuli “Tayvaniscema”, Tu ar isa, rom kaci gavlenian saxelovanobas spenserisas, hekslisas, hekkelisas da maTTa mimarT ndobas aRiarebs miT, rom igini ufro Seucdomelni hgonia, vidre, magaliTad, redaqtori “iveriisa”, an Tunda TviTon b-ni xudadovi? nuTu amas ugunurobad CasTvlis vinme! iqneba egec moxdes, magram es sasacilo CaTvla mosalodnelia am SemTxvevaSi marto ori kacisagan: “iveriis” redaqtorisa da b-n xuda-dovisagan, isic usaTuod maSin, Tu erTsac da meoresac abru gasiebuli eqnebaT im erTnair avadmyofobisagan, romelsac amao Tavmoyvareobas, tyuils abrus eZaxian da romelac wamali ara aqvs. maS rad miaCnia Tayvaniscema spenserisa, hekslisa da hekkelisa ugunurobad b-n xudadovsa? amisi Tqma da imisi, rom spensers, heksls da hekkels nuras daujerebTo _ xom erTi da igivea. neta romeli kaci ityvis qveyanazed, rom nuras daujerebTo am WkuiT, codniT, sibrZniT, mec-nierebiT gamoCenils da mTelis qveynisagan am saxiT cnobils kacebs, da Tu daujerebT, ugunu-roba iqnebao. maS, yvelaferi davijeroT amaTio? _ ikiTxavT Tqven. diax. swored yvelaferi, vidre winaaRmdegis ueWveli sabuTi xelT ara gaqvT.

dRes rom kritikas Tavisufali gza da msvleloba aqvs da ra avtoritetic ginda iyos, kaci ar erideba kritikis qarcecxlSi gamoataros, nuTu b-ni xudadovi amaSi hxedavs avtoritetebis mimarT Tayvaniscemis ugunurobasa! kritikiT da mTelis dRevandelis mecnierobis ZaliT rom ieriSi miitanon, vsTqvaT, heklsa da hekkelzed, nuTu hgoniaT, rom amiT maTi avtoritetoba

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dadneba, Seimusreba da ara ufro Semowmdeba, gamarTldeba da miT ufro Tayvaniscema ar moemateba erTsaca da meoresac! gana sasacilo ar iqneba, rom kacs Tayvaniscema maSin moaklo, misi saxeli maSin Sehmusro, roca utyuarad da kargad Semowmebulis sabuTiT damtkicdeba, rom misi naTqvami gamarTlda. aq, piriqiT, avtoritetobam ufro unda imatos, Tayvaniscema da pativi ufro unda gaZlierdes. swored esec aris am wuTisso-felSi, da ar viciT, _ es ambavi rad unda miaC-ndes visme ugunurobad, _ da Tu miaCnia, eg axali ki ar aris, Zalian ZvelisZveli ambavia, da saxeladac donkixotoba hqvian. vidre kritikas ar gaumtyunebia avtoritetad cnobili kaci, mis avtoritetobas veravin Sehmusravs marto imiT, rom dilidam saRamomdi da saRamodam dilamde iZaxos b-n xudadovisaviT: me ugunurobad mimaCnia avtoritets Tayvani vceo.

swored kritikiT SemowmebulTa da gamar-TlebulTa mecnierTa moipoves igi saxeli da Tayvaniscema, romelic b-n xudadovs ugunurobad hgonia. kacobrioba ar SeuSinda b-n xudadovis mkacrs ganaCensa da misgan ugunurobis darqmeva ikisra, da is ki ver uarhyo, rom qveyanazed sando mecnierni arian da mere Rirsnic Tayvaniscemisa.

davaneboT amas yvelafers Tavi. erTi es vikiTxoT: viTom ugunurobad unda miviCnioT, rom TviTon didni brZenni, udidesni mecnierni da avtoritetebi xSirad sxva avtoritetebs imow-meben xolme? romelic gnebavT wigni aiReT didis mecnierisa, Znelad SevxvdebiT imisTanas, rom erTi meores ar imowmebdes. _ nuTu amisi momqmedni yvelani ugunurebi arian, rom ase Tayvanscemen avtoritetsa! ai Tunda jon stuart milli, saxelovani mecnieri, romlis wigni amJamad xelSi Segvxvda, _ erTs adgilas ras ambobs Tavis azris

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dasamtkiceblad: momyavso “ mowmoba simondisa, romelsa sxva mwerlebzed meti upiratesoba imiTi ekuTvnis, rom yvelazed zedmiwevniT da daax-loebiT icis saqmeo”.

b-n xudadovis sityviT, jon stuart milli didi ugunuri kaci yofila, rom amisTana Tayvani ucia avtoritetad cnobilisaTvis. ra milli? gana sxva saxelgaTqmulni mecnierni ki cotani arian, rom sxvis saavtoriteto sityviT aZliereben, amtkiceben TavianT azrsa, da zogjer uamisobas versad ver wasvlian! maS es sul ugunurobad unda miviCnioT! maS Cvenzed ufro mets mcodnes, Cvenzed ufro metis zedmiwevniT mkvlevars azrisas, mere imisTanas, romelic qveyanierobisagan ukeTes mcodned da ukeTes mkvlevarad cnobilia da gaTqmuli, _ fasi aRar adevs, da vinc fassa sdebs, igi ugunuria! amis mTqmeli da imisa, rom Cemzed Wkviani, Cemzed ufro mcodne qveyanazed aravin ariso, _ gana erTmaneTzed Zalian Sors iqnebian!

Tumca brmad mindoba da ayola sxvisa Zalian cudia, magram arc ki brmad daJinebaa kargi imisa, rom didsaxelovanis saxelganTqmulis mecnieris pativi da Tayvaniscema ugunuroba iyos. ara, batono, swored amisTana kacs unda pativi da Tayvaniscema, Tunda imiT, rom imisi sityva, Tund Seumowmebladac ki, sxvisazed win daayeno, Tu gamtyunebuli ar aris ueWvelis sabuTiTa. sxvam rac unda gikiJinoT, da Tu erTsa da imave saganzed heksli erTs ambobs da, Tund magaliTad, b-ni xudadovi sxvas, icodeT, rom ugunurobaSi aravin ar CamogarTmevT, Tu heksls ufro daujerebT, vidre b-ns xudadovs. Tu Tqvenis azris gasamarTleblad hekkels imowmebT b-n xudadovis winaaRmdeg, an TviTon b-n xuda-dovisagan dawunebul spasoviCsa _ sasisxlo rju-

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lierobis mecnierebaSi, arc es iqneba axirebuli suleloba. SesaZloa gviTxran: gana b-n xudadovs ar ZaluZs heksls, hekkels ajoboso. SesaZloa, radganac msjobs mjobi ar daeleva, magran minam b-ni xudadovi amas iqmodes, im dromde _ nuras ukacraod, rom heksli, hekkeli avtoritetad vicnoT da Tayvani vceT marto imiT, rom maTi sityva ufro vijeroT, Tu aSkara sabuTi ar gveqneba dasarRvevad.

es amisTana laxtis qneva avtoritetebis Sesamusravad cxonebul pisarevis Semdeg movida ruseTSi; cota xans ifarfaSa da mere aprialebul CalasaviT Cahqra, da dRes amis gamo marto Cven da b-ni xudadoviRa vlaparakobT mTels qvey-nierobazed. sxvisaTvis ki aq sakamaTo aRar aris ra. dRes balRmac ki icis, rom Tqveni azri, didis romelimesame mecnieris sityviT Semowmebuli, ufro sandoa, ufro dasajeri, da am mowmobas qveyanazed aravina hkiTxulobs imis SiSiT, rom b-ni xudadovi ugunurobas damwamebso.

xolo pisarevis saxelis am mxriT SeubRa-lvelobisaTvis isic unda vsTqvaT, rom igi srulad imas ara hqadagobda, rasac dRes b-ni xudadovi gveubneba avtoritetis Sesaxeb. marto uvicobam waarTva sadave kacsa da pisarevis moZRvreba am sagnis Taobazed herkulesis svete-bamde miiyvana. aq pisarevis araviTari brali ara aqvs.

avtoritetoba yovelTvis iqneba mecnierobaSiac da cxovrebaSiac. sneuli rom mkurnals mihmarTavs xolme, _ rogorc hgonia b-ns xudadovs, _ ra moqmedobs aq, Tu ar rwmena, rom mkurnali mkurnalobis ukeTesi mcodnea, da es rwmena ra aris, Tu ar igiv avtoritetoba kacisa, romelsac mkurnalobaSi imodena ukeTesobis saxeli da ndoba yvelasaTvis sakmao Tavmdebia misis am saqmeSi

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upiratesobisa? modiT da amas iqiT suleli dauZaxeT mas, vinc am SemTxvevaSi mkurnals endoba da ujerebs. Tu gvkiTxavT, igi “kerpTmsaxureba” da igi “Tayvaniscema”, romelic b-n xudadovs ugunurobad miaCnia, aq ufro sagulisxmoa, radganac am SemTxvevaSi brmad dandobas, brmad dajerebas ufro meti adgili uWiravs, vidre sxva raSime da TiTqmis aucilebelic aris. maSasadame, igi ndoba da dajereba romelic kacs mkurnalisken izidavs, b-n xudadovis sityviT, “kerpTmsaxurebaa”, romelic didi xania gardavardnila, “bobolaebis Tayvaniscema”, romelic b-ns xudadovs ugunurobad miaCnia. sxva mecnierT viRa sCivis, vai mkurnalTa, Tu es marTla asea, qveynis saubedurod.

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««««tragedia rkinigzazetragedia rkinigzazetragedia rkinigzazetragedia rkinigzaze»»»»

tfilisi, 26 marti Cvenis gazeTis mkiTxvelebma ukve ician _ ra

ubedureba moxda rkinigzis gzazed wifasa da fonas sadgurebs Sua. zvavi miwisa morRveula, dascemia sayaraulosa, miungrev-moungrevia saya-raulo, saca sZinebia Tormet muSa-kacsa, qveS gautania yvela eseni da gamousalmebia wuTis-soflisaTvis TavisianTa da maxlobelTa dautireblad.

sacodavni!... SimSilisa da wyurvilisagan saidam sad wasulan samuSaod, uwyalo bedma sad gauTxara samare? korrespondentebi iwerebian, sacodavebs colebi da wvrilSvilni darCeniaT. swored am col_Svilis, gaWirebis mayurebelTa veRar aitanes naklebuloba da mwuxareba, col-Svils gamoeTxovnen im azriT, rom wavalT, gavirjebiT, oriod groSs vipoviT da aRdgoma dRes mainc maZRrobisas da sixarulisas gagiTenebTo, magram maTma Sav-bedma ise imuSava, rom igini Seakla am imeds. Cveni korrespondenti iwereba.

ase uecrad gamoesalmnen es sacodavni am

wuTisofels da naTesavTa da col-SvilTa cremli

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ar eRirsaT. aTas gaWirebas gauZles im imediT, rom saaRdgomod mainc vnaxavT Cvens col-Svils da gavaxarebT Cvenis namuSevariTao. magram ise Tqvenma mterma gaixaros, rogorc maTi col-Svili gaixarebs am ambis gagonebazed!...

imedma oriode DdRis gamZRrobisam ise umtyuna,

rom samudamo wyaro sazdoebisac srulad dauSro maTs damSeuls col-Svilsa, sixaruli aRdgomisa saukunod miZinebis glovad gadauqcia. aRdgomis ciskris zari maTTvis glovis zari iqneba, sixaruli aRdgomisa maTTvis tirili da TavSi cema iqneba. yvelani ityvian yovelTa qristianTa sasixarulo sityvas: qriste aRsdgao da imaT ki TavSi cemiT, pirTa xokviT, viSiT da vaiT una sTqvan: patroni mogvikvdao. maTTvis saflavi gairRva mkvdaris aRdgomisaTvis ki ara, cocxalis damarxvisaTvis!...

maT marto sayvareli qmari, mama, Zma ki ar moukvdaT, moukvdaT lukmis momawvdeneli kaci, moukvdaT is, viszedac damokidebulia xuTisa, eqvsisa da iqneba metisac gamozda, gamokveba, jan-mrTeloba, sicocxle.

sayvarelis qmaris, mamis anu Zmis glova sulis mwuxarebaa. aq Cven verc amis simwvaves gavunelebT WirisufalTa da verc tkivils danakargisas davayuCebT. eg sulis vaebaa da aq moyvasi moyvass xels magrerigad ver miawvdens: verc sityva nugeSisa sWris sakmaod, verc cremli gul-Sematkivarobisa. Tu aq veras vuSveliT Wiri-sufalTa, es xom Cvens xelT aris, rom maTi col-Svilni, maTi ususurni wvrilSvilni, maTi daob-lebuli ojaxi maTs Semdeg oriode dRe mainc SevinaxoT uSimSilod, umwyurvalod. Tu samudamod ara, saaRdgomod mainc mivawodoT TiTo lukma, rom maTma balRebma am saufliswulo dRes

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mainc aravis Sehnatron, aravis Sestoron: gvSian, puri mogvitexeTo. amas iTxovs kacTmoyvareoba, amas iTxovs igi RmerTi, romelic RaribTa da gaWirebulTaTvis jvars ecva da romlis sadidebladac aRdgoma dRes mTeli qristianoba sixaruliT igalobebs: qriste aRzdgao.

qristes aRzdegis saxeliT mivmarTavT yvelas,

rom Tavisi wvlili Seswiron egre ubedurad gardacvalebulebis ojaxebsa da wvrilSvilsa. Cvenis gazeTis redaqcia yovelTvis Ria iqneba SemwirvelTaTvis. yovelive Semowiruloba Tav-Tavis drozed gamocxadebuli iqneba gazeTSive.

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««««siwynare evropis politikur siwynare evropis politikur siwynare evropis politikur siwynare evropis politikur

sarbielzesarbielzesarbielzesarbielze»»»»

tfilisi, 30 marti

ra ambavia qveynierobazed, anu uked vsTqvaT,

evropaSi, imitom, rom dRes qveynieroba evropaa! gaimarjva bismarkma reixstagSi Tu ara, miswyda xmebic safrangeTisa da germaniis Soris SuRlisa da omis atexisa. TvalisaTvis iqamde miyuCda am mxridam qveynis tkivili, rom bismarki TiTqo moutkbilda kidec safrangeTsa da mkvaxe sityvebis magier TiTqmis laqucic dauwyo. dasavleTidam evropis sasworma gaaTava tokva Tu ara, axla aRmosavleTidam SeiZra uReli sasworisa xelax-lad: astyda bolgariaSi regentebis winaaRmdeg aSliloba. rogorc iyo am aSlilobasac bolo moeRo, Tumca kanti-kuntad xma mainc ismis, rom aqa-iq kidev regentebis mopirdapireni Tavisas ar iSliano. Sefucxunda orpira osmaleTi, gagzavna bolgariaSi Tavis mociqulad riza-bei, viTom imisaTvis, rom mopirdapireni erTmaneTs moarigos da mSvidoba Camoagdos.

ra Tqma unda, veras gaxda riza-bei da yvelas ukvirs, Tuki osmaleTi awindels regentobas ukanonobas swamebs da marTal mTavrobad ara scnobs, am tyuils mTavrobis winaSe mociquli

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rada hyavso? zogs swyins es ambavi da hcdilobs sulTanis winaSe, rom riza-bei ukanve daabrunos da mociquli ar iyolios im mTavrobis winaSe, romelmac, osmaleTis azriTve, Zalad da ukanond Caigdo xelSi mmarTveloba bolgariisa. zogs ki uxarian, rom osmaleTi ase moiqca da Tu sityviT ara, saqmiT mainc sulTanma isa hqmna, rac am moxarulT undodaT, saxeldobr, isa, rom am gziT osmaleTmac icno bolgariis exlandeli regentebi kanonier mmarTvelebad.

maincdamainc bolgariis saqmem, ese igi, iq momxdarma areulobam da dasTa brZolam, is gansacdeli ar gamoiwvia, rac pirvel SexedviT mosalodneli iyo. roca evropam am mxriTac guli daimSvida, Tu samudamod ara, droebiT mainc, axla gatyvra uecari ambavi avRanistanidam. gavarda xma, rom rjulis saxeliT mflobeli avRanistanisa omis gamocxadebas hlamiso da amisaTvis mzadebasac Sesdgomiao. es xma ver gamarTlda, Tumca inglisis gazeTebma ki am xmebzed frTebi Seisxes. Zneli dasajerebelic aris imitom, rom rjulis saxeliT omis gamocxadeba marto xalifas SeuZlian da xalifad marto osmaleTis xonTqari swamT mahmadianebs da xonTqarsve abaria mwvane bairaRi mahomedisa, romlis gamotana da gaSla rjulis oms moaswavebs.

xma ki mainc dagdebuli iyo da dRevandlamde kidev ismis. gamarTldeba es xma, Tu gamtyundeba _ es dRes bevrs aras hniSnavs, saqme amisTana xmis dagdebaa da amitomac sakiTxavi es aris: vis rad unda amisTana Tavgamodeba avRanis emirisa? Tu visme hsurs wewva-gleja moaxdinos, gana TviTon ki evropaSi naklebi mizezia kbilCasakidebeli? aq erTi ram aris safiqrebeli: saxeldobr isa, rom sulTans aSineben, riTa? imiT, rom, ha, Tu Cven ar mogvemxrobi, avRanis emirs avstexT, rjulis

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saxeliT oms gamovacxadebinebT da amiT xalifobis gzas avRanis emirs gavuxsniT da Sen mag Zvirfass uflebas xelidam gamogacliTo...

amitomac sagulisxmoa, rom vinc avRanis emiris mier mzadebis xma daagdo rjulis saxeliT omisaTvis, bevrs ar inaRvlebda gamarTldeba, Tu ara es xma. imisaTvis sakmaoa, rom sulTanma es SesaZlisi saqmec saxeSi iqonios, roca hfiqrobs, saiT mihmarTos Tavisi politika am gaWirebul dros, roca yoveli saxelmwifo evropisa meSvels da momxreebs yovelgan da yovelis RoniT daeZebs.

erTi sxva ramec aris aq safiqrebeli. xom ara hsurT, rom aziaSic saqme aSalon? iq erTis aSla, nametnavad avRanisa, aSlis sparseTsac, iqneba CineTic aalaparakos. SesaZloa, saqme iqamde mivides, rom TviT evropiis saxelmwifonic, romelTac didi interesebi aqvT aziaSi, iZulebul gaxdnen xeli gamoiRon. am saxiT SesaZloa es saxelmwifoni ase Sors gaaban, ase Sors daa-xafrebinon jarebi da am saxiT amisTana qslebis gambmelebma burTi da moedani evropaSi mtrebisa da mopirdapireTagan daacarielon da TviT dainarCunon.

rasakvirvelia, yovelive es marto fiqrad mosasvlelia. am saganze bevri “hoc” iTqmis da bevri “arac”. magram Tu zemoxsenebuls xmis dayris mizezs dauwyebs kaci Zebnas, arSesaZloa, rom Cven mier Tqmulmac kacs TavSi ar gauelvos. xolo sakvirveli is aris: amboben germaniam, avstriam, italiam kudi erTmaneTs ukve gadaabeso da Wirisa da lxinis gaziarebas erTmaneTs Sehpirdneno. inglisic Tumca amaTSi ar Careula, magram ufro amaTken aris, vidre sxvisaken. nuTu amaT kidev gaZliereba swadianT da kidev momxreebs eZeben?

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ro eZeben, es aSkaraa da ramdensac kidev mets SeiZenen, imodenad SeuZlebelad gaxdian omis atexas da maSin imas gaiyvanen evropaSi usisxlod, uomrad, rac marto sisxliT da omiTRa iyo SesaZlebeli. exlandels yofas evropisas rom kaci daukvirdes, ar SeiZleba amisTana qsels exlan-delis politikisas ar waawydes. Tu es moxerxda, maSin uomrad saqmis gaTavebas win aRara daudgeba ra da radganac, Cvenis fiqriT, evropa dRes amis cdaSia da amis lodinSi, amitomac omis atexis Taobazed xmebi miwyda da miyuCda am bolo xanebSi.

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tfilisi, 4 aprili qriste aRzdga! aRzdga macxovari kacobriobisa!

mTelis qveynis qristianoba hgalobs didebuls sagalobels qristes aRzdegisas. didi da patara sixaruliT hRaRadebs: “qriste aRzdga mkvdreTiT, sikvdiliTa sikvdilisa damTrgunveli da saflavebis SinaTa cxovrebis momniWebeli”. qristianobam icis _ risTvis aqebs da adidebs am dRes: mkvdreTiT aRzdga qriste da aRadgina Tvisi kacTa mxsneli moZRvreba, Tvisi axali cxovrebis momniWebeli aRTqma.

riT mogvaniWa cxovreba mkvdreTiT aRdgomilma RmerTma, qveyanazed movlinebulma, viTarca WeSmariti Ze kacisa? Zvelis moZRvrebisagan gan-didebuls, gapatiebuls xorcs, romelsac marto “kbili kbilisa wil hSioda da Tvali Tvalisa wil”, mokvdinebuli hyvanda suli, romelic marto yovlad mxsnelis siyvarulis sxiviTa hnaTobs, hTbeba, hyvavis, scocxlobs da suldgmulobs. ai es mkvdari suli aRzdga mkvdreTiT qristes aRdgomiTa. ra sacxovari Zali iyo esoden Zlieri, rom mkvdari suli mkvdreTiT aRadgina? es iyo da aris marto erTi mcneba, romelic fesvad gaedga, saZirkvlad daedva mTels mSveniers, didebuls, marTlada cxovrebis momniWebels moZRvrebas qristesas: “giyvardes moyvasi Seni, viTarca Tavi Seni”.

ai, mxsneli kacobriobisa! ai, macxovari!.. amas gared adamians Svela ara aqvs, Tu unda, rom kacad, RvTis saxed da msgavsebad darCes. am yov-lad macxovars, yovlad mxsnels fesvzed amovida, gaiSala, gadahfina Stoebi, ayvavda mTeli igi diadi xe axalis cxovrebisa, romelsac axali aRTqma, qristianoba hqvian da romelsac es mcneba, rogorc mze, anaTebs da aTbobs. am mcnebam gaapo

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kacobriobis cxovreba or did nawilad da Sua gautara didi kvali samzRvrada. kvals iqiT darCa moZRvreba SurisZiebisa, samagieros gadaxdisa, javrisa da mrisxanebisa, da kvals aqed _ moZRvreba urTierTobisa, urTierTis siyvarulisa, Sendobisa, mitevebisa, mSvidobisa Sewynarebisa. iq risxva da msjavria, aq mSvidobis yofa da miteveba!

“ara kac kla, ara imruSo, ara iparo, da ara cili swamo, ara guli giTqmides ararazed, raic iyos moyvasisa Senisa”,_ambobda Zveli moZRvreba Zvelis cxovrebisa. ra aris es _ nu mohklav, nu moiparav, nu imruSeb, nu cils swameb, nu SeiSurveb? es is aris, rom nu iqm borotsao. movida axali aRTqma, axali moZRvreba axalis cxovrebisa da gveubneva: aramc Tu nu iqm borotsa, hqmen keTilio. nu iqm borotsa mcnebaa Zvelisa, hqmen keTili, mcnebaa axalisa da amiT ganirCeva Zveli aRTqma axalisagan. didi manZilia borotis araqmnisa da keTilis qmnis Soris. erTmaneTs arasferSi ara hgvanan. borotis araqmna igia, rom ar miayeno vneba moyvassa, keTilis qmna igia, rom sikeTe mianiWo, sikeTe uyo. sakmao ar aris, rom kaci ar mohkla, unda acocxlo kidec; sakmao ar aris ara gamoswiro ra, unda SesZino kidec; sakmao ar aris ara cili swamo, unda marTals miuwyavde kidec; sakmao ar aris ara guli giTqmides moZmis keTilisaTvis, unda gixarodes, mxiarulobde kidec, unda Svelode, xels uwyobde; sakmao ar aris ara gZuldes moZme, unda giyvardes kidec, sakmao ar aris aryofa borotisa, unda keTilis yofa; sakmao ar aris borotisaTvis xel-fexi Seikra, unda sikeTisaTvis xeli, fexi gaSalo, amoqmedo.

Zveli aRTqma xorcis uvneblobisaTvis fari iyo, axali aRTqma sulis aRdgomisaTvis sacxovari Ronea. amitomac iq kbili kbilis wil aris da

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Tvali Tvalis wil, ese igi xorci xorcis wil, aq ki siyvaruli, Sendoba da miteveba. ese igi, sulis dadeba moyvasisaTvis. didma moZRvrebam yovlad macxovar siyvarulisam gahfanta bneli, gaadno yinuli Zvelis uwyalobisa da moavlina igi naTeli da siTbo wyalobisa, uromlisodac qveynierobazed araferi ara hxeirobs, araferi ar modis, ar izrdeba, ara hyvavis, ara scxovrobs. gaiyara Zveli da axali, bneli da naTeli, sikvdili da sicocxle da mogveniWa cxovreba, imitom _ rom mkvdar iyo suli Cveni da qristem aRadgina mkvdreTiT.

aba daukvirdiT TviTon Jams qristes aRzdegis dResaswaulisas, da saocrad gansuraTebulia es Zvelisa da axlis, sikvdilisa da sicocxlis, bnelisa da naTelis erTmaneTisagan gayra. TiTqo igavia, TiTqo gangeb aris ase momxdari, rom TvaliTac davinaxoT is, rasac guliTa vgrZnobT, gonebiTa vxedavT. rodis modis dResaswauli qristes aRzdegisa? TiTqmis pirvel xans gaza-fxulisas, ese igi, maSin, roca zamTrisagan gayinuli, sudara-mosili, ganZrcvnili, umwvano, uyvavilo, usixarulo, usicocxlo buneba sicocx-lisaTvis Tvals axels, iRviZebs xelaxlad amwvanebisaTvis, ayvavebisaTvis, axalis cxovre-bisaTvis. Tu zamTrisagan kvdeba buneba, gazafxulisagan mkvdreTiT aRzdgeba xolme. iq miZinebuli sikvdilia Zvelisa, aq mkvdreTiT aRdgomili, axlad gamoRviZebuli sicocxlea. Tu zamTari siberea, miZinebisa, sikvdilisa, gazafxuli saxea axlobisa, aRdgomisa, sicocxlisa.

aramc Tu dro wlisa, aramed saaTic ki dRisa, roca pirvelad aRmovityviT xolme “qriste aRzdgao”. _ es saaTic ki gvaSinebs, ris momaswa-vebelia aRdgoma qristesi: aRzdga qriste da bneli unda ganSordes naTelsa, naTelma unda

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imefos, ixelmwifos. es is saaTia, roca Rame ukuiqceva Tvisis sibneliTa da mis magier cxovelmyofeli dRe modis Tvisis sinaTliTa. amodis Tu ara cazed alioni _ es winamorbedi ganTiadisa da mtredisfrad gariJraJdeba gumbaTi cisa, zari dResaswaulisa gviwvebs sadideblad da sagalobelad qristes aRzdegisaTvis, TiTqo gveubnebodes: aRzdegiT Zilisagan, midis bneli da movals naTeli. ixileT da gaixareT! es is saaTia, roca Ramis sibnele uTmobs adgils dRis sinaTlesa, rogorc Zvelis cxovrebis bnelma dauTmo adgili axalis naTelsa.

cxovrebis momniWebel qristes aRzdegis dResaswauls ukeTesi dro ver SeerCeoda, Tu ara ganTiadi gazafxulisa, ese igi, is xani da saaTi, roca cxovelmyofeli siTbo scvlis sicives, naTeli bnelsa da mTels bunebas aRimilebs sacxovari Zali axlad aRorZinebisa, axlad gaSlisa, axlad ayvavebisa, axlad cxovrebisa... moZRvreba qristesi igive ganTiadi iyo, igive gazafxuli kacobriobis cxovrebisaTvis!

DDDD

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««««evropis saomari mzadebaevropis saomari mzadebaevropis saomari mzadebaevropis saomari mzadeba»»»»

tfilisi, 14 aprili

evropa mainc Tavisas ar iSlis da dids saomars mzadebaSia. zarbaznis qarxana krupisa gacxarebuls SromaSia da rac SekveTili aqvs sxvadasxva saxelmwifoTagan ZlivsZlivobiTRa aswrobs. samxedro saministroni, saidac ki miixedavT, yvelgan dids TadarigSi arian: iq cixeebs aSeneben, aq ukve aSenebuls ufro amag-reben, gzebi gahyavT da gamohyavT, jarebs umateben, saxarjod auarebel millionebs hTxouloben, parlamentebic uars ar eubnebian da arian davi-darabasa da vai-vaglaxSi. amasobaSi yovelis mxridam marto isRa ismis, rom yovelive es mSvidobianobis surviliT mogvdiso da sapoli-tiko ca ase gadawmendili gansacdelian Rrublebi-sagan didi xania ara yofilao. Cvenc yurs vugdebT da viZaxiT: Tqvens pirs Saqario.

TiTqo am samSvidobo xmebs sabuTica aqvs. evropaSi dRes mizeziani saqme marto bolgariis saqmea. am saqmis gamo laparaki rogorRac miswyda am bolos dros; erTi mxare iZaxis, dee, rac unda hqmnano, Cven bolgariis Sinaurs saqmeSi ar gavereviTo; meore iZaxis, me minamde Cumad viqmnebi, vidre TviTon bolgarelni xvewnas ar damiwyeben,

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an vidre exlandelni regentebi ar gadadgebian da sxva kanoniers marTvelobas ar dauTmoben adgilsao. erTi mxarec Ronieria da meoreca da bolgarelT wlulni orisave mxridganve stkivaT da ar ician, ra hqmnan. am arcodnasa da tokvaSi bolgariis saqmem Tavisi simwvave, jerxanad mainc, dahkarga da dRe igi mxolod damcxrals tkivils warmoadgens. sakvirveli ki es aris: Cacxreba Tu ara aliaqoTi bolgariis gamo, maSinve ar SeiZleba sxvagan sadme cecxlmosakidebi muguzali vinmem ar gaaCanCxaros da saSiSi naperwklebi ar gaayrevinos. es daemarTa amas winad evropas, roca bismarkma Tavisi samxedro kanoni Seitana reixstagSi da mTeli evropa safrangedzed miaxeda, TiTqo cecxlis gaCenas aqedam hlamobdao. aqedam rom vera gamodna ra, xelaxlad aiSala saqme bol-gariaSi. jarebis areulobam wamohyo Tavi. esec xom damSvidda da aqedamac ara gamovida ra. arc amis gamo daetaknen erTmaneTs saxelmwifoni da windaxedulma sifrTxilem Tavi aravis gamoadebina saomrad. axla avRanistanis keras waekida cecxli, iqneba aqedam mainc gamodnes rameo.

vin aris yovel amis momqmedni? vis uWiravs xelSi manqanis marTulebi, rom qveyanas egre Tavis nebazed aTamaSebs? markizi salusberi mTavar–ministri inglisisa amisTanaebSi metad gaTqmuli da gaostatebulia, magram ara gvgonia igi am saqmeSi gaerios, vidre irlandiis gamo kanonebi ar gautarebia parlamentSi da parlamentis mom-xreobiT zurgi ar gaumagrebia. Tumca eg kanonebi orjel ukve waukiTxavT parlamentSi da orjelve SeuwynarebiaT, magram saqme mesame jeria. Tu mesamejerac mag kanonma parlamentSi mSvidobiT gaiara, maSin, ra Tqma unda, parlamentiT zurg-gamagrebuli salusberi mTels Tavis ostatobas ixmarebs, rom evropa ariv-darivos. amisTanaebSi

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igi TviTon bismarksac ar Camouvardeba. minamde ki Znelad safiqrebelia, rom gabedos da dasaxvanWavi qseli ram gaabas evropaSi – Tu T. bismarks vigulisxmebT, radganac dRevandelis politikis sablis orive wveri xelT uWiravs, egec Zneli dasajerebelia mas aqeT, rac italiis saminis-troSi adgili daiWira b-nma krispim, TiTqmis aSkara momxrem safrangeTisam.

dRes am italiis saministros cvlilebis gamo avstriisa, germaniisa da italiis kavSiri rogorRac saimedo aRar aris. italia rogorRac ganzed udgeba avstriasa da germanias da Tumca sxvas aravisTan kavSirs ar apirobs, magram arc am or saxelmwifosTan unda erTad yofna. esec sakmarisia, rom T. bismarkis siTamames da kadnierebas karga blomad frTa Seekvecos. Tu italia da inglisi kavSiris gared darCebian, maSin evropa, erTi mxriT warmoadgens avstrias da germanias, meores mxriT, ruseTsa da safrangeTs, romelTac Tumca erTmaneTSi araviTari piroba ara aqvT jer dadebuli, magram SesaZloa garemoebam es orni erTmaneTs Sehyaros. amisi SiSi didi xania guls uxeTqs bismarksa. raki erTis mxriT avstria da germania iqmneba da meores mxriT ruseTi da safrangeTi, maSin orisave mxris Zliereba gaTanasworebuli iqneba da maSasadame, gamarjvebac saTuo da saeWvo gaxdeba. T. bismarks ki jer arc erTi omi ar dauwyvia ise, rom yovelive garemoeba gamarjvebisa saTuod gauxada, ara gvgonia T. bismarkma mizeziRa eZebos arev-darevisa. ufro safiqrebelia, rom mopirdapire mxarem eseTi gaTanasworeba Zlierebisa Tavisad icnas da gahbedos ram dRes, roca saxelmwifoTa ganwyo-bileba erTmaneTSi am xazzed dadga.

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««««zneobrivi siwmindis mniSvneloba zneobrivi siwmindis mniSvneloba zneobrivi siwmindis mniSvneloba zneobrivi siwmindis mniSvneloba

eris mermisisaTviseris mermisisaTviseris mermisisaTviseris mermisisaTvis»»»»

tfilisi, 16 aprili safrangeTis mecnieri, saxelganTqmuli renani,

hlaparakobs ra qristes aqed, pirvelis saukunis naxevarzed da gvixatavs ra mTelis qveynierobis cxovrebis suraTs am xanSi, ambobs, rom Tumca romis imperia mowamluli iyo mravalgvaris mwikvliTa da garyvnilobiTa, magram mainc es dro imisTana ar iyo, rom kacs am mxriT sasoeba warekveTna da qveynis zneobiTad damxobis molo-dins miscemodao. “marTalic ariso, ganagrZobs renani: Zveli suli romisa kidev hscocxlobda da htrialebda. patiosneba kacuris xasiaTisa jer Sors iyo saukunod wawymedisagan da ar gamqra-liyo. didni anderZni Tavmowonebulis ridisa da saTnoebisa Seikedla Tavis safarvels qveS zogierTma ojaxma, romelmac imperatoris neronis dros xelisuflebamde miaRwies da brwyinvale Saravandedi mohfines antoninebis saukunesa, mWermetyvelebiT tacitis mier aRwerilsa. igi dro, romelmac gamozarda, gamoayena, axeira iseTi Rrmad patiosanis Wkuis kacni, rogorc kvintiliani, plini umcrosi, taciti, imisTana ar iyo, rom SesaZlo yofiliyo adamiani sasowar-

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kveTilebas miscemoda, umarTebuloba zedapirisa Tavis dReSi ar dasvwvdenia im dids saZirkvels patiosanebisa da WkvaTamyoflobisas, romelsac romis kargi sazogadoeba Seadgina. zogierTi ojaxebi jer kidev Tavdadebulni iyvnen keTil-zneobisaTvis, movaleobis erTgulebisaTvis, Tanxmobisa da saTnoebisaTvis. keTilSobil saxleulobaSi kaci Sexvdeboda didad patiosans meuRles, mSveniers da didad patiosan dasa. gana yofila visime bedi gulSesatkivebelad samaga-liTo, rogorc axalgazrda da ubiwoebiT savse oktaviasi, klavdiis asulisa da neronis colisa, romelsac siwminde Tvisi ar SeubRalvia arc erTis moqmedebiTa, Tumca bilwi, mwikvli gars exvia! igi ocdaoris wlisa moakvdines, ese igi, maSin roca jer arc erTi sixarulic ar egemna qveynierobazed. colebi qmrebs misdevdnen eqsoriaSi, sxvani qmrebTan erTad hrCeobdnen saxe-lovans sikvdilsa. Zveli, sada cxovreba romisa ar iyo gamqrali, Svilebs didis zrunviT da TavdadebiT hzrdidnen. qalebi didis ojaxebisa da gvareulebisa ara hTakilobdnen matylis keTebasa da rTvasa; morTvisa da pranWiaobis zrunva kargs ojaxebSi TiTqmis arc ki icodnen, ra aris”.

garda amisa ra saocari magaliTebia maSindeli kacebis didbunebovanobisa, nuTu marTla gamoke-Tebis Zalni TviTve ar aqvs im sazogadoebas, rome-lic hbadavs, hzdis da gamoayenebs xolme mtkice xasiaTebis kacebs, gmirebs? gana am SemTxvevaSi samarTlianad xelzed dasaxvevi da Wkuad misaRebi sabuTi ar aris, magaliTebr, helvidi priskusis gmiroba, romelsac TviT renani mogviTxrobs? es helvidi vespasianis drosa scxovrobda da rad-ganac amxilebda im droebis borotsa, sikvdiliT dasja gadauwyvites da roca vespasianma es ga-moucxada, _ helvidma mSvidobianad da Tavmowo-

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nebiT uTxra: “Seni saqmea kvla da Cemi saqme ki ka-curad sikvdilio”. anu magaliTebr demetre cini-kis ambavi, roca ganrisxebuls da gamwyrals ne-rons upasuxa: “Tqven me memuqrebiT sikvdils da buneba Tqven gemuqrebaT magasveo”.

amisTana kacebis aRmzrdeli da sulisCamdgmeli Zali didi Zalia da am Zalis meqons sazogadoebas ver eTqmis, rom fesvi cxovrebisa Sehsustebia.

amaebzed afuZnebs renani im azrs, rom, saca mis mier CamoTvlilni saTnoebanni jer kidev arseboben, binas hpouloben da Tavs irCenen, iq sazogadoeba jer Sors aris aRmofxvrisagana da gamZleobis Zalni TviTve aqvso. kacobrioba ki ara, romi daeca, viTarca TviTmpyrobeli maSindelis qveynisa da mis gasamZleo naSTzed aSenda axali qveyana, warmodgnen sxva, axalni Tu Zvelni erni, romelTac dRes sve-bedi qveynierobisa xelT uWiravT da kacobriobas win uZRvebian.

Cven am azris garCevaSi ar SevalT. es ki unda vsTqvaT, rom Zalian dasafiqrebeli azria, gulSi metad mosaxvedria da dasaWdevi. marTalia igi, Tu ar aris marTali romis istoriis axsnisaTvis, mainc Znelia kacma mag azrs angariSi ar gauwios, roca romelisame eris yofa _ cxovrebaSi Rrmad Caixedavs. es erTi ki, Cvenis fiqriT, ueWvelia: Tu renanis mier CamoTvlilni saTnoebani dedakacobisa, Tu mamakacobisa, aqa-iq sazogadoebaSi darCenilni, ar arian Tavmdebni bevr wilad mixwnilis eris gamokeTebisa, gamobrunebisa, am saTnoebaTa arqona ki usaTuo niSania, rom eri qveynis zurgidam asagvelad gadadebulia. Tu am saTnoebaTa kanti-kuntad qona ver SesZlebs eri win waayenos gamokeTebis gzazed, arqona ki usaTuod ukan dam-wevi mizezia. amitomac ers, romelsac dRegrZe-loba da mermisi hsurs, erTi fiqri unda hqondes: saTnoeba dargos da axaros Tavis gulSi, Tavis

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ojaxSi. amisaTvis saWiroa zneobis amaRleba da gawmenda. amazed unda miiqces mTeli Rone eris gulSematkivaris kacisa. igi deda, Tu mama, romelic Tavisi SvilisaTvis mzrunvelobas imazed ar miaqcevs, rom kacuri kaci gamouvides, igi Wiaa, romelic Tavis ers mermisis Zirs uTxris da uRrRnis dRe mudam da iqneba arc ki hgrZnobdes, ra codvaSi hdgeba: igi nel-nela hlesavs danas, romelsac adre iqneba Tu gvian yeli unda gamosWras misve STamomavalsa, misve ersa.

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««««Snebeles saqmeSnebeles saqmeSnebeles saqmeSnebeles saqme»»»»

tfilisi, 21 aprili

safrangeTis gazeTi “Nation”-i, romelic sxvazed

ufro mSvidobismoyvareobiT cnobilia, ambobs: “is ambavi, rac panieSi moxda, Tu raime

Secdomis Sedegi ar aris, pirdapir omSi gamowvevis ambad unda CaiTvalos. germania saomrad gviwvevs da hsurs omi Cven dagvawyebinos. Cven ver wagvityueben. Cveni pirveli vali is aris, rom Tavi daviWiroT da ar avCqardeT. Tavis daWera da gulmagrobaa yvelazed uwinares saWiro CvenTvisa! gaufrTxilebels sityvas anu moqmedebas SeuZlian saqme omamde miiyvanos da safrangeTi im maxeSi gaibas, rasac germania ugebs. evropa Tavis mxriTa hxedavs, rom safrangeTs omi ar hsurs. safran-geTsa hsurs Tavisis Rirsebis sakadrisi mSvido-bianoba da arasgziT ara aitans, rom sircxvili aWamos vinmem. safrangeTi hcdilobs oms moeridos, magram ukanasknels groSs, ukanasknels jariskacs gamoimetebs, Tu mis patiosnebas, Tavmowonebas da damoukideblobas Seexnen”.

amave ambavzed inglisis gazeTi “Times”-i ambobs:

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“jer imedi viqonioT, rom es ambavi male sruliad aixsneba da rac exla gaugebaria, mas Suqi moefineba, maincdamainc ki exla Znelia, kacma Tavi daiWiros, am ambis ganmartebas xeli ar waatanos. Tu marTla yovelive es marTalia, rasac safrangeTSi hlaparakoben, aq xalxTa Soris marTebulobis darRveva iseTi didia, rom dauyov-nebliv ganTavisufleba Snebelesi aucilebelia da amasTanave germaniis mTavrobam b-n gauCis moqmedeba ukanono moqmedebad unda aRiaros, uamisod aucilebelia, rom sadiplomato usiamovnobam Tavi ar iCinos”.

ra aris panieSi momxdari ambavi? vin aris

Snebeli, gauCi da ra moxda iseTi, rom ase mkvaxed aalaparaka gazeTebi da SiSis zari igrZno yvelama? Snebeli gaxlavT safrangeTis policieli kamisari zed safrangeTis samzRvarzed da exla 60 wlis kacia. igi Tavdadebuli, erTguli mamulis-Svilia safrangeTisa da amis gamo metad pativcemuli da cnobili safrangeTSi. igi sapatio legionis niSanis mqonebelia, sarwmunoebiT protestantia. bismarkma araerTxel SeaZlia didi Tanamdeboba, oRond germaniaSi gadmodi samsa-xurSio, magram Snebelem dabali Tanamdeboba irCia safrangeTSi, vidre germaniaSi maRali. Snebeles didi xma, gavlena da kavSiri hqonda elzas-lotarenis mamuliSvilebTan da safrangeTSiac Zalian TanaugrZnobda da hSveloda egredwodebul “samamuliSvilo ligasa”, romelsac am ukanasknel dReebamde moTaved hyvanda saxelganTqmuli deruledi da exla elzaseli sanbefi hyavs, kaci Tavgamodebuli, gulmagari da gambedavi, rogorc deruledi gvarwmunebs. am Snebeles germanielni avis TvaliT uyurebdnen, radganac swamebdnen, viTom igi aqezebs elzas-lotarenis mkvidrTagan

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gamoyvanil jariskacT, rom germaniis jarebs mohSordnen da safrangeTSi gamoiqcnen. amasTan isic mizezad daxveuli hqondaT germanelebs, rom elzas-lotarenidam safrangeTis momxreobis gamo gandevnils reixstagis deputats antuans maspinZloba gauwia da kargad dauxvda.

gauCi germaniis policieli kamisaria, mzve-raobiT “SpionobiT” cnobili. panie sabaJo sadguria, TiTqmis zed samzRvarzed safrangeTisa da germaniis Sua, mecTan axlos, sul sams gadanacvlobis manZilzed. am sazRvarzed, rasakvir-velia, mijnis saniSnavi boZebia damwkrivebuli. erTi am boZTagani, germaniis mxriT gadaqceul iyo. radganac wesisamebr gadaqceulis boZis xelaxlad aRdgena mosamzRvreTa kamisarebis TanadaswrebiT unda moxdes, amitomac germaniis kamisars gauCs baraTi miuweria SnebelesaTvis da uTxovnia, daeswros. Snebele misula, magram gauCi ar dahxvedria, radganac ecnobebina exla ara mcaliano. amis Semdeg meored miuweria da Snebele xelaxlad misula. gauCi ar daxvedroda da amis lodinSi Snebele bolTis cemas mosdgomia da ramdenisame adlis manZilzed gadmoscdenia samzRvars. maSin iqav axlo venaxidam gamocvivnula ori Casafrebuli kaci da wautanebiaT xeli dasaWerad. Snebele Turme Zalian xelRonieri kacia da orive daucia dedamiwaze; TiTon ki moukurcxlavs da safrangeTis kuTvnils adgilzed gadasula. es ori kaci wamomdgara, gamosdgomia, moswevnia da dauWeriaT Snebele. radganac aqac gasZalebia, gauyriaT xel-fexSi borkili da ise zezeulad wamouRiaT. germanielT, rasakvirvelia, arc acives da arc acxeles, aiRes da pativcemuli Snebele mecis cixeSi CaabZanes.

exla amboben, rom sul yovelive ese win dawyebuli oinbazobaa gauCisao: gamoityuva

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Snebele samzRvarzed da xafangSi moamwyvdiao. amasac amboben, rom TviTon gauCi imave venaxSi yofila Casafrebuli, saidamac is ori kaci gadmomxtara Snebeles dasaWerada. es ki aSkarad damtkicebulia, rom is ori kaci swored prusiis policielni yofilan, mexres tanisamosiT gangeb Cacmulni.

ai, is panies da Snebeles ambavi, romelmac ase aayayana exla mTeli Jurnal-gazeToba evropisa da fexzed daayena safrangeTisa da germaniis diplomatia. exla safrangeTis mxriTac da germaniis mxriTac didi gamoZiebaa am saganzed daniSnuli. am ambavs Zalian aumRvrevia guli mTelis safrangeTisaTvis da birJazedac ki birJis qaRaldebis fasi Zirs dauwevia. TviTon zemomo-yvanilis “Nation”-is da “Times” – is sityvebisagan sCans am Tvalad pawia saqmes ra mniSvneloba aqvs drevandel uamisodac gulamRvreul da Semrezil dRisaTvis. Tqma ar unda, rom germanias dasWirdeba bodiSis moxda da Tu am gziT rogorme guli ar mougo safrangeTsa da mis samarTlians Tavmo-wonebas nugeSi ara misca ra, SesaZloa saqme xmalzed mivardes. amisTana ukadrisobas ver aitans vera TavisTavis pativmcemeli eri da nametnavad imisTana Tavmomwone, rogoric safrangeTis eria.

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««««gamofenis mowyobis uperspeqtivobagamofenis mowyobis uperspeqtivobagamofenis mowyobis uperspeqtivobagamofenis mowyobis uperspeqtivoba»»»»

tfilisi, 22 aprili

visac ki cotad mainc Tval-yuri udevnebia misTvis Tu, ra mdgomareobaSia exlandeli samrew-velo da sameurneo warmoeba sruliad ruseTisa, ecodineba, rom amJamad bevrma ruseTis ekono-mistebma yvelam yuradReba miiqcia, TavianTi karabadinebi gadaSales da wamlisa da malamos rCeva daiwyes. TviTveuli amas ambobda da ambobs: Tu Cem mier narCevs gzas daadgebian, saekonomio walkoti sruliad ruseTisa mTlad gadiSleba da ayvavdebao.

sxvaTa da sxvaTa karabadinebSi napovn malamoTa Soris, romliTac an erTs, an meores hsurs wyluli samrewvelo da sameurneo warmoebisa gaamTelos, gamofenebis gamarTvaa. marTlada, wlevandels weliwads yvela am gamofenam gaitaca da TiTqo Sesayari da gadamdebi ram senio, didsa da pataras enazed sul eg akeria. jer es weliwadi imiTi daiwyo, rom moskovSi meTevzeoba da Tevzeulobis gamofena gaimarTa; apiroben gamarTvas “sruliad ruseTis sameurneo gamo-fenisas” xarkovSi, “uralis samrewvelo gamofe-nas”, ekaterineburgSi; ganzraxva iyo gaemarTnaT peterburgSi “Tevzis moSenebisa da Tevzis Weris gamofena sruliad ruseTisa”, magram jerxanad

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saxelmwifo qonebaTa saministrom Seayena da samermisod gadasdves. arc Cveni mxare gadurCa am gamofenis wyurvilsa.

Cvenc, Cvenis mxriT, kavkasiis sameurneo gamofena gavmarToTo, brZana b-nma din gelStetma da aramcTu brZana, mTeli moxseneba waikiTxa am saganzed kavkasiis sameurneo sazogadoebaSi da hsurda amave 1887 wels gamarTuliyo tfilisSi sruliad kavkasiis gamofena.

riT da ris gamoa sanatreli gamofena? amboben, rom gamofena mwarmoebels imiT axalisebs, aqezebs Tavisi nawarmoebi gamoitanos gamofenazeo, rom Tu mosawonia, jildos miiRebs. am jildos imediT yvela ecdeba, nawarmoebi, rac SesaZloa, gana-kargos da am gziT gankargdeba TviT warmoebacao. raki yvela, Tu umetesi nawili gamoitans gamofe-naze Tavis nawarmoebs, Cveni inteligenciac dainaxavs sruls suraTs im mdgomareobisas, ra-Siac imyofeba sasoflo da samrewvelo warmoebao. samzRvargareTidamac gvewveviano, hnaxven Cvens avla-didebas, Cvens mSveniers nawarmoebs da aRebmicemobas gagvimarTveno. TviTon mwarmoebelic erTmaneTs dainaxven, Tavis mezobel da moZmes gaicnoben erTmaneTis avsa da kargs gaigebeno da sxvani da sxvani.

es yvelaferi Zalian kargia, Tu marTla egrea. egre kia? egre marTali marto maSin iqneba, Tu kacs daanaxvebT erTs mSvenier romelsame sasaxles tfilisSi da amiT afiqrebinebT, rom mTeli saqarTvelos eri amisTana sasaxleebSi qeifobs. marTalia, Svenierad morTulad ujrebSi minis saxuravqveS gamowyobili iqmneba mSvenieri, TeTri da saocari matyli, saocari da mSvenieri xorbali, bamba, abreSumi, Rvino, CiTi, naqsovi da sxva saucxovod da sagangebod gakeTebuli, an moyvanili nivTi ram. nuTu es marTali suraTi

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iqneba misi, rac marTla da namdvilad aris? is saocari nivTebi, rac gamofenazed gamoaqvT, rom sanTliT eZeboT gamofenis sadguris gared xom veRarsad hnaxavT! igini xom sul nimuSebia da sanimuSed gangeb gakeTebuli Tu moyvanili; xom am nimuSis saqonels versad ipoviT sayidlad imitom, rom Cveneburi uTavbolo bazari sxvadasxva mizezis gamo mag qebaTa qebis Rirs saqonels maminacvlad ekideba da TviTon sazogadoebamac da ermac kargad icis, rom yvela eg saxelisaTvis aris da ara saxravisaTvis, yvela eg namdvili Svili ki ar aris Cvenis meurneobisa, aramed geria, azizad da saTuTad gazrdili mokmaz-mopranWuli maminacvlisagan TavmowonebisaTvis.

Cvenis fiqriT, aramsoflio gamofenis azri umTavresad da yovelT uwinares is unda iyos, rom vnaxoT igi, rac saxelwodebul eris saekonomio sagzals Seadgens, riTac eri sayovel-dReod hrCeba, ikvebeba, aRebmicemobs da Wirs da sixaruls ama qveynisas ase Tu ise uZRveba. aq imisTana nimuSia saWiro, romelic tipad misaRebia ama da am eris warmoebisa, romelic gvaniSnebs sikeTes zogadis nawarmoebisa da ara marto gansakuTrebulisas da sagangebod namoqmedarisas. eris saekonomio mdgomareobis codnisaTvis marto eseTi gamofenaa saWiro, Tund am gamofenazed erTic ar iyos nimuSi sagangebod gakeTebulisa Tu moyvanilisa. mxolod maSin warmoudgeba kacs gamofenaze eri Tavis orTa Sua Zal-RoniT, Tavis ekonomiur yofis metnaklebobiT, radganac amisi maCvenebeli marto Sua saxea nawarmoebisa da ara calke sagangebo ram.

SesaZloa da saWiroc, rasakvirvelia, sagange-bod namoqmedaris naxvaca, rom kacs Tvalwin hqondes magaliTi imisi Tu, sadamde misaRwevia ama da am dros da ama da am adgils gankargeba rome-

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lisame nivTisa, an saqonlisa, Tu kaci codniT, gamWriaxobiT da bejiTad Seudgeba saqmes. xolo eg eris saekonomio Zal-Ronis maCvenebeli ki ar aris, aramed TviTveulis calke ostatisa, _ da amisTana ostatebis CamoTvlas CvenSi adamianis aTi TiTic eyofa. CvenTis, romelTac ara viciT ra Cvenis qveynisa, ufro saWiroa imisTana nawarmoebis gamofena, romelic gvaniSnebs rac CvenSi sayoveldReoa da ara iSviaTi da sagangebo; rac CvenSi aTasSi cxraasi mainc aris da ara aTasSi erTia marto gamosarCevi da TiTiT saCvenebeli.

jer erTi, es vsTqvaT, rom imisTana gamofenaSi romelsac marTven xolme viTomda mwarmoebelis saxeliTa da mis sacodnelad da gamosakeTeblad, mwarmoebeli TiTqmis wres gareSe hrCeba da am gamofenisagan arc eciveba da arc ecxuneba. wamdauwum ki mwarmoebels axseneben, mwarmoebelis sabednierod hnaRvloben da marTven gamofenas. sainteresoa SevityoT, _ ra nugbari ergebaT xolme TviT mwarmoeblebs? Tqma ar unda, kai saqmea ukeTesma mwarmoebelma jildo miiRos, kai saqmea Tu Tavisi ara, sxvisi kargad nakeTebi hnaxos da iswavlos, magram erTi es vikiTxoT: romels gamofenaSi miuRia monawileoba TviT mwarmoebels? an rogor miiRos, Tu gamofena marto sagangebod nakeTebs egebeba sixaruliT da sayoveldReozed ki cxvirs maRla iwevs? am SemTxvevaSi gamofena iSviaTs hTxoulobs da mwarmoebeli ki sazogadod iSviaTis mkeTebeli ar aris. iSviaTis gamomtanni ki calke kacni arian da ara krebuli zogad mwarmoebelTa. amitom moxdeba xolme is sasacilo ambavi, rom gamofenis jildo xSirad imas Sexvdeba xolme, visac dajil-doebulis sagnis Sesaqmnelad xelic ki ar gaunZrevia. vin ar icis, rom “sruliad ruseTis gamofenazed” petrus makarovma miiRo jildo

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kargis kaxuris RvinisaTvis da vgonebT araerTxel da orjelac, magram amasTan vin ar icis, rom petrus makarovs kargis kaxuris Rvinis brali imodenad daedeba, ramodenadac CineTis boRdixansa. ra nugeSia TviTon Rvinis mwarmoebelisaTvis, rom sirajma misgan nayids RvinoSi jildo gaikras! aba, ra SuaSia aq mwarmoebeli? sad aris imisi saxeli?

Cvenis fiqriT, raki gamofena im azrzed iqneba marto agebuli, rom sagangebo nawarmoebis kol-leqciiT isaxelos Tavi, mwarmoebeli, romelic sazogadod orTaSua sikeTis mqonebels saqonels amzadebs, moridebuli iqmneba da marto meqar-xneebi, vaWrebi da CarCebi Tu gamoiyeneben gamofenas im mxriT, rom saxeli gaiTqvan, duqanzed daaweron “dajildoebulia ama da am gamofenazed” da muStari moipovon. aba amisTana jildomiRebuls vaWars, meqarxnes, Tu CarCsa uTxariT: im nimuSis saqoneli minda viyido, rac Sen gamofenazed gqonda da mamyideo, Tu sasacilod ar agigdoT, rogorc ugunuri mtredi.

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««««kvlav Snebelesa da gauCis Sesaxebkvlav Snebelesa da gauCis Sesaxebkvlav Snebelesa da gauCis Sesaxebkvlav Snebelesa da gauCis Sesaxeb»»»»

tfilisi, 23 aprili

Snebeles saqmea da mTeli Jurnal-gazeToba, raSi mdgomareos es saqme, ukve movaxseneT Cvens mkiTxvelebs. exla meti ar iqneba movuCxrikoT saTave da wveri vupovoT gamosaxsneli im mravalferobaSi, romelSiac es saqme Jurnal-gazeTebis sityviT, dRes Cayenebulia. Snebeles daWeras TiTqmis yvela gazeTebi germanulTa garda da zogierTi germanulic, bismarks abraleben, radganac TiTqmis yvelani amas amtkiceben da bismarksac amisTanaebi ar daeficeba. exla sakiTxavi es aris: risTvis mohsurvebia bismarks amisTana naperwkalis gadagdeba iqiT, saca uamisodac asafeTqeblad gadadebulia mSvido-bianoba, Tofis wamliT garSemortymuli?

aq Jurnal-gazeTobis azri ornairia: erTni amboben, rom bismarki exlac ise moiqca, rogorc Svidwleulis samxedro kanonis gasinjvis drosa parlamentSio. maSin bismarkma Tavisi gazeTebi gaalaSqra safrangeTzed im azriT, rom gaaborotos safrangeTi, meti ram aTqmevinos, an aqmnevinos da germanelT aniSnos, rom ai, omis SiSi saidam aris da amis dasaxvedrad Svidwleuli samxedro kanonia uebar Roned cnobilio. am moxerxebulma SiSma Tavisi hqmna da reixstagSi germanelT imisTna kacebi amoarCevina, rom igi sam-

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xedro kanoni ise miiRes, rogorc bismarksa hsur-da. exlac amisTana gaWireba daadga bismarksa, rad-ganac 50 millioni mosTxova reixstags marto jarebis gaZlierebisaTvis, vaiTu, amazedac uari miTxrano da es Snebeles ambavi gangeb gamoatyvrina, rom qveyana da nametnavad safrangeTi mkvaxed aalaparakos Tu aamoqmedos da amis gamo omis atexazed miTiTebiT xelaxlad SeaSinos gu-lubryvilo germanelni. Jurnal-gazeTebi, am azris momxreni, umateben, rom raki Snebeles ambis Semdeg reixstagma eg 50 millioni kvlav daumtkica bis-marks, exla, rasakvirvelia, xerxiani bismarki am gansacdelian ambavs CaafuCeCebs da, Tu gaWirda, bodiSsac mouxdis safrangeTs da saqme amiT gaTav-debao.

sxva gazeTebi sxvas amboben am Snebeles ambis gamo: bismarks amaTi sityviT dRes omis atexa emarjvebao. Raribi germania didxans ver gauZlebs amodena auarebels xarjs mxedrobisas, rasac dRes ewevao. amitom bismarks guli ucems, rom rac SeiZleba male gamoiyvanos germania am gaWi-rebisagan da saqme da bedi xmlis trialzed miagdoso. bismarkma amasTan Zalian kargad icis, rom sisxlisRvras mTeli evropa erideba, rogorc usamarTlo da uRvTo saqmes da bismarks ara hsurs, _ am uRvTo saqmis brali brali TviTon daidvas, an germanias dasdvas, radganac es brali bismarksa da germaniazed guls aayrevinebs evropasa. amis gamo yovels Ronesa hxmarobs, rom safrangeTi gaaborotos da pirvelad imas amoaRebinos xmali da brali sisxlis Rvrisa safrangeTs moaxvios kiserzed evropis winaSe. ai, xsenebul gazeTebis sityviT, saTave Snebeles saqmisa sad unda moiZebnos. marTalic aris: Tu kacs romelisame eris gamwareba unda, Znelad safiqrebelia imazed umwvavesad gulSi wyenis

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Subis daZgerebia, rogorc Snebeles ambavia. ai ra sabuTiT.

Svidis dRis winad, vidre eg ambavi moxdeboda, bZaneba misvlia germanel policiis kamisars gauCs, Snebele daiWireo. rogor daeWira? Snebele sagrangeTis moxele kacia, safrangeTis miwa-wyal-zed bina aqvs. gauCs, amboben, gangeb gaduqcevinebia samzRvris niSani boZi da daubarebia Snebele _ modi, boZi aRvadginoTo. amiT gamoutyuebia Sne-bele, kacebi Casafrebuli hyolia, TviTonac iqav yofila damaluli da mosula Tu ara Snebele, dauWeriaT. germanelni amtkiceben, rom germaniis miwa-wyalzed daviWireTo da safrangeTi _ ki am-bobs, Cems miwa-wyalzea daWerilio. saca unda iyos daWerili Snebele, yvela amas aRiarebs, rom es ambavi metismeti umarTebuloa da igi samar-Tliani wyena, romelsac safrangeTi unda hgrZnob-des, Sem-Zlebelia safrangeTs Tavi gamoadebinos imodenad, rom TviTon saministromac Tavi veRar dauWiros gamwarebuls da gulamRvreuls ersao.

Tu marTla es Snebeles ambavi saparlamento xerxi iyo, bismarki iseTi ostatia, rom Caafu-CeCebs am saqmes da safrangeTis eris Tavmowonebas yovelgvar kmayofilebas miscems, da Tu ara, maSin ki Tu atyda rame, ara gvgonia amiT Tvalebi auxvios visme da mizezi uwyalo omisa TviTon ar Seiqmnas evropis winaSe. Snebele dRes gan-Tavisuflebulia, magram marto es ara kmara, rom safrangeTis erma es umagaliTo kadniereba bis-markisa advilad daiviwyos da sircxvili ukad-risobisa aitanos: sul cota rom vsTqvaT, saf-rangeTma bodiSic unda moaxdevinos bismarksa. ine-bebs amas bismarki Tu ara? Tu amazed dahyva saf-rangeTsa, aSkaraa omis atexis survili gulSi ara sdebia, roca germaniam safrangeTs Snebeles saqme maxed daugo.

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««««politikis feriscvaleba balkaneTis politikis feriscvaleba balkaneTis politikis feriscvaleba balkaneTis politikis feriscvaleba balkaneTis

naxevarkunZulzenaxevarkunZulzenaxevarkunZulzenaxevarkunZulze»»»»

tfilisi, 24 aprili

gazeTebidam amokiTxul depeSebs Tu davuk-

virdiT da nametnavad Tu davujereT, gamoCndeba, rom balkanis naxevarkunZulzed politikam Tu fe-ri ar icvala, apirobs feris cvalobas. serbiaSi saministro garaSaninisa gadadgao da mefe milanma misi samsaxuridam gasvla Seiwynara da xorva-toviCi moiwoda, rom Caebarebina mTavar-minis-trobao.

garaSanini didi momxre iyo, avstriisa da ser-biis politika sul imazed hqonda miqceuli, rom avstriasTan erToba hqonoda serbiasa da raki avstriasTan, maSasadame, germaniasTanac. amboben, garaSaninis gadadgoma im ganxeTqilebam moaxdina, ramac am bolos xanebSi TviTon serbiis samefo sasaxleSi Tavi iCina.

mefe milanis meuRle dedofali natalia didi xania cnobilia, viTarca momxre ruseTisa da gara-Saninis politikis mopirdapireTa moTaved didi xania dedofali iTvleboda samefo sasaxleSi. dRes sCans, dedofals gaumarjvnia da garaSanins Tavi veRar dauWeria. garaSaninis samsaxuridam ga-mosvla imas moaswavebs, rom serbiis politika

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cotad Tu bevrad dahSordeba avstriis politi-kasa da dauaxlovda ruseTisas.

serbiis gazeTi “odieki” ambobs, rom serbiis erma unda mosTxovos mTavrobas, xeli aiRos av-striis momxreobazed da miekedlos rusT-frangTa kavSirsa, romelic dRes iqneba Tu xvale mosa-lodneliao. berlineli gazeTi “Post”-i iZaxis, rom es “odiekis” Tqmuli winamorbedi niSania sami-nistros Secvlisa da maSasadame, serbiis poli-tikisaca.

Tu marTalia, rom mefe milanma xorvatoviCi moiwvia mTavar ministrad, sCans rom politika serbiisa, Tu sruliad ara, cotad mainc gamza-debulia ruseTisaken gadaxrisaTvis. xorvatoviCi iseTi cxare mopirdapire ar aris ruseTis momxreobisa, rogorc garaSanini. es winadac daamtkica xorvatoviCma, roca serbiis mTavrobas winadadeba misca, rom serbiis aficrebi ruseTis samxedro akademiaSiac unda igzavnebodnen saswav-lebladao. exlac amisi utyuari sabuTi xelT mogvca: mefe milans gamoucxadebia Tu ara, rom Sen minda dagavalo mTavar-ministrobao, xorva-toviCs is piroba daudvia, rom ristiCi sagareo saqmeTa ministrad dainiSnoso. ristiCi ruseTis gulmodgine momxrea da winaaRmdegi avstriisa, mefe milans ar uyabulnia ristiCis ministroba da xorvatoviCsac uari mouxsenebia.

es ambavi imitom moviyvaneT, rom aqedam cxadada

sCans feriscvaleba serbiis politikisa cudad Tu bevrad.

bolgariaSic am feriscvalebis niSnebia. gaze-

TebSi moyvanili depeSebi amtkiceben, rom maiori papovi, sofiis mecixovneTa ufrosi da sagareo saqmeTa ministri naCeviCi aramcTu samsaxurs Tavs

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anebebeno, aramed bolgariidam samzRvargared gas-vlasac apirobeno. papovi da naCeviCi cnobilni arian, viTarca mopirdapireni ruseTisa. amaT sam-saxuridam gamosvlis xmas Zalian umoqmednia bol-gariis mxedrobazed, ase, rom ramdensame aficers da maTTa Soris gansakuTrebiT daniSnuls kamisars saregentosas petrovs arza miuciaT samsaxuridam daTxovnisa. Tumca maTi Txovna jer Sewynarebuli ar aris, magram TviTon es ambavi da nametnavad mi-zezi, romelsac auZulebia papovi da naCeviCi sam-saxuridam gamosuliyvnen, metad sayuradReboa.

am bolos xanebSi papovs araerTxel sajarod ulaparaknia, rom evropam xeli aiRo bolgariazed, battenbergis dabruneba SeuZlebeli gaxda da sa-Wiroa aramcTu dauyovnebliv mowveva saero krebisa, aramed ruseTTan Serigebacao. am sityvebs ruseTi mopirdapire kacisas Zlier umoqmednia bolgariaSi.

yovels amas isic daumateT, rom osmalos SeuTvlia bolgariis saregentosaTvis: saregento gadadges, Cemi kamisari riza-bei exlandel saminis-trosTan erTad Caibarebs bolgariis saqmeTa winam-ZRolobas da mere mowveul iqmneba saero kreba mTavris amosarCevado. ai, gazeTis sityviT, dRevan-delTa saqmeTa mdgomareoba ors umTavres saxel-mwifoSi balkanis naxevarkunZulzed.

Cvenis fiqriT, yovels zemoTqmuls kavSiri aqvs Snebeles saqmesTan, romelmac evropis yu-radReba srulad miipyra da Tvali evropisa moaSora sxva saqmeebsa. raki eg saqme dasavleTis evropisa dascxreba da ganeldeba yovlad SemZle-belis bismarkis xerxianobiTa da mSvidobianobas am mxriT, aRara efiqreba ra. SesaZloa yovelive ic-valos aRmosavleT evropaSiac. ase stokavs uReli politikis sasworisa evropaSi bismarkis man-qanebiTa da minam bismarki Tavis wadils ase Tu

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ise ar aisrulebs, es uReli Tavis larsa da donezed ar dadgeba.

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««««avlabrelebis saqmeavlabrelebis saqmeavlabrelebis saqmeavlabrelebis saqme»»»»

I

tfilisi, 25 aprili

paraskevs saRamos, 24-s aprilsa, qalaqis sabWoSi gairCa erTi friad sayuradRebo saqme. saqme ese mdgomareobs SemdegSi: mefe erekle meore rom dabrunebula Samqoris omidam, Tan gadmouyvania ramdenime komli somexi, aotebulni yizilbaSebisagan, da dausaxlebia avlabarSi. aq uboZebia maTTvis, sxvaTa avlabrelebTa erTad avlabris gareSemo mamuli saxnav-saTesad da saZovrad. es gadmosaxlebulni jer pirvelad samefo glexebad CauricxavT da mere saxasod. TviTon avlabris mamuli ki dedoflis darias wiladxdomili mamuli yofila da am avlabris glexTa sazogadoebas uZlevia Rala, erTi meaTedi mosavlisa. Semdeg daria dedoflisa xazina dahpatronebia am mamuls da Rala xazinas uRia. am saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi viRaca SarubaTovs wautanebia xeli am mamulebisaTvis da sakuTarebad daCemebisaTvis dava gaumarTavs. avlabrelebs, ra Tqma unda, Tavi gamoudviaT da bolos saqme senatamdinac misula. senats 1837 w. daudgenia ganaCeni da mamuli daugdia avlabrelTa xelSi. avlabrelebs es dava karga fuli dasjdomiaT, da

265

raki mainc Tavisad hgulebiaT, sxva xarjic ar dauzogavT am mamulebis gankargebisaTvis: gamouy-vaniaT TavianTis xarjiT wyali milebiT, qviTkiris auzebi auSenebiaT, daumarTavT gomebi da farexebi da yovel amisaTvis karga xarji gauweviaT.

1869 w. es avlabris mamuli gaduciaT qala-qisaTvis saZovrad da sanaxired. ra gziT, ra piroboT gadasula es mamuli qalaqis xelSi _ amisi cnoba ar aris Turme qalaqis saqmeebSi. mas aqed igi mamulebi mainc avlabrelebs sWeriaT, mxolod im gansxvavebiT rom ijara qalaqisaTvis uZleviaT. bolos, 16 marts 1887 w., qalaqis gamgeobas auRia, avlabrelebi gamouwiravs da eg mamuli ijariT miucia axnazarovisa da qiSmiSovisaTvis weliwadSi oras Tumnad. 1869 wlidam am 1887 wlamde qalaqis gamgeobas didi miwer-mowera hqonia am saganzed. am miwer-moweridama sCans, rom avlabrelebs gulidam ar amouRiaT is marTla da samarTliani imedi, rom eg mamuli, Tu ijariT gasacemia, maTTvis ufro upriania, radganac imaTa sWeriaT, imaT udavniaT, imaT SeunaxavT, imaT ganukargebiaT, da amisaTvis ara erTi aTasi Tumani dauxarjavT im xanis ganmavlobaSi, rac xelSi sWeriaT. garda amisa, am mamulzed yofila damokidebuli cxovrebis saxsari avlabrelebis sazogadoebisa, romelSiac ara erTi da ori aTeuli komli kaci iTvleba.

raki SeumCneviaT, rom qalaqis gamgeoba mixrila imazed, rom eg mamuli Zvelis wesiT aRar amyofos da ijariT gacemuli unda iqnas, avlabrelebs araerTxel am aTis-TxuTmetis wlis ganmavlobaSi uTxovniaT gamgeobisaTvis, Cven nu gamogvwiravT da ijariT Cven mogveciT Cvenive naWeri miwebi da calke kacs nu SemogvisevTo. pirvel xanebSi qalaqis gamgeobas gulmtkivneulobiT Seuwynarebia avlabrelebis Txovna. amis sabuTs warmoadgens

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oqmi gamgeobisa 22 maisisa 1876 w., da nametnavad oqmi TviTon qalaqis sabWosi 12 noembrisa 1879 w. am ukanasknel oqmSi sweria, rom eg mamuli usaTuod ijariT gaices da saWiro vaWroba moxdes, da Tu avlabrelebi aiReben ijariT, maTi urTierTi Tavdeboba miiRon fulis magier ijaris fulis Semotanis saimedod, da Tu calke kaci, imas ki windawin windad an fuli Semoataninon, an bankis bileTebi.

mere da mere es gulmtkivneuloba qalaqis gamgeobisa cota ar iyos ganelebula da bolos ise momxdara saqme, rom eg mamulebi sajaro vaWrobiT calke kacebs darCeniaT saijarod oras Tumnad. saqmis sisrulisaTvis esec unda iTqvas, rarigad momxdara igi sajaro vaWroba. vaWrobaSi mosulan axnazarovi da qiSmiSovi da aTiode avlabreli, rom erTobilad ivaWron da asi Tumani windad SeutaniaT. meore mxare ara yofila. amasTana dasaxsomia, rom axnazarovs da qiSmiSovs es piroba SeutaniaT, rom Tu vinicobaa im aTiod avlabrelma Tavisi wiladxdomili am asis Tumnisagan ar Semoitanos, ijara marto axnazarovsa da qiSmiSovzed damtkicdes. Tqma ar unda, rom ar Semoitanes da daumtkices axnazarovsa da qiSmiSovsa

xmosans T. mixeil maCabels daunaxavs, rom qalaqis gamgeoba da sabWo am saqmeSi usamarTlod mohqcevian avlabrelebs da ramdenime aTeuli komli kaci gauwiravT umizezod; winadadeba SeutaniaT, gaauqmon ijara axnazarovisa da qiSmiSovisa, isev avlabrelebs miscen ijariT maTi naWeri mamulebi urTierTobis TavdebobiTa.

paraskevs, 24 aprils T. mixeil maCabelma am saganzed didi moxseneba waikiTxa sabWos winaSe, romelsac 47 xmosani daeswro. moxseneba kargad Sedgenilia, yovelive garemoeba saqmisa naTlad

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axsnilia. sCans, rom T. maCabels zedmiwevniT Seuswavlia TviTveuli calke garemoeba am saqmisa da yovelive gadasawyvetad saWiro cnoba gulmodgineT uZebnia da gamoukvlevia.

Tumca sabWom uarhyo ocdaeqvsis xmiT winaaRmdeg ocdaerTisa winadadeba T. maCablisa, magram amiT gza ar Seekvris kacs _ eZios, marTali romels mxares aris. amis gamoZiebas Semdeg SevudgebiT.

II tfilisi, 27 aprili

metismetad sainteresoa cnobani maszed, Tu ra

saxis sazogadoeba hqoniaT avlabrelebs im miwebis xmarebis gamo, romelTac igini iTxovdnen saijarod qalaqis gamgeobisagan. es mxare saqmisa sakmaod vrclad gamokvleulia xmosanis T. mixeil maCabelis moxsenebaSi.

am moxsenebisagan sCans, rom mag sazogadoebas Seadgens sul 56 komli, romelSiac 332 suli iTvleba orisave sqesisa. am sazogadoebis saqmes ganageben Turme sazogadoebisagan amorCeulni kacni: nacvali, gziri da sazogadoebis kreba. yovelis rigisa, wesisa, xarjisa da sxva ram gardasaxadisa aRmniSvneli da damadginebeli sazogado krebaa. nacvali da gziri marto aRmsrulebelni moxeleni arian. sazogadoebis winaSe yovelisferSi pasuxismgebeli aris ufrosi kaci komlisa da ara yvela mozdili ojaxisSvili. Tumca TavidaTavi am sazogadoebaSi glexoba aris, magram dRes sazogadoebaSi iTvleba Turme sxva wodebis kacni, magaliTebr, vaWarni, Cinovnikebi da sapatio moqalaqeni da sxvani, romelnic glexobis STamomavalni arian da romelT winaparni avlabris

268

glexTa sazogadoebas ekuTvnodnen. amaT SerCeniaT igi ufleba da movaleoba, rac maT winaparTa hqoniaT avlabris sazogadoebaSi. am sazogadoebis Sinagans bunebas da agebulebas kaci rom daukvirdes, dRes imas SehniSnavs, rom am sazogadoebas SerCenia marto Tviseba da xasiaTi sameurneo gamgeobisa da sxva aRaraferi.

amis mixedviT, TviTveuli calke komli litra-Careqobis kvalobazed aris monawile am sameurno sazogadoebaSi. am litra-Careqobazed ganwirulia miwebis xmareba, anu uked vsTqvaT, miwebisagan gamorComa, da amave litra-Careqobazedve aris gawerili xarji. radganac umciresi wili Careqia da udidesi litra, da radganac litraSi oTxi Careqia, amitomac litriani kaci erTi-oTxad mets ixdis yovelgvars xarjs da erTi-oTxadac meti gamorComa aqvs sazogado miwebisagan. am sazogadoebaSi Careqianzed naklebi da litriazed meti mekomuri ar aris Sewynarebuli; ase rom mekomurs erTis litrianis wilis meti ar SeeZlo sWeroda. metad sayuradRebo wesi am sazogadoebisa is aris, rom RaribTa, SeuZlebelTa, obol-qvrivTa, romelTac Rone ara aqvT xarjis wevisa da Tavis xvedris xarjis gaRebisa, miwebisagan gamorComaSi wili edvaT TavTavisdagvarad da xarjs ki sazogadoeba maT magier TviTon ixdida.

am sazogadoebas hyavs Turme: 758 sxvili saqoneli muSa da mocadi, 82 cxeni, 42 saxedari, 80 Rori da 7126 cxvari. marto 16 komlia imisTana, rom ara hyavs saqoneli. gamgeobis mier dawesebulia Turme, rom sxils saqonelzed weliwadSi 1 manaTzed meti ar unda aiRon sabalaxe da wvrilzed 25 kap. meti. am angariSiT avlabris sazogadoeba ixdis Turme 2420 manaTsa weliwadSi.

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ai, igi sazogadoeba, romelic avlabrelebis saxeliT sTxovda qalaqis gamgeobas, Cveni naWeri mamuli Cvenve mogveciT ijariT, radganac mag mamulzea damokidebuli 332 sulis saxsari cxovrebisao. mas aqed, rac eg mamulebi qalaqs miakuTvnes, ese igi, 1869 wlidam, beds am sazogadoebisas, romelsac kaci Znelad Tu ar TanaugrZnobs, Ziri Seerya, da qalaqis gamgeoba im dRidam Tavis mecadineobas ar aklebda, rom es sazogadoeba srulad gaenadgurebina. jer, rogorca vsTqviT, pirvel xanebSi, rogorc qalaqis gamgeoba, isec mTavroba, qalaqis gamgeobis meoxebiT, gulmtkivneulad moeqca am sazogadoebas, magram bolosdabolos gamgeobam daiviwya eg gulmtkivneuloba da TandaTan Ziri mouTxara da dRes xom sul pirqve daamxo. Cvens Semdegs nomerSi kvaldakval avyvebiT da warmovudgenT mkiTxvels imis istorias, Tu rarigad hneldeboda TandaTan es gulmtkivneuloba. ar gvindoda ase gagrZeleba am werilebisa, magram vxedavT, rom Tu ama saqmis garemoeba vrclad ar gamoesaxa kacs gonebis Tvalwin, Znelia utyuari sja iqonios.

III tfilisi, 28 aprili

rogorc winad mogaxseneT, avlabrelebis naWeri

miwebi, romelT gamoc exla Cven laparaki gvaqvs, miuzomes qalaqs saZovarad da sanaxirod 1869 welsa. qalaqis gamgeobam pirvel xanSive miaqcia yuradReba am miwebs, rogorc axals wyaros gamorComisas saqalaqod. Tumca maSindelma sazogado krebam qalaqisam es gamorComis azri win waimZRvara, magram misda sasaxelod esec unda vsTqvaT, rom avlabrelebis sazogadoebis

270

gaWirebac Tvalwin daiyena da amitomac Tavisi mecadineoba ar moaklo, rom avlabrelebsve TavianT wesisamebr sWerodaT igi mamuli. 27 marts 1872 wels am sazogado krebam qalaqisam daadgina ganaCeni, rom eg mamuli ijariT gaices samis wlis vadiT 1-s agvistodam 1871 wlisa 1-s agvistomde 1874 wlisa, da Tu avlabris sazogadoeba isurvebs, mas mieces, Tu arada gareSe kacTa, mxolod sajaro vaWrobiT ki.

avlabris sazogadoebam Seityo es Tu ara, maSinve Tavisis veqilebis piriT iTxova maSindel qalaqis marTvelobisagan, sajaro vaWrobis mouxdenelad miscen sazogadoebas igi mamuli ijariT weliwadSi 1300 maneTad samis wlis vadiT, xolo dasawyisi vadisa iyos 1-i agvisto 1871 wlisa ki ara, aramed 1-i agvisto 1872 wlisa. qalaqis marTvelobam Seiwynara es Txovna da iSuamdgomla tfilisis gubernatoris winaSe, rom igi mamuli uvaWrelad mieces avlabris sazogadoebas da vadac ijarisa Seicvalos avlabrelebis Txovnisamebr. am Suamdgomlobam miaRwia aqaurs umaRles mTavrobamde da mis mier Sewynarebul iqmna. Tumca zogierTi formaluris mizezisa gamo ijaris xelSekruloba maSin ar daiwera, magram avlabris sazogadoeba hxmarobda zemoxsenebul pirobiT mamulebsa da ijaris fuli 1300 maneTi weliwadSi Sehqonda qalaqis xazinaSi. aSkarada sCans aqedam, maSindeli mmarTveloba qalaqisa ra gulmtkivneulad mohkidebia saqmes da cdila qalaqisaTvis gamorComa ram yofiliyo da avlabrelebic ar gamoewira.

roca am pirvelis ijaris vada 1875 wels gavida. qalaqis gamgeoba ufro gaiyolia gamorComis survilma da avlabrelebis interesi cota ar iyos CrdilSi miayena. es cxadada sCans im ganaCenisagan, romelic qalaqis gamgeobam

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daadgina 19-s seqtembers 1875 w. am ganaCenSi sweria: miRebul iqmna ra saxeSi, rom mTavrobis mier nebadarTuls ijaras vada Seusrulda 1-s agvistos 1875 welsa, saWiroa rom igi saijaro mamuli qalaqis saZovrad da sanaxirod daidvas im pirobiT, rom sxvils saqonelzed erTi maneTi iRos qalaqma da wvrilzed sami Sauri TTveSi; am gziT qalaqi mets gamorComas hnaxavs... da amitom tfilisis saqalaqo gamgeobam daadgina: “vsTxovoT qalaqis sabWos, igi mamulebi aRar gaices ijariTa da saZovrad da sanaxirod darCes qalaqsa da zemoxsenebulis zomiT gamoerTvas sabalaxo saqonlis patronebs saqonlis ZovebisaTvis”.

es ganaCeni gairCa qalaqis sabWoSi 9-sa da 13-s oqtombers 1875 welsa. qalaqis sabWo daadgina: darCes eg mamuli saZovrad da sanaxirod qalaqis mcxovrebTa da droebiT CamosulTa soflelTaTvis usasyidlo xmarebisaTvis saqonlis saZoeblad; gamgeobas daevalos Seadginos proeqti pirobebisa, romlis ZaliTac unda eg mamuli gaeces ijariTa da Sedgenili proeqti warmoadginos gansaxil-velad sabWoSi. am ganaCenis ZaliT Semdgar iqmna calke komisia da moxseneba am komisiisa 22 maiss 1876 w. Sig CarTulia TviTon gamgeobis ganaCenSi. am gamgeobis ganaCenSi ai rasa swers gamgeoba: “radganac am mamulis ijariT aRebaSi upiratesoba unda mieces qalaqis mkvidrTa, romelnic sasoflo meurneobiT scxovreben, uamisod igini Zalian dids gaWirvebaSi Cascvivian da calke kacebs Cauvar-debian xelSi gamosarComad, -_ gamgeobam moiwvia warmomadgenelni kukiisa, avlabrisa da naTluxis sazogadoebisani mosalaparakeblad. am warmomad-genelTa gamoacxades survili, aiRon qalaqis mamulebi ijariT, xolo sTqves, rom ijara uamisodac didia da eZnelebaT magodena ijaris gaReba da amitom momateba ijarisa SeuZlebelia

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da amazed sityvac ar unda iyos Camogdebulio. ramdenjerme kidev iqmnen mowveulni es warmomadgenelni da gamgeobam Tanaxma gaixada eseni ijarisaTvis moematebinaT, xolo pirvel wlisaTvis iTxoves ijara winandelis zomiT darCeniliyo”.

gamgeoba am ganaCenSi, sxvaTa Soris, ai, ra samarTlian azrs ambobs: iqneba SesaZloc iyos metis ijaris aReba, magram am SemTxvevaSi uaryofil unda iqmnas interesebi Raribis xalxisa, romelic Zveladganve soflis meurneobas misdevs qalaqis miwebzed da romelsac am bolos dromde Tavisad eguleboda eg miwebi. momateba ijarisa metismetad TviTon qalaqisaTvisac ar aris sasargeblo, imitom rom eg momateba mZime tvirTad daadgeba qalaqis mkvidrTa Raribs nawilsa. qalaqis mmarTvelobis warmomadgenelTa ar unda moiwonon es ambavi, radganac maTda Tavdapirveli vali is aris, rom izrunon qalaqis keTildReobisaTvis im mxriT, rom udidesma nawilma qalaqis mkvidrTa sikeTe, gankargeba da Sesubuqeba ram igrZnos.

yovel amis gamo gamgeobam daadgina: gamoirCes im mamulebidam qalaqis sanaxirod dasadeblad Sesaferisi nawili da danarCeni mieces ijariT xsenebul sazogadoebaT samis wlis vadiT im fasad, rac manamde iyo. es ganaCeni gamgeobisa damtkicebul iqmna sabWosagan 24 maiss 1876 welsa. am gziT iara am saqmem da bolos imazed Sedga, rom avlabrelebis sazogadoebas darCa misi naWeri mamulebi ijariT weliwadSi oras Tumnad samis wlis vadiT 1880 wlamde.

12 noembers 1879 wels, imis gamo, rom avlabrelebis ijaris vada Tavdeboda, 1-s ianvars 1880 welsa, qalaqis gamgeobam Seitana Tavisi ganaCeni sabWoSi da iTxova nebarTva, rom axali

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sajaro vaWroba dainiSnos im mamulis ijariT gasacemad. sabWos oqmSi moxsenebulia, rom zogierTma xmosanma iTxova Turme, rom ueWvelad isev avlabrelebs mieciT ijariT igi mamuli, magram sabWom gadaswyvita, usaTuod sajaro vaWroba moxdes da pirobad daidvas Semdegi: Tu vinicobaa avlabris mkvidrni aiReben ijaras, maT urTierTobis Tavdeboba CamoerToT ijaris fulis saimedod, da Tu calke kacni dairCenen vaWrobis dros ijaras, imaT ki windad gamoerTvaT fuli.

am istoriidama sCans, rom ramodenadac dro gadioda, imodenad Tavdapirveli samarTliani mzrunveloba avlabrelTa sazogadoebis mimarT klebulobda da gamorComis survili saqalaqod hmatulobda. bolosdabolos gamorComis survilma sul gaabaTila winandeli azri qalaqis marTvelobisa, romelic ambobda: qalaqisaTvis gamorComis survilma unda aq adgili dauTmos Raribis xalxis gaWirebas da interesebsao. Semdeg Cvena vnaxavT, rom qalaqis gamgeobam da sabWom am saqmiT da mamulebiT verc veraferi moumata qalaqis xazinasa da avlabrelebsac mamulzed xeli daabanina da mTeli 332 suli gaswira. friad sayuradReboa, ra gziT moxda es saocari ambavi, rom verc qalaqi gamorCa metsa, da avlabrelebis sazogadoebasac mTxovaris guda-nabadi ahkides da imaTi sve-bedi, wyaro cxovrebisa, ors-sams kacs Caugdes xelSi.

IV tfilisi, 29 aprili

Cven wina werilSi movixsenieT, rom qalaqis

gamgeobam avlabrelebis saqmis gamo yovelisferi fexqveS gauSala saqalaqod gamorComis survilsa:

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namdvili simarTlec, Raribebis sve-bedic, mTelis karga mozdilis mkvidrTa nawilis interesebica. xolo saocari bolo hqonda am TavisTavadac ujero survilsa. survili xom survili iyo da gamgeobam saqme ise miiyvana, rom rasac avlabrelebi iZleodnen, imav fasad da imav pirobiT maTi naWeri mamuli sams kacs Caugdo xelSi da am saxiT arc gamorComa gamorComad gamodga da avlabrelebic 332 suli carielzed dasva. Cven ukve vsTqviT, rom 1880 wlamde igi mamuli mainc avlabrelebs hqondaT ijariTa.

1880 welsa xelaxlad moxda sajaro vaWroba im memamuleebis ijariT gasacemad. am wels yofilma gamgeobam Tavisi yovlad SemZlebeli ieriSi miitana im mcireoden upiratesobazedac, romelic qalaqis sabWom arguna avlabrelebs 1879 wlis ganaCeniTa. es mciredi aCrdilic maSindelis sabWos mzrunvelobisa TiTqo TvalSi eklad hqonebia gamgeobas da Tavis nebiTa da ZaliT gauuqmebia. amas imitom vambobT, rom 1879 wels sabWos mier dadgenili iyo, Tu avlabrelebi aiRebdnen ijariT xsenebuls mamuls, maT fuli ar unda gamoerTos ijaris fuli saRad Semotanis saimedod, aramed unda CamoerTvas marto urTierTobis Tavdeboba. es ganaCeni sabWoSi dRevandlamde xelSeuxebelia da amitomac Zala unda hqonoda gamgeobisaTvis, radganac gamgeoba yovelsferSi xelqveviTia sabWosi. magram gamgeobam gaauqma Tavisis nebiT es ganaCeni, da roca 1880 wlis sajaro vaWrobaSi igi mamuli kvlav avlabrelebs darCaT ijariTa weliwadSi oras Tumnad, Tavdebobis magier gamgeobam ormocdaaTi Tumani Semoatanina windrad. es zogierTTagani ieriSia, romelic gamgeobam miitana avlabrelebis sazogadoebis dasarRvevad da amasTanave cxadi magaliTia imisi, rom xelqveviTma gamgeobam Tavis

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mbrZanebelis sabWos ganaCeni uarhyo, gaauqma da arafrad Caagdo. aq gamgeobis TviTnebobis mets sxvas arafers umoqmednia.

am saxiT 1880 wlidam 1883 wlamde xsenebuli mamuli kidev avlabris sazogadoebas eWira ijariTa. 1883 wels, raki vada gavida, kidev moxda sajaro vaWroba. avlabrelebi, ricxviT 30 kaci, mosula savaWrod da gamgeobisaTvis gamoucxadebiaT, rom avetiqa iSxanovi, daviT foraqovi da Saqara TaTulovi maTis sazogadoebis veqilebi arian da piroba daudviaT, rom kanoniers rwmunebis werils warmoadgenen. bolos warmoadgines kidec da ijariT amxanadac darCaT mamuli avlabrelebs da ijaris qaRaldi moawerines maTs veqilebsa. xolo sayuradReboa TviTon ganaCeni gamgeobisa, romelSiac gamgeoba aRiarebs, rom iSxanovi da TaTulovi sazogadoebis veqilebi ki ar arian, aramed imisTanave wurbelebi, rogorc sxvani. am sityvebisagan sCans, rom gamgeobas am saqmeSi codvad miuCnevia da uaruyvia. es xom esea 1883 wels, magram 1886 wels ki imav gamgeobas yovelive RonisZieba uxmaria, rom swored mag erTxel dawunebuls mis mier myvlefavobas didi da farTo gza gaxsnoda.

am axals ijaras, roca mamuli kidev avlabrelebs sWeriaT weliwadSi oras Tumnad, vada gasvlia 1-s ianvars 1886 welsa. amitomac 30 noembers 1885 w. dauniSnavs axali sajaro vaWroba gamgeobas da Tumca avlabrelebs kidev hqondaT ijaris vada 1886 wlis 1-s ianvramde, magram maSinve CamourTmevia mamulebica im mizeziT, rom ijaris fulis Semotana daugvianebiaT. saocari ambavi, ambavi veras gziT ver aRsaxsneli, am vaWrobazed moxda. am xnis savaWro oqmSi1 (1 ixileT oqmi 1885 wlis 30 noemberi.) sweria: ”savaWrod movidnen meore gildiis vaWarni yazar

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axnazarovi, avetiqa axnazarovi da iakob qiSmiSovi da cameti kaci avlabrelni, cal-calke dasaxelebulni da gamoacxades, rom yovel amaT undaT vaWroba”, “warmoadgines windrad asi Tumani”.

aq kidev sakvirveli ara aris ra: Teqvsmetma kacma erTad isurva mamuli ijariT aiRon da asi Tumani windrad warmoadgines. saswauli meore moqmedebaSia, da ramodenad sabaraqaloa es saswauli, mkiTxveli dainaxavs Semdegidam. radganac mocile ara hyoliaT, ra Tqma unda, Teqvsmets kacs gamoucxadebiaT Tavisi fasi orasi Tumani weliwadSi da es loRikisa da kanonis winaaRmdegi vaWroba vaWrobad Seuracxavs gamgeobas. imis Sesaxeb Tu, _ ra aris loRikiT da kanoniT sajaro vaWroba, mere movilaparakebT, da exla ki ai, ra saocars ambavs gavuwyebT. darCeniaT ra ijara xsenebul 16 kacs, imaTgan sams kacs, yazara da avetiqa axnazarovebs da iakob qiSmiSovs, am “meore gildiis kupwebs” es piroba daudviaT (sajaro vaWrobaSi ?!): “Tu vinicobaa danarCenni maTi amxanagni ar Seavseben ukve windrad Semotanils ass Tumans, ijara marto sams kacs daumtkicdes da ijaris qaRaldic marto imaTs saxelzed daiweros”. gaigeT!... yvelani saerTod, saamxanagod hvaWroben, saamxanagodve SemoaqvT sawindravi fuli, da maTSi sami kaci rarigad atrialebs saqmesa da gamgeobac, amazed yurs iyruebs! sajaro vaWrobis wesi ki is aris, rom yoveli piroba winad gamocxadebuli unda iyos sayovelTavod romelisame oqmiTa. aq sul uecari piroba iyo Sewynarebuli, mere visi? gamgeobisa? sabWosi? ara: axnazarovebisa da qiSmiSovisa. am saxiT gamodis, rom saqalaqo sajaro vaWrobis pirobebis mdebeli sabWo da

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gamgeoba ki ara yofila, aramed axnazarovebi da qiSmiSovi.

ra Tqma unda, danarCenTa amxanagTa am qiSmiSovisa da axnazarovTagan dadgenili piroba ar Seasrules, iqneba imitomac, rom arc ki icodnen es ra pirobaa, da ijara darCaT xsenebuls sams kacsa imave fasad, rasac TviTom avlabrelTa sazogadoeba iZlevoda, da imave pirobebiTa. am saxiT gamovida, rom gamgeobam igi kacni, romelnic mTelis avlabris sazogadoebis veqilni iyvnen, calke myvlefar kacebad CasTvala, da marTla calke kacni _ axnazarovebi da qiSmiSovi _ ki sazogado interesebis warmomadgenelad!...

es kidev araferi: saswaulmoqmedeba gamgeobisa amazed ar SeCerda. winandelis ijarisa 370 manaTi avlabrelebzed iyo darCenili. roca ukanaskneli ijara axnazarovebs da qiSmiSovs daumtkices, eg darCenili avlabrelebzed fuli amaT akisres da Seitanes saqalaqo xazinaSi. radao? Zneli pasuxissagebelia es sakiTxavi, magram gamgeobam aqac Tavi iCina. avlabrelebs jarimad ormocdaaTi Tumani swerebia, Tu romelsame muxls ijaris xelSekrulobisas daarRveven. gamgeobas auRia da axal ijaradar qiSmiSovisaTvis rwmunebis weriliT miundvia, es ormocdaaTi Tumani gadaaxdevinos avlabrelebs, aqedam 129 man. da 75 kapeiki warmoudginos, da danarCeni Tavis sasamarTlos xarjiTa da borjiTa qiSmiSovma miiRos gasamsjelod da im 370 manaTSi, romelic ijaradrebma Seitanes winad avlabrelebis magier. rogor mogwonT gankarguleba! saqalaqo mmarTvelobas, romelsac wliuris jamagiriT Tavisi sakuTari veqili hyavs, auRia da Tavisi sadavo saqme gadaucia gareSe kacisaTvis, mere visTvis? ijaradarisaTvis, romelic uamisodac

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mexisa da setyvasaviT Tavze unda dascemoda avlabrelebs, radganac maTi upriani mamuli da erTaderTi saxsari cxovrebisa imav kacis xelSi Caagdo gamgeobam. diaR, gulmtkivneulma gamgeobam, tfilelTa mkvidrTa keTildReobis monaRvlema da mzrunvelma, erTi mizezi 332 sulis dawiokebisa kidev xelT misca gareSe kacsa!.. modiT da amas iqiT sTqviT, rom tfilisis qalaqis gamgeoba ara hzrunavs da ara hnaRvlobs mkvidrTa sikeTisaTvis!...

V

tfilisi. 30 aprili

16 marts am 1887 wlisas qalaqis sabWom gaarCia saCivari avlabris sazogadoebis veqilebisa avetiqa iSxanovisa da Saqara TaTulovisa. uCivodnen qalaqis gamgeobas maszed, rom calke kacebs misces sazogadoebis mier naWeri mamulebi ijariT da miT xelidam gamoacales miwebi, romelTac igi sazogadoeba hxmarobda saqarTvelos mefeebis droTgan. gamgeobam moaxsena sabWos sityvierad, rom iSxanovisa da TaTulovis saCivari usabuToa, radganac saqalaqo wesdebis SemoRebis Semdeg avlabris mamuli qalaqis sakuTarebad daidva da exla xmac ar amoeRebaT avlabrelebs im mamulebis kuTvnilobazed. garda amisa, acxadebs gamgeoba, Cven araviTari avlabris sazogadoeba ar viciT, radganac magisTana iuridiuli piri ar arsebobso da TviT iSxanovi da TaTulovi arian “wurbelebi” (кулаки), romelTac araviTari upiratesoba ar miuZRviT winaSe axnazarovebisa da qiSmiSovisao. am mizezebiT da imis gamoc, rom ukanasknelad amaT

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Tavis drozed ijaris fuli ar Semoitanes da axalT ijaradarT ki Semoitanes isic, rac Zvelebze darCenili iyo, amitomac gamgeoba iTxovda sabWosagan avlabrelebis saCivari uyuradRebod daetovebina da ar Seewynarebina. sabWomac daujera gamgeobas da 16 marts 1887 wlisas avlabrelebs saCivarzed uari uTxra.

rogorc ukve uwyebul arian Cvenni mkiTxvelni, xmosanma mixeil maCabelma iTxova xelaxlad gadasinjva 16 martis ganaCenisa da masTan erTad iTxoves eseve 15 sxva xmosanma. sabWo iZulebul iyo kanoniT xelaxlad gaerCia es saqme. moismina sabWom sabuTebi xmosani maCabelisa am 26 aprils. gamgeobam Tavisis wevris b-n papovis piriT warmosTqva Tavisi azri b-n maCablis mier warmodgenil sabuTebis gamo. b-ma papovma daiwyo miT, rom xmosanis maCablis moxseneba zogan metia, zogan naklebia, zogan arev-dareulia da dahpirda sabWos, rom yovels amas daamtkicebs. sabWo smenad gadaiqca. misi naTqvami uklebliv dabeWdilia “Новое Oбозрение”-Si da visac hsurs Cveni amis qvemore naTqvami azri Seamowmos, imas amisi RonisZieba aqvs. amitomac Cven sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT b-n papovis naTqvamis aRmoweriTa. xolo es ki unda iTqvas, rom b-nma papovma Tavisi dapireba ar ausrula sabWos da arc erTi TvalsaCino sabuTi ar daurRvia b-ns maCabels: arc is daamtkica, ra aris meti b-n maCablis moxse-nebaSi, ra aris arev-dareuli da ra aris dakle-buli.

ukacraod, daklebuli ki marTla aRmoCnda, b-n papovis uneburad. b-nma papovma sTqva, rom gamgeobam avlabrelebs xeli aaRebina ijarazed, radganac saRni ar iyvnen ijaris fulis Semota-naSio. amazed b-nma maCabelma miugo, rom magisi mizezi TviTon gamgeoba iyovo da ai sabuTicao:

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axnazarovs, exlandels ijaradars, rogorc didis saqonlis patrons, avlabrelebis saijaro mamulSi saqoneli uZovebia da amis gamo avlabrelebis samoci Tumani, Tu cota met-naklebi, sabalaxe dasdebia. gamgeobas axnazarovis saCivris gamo gankarguleba mouxdenia, rom avlabrelebma aramc da aramc eg fuli ar gamoarTvan axnazarovsa. Tu gamgeoba ase uSlida avlabrelebs Tavis kuTvnilis miRebas, aSkaraa TviTon avlabrelebic pirnaTlad ver gamovidodnen gamgeobis winaSe, radganac aq aRebazea damokidebuli micemacao. ai igi nakli, sayovelTao saocrad Seavsebina b-nma papovma momxsenebels.

b-n papovis sityva rom gamovwuroT, marto imas davinaxavT, rom aqileosis terfi gamgeobis sabu-Tebisa, romlis ZaliTac avlabrelebi carielzed darCnen, isa yofila, viTom avlabrelebi vera yofilan saRi ijaris fulis SemotanaSi, da garda amisa b-ni papovi imasac arwmunebda sabWos, rom gamgeoba yovelTvis gulmtkivneulad hzrunavda avlabrelebisaTvis da cdilobda igini ar gamoewira, da ramdenjerac am gulmtkivneulobiT Tvisi azri warudgina sabWos, imdejer sabWom uari hyo.

xmosanma n. d. zubalovma upasuxa, rom me aq gulmtkivneulobas vera vxedav; piriqiT cxadia, rom saqme Sinaurulad ukeTebia gamgeobasa Tavis kabineTSi da ara sajarod. maS ra aris, Tu ar Sinaurulad keTeba saqmisa is ambavi, rom axnazarovebs da qiSmiSovs darCaT ijara oras Tumnad da amas garda kidev 370 maneTi Semoataines Zvels ijaradrebzed darCenilio. axnazarovebi da qiSmiSovi ra SuaSi iyvnen, rom sxvis vals ixdidnen, Tu aq kabineTSi molaparakebuli saqme ar ariso. am sityviT ramdenjerme mihmarTa xmosanT b-nma zubalovma da pasuxad xmagakmendili

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dumili daxvda. ar viciT, es dumili gaocebisa iyo, Tu wyenisa.

xmosanma miqelaZem ikiTxa: ramdeni mxare iyo 30 noembris sajaro vaWrobaSi, roca mamuli axnazarovebma da qiSmiSovma dainarCunes? da roca miiRo pasuxad, rom marto erTi mxare iyovo, sTqva: eg sajaro vaWroba ar aris da gamgeobas, sazogado kanonis ZaliT, romelic usaTuod sajaro vaWrobaSi ors mxares hTxoulobs, eg vaWroba vaWrobad ar unda CaeTvalao. amazed upasuxes, rom sazogado kanoni qalaqis gam-geobisaTvis savaldebulo ar ariso da raRac muxlic waukiTxes. Cven yuri ver movkariT, es ucnauri muxli romeli muxli iyo. Cven gveoca es ambavi da mTeli qalaqis wesdeba gadavsinjeT da aseTi muxli versad ver vipoveT. amazed sityva merec gveqneba.

b-nma izmailovma, meore wevrma gamgeobisam, sTqva, rom avlabris sazogadoeba sameurneo sazogadoeba ar ariso, radganac iq, b-n maCablis sityvisamebr, zogi dalaqia, zogi vaWari, zogi moxele (Cinovniki) da zogi sapatio moqalaqeo. eg marto krebulia moqalaqeTa. iqneba odesRac, roca avlabari sofeli yofila, maSin sameurneo sazogadoebis feri sdebia, exla ki sul sxva ariso. meo, sTqva man sxvaTa Soris, istoriuli ufleba ara mjerao. xolo aqileosis terfi b-n izmailovis sabuTisa is iyo, rom qalaqSi 130 aTasi mkvidria da amaTs interesebs ver vanacvalebT avlabrelebis interesebsao. eg adgilebi saZovrad unda hqondes qalaqsa, da Tu mand xvnasac mohyvnen avlabrelni, saZovari sakmao aRar iqnebao. amazed xmosanma bebuTovma upasuxa: im xansac ara sjeroda da ara swamda istoriuli ufleba, romelmac daawioka, aiklo somxebi maTTa istoriul binazed da amis gamo igi somxebi

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ubedurma, magram didma erekle mefem gadmoiyvana da avlabarSi daasaxlao. gana amiT istoriuls uflebas Tavisi mniSvneloba daekargao? rogorc xmosanma bebuTovma, isec sxvebma upasuxes b-n izmailovs, rom aq araferi mosayvania 130 aTasi mkvidri qalaqisa da Tu es 130 aTasi mkvidri bednieri iqmneba, roca avlabris mamulebi sams kacs miecema gamosarComad, _ ratomRa iqneba ubeduri maSin, roca imav pirobiT 332 suli daiWers im mamulebs gamosarComad? aq cifirebis areva tyuili wadilia Savi TeTrad gamoiyvanos kacmao. aq saqme imaSia, romeli ufro sayu-radReboa: interesebi mTelis sazogadoebisa, saca 332 sulia, Tu interesebi axnazarovebisa da qiSmiSovisao.

didi TanagrZnoba gamoiwvia xmosanis m. i. TamamSovis sityvam. man sTqva: Cven unda kvlav aRvadginoT avlabris sazogadoeba. qalaqis keTildReoba ukan iwevs da unda xeli Svelisa mivawvdinoT avlabris sazogadoebas, romlis keTildReoba imatebs, raki miwebi mas daeTmoba. saWiroa rac SeiZleba bevrs mkvidrs mivceT saxsari cxovrebisa, amisaTvis unda gamoviyenoT yoveli marcvali da Tu amisTana marcvali avlabarSi aris, xeli unda movkidoT da vaxeiroT. am saqmeSi me bralsa vsdeb gamgeobas ki ara, im kancelaruls rigsa da wessa, romelic gamgeobaSi hsufevs.

bevrma sxvam ilaparaka da sakvirveli is aris, vinc ki ilaparaka xmosanTagan, sul yvelani xmosanis maCablis azrs miemxrnen. arc erTs xmosans amis winaaRmdegi ara uTqvams ra. kenWisyram ki dagvanaxva, rom im krebulma, saca “aras” mTqmeli erTi kacic ar aRmoCnda, im krebulma 26 xmiT 21-s winaaRmdeg xmosanis maCablisa uarhyo. Cvena gvgonia, rom amisTana

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ambavs sxva meore magaliTi ar moepoveba mTels istoriaSi. ar viciT, gaugonia visme, rom krebuli swyvetdes romelsame saqmes, arc erTs kacs krebulisas winadadebis winaaRmdegoba ar gamoecxadebinos, piriqiT, visac ki elaparaknos, sul winadadebis sasargeblod da winadadeba ki gauqmebuliyos da uaryofiliyos!

VI tfilisi, 1 maisi

wina werilebSi moyvanili cnobani, CarTulni

xmosanis maCablis moxsenebaSi, miT ufro sabuTad mosaxmarni arian, rom jer, pirveli, siglebzea damyarebuli, da meore, _ arc erTis gamgeobis wevrisagan, arc erTis xmosanisagan ar aris darRveulni. Tavi rom davaneboT istoriuls warmomdinareobas avlabrelebis sazogadoebisas, Tavi rom davaneboT masac, rom avlabrelebs zogierTi sabuTi miuZRodaT avlabris mamulebis mflobelobisaTvis, _ yovels amas rom Tavi davaneboT, Tvalwin cxadad da utyuarad dagvidgeba Semdegi:

1) avlabrelebs hqoniaT sazogadoeba saerTo meurneobisa. Tu am sameurneo sazogadoebaSi sxvaTa Soris dalaqic aris monawile, anu bazazi, miT sameurneo sazogadoebis Tviseba ar gardiqmneba, ar icvleba; oRond TviTon meurneoba ar gardiqmnas, ar gardicvalos, da amas dalaqi misdevs, Tu yasabi, sul erTia.

2) avlabris sazogadoebaSi, rogorc am bolos dros SevityveT, 332 sulzed ufro meti kaci da dedakaci monawileni arian. cxadia, viszed unda gulmtkivneulad mimaruliyo mzrunveloba qalaqis gamgeobisa da sabWosi, romelsac erTaderTi sagani

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da mizezi arsebobisa qalaqis mkvidrTa keTildReobaa. es gulmtkivneuli mzrunveloba miT ufro aSkarad unda gamoCeniliyo im SemTxvevaSi, raki calmxriT avlabrelTa sazogadoebam da meores mxriT, orma axnazarovebma da qiSmiSovma erTi da igive piroba kisrad ides da erTi da igive fasi SeaZlies. raki avlabrelebi imav pirobiT da imave fasad hTxoulobdnen mamuls ijariT, aq gamgeobisagan 130 aTasis qalaqis mkvidris saxeliT gamosarCleba axnazarovebis da qiSmiSovis sasargeblod metismeti gambedaobaa.

3) avlabrelebs sWeriaT eg mamuli Zveladganve, maT udavniaT, maT wyali gamouyvaniaT, miT karga fuli dasjdomiaT, karga xarji gauweviaT mamulis gankargebisaTvis, maTve is pirobebi da is fuli uZleviaT, rac sams calke kacs, da mainc iginive gamoswira gamgeobam da mere sabWom.

yovel aqedama sCans, rom mTeli sinidisieri simarTle avlabrelebis mxriv iyo. Tu am sinidisieri simarTlis ganxorcielebas raime kanonieri wesi da rigi ar iwynarebs, maSin, ra Tqma unda, gamgeoba da sabWo gasamtyunarni ar arian, rom avlabrelebis Txovna jer 16 marts da mere 26 aprils ar Seiwynares da maTi upriani mamuli ijariT sams calke kacsa daumtkices. Cvenda samwuxarod unda vsTqvaT, Tu am SemTxvevaSi kanonieri wesi da rigi darRveulia, es darRveva sinidisieris simarTlis saoxad ki ar moxda, aramed axnazarovebisa da qiSmiSovis sasargeblod. am saxiT gamodis, rom Tumca erTs mxarezed sinidisieri, Tu ar iuridikuli, simarTle idga, da kanonieri wesi da rigi ki dasarRvevad im mxarisaken miidrika, saca mag simarTlis CamiCumic ar iyo. ai, amis sabuTebi:

1. roca axnazarovebs da qiSmiSovs darCaT sajaro vaWrobiT mamulebi, maSin vaWrobaSi marto

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erTi mxare iyo: ori axnazarovebi, qiSmiSovi da maTTan erTad saerTod movaWreni 13 avlabreli. imperatoris aleqsandre II wesdebas gansa-marTlebisas waikiTxavT, Tu X tomis kanonebs, Tu calke dawesebulebaTa wesdebas, magaliTebr, bankebisas, saqalaqo sakredito sazogadoebisas, yvelgan cxadad gamoTqmulia, rom, raki sajaro vaWrobaa risame, usaTuod ori erTmaneTis mocile mxare unda daeswros, uamisod, ese igi, Tu marto erTi mxarea da sxva mocile ar aris, sajaro vaWroba ar SeiZleba moxdes.

gamgeobam 26 aprils b-nis izmailovis piriT gamoacxada, rom eg zogadi kanonebi qalaqis gamgeobisaTvis ar aris dawerilio. Cven gadavsinjeT qalaqis marTvelobis wesdeba am saganzed marto 142 muxli wesdebisa vipoveT. am muxlSi sweria, rom qalaqis sabWos neba aqvs romelime Semosavliani saqme gasces an sajaro vaWrobiT, an calke kacs miandos, an TviT qalaqis gamgeobas daavalos im saqmis movla da patronoba. Tu sabWos erT-erTi am RoneTagani ar dauniSnavs winad, maSin gamgeobas neba aqvs saxelmZRvanelod erT-erTi am RoneTagani amoirCios. rom am samSi sajaro vaWroba iqmneba amorCeuli, ra Tqma unda, igi vaWroba zogadis kanonebis mier dadgenils wessa da rigs unda eqvemdebarebodes. am 142 muxls wesdebisas SeniSvna aqvs zed miwerili, rom saca saqalaqo marTvelobis wesi SemoRebulia, im qalaqisaTvis savaldebulo ar aris igi, rac am saganzed moxsenebulia saxogado kanonebis 1489, 1503, 1710 da 1805 muxlTa Sina.

nuTu aqedam is utyuari azri ar gamodis, rom sxva yoveli ki zogadis kanonebisa, rac CamoTvlil muxlebSi ar aris moxsenebuli, savaldebuloa qalaqis gamgeobisa da sabWosaTvis!.. maS vnaxoT, xsenebulis muxlebis ZaliT, riT aris

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gamorCeuli saqalaqo marTveloba sxva dawe-sebulebaTagan. savaldebulo ar ariso, amboben igi muxlni, umaRless mTavrobas nebis darTva sTxovono: 1) roca sajaro vaWrobiT hyidian moZravs qonebas qalaqisaTvis arasaWiros (1489 muxli); 2) roca sajaro vaWrobiT hyidian qalaqisaTvis arasaWiros uZravs qonebas (1503 muxli); 3) roca sajaro vaWrobiT aZleven miwebs da sxva Semosavals qalaqisas, qalaqis sasworisas da sxva amgvarsa (1710 muxli); 4) roca Senobisa da gzis keTebis saqmes gascemen sajaro vaWrobiTa.

aq sad aris moxsenebuli, rom sajaro vaWroba, qalaqis gamgeobisagan momxdari, maSinac Sesawyna-rebelia, roca, oris mociles mxaris magier, erTi mxarea marto savaWrod mosuli. imas xom TviT gamgeobac uars ara hyofs, rom zogadi, sayo-velTavo da aucilebeli wesi sajaro vaWrobisa is aris, rom usaTuod ori erTmaneTis mocile mxare daeswros vaWrobasa, Tu ara da vaWroba vaWrobad ar aris CasaTvleli. davaneboT amasac Tavi. vsTqvaT, gamgeobisa da sabWosaTvis zogadi kanoni ar arsebobs! loRikiT rom Cxreka davuwyoT sajaro vaWrobasa, arasgziT ar Seiwynareba igi vaWroba, romelzedac marto erTi mxarea mosuli. ra aris sajaro vaWrobaSi pirveli da ukanaskneli sakiTxavi, Tu ara is, rom: “romeli iZleviT mets?” anu rusulad “кто болъше?” es sakiTxavi SesaZloa gana loRikis daurRvevlad kacma marto erTs kacs mihmarTos anu erTs mxares? gana TviTon am sakiTxavSi cxadad ar igulisxmeva _ sul ukanaskneli _ ori mxare mainc. Cvenis fiqriT, SeuZlebelia, rom kanons loRika savaldebulod ar gaexadna qalaqis gamgeobisaTvis. amis gamo vsTqviT wina werilSi, rom igi vaWroba, romlis ZaliTac axnazarovebma da qiSmiSovma ukanasknelad dainarCunes avlabris mamuli

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saijarod, da romlis gauqmebac avlabrelebma iTxoves 16 marts 1887 wlisas, Sesawynarebeli ar aris, radganac savaWrod marto erTi mxre iyo da ara ori mainc; Sesawynarebeli ar aris arc zogadis kanoniT, romelsac gamgeoba Tavis savaldebulod ara hracxs da arc TviTon sajaro vaWrobis loRikiT, romlis gamoc gamgeoba amasve ver ityvis.

jer marto am sabuTiT unda sabWos gaeuqmebina 26_s aprilis ijara axnazarovebisa da qiSmi-Sovisa, rogorc ukanono vaWrobiT gardacemuli, Tund imisda miuxedveladac, rom aq avlabrelebis mxriT TviTon simarTle hRaRadebda. am saxiT avlabrelebis sinidisiers simarTles zed daurTeT es ukanono vaWrobis Sewynareba maTTa winaaRmdeg da maSin aSkarad gamoCndeba gul-mtkivneuloba, mzrunveloba qalaqis samarTvelosi qalaqisave mkvidrTaTvis, nametnavad im SemTxvevaSi, roca 332 sulis keTildReoba gawirulia da marto samis kacisaRaa mogebuli.

VII tfilisi, 2 maisi

Tund davaneboT imas Tavi, rom sajaro vaWroba,

romlis ZaliTac axnazarovebs da qiSmiSovebs darCaT ijara avlabris mamulebisa, gasauqmebeli iyo, radganac marto erTi mxare hvaWrobda da miT cxadad da aSkarad darRveul iqmna sajaro vaWrobis wesi; sakmaoa marto is gavsinjoT, rom axnazarovebma da qiSmiSovma jer gamoacxades sajaro vaWrobaSi camets avlabrelTan erTad saamxanagod vvaWrobTo, savaWro kondiciis ZaliT asi Tumanic Seitanes vaWrobamde, da mere, roca vaWroba gaTavda, gamgeobam neba misca am sams kacs

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axali piroba daedginaT, igi piroba, romelic savaWro oqmSi moxsenebuli ar aris da TviTon pirobac iseTia, rom verc iqmneboda moxsenebuli. igi piroba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom axnazarovebs da qiSmiSovs gamoecxadebinaT vaWrobis mermed, rom, Tu rac am asis Tumnidam Tav-Tavis wilobazed SexvdebaT _ danarCenma cametma amxa-nagma ar Semoitana, ijara marto axnazarovebs da qiSmiSovs daumtkicdes. gamgeobac Tanaxma gauxda. amas eZaxian sajaro vaWrobas!... amisTana sajaro vaWroba kanonier vaWrobad CasTvala qalaqis sabWom jer 16 marts, roca amazed avlabrelebma iCivles, da mere 26-s aprils, roca am saocars vaWrobazed moaxeda sabWo xmosanma maCabelma.

ar gagonila ase xelaRebiT uaryofa yovelis rigisa da wesisa!... saqme raSia: axnazarovebi da qiSmiSovi camets avlabrelTan erTad saamxanagod Sevidnen vaWrobaSi, maSasadame, savaWro kondiciis ZaliT Setanili maT mier asi Tumanic gamgeobas unda mieRo, rogorc saamxanago fuli. Tu es fuli marto axnazarovebisa da qiSmiSovisa iyo, danarCeni cameti kaci raRad miuSves maTTan erTad savaWrod? xom kondiciis ZaliT am fulSeuta-nelad aravis neba ara hqonda vaWrobaSi monawileoba mieRo? rad miaRebines monawileoba im camets kacsa, Tu igi winad Setanili asi Tumani saerTo saamxanago fulad ar ugulvebia gamgeobas vaWrobis dawyebamde. Tu vaWrobis dawyebamde eg fuli saamxanago fulad Caricxa gamgeobam, vaWrobis gaTavebis Semdeg rogorRa Seiwynara imav gamgeobam, rom igi fuli saerTod yvela amxanagTagan warmodgenili ar aris? vsTqvaT gamgeoba aq Cvenis andazisamebr moiqca:

ase, Cemo manaseo,

xan ise da xan aseo, _

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sakvirveli is aris, qalaqis sabWom rogor

yuri ar aTxova amisTana ucnaurs ambavs 26 aprils da ar gaauqma amnairad gaCenili ijara axnazarovebis da qiSmiSovisa, rogorc amas hTxoulobdnen avlabrelebi 16 marts da xmosani maCabeli 26 aprils?!... es iseTi amocanaa, romlis aRsaxsnelad yovelive kacuri Rone uqmia da ver SemZlebeli.

am saxiT gamodis, rom arsi saqmisa avlabrelebis mxarezed iyo, sinidisieri simar-Tlec, TviTon wesi-rigic maTken hlaparakobda da mainc sabWom 26 aprils arc erTi ar Seiwynara, 332 suli gamoswira mamuls da igi mamuli miusamarTla sams kacsa. igi mamuli, romelic gamgeobis wevris b-ni papovis sityviT sul cota ar iyos 4.500 manaTis Semosavals iZleva. maSasadame, axnazarovebma da qiSmiSovma, romelTac es mamuli ijariT daumtkicdaT weliwadSi oras Tumnad, oras ormocdaaTi Tumani unda moigon. axla vikiTxoT: is ar erCivna qalaqs, rom es mogeba 332 suls Sehxvedroda da marto samis kacis kerZad ar gamxdariyo!... sxvas yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, marto is, 332 sulma ufro upriania xeiri hnaxos, vidre mxolod samma kacma, marto es garemoeba sakmao iyo, rom sabWos 26 aprils avlabrelebis sasargeblod gadaewyvita saqme.

dasasrul, marto es iTqmis, rom arsebiTad, Tu sinidisier simarTliT, Tu ekonomiuris mxriT, Tu mkvidrTa ricxvis mixedviT, qalaqis sabWos eg axnazarovebis da qiSmiSovis ijara unda gaeuqmebina 26 aprils, da piriqiT ki yovelive rigi da wesi, Cvenis fiqriT, darRveul iqmna, rom eg ijara axnazarovebs da qiSmiSovs SerCenoda. forma, wesi da rigi dairRvas imisaTvis, rom

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arsebiTad marTalma saqmem Tavi ar gaitanos, eg iSviaTi ambavia im sammarTvelosaTvis, romelic sazogadoebis arCevaniT mowodebulia sazogado saqmeTa gasaZRolad, qalaqis mkvidrTa safarvelad, meoxed da sakeTildReod.

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««««kreditis roli qveynis ekonomikaSikreditis roli qveynis ekonomikaSikreditis roli qveynis ekonomikaSikreditis roli qveynis ekonomikaSi»»»»

tfilisi, 4 maisi

krediti, ese igi, ndobisa da estibaris ZaliT xelis gamarTva gaWirvebaSi swored is aris yovelgvaris saekonomio nawarmoebisaTvis, rac sazrdo, sasmel-saWmeli adamianis agebulebisaTvis. adamianis agebuloba yoveldRe ixarjeba da Tu yoveldReve es xarji ar ubrundeba an ubrundeba, magram gvian, Znelad da mZimed, an srulad ara, maSin agebuleba adamianisa, misis macxovaris sisxlis triali, misis xorc-Zvalis simtkice da Ronivroba ukan da ukan iwevs, hklebulobs, hsustdeba da bolos xom anderZsac aigebs xolme. adamianis xorcieli cxovreba, sicocxle, uromlisodac saaqios sulieri sicocxle da cxovrebac mkvdaria, dRe yoveli aRebmicemobaSia da Tu saswori aRebmicemobisa SeiSala, Tu rac gasacemia adamianis agebulebidam, ar gaica da rac Sesavsebia, ar Seivso, adamianis agebuleba amoirCoba da dagubvis gamo, roca meti ar gaica, an daklebis gamo, roca naklebi ar Seivso.

TiTqmis amisTanave saqme emarTeba yovels saekonomio warmoebasac. yovelive warmoeba jer ixarjeba, mere ibrunebs Tavis xarjsa da mogebasa. aqac igive aRebmicemobaa, aqac igive gacemulobaa metisa danaklisis aRebisaTvis, danaklisis

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SevsebisaTvis. xolo saqme imaSia, rom warmoebis agebulebisaTvis da fexis adgmisaTvis saWiroa rogorc vsTqviT, yovelT uwinares xarji. xolo es xarjis gaReba SesaZlebeli iyos, unda saxarjo winad mogrovili, Sekrebili hqondes mowarmoesa, erTis sityviT, unda iyos wyaro, rom xarji imas ewafebodes da Tavis wyurvils iklavdes. es erTi, meore isa, rom eg wyaro, romelsac sapolitiko ekonomiaSi Tavns eZaxian, imodenad didi unda iqmnas, rom mowarmoem saWiroebas, Tavis cxovrebis xarjsa Tavnis dabandebas gauZlos, vidre nawar-moebi gaicema mogebiT mobrunebisaTvis, ese igi, vidre gaiyideba.

uamisod mowarme ymaa, monaa Tavisve naSrom-nadagisa da ara batoni, ara Tavisufali gamcemeli da amRebeli. uamisod nawarmoebi Tavis saekonomio viTarebas, saekonomio kanonebs ki ar eqvemdebareba, aramed gaWirvebas mwarmoebelisas, mis saekonomio uRonobas, maSin aRebmicemobis (спрос и предложение) saswori ki ar moqmedobs nawarmoebis fasis awev-dawevaSi, aramed mowarmoes gaWirveba, ese igi, imisTana garemoeba, romelic am saswors garda Tavis aucilebels Zalas iCens marto fasis dawevisaTvis.

cxadia, rom amisTana yofa Zalian xuTavs yovelgvars saekonomio warmoebasa, imitom rom saekonomio warmoeba igive sesxi da valia. roca sesxi ar ubrundeba gamcemels ukleblad, dro mova da gacemis wyaroc daSreba da warmoebamac amisda mixedviT unda iklos, unda daSres. maSasadame, winad gadarCenili, winad mogrovili Tavni unda iyos, rom gaWivrebam mowarmoes jer ar Seacotavebinos warmoeba da mere iZulebul ar hyos xarjis fasic ver amoaRebinos nawarmoebsa. kargia, Tu amisTana Tavni aris warsulisagan mogrovili da darCenili. roca ar aris,

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magaliTebr, rogorc CvenSi, maSin ra unda hqmnas mowarmoem Tu rkinis salte gaWirvebisa gars artyia? sad da rogor gamarTos xeli?

ekonomiuris cxovrebis mravalgvarobam, metnaklebobam, erTis mxriT, mowarmoes uRonobam da meores mxriT, Tavnis moyram imisTana xelSi, romelic TviT ara moqmedebs risame sawarmoeblad, kacobrioba miiyvana imisTana Ronis Seqmnamde, rom uqmis kacis Tavni saqmian kacis uTavnobas moax-vedros da Tavnis miden-modenisaTvis xidi gasdos. eg xidi kreditia. krediti igiv Tavnia winandel droTagan mogrovili, mxolod imis xelSi ki, visac warmoebis mosaxmareblad ara sWiria an nametanobis gamo, an imis gamo, rom ara hsurs TviTon awarmovos. amisTana Tavni Tumca uqmia, magram buneba Tavnisa iseTia, rom uZravad debas ar iSvnevs: igi yovelTvis eZebs adgils, rom miedinos da TiTonac imatos da sxvasac, vinc uked gamoiyenebs, Sehmatos rame. am Tavnis bunebazea agebuli TviT kreditis bunebaca: kredits gadaaqvs Tavni uqmis xelidan saqmian xelSi da amiT Tavnic hmatulobs da warmoebac hyvavis da hsul-dgmulobs.

mas aqed, rac qveyanazed bankebi gaCnda, eg meti, winandel droTagan Segrovili da darCenili Tavni, fulis saxiT bankebSi iyris Tavsa. bankebi sxva ara arian ra, garda Suamavlisa Tavnis patronisa da gaWirvebul mowarmoes Soris. rasac patroni Tavnisa banks andobs, imas banki Tavisis mxriT andobs xolme gaWirvebul mowarmoesa. am mxriT, yovels bankzed Ronieri banki saxelmwifo bakia imitom, rom Tavnic bevri aqvs da radganac Ronieria da saimedo, ufro naklebis sargebliT andoben Tavnis patronebi fulsa da amis gamo ufro naklebis sargebliT TviTon bankic andobs xolme mowarmoesa.

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am bolo xanebamde, ruseTSi saxelmwifo banki ise iyo mimarTuli, rom marto vaWrobas da sovdagrobas umarTavda xelsa, pirdapiri mowarmoe sul daviwyebuli iyo da gamoklebuli. sul oTxi-xuTi weliwadi ar aris, rac umaRlesma mTavrobam ufro sabuTianad, ufro samarTlianad Sexeda saqmes da igrZno, rom ekonomiurad gaZliereba qveynisa marto vaWrobis gaZlierebiT SeuZlebelia, rom TavidaTavi wyaro qveynis gaRonierebisaTvis pirdapir mowarmoeni arian imitom, rom marto egeni hqmnian mas, rasac sapolitiko ekonomia qveynis simdidres eZaxis. radganac yvelaze udidesi warmoeba ruseTisa, rogorc Cvenic, miwaTmoqmedebaa da mTeli Rone qveynisa am warmoebis sikeTezea damyarebuli, amitomac am bolos xanebSi saxelmwifo bankis mimarTulebamac sxva gza daiWira: jer Tavadaznaurobas gauRes saxelmwifo kreditis kari mxolo _ veqsilebis CamorTmeviTa, mere _ puris momyvan mowarmoeTa, mere glexebsa saadgimamuli krediti auCines da bolos xom TavadaznaurTaca da exla, rogorc moskovis gazeTebi gvauwyeben, umaRles mTavrobas ganuzraxavs Rvinis mwarmoebelsa da patronsa gauRos kari saxelmwifo kreditisa, rac SeiZleba iefad. am ganzraxvas mTavrobisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs Cvenis mxarisaTvis. garda magisa, kidev sxva saWiroebanic cnobilia mTavrobisagan, rom Rvinis saqme kargs fexzed dadges ruseTSi da ra saWiroebani aris cnobili, an ragvari kreditia ganzraxuli Rvinis mkeTeblis da patronis xelis gasamarTavad, amazed Semdeg movilaparakebT.

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««««Rvinis warmoebis gasaumjobesebeli Rvinis warmoebis gasaumjobesebeli Rvinis warmoebis gasaumjobesebeli Rvinis warmoebis gasaumjobesebeli

RonisZiebaniRonisZiebaniRonisZiebaniRonisZiebani»»»»

tfilisi, 5 maisi

exlandelma saxelmwifo qonebaTa ministrma b-

nma astrovskim icna, rom winandeli krediti saxelmwifo bankisa metad ubaraqoa, raki marto vaWrobis saqmes hSvelis da ara miwaTmoqmedobis warmoebasac, ese igi im warmoebasa, romlis warmatebazedac damokidebulia mTeli keTildReoba ruseTisa, rogorc imisTana saxelmwifosi, romelsac Tavdapirveli Zal-Rone ekonomiuri miwaTmoqmedebisagan eZleva.

am bolos dros mTelma ruseTma daiwyo laparaki maszed, rom Cvens saxelmwifoSi imisTana qveynebia, romelTac hava da miwa nebas aZlevs venaxobisas da Rvinis keTebisa da dayenebisas. miaqcia ra ministrma am mxriT saqmesa, scna, rom ruseTi, romelsac ucxo qveynebidam didiZali Rvino Semoaqvs, da maSasadame, didiZali fulic, viTarca Rvinis sasyideli, ruseTidam gared gadis. am ambavma moaxeda mTavroba imazed Tu, gana ar SeiZleba ruseTma Tavisi sakuTari Rvino iqonios, da Tu Rvinisagan gamorComaa rame, is ara sjobia, isev ruseTis xalxi gamorCes, vidre ucxo xalxio.

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vidre es utyuari da sabuTiani azri gansaxorcieleblad gzas gaixsnida, saxelmwifo qonebaTa saministroSi calke kamisia Sesdga b-nis arxipovis TavmjdomareobiT da am kamisias daavales, aRmoaCinos imisTana RonisZiebani, rom Rvinis saqme ruseTSi gankargdes, gaZlierdes da warmatebas mieces. saxelmwifo qonebaTa da safinanso saministroebSi mravali Txovna iyo ukve Setanili venaxebisa da Rvinis patronebisa da mkeTeblebisagan maszed, rom Zalian unugeSod arian darCenilni, venaxebi ufuWdebaT, Rvinoebs rigianad veRar uvlian, vera hyidian da es sasargeblo saxelmwifosa da erisaTvis warmoeba ukan da ukan midis, da amitomac iTxoves, raime Svela da Semweoba aRmogviCineTo.

kamisias gausinjavs es Txovnani, gamouZiebia TviTon saqme, maTTa saCivarTa mixedviT da darwmunebula, rom marTla Rvinisa da venaxis patronebi metad cuds mdgomareobaSi arian. kamisias, garda sakuTaris gamomoZiebiT mopo-vebulis sabuTebisa, xelTa hqonia igi cnobebic, rac winad saministros Seekriba Rvinis warmoebis mcodne kacTagan. am cnobaTagan aRmoCenila, rom rac ruseTis bazarzed Rvinoebi hsaRdeba, rac Rvino midis da modis am bazarSi, sul yalbi Rvinoebia, rogorc Sinve ruseTSi nakeTebi, isec samzRvargareTidam Semotanili: am yalbs Rvinosa hsvams ruseTi da amis miuxedavad fasi ki metismetad Zviria, maSin, rodesac TviTon Rvinis adgilas marTali Rvino ief fasadac Zlivs iyideba da am saxiT xSirad nawarmoebis Semosa-vali Tavisave xarjs ara hfaravs.

ucvnia ra es yoveli, kamisias Rvinis warmoebis aRsadgenad da Sesafers gzazed dasayeneblad daudgenia, rom saWiroa xeli moemarToT calke venaxebis patronebs, Rvinis keTebis skolebi da

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Sesaferi marnebi dahmarTon TavTavianT mamulebSi iq, saca Rvinoebs ayeneben da Rvinos inaxvnen; gaimarTos calke saxelmwifo marani da sardafi, Rvinis dasayenebli da Sesanaxi yvelasaTvis samagaliTod, rom visac hsurs, iswavlos, rogor unda dayeneba Rvinisa da rogori movlaa da patronoba saWiro. garda amisa, kamisias yuradReba miuqcevia imisaTvisac, rom yalbis Rvinis keTebas da bazarSi gamotanas yovelive gza Seekras da Tumca amisaTvis saxsaric aRmouCenia kamisias, magram, samwuxarod Cvenda, jer ar viciT, ragvarni arian igi saxsarni, radganac gazeTebi, romel-Taganac es cnobebi mogvyavs, vrclad am saganzed arafers gvauwyeben.

Cvenis fiqriT, yvelazed udidesi da marTlad zedmiwevnili wamali Rvinis saqmis gansakargeblad da warsamateblad igia, rom kamisias daunaxavs aucilebel saWiroebad Rvinis mwarmoebelT iefi saxelmwifo krediti miaSvelos. amisaTvis gaduwyvetiaT, rom Rvinis mwarmoebels gza gaexsnas _ saxelmwifo bankidam da mis calke ganyofilebaTagan fuli isesxos xolme, rac SeiZleba iefad, vidre ukve dayenebuls Rvinoebs gahyidian da gaasaReben, da gasyidvamde Rvinoebi banks giraod eqmneba.

ar SeiZleba kaci srulis TanagrZnobiT da sixaruliT ar miegebos amisTana ganaCensa, Tu es friad sasargeblo azri da ganzraxva kamisiasa umaRlesis mTavrobisagan Sewynarebul iqmna, Cveni sruli mecadineoba imazed unda miiqces, rom Cveni qveyana da Cvenis qveynis Rvinis mwarmoebelni Robis gared ar darCnen. amitomac meti ar iqneba Cven Tavad-aznaurTa marSlebi exlav Seudgnen am mecadineobas, Sehyaron Tund sagangebo kreba da krebis ganaCeniT Suamdgomloba gagviwion mTavro-basTan, raTa eg wyaloba saxelmwifo kreditisa

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Cvenc mogvefinos; Torem vin icis, yizlarma ki Tavi Seafaros am sulis Camdgmels kreditsa da Cven ki gamoklebul da daviwyebul viqmnaT.

Cven vwerT amas imisaTvis, rom yvelam, Tavadia Tu aznauri, unda mosTxovos Tavis marSals, am sagans jerovani yuradReba miaqcios, da Cveneburis Rvinis warmoebis unugeSod yofa, davardniloba, Rvinis mwarmoebelis uqonloba, umaRles mTavrobas SesCivlos da iTxovos, rom rac sxvisaTvis iqneba, iqidam Cvenc ar gamogvwiron. miT ufro Sesawyna-rebeli iqmneba Cveni eseTi Txovna da pativsadebi, rom umaRlesma mTavrobam da nametnavad saxel-mwifo qonebaTa ministrma b-nma astrovskim Zalian kargad ician, Rvinis warmoebisaTvis amierkavkasia warmoadgens yvelazed ukeTess nawils mTels ruseTSi.

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««««evropievropievropievropissss politikuri mdgomareo politikuri mdgomareo politikuri mdgomareo politikuri mdgomareobabababa»»»»

tfilisi, 7 maisi

mas aqed, rac Snebeles saqmem gamohyo Tavi T. bismarkis manqanebiTa, politikaSi didi araferi momxdara. T. bismarkma, romelic aqamde xmliT imuqreboda, exla saomar moednad Jurnal-gazeToba gaxada da xmlis trialis magier marto megaze-TeTa kalmebis wripiniRa gvesmis. dRes didi omia atexili, erTis mxriT, germaniisa da ruseTis gazeTebs Soris da, meores mxriT _ germaniisa da avstriis gazeTebisa.

saqme imaSia, ron erTma T. bismarkis brZanebis umorCilesma gazeTma gamoacxada, rom germanias araviTari brali ara aqvs, rom avstri-vengriam berlinis kongreszed bosnia-hercogovina Caigdovo da amis brals ruseTsa sdebda. ruseTio, ambobda igi, minam gamoucxadebda osmalos omsao, jer avstrias daekiTxa da dahpirda, Tu Sen ar mieSvelebi osmalos da imeds momcem, omSi ar Caerevio, me Sen bosniasa da hercogovinas dagiT-mobo. es winadve hqondaT erTmaneTSi gaTavebuli da roca omis Semdeg berlinis kongresi Sesdgao, maSin avstri-vengriam am oris qveynis dapyrobazed laparaki Camoagdo da raki ruseTis diplomatebma

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winaaRmdegi ar gauwies, berlinis kongresma aiRo da bosnia-hercogovina daaWerina avstri-vengriasao.

es ambavi Zalian iwyina maSindelma mTavar-ministrma avstri-vengriisam andraSim, romelic ruseTis mtrad iTvleboda. axla man Tavis gazeTis piriT gamoacxada, rom avstri-vengriam bosnia-hercogovina daipyro winaswar morigebiT ki ara ruseTTan, aramed Cemis xerxiT da ostatobiTao. gaimarTa amaT Sua kamaToba da iqamde mivida saqme, rom orisave mxriT diplomatebs wamoscdaT gacxarebis gamo is, rac wamosaTqmeli ar iyo. germaniis gazeTebma gamosTqves, rom maSin germaniisaTvis sul erTi iyovo avstri-vengria daiWerda bosnia-hercogovinas Tu arao da Tu daiWira, marto ruseTis madlobelni unda iyvneno. avstri-vengriis gazeTebma amazed upasuxes, rom Cven wyaloba aravisgan migviRia, aq marto xerxi da ostatoba Cvenis maSindelis ministrebisa moqmedebda, igi Zliereba avstri-vengriisa, rome-lic avstri-vengriis mterTaTvis yovelTvis safrTxe da mosaridebeliao.

amas amboben vengriis gazeTebi ufro da avstriisani ki imazed swyrebian, rom germania dRes aqamomde Cvenda guliTad megobrad gvaCve-nebda Tavsao; aqedam ki gamodis, rom Cveni sve-bedi, Cveni interesebi balkanis naxevarkunZulzed T. bismarkis TvalSi groSadac ara hRirebulao; sCanso, rom germanias piri Cvenkena hqonia da guli ki sxviskenao. es Zaliana swyinT avstielebsa da exla iZaxian, rom germaniis politika sando ar ariso.

ruseTis gazeTebma cxared Seubrunes sityva T. bismarksa. amaTis sityviT, aRmoCnda, rom minam ruseTi am ukanasknels oms gamoucxadebda osma-los, sifrTxile moiTxovda, zurgidam SiSi ara hqonoda da radganac am mxriT marto avstri-

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vengria iyos safiqrebeli, rasakvirvelia, ruseTma jer aq mosCxrika saqmeo. T. garCakovma, maSindelma kanclerma ruseTisam, sagangebo mociquli grafi sumarokovi gahgzavna venaSi mosalaparakebladao. am mociqulis Sedegi is iyovo, amboben ruseTis gazeTebi, rom Tu ruseTi stambols daiWerda da Sig jariT Cadgeboda, maSin bosnia da hercogovina unda CamorTmeoda osmaleTsa; bosnia daeWira serbias da hercogovina Cernogorias da marto mcireodeni nawili bosniisa, avstriis samxro, daeCema avstriasao. Tumca ruseTma gaimarjva da stambolis zRudeebTanac mivida, magram sxvadasxva sapolitiko mizezTa gamo stamboli veRar daiWira da jariT Sig ver Sevidao. raki ese moxda saqme, ruseTi srulad Tavisufal iqna da dadebuli piroba TavisTavad gauqmdao. amitomac san-stefanos morigebis xelSekrulobaSi bosnia da hercogovina damoukidebl qveynebad arian aRiarebulnio. am safuZvliT ruseTis gazeTebi amboben, rom berlinis kongresis dRis winaSe avstri-vengrias da ruseTs erTmaneTTan araviTari xelSekruloba ara hqoniaT bosnia-hercogovinas Taobazedao da rac berlinis kongresSi moxda, sul T. bismarkisa da lord bikonsfildis braliao.

rasakvirvelia, am baassa da SekamaTebas araviTari Sedegi ar eqmneba imisTana, rom safiqrebeli da sanaRvleli iyos da Tu Cven moviyvaneT es ambavi, marto imitom, rom gveniS-nebina, _ raki amisTana ambavzea moclili exlande-li politika, sCans amis gared yvelaferi an dawynarebulad unda gveCvenos, an erTsa da imave yofaSi mdgomared. esec aris Tvalad.

gazeTi “Times”_i ambobs, rom arc egviptis, arc bolgariis saqmem erTis nabijiTac win fexi ver wadgao. egviptis saqmezed bevrnairi xmebi dadiso. ambobeno, viTom saqme imaze Sedgao, rom inglisi

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egviptidam jarebis gamoyvanisaTvis vadas xuTis wlisas iTxovs da osmaleTi ki marto weliwads naxevars hyabulobso. esec dasajerebeli ar ariso, radganac dRes sulTani ise garTulia sxva saqmeebSi, rom jer amisTvis arc ki mouvlia da uimisod xom veras gaaTavebeno. safrangeTis gazeTi “Memorial Diplomatique” ambobs, rom yovel amaSi marto is aris dasajerebeli, rom dRes markizi salusberi ufro morbilebulia am egviptis saqmeSi da daTmobisaTvis aRaras urCobso.

rac Seexeba bolgariis saqmes, eg saqme dRes salaparako sagania marto ruseTis elCisa da osmaleTs Soris. evropam TiTqo yuri moiyrua. Tvalad ki esea da saqmiT vin icis? diploma-tiasac, rogorc calke kacs, guli SigniTa aqvs.

xolo ar SeiZleba Cvens mkiTxvelebs sami sagani ar vaniSnoT, imisTana sagani, romelic axalia da amasTanave cotad Tu bevrad mizeziani: erTi isa, rom kritis kunZulzed gulamRvreuloba ar dawynarebula, Tumca wesi ki xelaxlad aRdgenilia. xma dadis, viTom inglisi hcdilobs am gulamRvreulobas gamorCes rasme da amitomac Cum-Cumad aqezebs kritelebs, iTxovon, rom inglisis mfarvelobis qveS yofna gvindao.

Cvens mkiTxvelebs ukve moexsenebaT, rom avRanis emiris saqme jandrakulad aris. inglisis mecadineoba, rom rogorme moarigos emiri Tavis winaaRmdgomil qveSevrdomebsa, uqmad hrCeba. amis gamo saqme ixlarTeba da ori didi mosazRvre saxelmwifo, cal mxriv ruseTi da meores mxriv, inglisi, iZulebuli iqmnebian ase Tu ise saqmeSi Caerion. aqamde xom ise iyo, rom aq avRanistanSi inglisi metad Tavgamodebuli iyo ruseTis winaaRmdeg, exla ki venidam ucnobebiaT safran-geTis gazeTisaTvis “Jurnal Des Debats”, viTomc avstriis sapolitiko wreebSi amtkicebeno, rom

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inglisis mTavrobas mouwadinebia ruseTTan morigeba da amisaTvis Zalian hcdilobs kidecao.

ai, es ori saqme im samTagani, romelic winamorbed niSnebad unda gveCvenon, rom SesaZloa evropis politikam sxva gza airCios da sxva mimarTuleba miiRos, Tu gazeTebis sityva gamarTlda. magram yvelazed mZimed dasafiqrebeli saqme mesamea: dRes mosulma depeSam gvacnoba, safrangeTis mTavar-ministri goble iZulebul gamxdara mTelis Tavisi saministroTi dasTxovnoda samsaxursa. amas ki metad didi mniSvneloba aqvs exlandelis politikis viTarebisaTvis. ras hniSnavs es ambavi, romelsac gazeTebi winadac ki hgrZnobdnen?

Tu davukvirdebiT imas, rom T. bismarkma orjel gailaSqra sityviT, rasakvirvelia, safrangeTzed, rom gaamwaros, awyeninos da saomrad Tavi gamoadebinos, amaSi xom bismarks marcxi gamouvida da goble saministro uSiSrad daxvda bismarksa, arc Tavi daamcirebina safrangeTs da arc bismarkis maxeSi gaabmevina. Tqma ar unda, rom eseTi Tavgamodebuli da guldagul dasaxvedri politika safrangeTis saministrosi ar moewoneboda bismarksa. aq xom ar aris Sinagani mizezi gobles samsaxuridam gamosvlisa? Tu mizezi es aris, ra Tqma unda, safrangeTi Tavgamodebuls, uSiSars saministros uimisod ar dauTmobs bismarksa, Tu kargi sarTi ar daadebina.

es ambavi Zalian Wkuas axloa: T. bismarki, romelic am bolos xanebSi imazea gadagebuli, rac SeiZleba bevri momxre iSovos evropaSi, dRes TiTqmis TviTon hrCeba marto. avstri-vengrias guli aemriza bismarkszed, rogorc zeviT mogaxseneT, radganac sabuTi misca eTqva, rom T. bismarki pirad erTi yofila da guliT ki sxva.

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inglisi ruseTs uaxlovdebao, safrangeTic xom amoRebul xmalsaviT win udga bismarksa, da rasakvirvelia, rom am gaWirebam miaxedos bismarki safrangeTisaken im ganzraxviT, rom safrangeTi mainc daaCumos da sasyidlad am daCumebisaTvis SeaZlios ram gulis mosafxani. da radganac exlandeli saministro goblesi cotad Tu bevrad Sors udgeboda bismarksa, arc is aris daujerebeli, rom safrangeTma iZulebul gaxada goble adgili dascalos sxva saministrosaTvis, romelic ufro sasiamovno iqmneba bismarkisaTvis, rom safrangeTma Tavisi gaitanos usisxlod. aq daujerebeli ara aris ra. vin icis? iqneba aq iyos saTave imisi, rom safrangeTis palatam pirvel SemTxvevasve Caavlo xeli da gobles mizezi misca samsaxuridam gasvlisa.

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axaxaxaxaaaali xidis gadebis cdali xidis gadebis cdali xidis gadebis cdali xidis gadebis cda»»»»

tfilisi, 8 maisi mTavar-ministri safrangeTisa goble am

ramdenisame kviris winad wavida gavrSi gamofe-nazed dasaswrebad. aq b-ns ministrs mouxda sajarod laparaki da evropaSi miRebul wesisamebr unda Sehxeboda exlandels sagareo saqmeTa mdgomareobasac. am saganzed b-nma goblem sTqva, rom am bolos xanebSi safrangeTma bevri gansac-deli hnaxa, magram yovels am gansacdels mSvi-dobianad gadarCa, mere ise, rom safrangeTma srulad xeluxleblad SeirCina pativi da dideba didis saxelmwifosi da mis Rirsebas araferi Seh-bRalviao. miawera ra es ambavi TviT safrangeTis eris patiosnurs Tavmowonebas, Tavis daWeras, sifrTxiles da gonierebas, daumata friad sayu-radRebo sityvebi: “dro gansacdelebisa saf-rangeTisaTvis iqneba jer srulad ar gadas-ruldao da Cven mzada varT yovels gansacdels pirdapir, guldagul davuxvdeTo”.

T. bismarks Zalian ver eWaSnika Turme es gabe-duli sityvebi Tavmowonebulis eris ministrisa. esec unda yofiliyo. saministrom goble-fluran-sisam, rogorc guSinac mogaxseneT, sul sxvarigad

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iCina Tavi. pirvel xanebSi am saministrosagan arc safrangeTi, arc evropa bevrs aras moelodda: ego-naT, rom marto morigs saqmeebSi Caebmis da zvlazniT da ufxod gaswevs Cveulebrivs uRelsa, vidre sxva rixiani da gabeduli saministro gamoC-ndebao. molodini yvelas gaumtyunda: am saminis-trom yovlad SemZlebels T. bismarks Tvali gauswora da iseTis uSiSaris guliT daxvda yo-vels mis manqanebsa, rom yvelani gaaoca da pativi da TanagrZnoba moipova. bevrs iZaxian exla T. bis-markis morCilni gazeTebi, rom b-ns gobles, Tu marTla mSvidobianoba hsurs, ar unda eTqvao gavrs, rom safrangeTisaTvis gansacdelebis dro jer kidev ar gadasrulao da yovel SemTxve-visaTvis mzada varTo.

rom b-ns gobles marTali uTqvams, amas amtkicebs pariJeli korespondenti inglisis gazeTis “Times”-isa. igi iwereba, rom germaniis mxriT kidev erTi axali gansacdeli mzaddebao. leipcigis umaRlesi samsjavro apirobs Seudges im saqmis garCevas, romelSiac Snebele ureviao. bralmdebeli oqmi Turme 500 gverds Tabaxisas ipyrobs da marto mis wakiTxvas mTeli oTxi saaTi moundebao.

rac ki am ramdenisame Tvis ganmavlobaSi germanelT cnobani SeukrebiaT, sul am oqmSia Turme moxsenebuli. es rom marto Snebeles Taobazed iyos, kidev ara eTqmis ra safrangeTsa. sityva is ari, rom germanelT am oqmSi SeugrovebiaT yovelisferi, rac ki ase Tu ise gamosadegia misTvis, rom brali dasdon safrangeTs, viTomc omis atexa unda da marto SemTxvevas eliso. am oqmSia moxsenebuli Turme isic Tu, rogor amzadebda safrangeTi alaCuxebs Tavis samzRvrebzed meomris jaris TavSesafarad, rogor iqcevoda safrangeTis moxeleoba, roca

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elzas-lotarenSi arCevanebi iyo germaniis parlamentisaTvis da awerilia gamoCenilis deruledis* mogzaurobis ambavi. garda amisa, mogrovilia Turme yovelgvari werilebi, romlis ZaliTac viTomc unda damtkicdes, rom safrangeTia mizezi exlandelis SiSisa da zarisa. T. bismarkma Zalian kargad icis, rom axlad moxerxebuls manqanebazed safrangeTi xmas amoiRebs da ar gaumCumdeba leipcigis sasjavrosa. aqedam T. bismarki wylis amRvrevas gamoelis da mRvrive wyalSi Tevzis Wera xom kargis mebaduris saqmea.

guSindelma depeSam xom mogvitana kidec ambavi, rom goble iZulebul gamxdara samsaxuridam gadadgomis Txovna waredgina safrangeTis respublikis prezidentisaTvis. guSinaca vsTqviT da exlac vimeorebT, rom es ambavi didi ambavia. Soreuli TavidaTavi mizezi am ambavisa Cven guSin, Cvenis SeZlebisamebr, movaxseneT Cvens mkiTxvelebs. dRes gvinda mxolod maxlobeli mizezi vacnoboT.

am aprilis ukanasknel ricxvebSi xma gavarda, rom gobles saministrosa da bujetis kamisias Soris ganxeTqileba Camovardao. bujetis kamisias, rogorc TviTon saxelwodeba gvauwyebs, mindobili hqonda momavalisaTvis saxelmwifo Semosaval-gasavlis nusxa saministrosi gaeCxrika. saminis-trom Tavisi proeqti warudgina da bujetis kamisiam SehniSna, rom gasavali didia da amis Sesavsebad saministros ganuzraxavs gadasaxadebis momateba zogierT saganzed. bujetis kamisiam mos-Txova saministros, Seamokle gasavali, Torem eri gadasaxadis momatebas ver gauZlebso. saministrom * es deruledi sakmaod gamoCenili poetia safrangeTisa da am bolos dromde Tavmjdomare iyo egredwodebulis “sapatrioto ligisa”. SarSan am deruledma Semoiara TiTqmis mTeli evropa da yvelgan hcilobda safrangeTisaTvis TanagrZnoba moepovebina winaaRmdeg germaniisa.

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Seiwynara es Txovna da 13.700.000 frankamde Seamokla gasavali da goblem dasZina zed, rom Tu dro da garemoeba xels Segviwyobs, merec davak-lebT kidevao. bujetis kamisiam exlav moiTxova dakleba. goble Tanaxma ar gauxda da saqme par-lamentzed mivarda. parlamentma xmis umetesobiT bujetis kamisiis winadadeba miiRo da goble amis gamo mTelis Tavisi saministroTi iZulebul gaxda samsaxurs dasTxovnoda, radganac gamoacxada, rom rac davakel, maszed naklebis kreditiT me da Cem-ni amxanagni saqmeTa saWiroebas veRar gavuZ-RvebiTo.

ar viciT jer, respublikis prezidentma grevim Seiwynara Tu ara gobles saministros Txovna sam-saxuridam gadadgomis Taobazed. xolo es ki unda vsTqvaT, rom dRevandels dRes es saministro kri-zisi safrangeTsaTvis udrovodrod aris. swored am dRes Sehferoda, rom safrangeTis saqmeTa saye-varSi imisTana ministrebi hbmodnen, romelnic ar ufrTxian araviTar muqaras T. bismarkisas. Tu prezidentma grevim Seiwynara gobles Txovna, usa-Tuod mTavar ministrobaSi Cagdeba freisine, an freisine da feri. oriveni nametnavad ukanaskneli, ufro sasiamovnoni iqnebian T. bismarkisaTvis, vid-re goble _ fluransi.

ferim imitom ver idgomila amaswinad mTavar-ministrad, rom metad aSkarad SeemCniva T. bis-markis ukan ayola. freisine Tumca T. bismarks almacerad ucqeris da masTan erTad svlas ara ndomulobs, magram frTxili kacia da T. bismarkma icis, rom mag metismetis sifrTxiliT bevrs ras-mezed daiyoliebs.

erTis sityviT, es ambavi, Cvenis fiqriT, imis niSania, rom safrangeTsa da germanias Soris ra-Rac axali qseli gaiba da raRac axali xidi gaidva.

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««««bismarkis diplomatiuri svlebismarkis diplomatiuri svlebismarkis diplomatiuri svlebismarkis diplomatiuri svlebibibibi»»»»

tfilisi, 11 maisi

vnaxoT, ras amboben gazeTebi, omi iqneba Tu

ara, _ ikiTxavs xolme mkiTxveli, moavlebs Tu ara dRes gazeTs xelsa. amaze ai mogaxsenebT. 1885 welsa yirimis oms dRedReulad moelodnen da namdvili am saqmisa aravin araferi icoda. inglisis maSindels gamoCenils ministrs palmerstons rom hkiTxes: iqneba omi Tu arao? _ ministrma upasuxa: “ar vici, dRes gazeTebi ar wamikiTxavso”. rasakvirvelia, palmerstonis es dacinva iyo. inglisis pirvels ministrs kargad esmoda, rom gazeTebi omis saqmeSi arafer SuaSi ar arian; rom Tu romelime saxelwifo omis gamarTvas moiwadinebs, gazeTebs ara hkiTxavs rCeva-darigebasa, arc imas ikiTxavs, hnebavT gazeTebs omi Tu arao. asea dResac saqme, gazeTebma ramdenic unda ilaparakon, ramdenic unda SorsmWvreteloba gamoiCinon, mainc ver gvetyvian, rodis da vis Soris atydeba omi. metadre dRes, rodesac politikis saqmeebi ise aiwewa, airiv-dairiva, rom TviT diplomatebsac veRara gaugiaT ra da ar ician, vin visi mteria, vin visi megobari. erTi es ki ician, rom bismarkia saqmeebis amwewi da amrevi, rom bismarki

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gangeb abams qsels, magram vina hyavs saxeSi, vin unda gaabas am qselSi, amas namdvilad veravin mimxvdara. an ki rogor unda mihxvdnen, rodesac bismarki martis dRisaviT aTasnairad icvleba, xan gamoimzevebs, xan moiRrubleba, xan aqeTken moibrunebs bolos, xan iqiTken, visac dRes ucinis, xval imasve uwyreba da muSts uRerebs. rogorc namdvili da Wkviani politikosi, bismarki mtkiced adga im azrs, rom gulaxdili laparaki, marTlis Tqma, gulwrfeloba, guliTadi megobroba meti bargia politikaSi. vinc gaWirebaSi gamogadgeba, megobroba imasTan unda daiWiro, magram guli ki mainc axlo megobarsac ar unda gaduSalo, megobrobiT mxolod Tvali unda auxvio da Tu xval megobari saWiro da gamosadegi aRar aris, ecade male Tavidam moiSoro. asec Cadis bismarki, magaliTad: vin ar icis, ra sastikad epyroboda bismarki romis papsa, rogor sdevnida kaTolikeT samRvdeloebasa am ramdenisame wlis winada. magram dro gamoicvala da ai, dRes bismarki imave romis paps xels ukocnis. ai an kidev avstri-vengria. rogor kudi-kuds hqoniaT gadabmuli dRemdin germaniasa da avstrias, ra megobruli ganwyo-bileba iyo am ors saxelmwifos Soris, ra mtkiced iyvnen erTad SekavSirebulni, da aba, vin moifiqrebda, rom eseni erTmaneTs gadudgebodnen, rom amaT Sorisac usiamovnoba da uTanxmoeba Camovardeboda? ase ki moxda da ai, ris gamo.

gamotyvra saidganRac sruliad moulodneli Snebelis saqme. am saqmem mTeli evropa aayayana. safrangeTs rom arafrad eameboda es saqme, es bismarks TviTonac kargadac ecodineboda. maSasadame, bismarks, vgonebT, ufro megobrobis gamocda undoda, _ vnaxoT, ras ityvian da ramdenad sandoni arian isini, vinc megobrobas micxadebeno; _ megobari gaWirebaSi unda gamoadges

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kacsao. warmoidgineT bismarkis gancvrifeba, rodesac venidgan Semdegi Seatyobines: Tu Snebeles saqme imitom aRiZra, rom bismarks hsurs, safrangeTs omi gamoucxadoso, avstria xels daibans, gans gadgeba da jer kidev moifiqrebs, rogor moiqces am saqmeSio.

kargio, _ sTqva bismarkma, raxan egrea da maS, mec vaCveneb Tavsao. adga da gamoaSkarava, rom berlinis yrilobaze 1877 welsa me ki ar viyav ruseTis mteri, aramed avstriis maSindeli ministrebi andraSi da tissao: rodesac am ambavma saSineli, gacxarebuli baasi astexa gazeTebSi, bismarkma ucbaT tyavi ibruna da Tavi ase imarTla: me es imitom ki ara vsTqvi, rom avstriisaTvis mewyeninebina, aramed imitom, rom ruseTis Jurnal-gazeTebisaTvis pirSi burTi Camedo, radgan eseni Cirqsa scxeben da saxels utexen germaniasao. modi da aq gaige rame, modi da hkiTxe gazeTebs, rodis da vis Soris iqneba omio. gazeTebs mxolod is SeuZlianT sTqvan, rom bismarks viRaca hyavs niSanSi amoRebuli, viRasTanac omis gamarTva unda da gangeb saqmesa swews, rom namdvilze yvelas Tvali auxvios. gazeTebi amazed mets veras ityvian.

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««««siwynare evropis politikaSisiwynare evropis politikaSisiwynare evropis politikaSisiwynare evropis politikaSi»»»»

tfilisi, 12 maisi A UNDA DA GANGEB

politikaSi patara xans siCume Camovarda. evropam gadaivlo bevri sxvadasxvagvari gansac-deli da sisxlisRvramde saqmem ar miaRwia. am erTis wlis ganmavlobaSi bevrjel ki gamwvavda mdgomareoba, bevrjel ki lamobda gawyvetas metad daWimuli da diplomatebisagan naqsovi sapoli-tiko qseli. vin mosTvlis, ramdenjer SeiTamaSa am bolo dros politikam, ramdenjer gahbeda saSiSi malayi da ramdenjer miiyvana iqamde saqme, rom yve-la Tvalebad da yurebad gadaiqca, yvelas guli Zlierad sZgerda omis molodiniTa. magram yove-live es safrTxeebi dRes cotad Tu bevrad gaqra, aCqarebuli gulis cema aRaravis etyoba, omis mo-lodini, am cota xanSi mainc, mosvenebas aravis ukargavs.

bolgariis saqmem miiZina da miyuCda; mxolod aTasSi erTxel Tu gamoaWyetavs Tvalebs da isic mcire xans, rom mosvenebuls qveyanas ara gau-Wirdes ra metismetad: an fuli ar Semoakldes da, Tu saWiro iqneba, isesxos sadme ara samZimo pirobiTa, an eris mamulisSvilobam da patrio-tobam ar iklos da ar dascxres zrunva imaze, rom bolgaria bolgarTaTvis unda iyoso, an Si-

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naganma da gareganma mterma Tavi arsad wamohyos da ucbaT Wiri arara amitexos rao da sxva.

osmaleTic miwynarda da, Tavis Cveulebisamebr, mieca gansvenebasa da qeifs. aRar ismis, rom iq kvlav raime gacxarebuli mzadeba iyos saomrad, arc jarebi gadahyavT aqeT-iqiT da imaTis Tof-iaraRis CxaruniT mSvidobians osmalos guli aRar uTrTis. cotaodnad Tu facifucobs vinme os-maleTSi, eseni arian sxvadasxva sadiplomato agen-tebi, romelnic daubolovebels molaparakebaSi arian erTmaneTTan sxvadasxva sapolitiko saq-meebzed, Tu egviptis gamo, Tu bolgariis saqmis gadawyvetis Taobazed da sxvani. ukanaskneli depe-Sa, 11 maisSi gamogzavnili, gvauwyebs kideca, rom egviptis saqmis gamo inglisma da osmaleTma xeli moaweres pirSekrulobasao. am pirSekrulobis Za-liT inglisi valdebulia Tavisi jarebi gamoiy-vanos faraonebis qveynidamao.

avstri-vengria raRas apirobs viTom? Cven gvgonia, rom arc es Wreli saxelmwifo fiqrobs xmlis trials Seudges da Tof-iaraRis Caxa-Cuxi astexos. gmiruli da Tavgamodebuli, rixianobiT savse politika wesad ara aqvs am saxelmwifos da an ki ra Wkuaa, rad gaswevs xarjsa da borjs, rad dahRvris sisxls, rodesac uamisodac Tavis saqmes kargad moagvarebs xolme. slavianebi, ro-melnic umravlesobas Seadgenen am saxelmwifoSi, araviTar sadavidarabo saqmes ara fiqroben da Zalian kmayofilnic arian: polonelebi amboben, rom Cven kargada varT avstri-vengriis xelSiao; madiarebi xom batonebi arian, Cexebic aras im-durebian, metadre rigeris dasisani, egreT-wodebuli staroCexebi; darCa mxolod slovanebi da xorvatelni, romelTac amadiarebs vengria, mag-ram eseni saTvalavSi arc ki arian Casagdebni. vi-Tom ra daaSava avstriam, rom warsuls rusT-

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osmalos omSi xelic ar gaanZria, imitom bosnia da hercogovina ver Caigdo xelSi Tu? da mere isic vadadaudeblad. bosnia da hercogovinis gamo rom iseTi mwvave kamaToba astyda amas winad, tis-sam guldamSvidebiT gamoacxada deputatTa pala-taSi: neta ras imdurebiTo. avstriis politikis Sedegi Tvalwin giZevsTo: avstriis mdgomareoba evropaSi da aRmosavleTis saqmeSi saukeTesod Seicvala da fiqri arafrisa gvaqvso. arc ger-maniisa da arc ruseTs CvenTan dasamdurebeli ara aqvT rao.

inglisi raRa ambavSia? ara gvgonoa, rom an in-glisi apirobdes amJamad mainc, mZime ram saqmis atexas da Tavsatexs davidarabaSi gabmas: jer aris da SinaurobaSive Zlier awuxebs irlandiis saqme da sagareo moRvaweobisaTvis xeli ver gauSlia, merea da politikaSi inglisi ufro sityviTa jentlmenobs da rixianobs xolme, saqmiT ki Za-lian eZneleba da zarobs iseTis sadavidarabo saq-mis dawyebas, rogoric aris omi da mere mosalod-neli omi, romelic Znelad Tu erTs alags daiw-yoba da gaTavdeba da uTuod bevrs dids saxel-mwifos medgrad Seaxlis erTmaneTs. irlandiis de-putatebma xom saqme gauWires parlaments: sul imasa scdiloben, rom arafrisTvis ar moacalon mTavroba. is kanon-proeqti, romelic amJamad par-laments aqvs gansaxilvelad da irlandielTa sawinaaRmdegoa, sul 148 striqonia, magram ise aferxeben kamaTobas irlandiis deputatebi, rom parnelis momxreTa sam kviras mxolod oci stri-qonis gasinjvas moandomebs parlamenti. avRanis-tanis saqme Tu gaabedvinebs rasme amJamad ingliss, radgan es saqme am xanebSi lamis metad gamwvavdes. abduraxman xans cudi saqme mosdis; naxevari qve-yana ajanyebulia da amarcxebs emiris jars, saca pirispiroba mosdiT. gammijvnelTa komisiac, rome-

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lic peterburgSi imyofeba, bevrnairad imtvrevs Tavs da vera gadauwyvetia ra ki. am saqmis gamo “Times”-sa sweren peterburgidam, rom ukanasknels krebazed komisiaSi Zalian gacxarda laparaki, mainc Sedegi ar mohyva rao. axla TviT ruseTisa da inglisis mTavrobam unda gadaswyiton, ra moag-varon am saqmis gamovo. ufro inglisma unda iTa-vos, radgan ruseTi sruliad uarzea, rom dasTmos rame iqidam, rac moiTxova da aqamde iTxovda am saqmeSio. vin icis, iqneba ingliss metad gauWirda saqme da imitom moiSora Tavidam egvipteze zrun-va, mourigda osmaleTs da xeli moawerina im pir-Sekrulobas, romlis ZaliTac itvirTa jarebis gamoyvana egviptidam! iqneba inglisi fiqrobs, amiT guli mougos osmaleTs da masTan erTad avRanis-tanis saqmeSi metis gabedulobiT gaerios?!

viRa dagvrCa evropaSi amJamad iseTi, romlis survilsa da dRevandels fiqrs hqondes didi mniSvneloba. rasakvirvelia, aseTia germania da misi pomeranieli makiaveli anu varcinis saxel-ganTqmuli mkiTxavi, Tavadi bismarki. dRes am dids saxelmwifos da mis genioss kanclers uWiravs yvela sablis wveri evropis politikisa, magram am sablis wverebi ise aqvs danaskuli da damar-yuSebuli, rom metad Znelad gamosarkvevia.

raica Seexeba safrangeTs, man sakmaod cxadad aCvena qveyanas, rom mas jer-jerobiT omi ara swadian da, Tumca bevrgvari xerxi ixmara bis-markma, magram kisrulzed verc erTxel ver gadi-tana. Snebeles saqme metad arasafalavno xerxi iyo da safrangeTma didis moxerxebiT da Tav-daWeriT aicdina Tavidam, magram ukanaskneli xerxi ki, rogorc falavnuri da patiosani, iqneba ufro gamoadges bismarks. Cven imas vambobT, rom Tu gob-les saministro gadadga da es gadadgoma bismarkis moxerxebis mizeziT moxda, SeiZleba usisxlod

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gaswordnen maSin safrangeTi da germania. magram amaze jer gazeTebidam ara sCans ra.

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««««““““bosniis saqmisbosniis saqmisbosniis saqmisbosniis saqmis” ” ” ” amotivtivebaamotivtivebaamotivtivebaamotivtiveba»»»»

tfilisi, 13 maisi

bosniis saqmis gamo gacxarebuli da

gamwarebuli baasi germaniisa da avstriis gazeTebs Soris jerac ar Sewyvetila. sxva gazeTebmac, rasakvirvelia, bani misces amaT da dRes es saqme salaparakod gaixades. bevri Tavs itexs da ver mimxvdara, _ ra hqonda gulSi bismarksa, vin atanda Zalasa, rom es daviwyebuli, arxivebis mtvriT Cafluli “bosniis saqme” gamoamzeva, qveyanas daanaxva da amis gamo erTi ambavi astexa. zogi ras fiqrobda, zogi rasa. umetesobisTvis es ambavi mainc iseTive gamocana iyo, rogorc bismarkis bevri sxva ucnauri da Znelad misaxvedri moqmedeba. yuradRebis Rirsia erTi inglisur gazeTis “St, James Gazette”-is azri, romelic cota ar iyos, naTelsa hfens am saqmesa.

bismarki, rogorc namdvili diplomati, aravis endoba da TviT axlo megobarsac eWvis TvaliT ucqeris. ase uyurebda bismarki avstriasac, Tumca megobruli ganwyobileba da mtkice kavSiri am ors saxelmwifos Soris araerTxel yofila saqveynod Semowmebuli. bismarks am bolo dros cota SiSi Sehparvia gulSi, vaiTu, avstriam miRalatos da ruseTTan Cumad saqme daiWiroso. es SiSi

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usabuTod ar yofila. rogorc gvarwmunebs igive inglisuri gazeTi, ruseTsa da avstrias Soris Cumad viTom kidec yofiliyos raRac molaparakeba.

Tu germania winaaRmdegi iqneba da Cvens saqmeSi Camoereva, safrangeTi xom mzada gvyavs, safrangeTs Cveni mxare uWiravso.

bismarks aseTi ambavi, rasakvirvelia, arafrad iameboda. aseTi ambavi marTla rom SesaZlo iyos, amaSi eWvi ar aris, radgan avstriis politikosebs warsulSiac CaudeniaT aseTi saqme da swored gaWirebis dros gadasdgomian germaniasa. magaliTad, 1877 welsa, rodesac ruseTi osma-leTTan oms apirebda, bismarki aseTs Tanxebs uwyobda Tavad gorCakovs: xmas aravis amovaRebineb, ruseTma rac unda Caidinos aRmosavleTSi, oRond piroba momeciT da xels nu SemiSliT, rom safrangeTs xelmeored Sevesio da sruliad miwasTan gavasworovo. avstriis maSindelma pirvelma ministrma andraSim es rom Seityo, maSinve mihxvda ra ganzraxvaca hqonda bismarksa da ecada es saqme rogorme sxvanairad daetrialebina. andraSim Tavis mxriv aRuTqva gorCakovs, rom Tu ruseTi oms gaumarTavs osmaleTs, avstria ganze idgeba da xmas ar amoiRebso. gorCakovs andraSis piroba ufro moewona, radgan ar undoda gaewira safrangeTi da germaniis xelSi Caegdo.

am saxiT, andraSis wyalobiT, bismarks am aTis wlis winad planebi SeeSala da survili ver ausrulda. bismarkma andraSis Ralatoba gulSi Caimarxa da, rasakvirvelia, cdilobda rodisme moegonebina da javri eyara. bismarkma kargad icoda, rom andraSis aseT saqciels madiarebi arafrad moiwonebdnen.

ai, ra tkivili awuxebda bismarks, rom saqveynod aaSkaravebda am daviwyebul bosniis saqmesa! bismarks undoda Tvalebi aexilebina

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madiarebisaTvis da eTqva: ai, icodeT vin aris andraSi, rogor icavs Tqvens interesebs, ufrTxildiT, Tu, vinicobaa, avsrtiis meTauroba kidev amisTana ministrebma Caigdes xelSio!..

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««««pureulis ypureulis ypureulis ypureulis yidva samxedro uwyebis idva samxedro uwyebis idva samxedro uwyebis idva samxedro uwyebis

miermiermiermier»»»»

I tfilisi, 16 maisi

Cveni xalxi umTavres nawilad meurneobas

misdevs. meurneoba Seadgens Cvenis qveynis simdidres, es aris jer erTaderTi wyaro Semosavlisa da am SemosavliT unda gauZRves Cveni xalxi yovelgvar saqveyno da Sinaur xarjsa. mrewveloba da aRebmicemoba jerjerobiT Zlivs isaxeba, ase rom saTqmeli arc kia. amitom TiTqmis mTeli Cveni qveyana da ufro metad mivardnili, miyruebuli alagebi, moSorebulni did qalaqebze, moklebulni ugzoobis gamo bazrebs, ekonomurad im mdgomareobaSi arian, romelic sapolitiko ekonomiaSi “bunebiTs meurneobad” aris cnobili.

(Натуралъное хозяйство). amgvar ekonomiuris wes-wyobilebis umTavresi xasiaTi imaSi ixateba, rom mwarmoebels, miwis muSas, nawarmoebi Tunda mometebulic hqondes, mainc fuli yovelTvis uWirs. amgvar mwarmoebels fulis Sovna uZneldeba, radgan, bazris uqonlobis gamo, Tavis nawarmoebisaTvis kargi gasavali ver uSovnia, miwis mosavali fulad ver uqcevia. amitom cdilobs, cxovrebis moTxovnilebas, saWiroebas

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Tavis nawarmoebiTve gauZRves; yovel wvrilman Sinaur gardasaxadSi, ijaraSi, saca ki SeiZleba, fulis magier, Tavis nawarmoebs aZlevs; ase uswordeba, magaliTad, Cveni glexi mRvdels, dalaqs, meveles, gzirs da sxvebsa. uwin am saukunis dasawyisamde, TviT saxelmwifo xarjsac ki puriTa da RviniT ixdida. mxolod am saukuneSi, rodesac Cveni erovnuli cxovreba Zireulad Seicvala, SemoRebul iqmna fuliT gadaxda xarjisa. cxovrebam ki iseTi mimdinareoba miiRo, rom Cvens xalxs, metadre moxarjes rac unda eqmna da fuli ki unda eSova da yoveli xarji ase gaestumrebina. magaram rogor eSova fuli, rogor eqcia Tavis nawarmoebi fulada? qalaqs waeRo? vin icis, esec saTuvoa: xan fasi naklebi aris, xan sruliad bazari ara aqvs romelsame nawarmoebsa. xSirad ramdensame dRes unda moscdes da naxevar fasadac ver gahyidos Tavis naSrom-nadagi. kidev kargi, visac qalaqi axlo aqvs da iq waReba SeuZlia Tavis nawarmoebisa, vinc Sors aris? is, meti Rone ar aris, iZulebulia fulian kacs mihmarTos da Tund Calis fasad mihyidos Tavisi nawarmoebisa, oRond gaWirebaSi xeli gaimarTos. ai aq iCenen xolme Tavsa yovelgvari CarCebi. amaT, rasakvirvelia, TavianT kerZo sargebloba, TavianT interesebi aqvT saxeSi da ara xalxis keTildReoba. amitom dids sikeTes SesZens, dids Rvawls gauwevs Cvens qveyanas, vinc Cvens xalxs am CarCebis xelidgan daixsnis. visac ki guli Sestkiva qveynisTvis da hsurs xalxis keTildReoba, warmateba, unda ecados, ra gziTac ki SeiZleba, Semweoba misces, xeli moumarTos mwarmoebelsa, rom mis nawarmoebs gasavali hqondes; unda uCvenos gza metadre imas, vinc arc ki icis, ras sada aqvs gasavali, romel nawarmoebs sada aqvs bazari. dRes TviT mTavroba

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uCvenebs erTs wyaros, romelic RonisZiebas miscems mwarmoebels Tavis nawarmoebi pidapir momxmarebels mihyidos rigian fasad da CarCebs aRar Caugdos xelSi. mxolod aucileblad saWiroa gzis maCvenebeli. ra wyaroa es da rogor unda mieces gza am wyaros, amazed Semdeg movilaparakebT.

II

tfilisi, 18 maisi

rogorc wina werilSi movixseneT, umTavresi gaWireba Cveni meurneobisa imaSi mdgomareobs, rom miwis mwarmoebels Tavis nawarmoebisTvis kargi bazari ver uSovnia da amitom iZelebulia CarCebs mihmarTos da TiTqmis naxevar fasad mihyidos Tavis naSrom-nadagi. isica vsTqviT, rom dids samsaxurs gauwevs Cvens qveyanas yvela, kerZo kaci iqneba Tu sazogadoeba, vinc ikisrebs da moaxerxebs, rom mwarmoebelma pirdapir CarCebis uSuamavlod, gardasces Tavis nawarmoebi momxmarebels. aseTi daxmareba Tavis movaleobad unda CasTvalos, Cvenis azriT, sameurneo sazoga-doebam da Tu axalis wyaros gamoZebnas ver ikisrebs, imdeni Taosnoba mainc gaswios, rom xeli Seuwyos imas, rasac TviT mTavroba uCvenebs. ai is wyaro.

amas winad kavkasiis sameurneo sazogadoebas Semdegi moweriloba mosvlia sameurneo mrewvelobis departamentisagan.

“minskis sameurneo sazogadoebam, _ moxsenebulia mowerilobaSi, _ sTxova umTavress saintendanto gamgeobasa, rom xsenebulma gamgeobam samxedro maRaziebisaTvis puri pirdapir mwar-

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moeblisagan iyidos da ara ijaradrebisa da CarCebisaganao. minskis sazogadoeba amasTanave hpirdeba gamgeobas, rom Cvenis mxriv yovelgvar Semweobas gagiwevTo”.

amas auwyebs departamenti kavkasiis sameurneo sazogadoebisa da Tana sTxovs: yuradReba miaqcieT am winadadebasa da gamoiyeneT saqmeSi soflis mwarmoeblebis sasargeblod, ese igi ecadeT, rom mwarmoebelma Tavis nawarmoebi pirdapir, uSuamav-lod, samxedro uwyebas mihyidoso.

srulis yuradRebis da TanagrZnobis Rirsia es winadadeba. Tu departamentis azri sisruleSi iqmna moyvanili, orive mxare dids sargeblobasa hnaxavs: mwarmoebeli karg fasad gahyidis Tavis naSromsa da samxedro uwyebasac ufro iefad daujdeba, vidre aqamdin ujdeboda. aqamdin mTeli mogeba ijaradrebisa da CarCebis jibeSi hrCeboda da amasTanave moijaradrebi mwarmoebelsac scarcvavdnen da samxedro uwyebasac atyuebdnen; xeirs arc erTs aZlevdnen, arc meoresa. rasakvirvelia, Zlier sasurveli da sasiamovno iqneboda, rom mwarmoebelisa da samxedro uwyebis iseTi Suamavali yofiliyo, rogorc magaliTad, sameurneo sazogadoeba, romelic orsave mxares interesebs daicavda da erTsac sargeblobas moutanda, meoresac. am saqmes daxaneba aRar undoda da sazogadoebas, rac SeiZleba, male unda ganexila departamentis winadadeba da ase Tu ise gardaewyvitna. magram, samwuxarod, Cveni sameurneo sazogadoeba rogorRac agvianebs Turme am saqmesa. sazogadoebas departamentis miweriloba gardaucia erTis Tavis wevrisaTvis, romlisaTvisac dauva-lebia, gasinjos es winadadeba da sazogado krebas warudginos Tavis mosazrebani am sagnis Sesaxeb. magram, rogorc ismis, sazogado kreba Semodgomamde aRar iqnebao da aseTi saWiro da

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saCqaro saqme ki manamdisin Zlier daigvianebs. saCqarovo, vambobT imitom, rom SemodgomisTvis mwarmoebels, miwis muSas, moxarje xalxs, xarjis dro moadgeba da am xarjs isev Tavis nawarmoebiT unda gauZRves. es nawarmoebi unda fulad aqcios da maSasadame, isev fulian kacebs, CarCebs unda mihmarTos. es rom ar moxdes, kargs izamda sameurneo sazogadoeba, rom exlave gaemarTa sagangebo kreba gansakuTrebiT am saqmis gansa-xilvelad da saCqarod gardasawyvetad. amiT sazogadoeba Tavis sasaxelodac dids saqmes Caidenda da Cvenis qveynis meurneobasac dids samsaxurs gauwevda.

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««««germaniis mbrZaneblobas evropaSi germaniis mbrZaneblobas evropaSi germaniis mbrZaneblobas evropaSi germaniis mbrZaneblobas evropaSi

aRsasruli daudgaaRsasruli daudgaaRsasruli daudgaaRsasruli daudga»»»»

tfilisi, 19 maisi mas Semdeg, rac prusiam safrangeTi daamarcxa

da daqsaqsuli germania erT saimperio qveynad gardaaqcia _ es TiTqmis Tvrameti weliwadia. safrangeTi, romelic manamde TiTqmis mbrZanebeli iyo mTelis evropisa da mTelis evropis politikis sablis wveri xelT eWira, ukan unda mimdgariyo da burTi da moedani daeTmo germaniisaTvis. germania metismetad gaZlierda safrangeTis ukan daxevis Semdeg da TiTqmis Tvrameti weliwadia, rac hbatonobs evropaSi. radganac gaTamamebuli bedisagan germania mas aqed sul xmalzed iyureboda, mTeli evropa misis SiSiTa da zariTa SeTofiaraRebul samxedro banakad gadaiqca. am yofam auarebeli zarali miayena mTels evropasa: am Tvramets weliwadSi marto saomarsa da samxedro mowyobilobazed evropas daexarja ramdenime aTeuli milliardi tyuil-ubralod da gamouyeneblad. imas aRar vangariSobT, rom evropas am xnis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime millioni mxne da janiani muSa moaklda, radganac samxedro wyobilebam, rogorc Rrubelma, Seiwura yovelive ese.

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am Tvrametis wlis ganmavalobaSi germania pirvelobda evropaSi. saca ram ki astydeboda xolme, maSinve yovlis kacis Tvali da yuri berlins miaCerdeboda _ aca, T. bismarki ras ityviso da ras inebebso. didi da patara sul imasa hvdilobda, rom T. bismarkis guli moego, misis wyalobis Rirsi gamxdariyo, misi Zlieri momxreoba yovelis RonisZiebiT moepovebina. am yofam mTeli evropis politika erT naskvad Sehkra da igi naskvi xelT epyra germaniis yovlad SemZlebels kanclersa: arc erTs saxelmwifos, didsa Tu pataras, Tavisi sakuTari, damoukidebeli politika aRara hqonda, sul yvelani T. bismarks Sehyurebdnen TvalebSi da rasac iq amoikiTxavdnen, Tavis politikas imisda-gvarad mohmarTavdnen xolme.

erTi dro aravis SerCeniao, naTqvamia. verc T. bismarks SerCa. am Tvrametis wlis ganmavalobaSi evropam bevri ram igrZno, bevri ram icno, rac xani gadioda, imodenad germaniis Zlierebis zari da SiSi TandaTan hklebulobda. evropam cxadad dainaxa Tavisi Secdoma, rom prusias neba misces gaelaxa da daemarcxebina safrangeTi. marTalia, safrangeTs batonobac mZime tvirTad awva kiserzed evropasa da amis gamo misis frTebis Sekveca sanatreli iyo evropisaTvis, magram maSin am azriT gatacebuls evropas fiqradac ar mosvlia, rom safrangeTis ukan daxeva ase Zlier gaabatonebda germaniasa, romlis brZaneblobam da kadnierebam fiala moTminebisa auvso evropasa. dRes evropa amasa hgrZnobs. SarSandels aqed daeZra da Seerya Ziri germaniis gazviadebuls batonobasa. evropam dainaxa, rom germania ise saSiSari TviTeul saxelmwifosaTvis calke, gaerTebul evropisaTvis safiqrebeli ar aris da, maSasadame, SesaZloa cotaodnad kacma sityvac

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Seubrunos, zogjer magarzedac dadges da Tavisi moiTxovos.

dRes didni saxelmwifoni swored am gzas adganan. calke ruseTi, calke avstria, calke safrangeTi dRes, cota ar iyos, ganzed gaudgnen germanias. Tumca amaT Soris dRes araviTari kavSiri ar aris, araviTari erToba, magram es ki aSkaraa, rom am samives guli natkeni aqvT germaniisagan da am natkenobazed SeiZleba agebul iqmnas mTeli axali politika evropisa. T. bismarki hgrZnobs amasa. T. bismarki hxedavs, rom xelidam ecleba igi pirveloba, igi upiratesoba evropaSi, romelic aqamomde xelT epyra da dRes mTeli misi mecadineoba imazea miqceuli, eg pirveloba, upiratesoba SeirCinos. Cven ki gvgonia, T. bismarks gaucuddeba mecadineoba: dRes Tu xvale germania daumarcxdeba yovelTa gamkiTxvels garemoebas. raki evropa am mxriT daiZra, raki man is azri gamoisaxa, rom germaniis tyveobisagan Tavi unda gamoixsnas, _ es azri Tavisasa iqms da Tavisas gaitans. germania geografiulis mdeba-reobiT ise mowyvdeulia didTa da ZlierTa saxelmwifoTa Soris, rom xelis ganZreva ar SeuZlian, Tu eseni erTs pirzed idgebian.

rom es erTs pirzed dgoma advilad mosafiqrebelia, eg aSkarada sCans. Zlieri ruseTi iZaxis, rom safrangeTs ise veRar gavafuWebineb germanias, rogorc aqamdisao. aranakleb Zlieri avstriac saqveynod ambobs, rom Tu germania miesia safrangeTsa, me gulxeldakrefili ver davrCebio, inglisic orwyalsSua dgas. inglisma kargad icis, rom Tu germanias marcxi ram mouvida, droTa viTareba an ruseTs, an safrangeTs, an avstrias wamoayenebs win da Tu pivelobas ara, dids abrus mainc gaukeTebs erT-erTs maTgans evropaSi. inglisi amasTan simZimes germaniis pirvelobasac

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eurCeba da ver itans. am saxiT igi im mxares miudgeba arev-darevis dros, romlis gaZlierebac an sul aras avnebs, an avnebs, xolo sxvazed ufro nakleb ki. darCa safrangeTi, romelic am Tvrametis wlis ganmavalobaSi ise gaZlierda, rom mzad aris guldagul daxvdes germanias, Tu aman ram Semohbeda. igi TviTonac ar moerideboda Tavs daesxas germanias dResac, magram SiSi da fiqri aqvs avstriisa calke da ruseTisa calke. jer minam avstria da ruseTi zogierTs sagnebze ar morigebulan erTmaneTSi, jer minam erTic da meorec ufro Sors ar gaudgebian garemoebaTa ZaliT germaniasa, erTis sityviT, jer minam am orTa saxelmwifoTa politika ufro naTlad da garkveviT ar gamocxadebula, safrangeTi TviTon TavisiT verafers gaubedavs germaniasa.

amisTana yofam germanias abru gautexa evropaSi: vinc guSin imis SiSiT xmasac ver iRebda, dRes muqarasac ubedavs. am saxiT SesaZloa iTqvas, rom brZaneblobas germaniisas evropaSi Tavisi aRsasruli mouvida: imisi sityva da muqara dRes ise aRara sWris, rogorc aqamdisa. Tu germaniam metismeti kadniereba daiwyo, samTa didTa saxelmwifoTa ruseTsa, avstriasa da safrangeTsa advilad SeuZlianT erTmaneTs piri miscen da Tavisi wvrilni interesebi jerxanad daiviwyon, rom mZime uReli germaniis upiratesobisa evropaSi evropas moaSoron. metismetad didi xerxi da ostatoba unda ixmaros T. bismarkma, rom es aucdeneli gansacdeli aicdinos da germanias daubrunos is gavlena da abru, romelic am bolos dros ise Zlier moaklda.

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««««safrangeTsafrangeTsafrangeTsafrangeTiiiis politika germaniisken s politika germaniisken s politika germaniisken s politika germaniisken

gadaixaragadaixaragadaixaragadaixara»»»»

tfilisi, 20 maisi

uaxloesi mizezi gobles saministros

samsaxuridam gadadgomisa yvelam icis: sarma egredwodebulma biujetis kamisiam gamohkra ruvies TaosnobiT. ramdenisame kviris winad vidre es moxdeboda, aravis fiqradac ar hqonia, rom goble-fluransis saministro fexs biujetzed wamohkravda. yvelas axsovs is Tavgamometebuli moqmedeba safrangeTis parlamentisa, roca T. bismarkma saqme gauWira safrangeTsa da Tavisi Svidwleuli samxedro kanoni reixstagSi gaiyvana da sabuTad is aCvena germanias, rom safrangeTi gaZlierda da SiSi iqidam mosalodneliao. am Svidwleuli samxedro kanonis pasuxad safrangeTis saministrom mosTxova Tavis parlaments fuli jarebis gaZlierebisaTvis da maSin parlamentma aramcTu uari uTxra, TiTqmis sayveduric ki gmoucxada samxedro ministrs bulanJes, egre cota fuls rada hTxoulobo, roca Cveni mteri germania ase aZlierebs Tavis Zal-Ronesao.

gavida mas aqeT randenime xani da imav parlamentma imav saministros TiTqmis mcireodens

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fulzed uari uTxra da amis ZaliT goble daeTxova samsaxursa. es bolos ambavi rom winas SevuwonoT, aSkarad gamoCndeba, rom Tumca gobles saministros dacemis mizezi biujeti gaxda, magram eg Tvalad aris marto. aSkaraa Sinagani mizezi sul sxvaa, Torem am ubralo saqmezed parlamenti gobles fexs ar wamoakvrevinebda. dRes depeSiT ambavi movida, rom axali saministro ruvies meTaurobiT ukve Semdgara da ministrTa siaSi generalis bulanJes magier samxedro ministrad ferronia xsenebuli. Cvenis fiqriT safrangeTis saministros krizisis Sinagani mizezi am ukanasknel garemoebaSi unda moinaxebodes.

safrangeTis sagareo politikaSi Snebeles saqmis Semdeg sxva axalma mdinareobam fexi moikida. safrangeTi da germania moutkbildnen erTmaneTsa, imodenad moutkbildnen, rom germaniis usiamovno saministros goblesas adgili unda daecala sxva ufro sasiamovno saministrosaTvis. raki politika safrangeTisa germaniisaken gadixara, maSin egredwodebuli dasi oportunistebisa win wamodga. win wamodga miT, rom swored eg dasia imisTana dasi, romelic germaniasTan daaxlovebas amjobinebs sxvasTan daaxlovebasa. esec xom viciT, rom metismeti winaaRmdegi germaniisa gobles saministroSi samxedro ministri bulanJe iyo. maSasadame, amisi gamosvla saministrodam aucilebels saWiroebas warmoadgenda, raki axali mimarTuleba politikisa fexs moimagrebda safrangeTSi. dRes raki bulanJes magier samxedro ministrad daniSnulia ferroni, _ aqedama sCans, rom axal saministros safrangeTisas mouwadinebia germaniasTan daaxloveba da erTi udidesi mizezi, am daaxlovebis damabrkolebeli, Tavidam mouSorebia.

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Tumca am axalis saministros siidam sCans, rom oportunistebs mTlad ar CavardniaT xelSi safrangeTis politikis sve-bedi; Tumca sCans, rom TviTon oportunistebis moTave ferri Robes gared darCenila, magram mainc am ferris dass safrangeTis politikis warmoebisaTvis kari cotad Tu bevrad gahRebiaT. aSkaraa, ruvies saministro am axals gzas daadgeba da Tu es gza saimedod gamoCndeba, maSin safrangeTi ufro imisTana kacebs mohnaxavs saministrosaTvis, romelTac am saqmis Sesruleba ufro uked SeeZlebaT. amitomac Cvena gvgonia, ruvies saministro droebiT saministroa da mere an freisine Caigdebs xelSi mTavarministrobas, an ferri, Tu axalma politikam Tavi daiWira.

yuradRebis Rirsia erTi garemoebaca. avstrias Zalian swyuroda, rom bulanJe samxedro ministrad ara hyoloda safrangeTsa da ai, ra mizeziTa: vidre bulanJes xelSi iyo samxedro Zala safrangeTisa, T. bismarki da masTan germania sul safrangeTis macqeralni unda yofiliyvnen. es ambavi ise hxuTavda germanias, rom Tavisis megobrebis SemweobisaTvis veRar iclida da amis gamo avstria, marto darCenili iZulebul unda gamxdariyo rogorme mohrigeboda ruseTsa da misTvis daeTmo ram balkanis naxevarkunZulzeda. exla, raki bulanJe samsaxuridam gadamdgara da es safrTxe germanias mohcilebia, avstrias imedi unda hqondes, rom bismarki, safrangeTis mxriT guldamSvidebuli, xels miawvdis avstriasa. es advilad mosasvlelia da amitomac evropa unda moeloddes, rom politikis saqmeTa dawynareba dasavleTis mxriv xelaxlad gaamwvavebs saqmes aRmosavleT evropaSi.

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««««tokva evropis Tanasworobis tokva evropis Tanasworobis tokva evropis Tanasworobis tokva evropis Tanasworobis

sasworisasasworisasasworisasasworisa»»»»

tfilisi, 21 maisi

dRevamdels evropas rom kaci daukvirdes,

egoneba, rom igi saomaris guda-nabadiT akidebulia da marto brZanebasRa elis, rom buki da naRara dahkras da banakidam saomars moedanzed gavides. yvelani mzad arian da Tu arian vinme moumzadebelni, isinic hCqaroben male momzaddnen da am mzadebisaTvis arafers ara hzogamen. ra aris amisTana autanelis ambavis mizezi? didi da patara rad idgams welebzed fexsa da Tavis monagars, Tavis nawvav-nadags razed afuWebs jarebis gaZlierebisaTvis? ra iseTi SiSia mosalodneli?

amaebis sapasuxod didi gamoZieba ar dasWirdeba adamiansa. saqme is aris, rom saswori evropis Tanasworobisa Setokebulia da es tokvaa igi landi Zlieris gansacdelisa, romlis SiSiTac mTeli evropa dRes alursulia. rom es saswori didi xania daiZra, amas yvelani hgrZnobdnen winadac. 1870 wels aqed es saswori gadixara germaniisaken da am saxelmwifos Zlierebis SiSi da zari imodena iyo am ukanasknel wlebamde, rom xma veravis amoeRo, Tumca TviTveuli calke hgrZnobda simZimes axalis garemoebisas, romelmanc

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germania gaabatona. marto am ukanasknel wlebSi am sasworma xelaxlad tokva daiwyo da daiwyo mas Semdeg, roca germaniisagan damarcxebulma safrangeTma Rone xelaxlad moica, gaZlierda da gaTamamebuls germanias Tvali gauswora. raki sxva saxelmwifoebma SehniSnes esa, maTac guli moecaT da ifiqres, _ iqneba ise ara hwvimdes germania, rogorc hquxso da amaTac cotad Tu bevrad xma aimaRles da aqamde gaubedavi Sehbedes germaniasa. marTalia, amaTi amaRlebuli xma erTiani mwyobri xma ar iyo da arc aris dRes da Tu ismoda sadme, cal-calked ismoda, magram mainc imodenad SesaniSnavi Seiqmna, rom germaniis diplomatebi Caafiqra.

Sorsmxedvels bismarks verafrad eWaSnika eseTi gaTamameba maTi, radganac Cveuli iyo, rom TviTveuli maTgani me unda miyurebdes warbebSio da Cemi uneburi veraferi ver unda gabedos rao. T. bismarkma kargad icoda, rom patara Tesli did uSvelebel xed gadiqceva-xolme da es jer TiTqo gaubedavi siTamame TviTveulis saxelmwifosi SesaZloa erT SeerTebul Zalad gardiqmnes da germanias cotad Tu bevrad sadave magrad aukribos. rom es ase ar momxdariyo, T. bismarkma jer egredwodebuli “samTa imperiaTa kavSiri” moaxerxa da am SeerTebulis ZaliT mTeli evropa kidev xelT igdo. Seutyes manqaneba. aSkarad dainaxes mozaveTa, rom germania am samTa kavSirSi mokavSireTa karga myofobas ki ar daeZebs, aramed Tavis sakuTars interessa, saxeldobr, imas, rom Tavis pirvelobas da batonobas evropaSi magari burji Seuyenos qveS da TviT am simagriT ixeiros. Seirya amis gamo es samTa Zlieri kavSiri. erTi mokavSireTagani avstriaa. aman pirvel xanebSi jer tokva ver gahbeda da mainc am bolos xanebamde yurmoWril monasaviT Tanasdevda germaniasa.

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T. bismarkma yurebi acqvita. dasavleTiT dauZinebeli mteri myavso da Tu aRmosavleTiTac ruseTi Cemzed guls aiyriso, advilad mosalo-dnelia, dasavleTidam safrangeTma da aRmosavle-Tidam ruseTma erTmaneTs xeli miawvdinos da me SuaSi momamwyvdioso. amisaTvis T. bismarkma yvelazed uwinaress ingliss gadaxeda da moiwvia, germaniam, avstriam da inglisma erTmaneTs mxari gadavabaTo. inglisma Sors daiWira, meo verafers pirobas ver dagidebTo da msurso yovel SemTxve-visaTvis Tavisufali viyovo, radganac es Tavisufleba nebas momcems, roca droa, ise moviqce, rogorc Cemi sakuTari sargebloba Cama-gonebso.

sxva gza ar iyo, T. bismarks sxva momxre unda eZebna. amisTana momxre marto italia Tu Seiqneboda. italia dahyva bismarksa. magram italiis ministrma robilanma swored amazed wamohkra fexi da iZulebul Seiqmna samsaxuridam gadamdgariyo. raki dRes italiis saministroSi krispi aris da es krispi cnobilia safrangeTis momxred, amitomac aqac am bolos xanebSi germanias imedebi gaucudda. raRa darCa sacdelad germanias? raki germaniam momxre veRar iSova, ganizraxa, Tu mokeTe me CemTvis ver viSove, Cems mtrebs mainc mtrebs avuCeno da dauwyo safrangeTs Sarebis modeba, aTasnairi aurzauri da ciliswameba. dRes rom evropa ase Sewuxebulia didis omis molodi-niTa, amisi brali safrangeTiao, iZaxodnen germaniis gazeTebi, T. bismarkis mier rigianad STagonebulni. xom verc aman gasWra. mere T. bismarkma es raRac Snebeles ambavi gamoatyvrina, iqneba am ambavma Tavmomwone safrangeTi waacdinos da omis mizezi Seiqmnes da maSin xom mTeli evropa guls aimRvrevs safrangeTzed da amiT germania Tavis saqmes win waayenebso. mTelma

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evropam saerTod da safrangeTmac calked Seutyo ra xafangs ugebda T. bismarki safrangeTsa, romelmac Tavi daiWira da bismarki iZulebul Seiqmna Snebeles saqme ise gaeTavebina, rom ar SeebRala samarTliani Tavmowoneba safrangeTis erisa.

raki aqed-iqiT T. bismarki veras gaxda, isev Zvels xerxs mohkida xeli: moubrunda ruseTs. ruseTi, rogorc mogexsenebaT, gulnakluli iyo T. bismarkisa, radganac berlinis kongreszed mxari ar misca ruseTsa da madli am saxiT gadauxada ruseTs im SemweobisaTvis, rac ruseTma SesZina germanias safrangeTTan omis dros. ramodenadac xani gadioda, es gulnakluloba ruseTisa hmatulobda da bolos bolgariis saqmeTa gamo iqamde gaZlierda, rom mTeli ruseTi gamwvave-bulad amazed hlaparakobda. T. bismarkma scna, rom ruseTis gulis mogeba saWiroa, raki versad veras gaxda-ra da amitomac daiwyo ruseTis winaSe Tavis gamarTleba. samduravi ruseTisa imisagan ufro iyo gamowveuli, rom berlinis kongresma ruseTis winaaRmdeg avstrias daaWerina bosnia da herco-govina. T. bismarkma, Tavisis gazeTebis sityviT, gamoacxada, rom me amaSi araviTari brali ar maqvso, TviTon ruseTma ineba esa da misma diplo-matiam dauTmo es qveynebi avstriasao.

am ambavma aramcTu ruseTis guli moagebina bismarksa, aramed mis erTguls avstriasac guli aayrevina germaniazed. rogor? maS, germanias Cemi sikeTe, rogorc erTgulis megobrisa, yinulzed dauweria da rac me SeviZine berlinis kongresiT, imas germania hTakilobs da xels ibanso, iZaxda avstria Tavis Jurnal-gazeTebis piriTa. Tu egrea, maS exla Cven viciTo. gana Cven ki xels ar davibanT, Tu safrangeTma xeli waatana elzas- lotarensao!

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ai, ra yofaSia dRes germania: versad misma xerxma ver imuSava. raki egreao, sTqva bismarkma: maS isev Cems mters safrangeTs davuwyeb laparaksa da iqneba aq gavxde rasmeo. iqneba rogorme movSveldeT erTmaneTsao. dRes germaniis politika amazea mimarTuli, rogorc sCans, arc safrangeTi udgeba ganzed germanias. gobles da bulanJes gadadgoma samsaxuridam imisTana niSnebia, romelzedac T. bismarks cotad Tu bevrad sabuTi eZleva Tvisi imedebi daamyaros. Tqma ar unda _ momxreobas safrangeTisas Znelad Tu SeiZens germania, xolo advilad dasajerebelia, rom droebiT neitraloba safrangeTisa moipovos ase Tu ise da miT germaniam zurgi uSiSrad iqonios, Tu pirs aRmosavleTisaken aqmnevinebs garemoeba.

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««««inglisi indoeTis SenarCunebis inglisi indoeTis SenarCunebis inglisi indoeTis SenarCunebis inglisi indoeTis SenarCunebis

gzebis ZiebaSiagzebis ZiebaSiagzebis ZiebaSiagzebis ZiebaSia»»»»

tfilisi, 22 maisi erTi ukeTesi da umdidresi samflobelo

inglisisa indoeTia. inglisma es uSvelebeli sivrciT da mkvidrTa ricxviT qveyana ise wamoayena fexzed, rom yovelive saWiroeba inglisisa, rasac ki marto miwaTmoqmedebaEakmayofilebs, TiTqmis am indoeTidam xels imarTavs da amas garda TviTon indoeTi kargs da didis bazars warmoadgens inglisis safabriko da saqarxano mrewvelobis sa-qonlis gasasaReblad. amitomac indoeTi me-tadEZvirfas samflobelod miaCniaT inglisis saxelmwifo kacebs da ara Rones hzogven es qve-yana SeirCinon.

inglisis mtrebmac Zalian kargad ician, rom Tu ingliss evneba rame, indoeTidam evneba. amitomac rogorc mtrebi da metoqeni inglisisa agreTve TviTon inglisic indoeTs TvalsEar aSoreben: pirvelni imas hcdiloben, rom gza gaixsnanEindoeTisaken da meoreni imas, rom gza aravis daanebon. evropis saxelmwifod oris gziT SeuZlianT kari gaiRon indoeTisaken: erTi gza xmelTaSua zRvidam suezis arxiT gza midis indoeTisaken, meore Suagul aziis mxriT. suezis

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arxiT gza egviptezed midis da Suagul aziiTa avRanistanzed. amitomac inglisi egre magrad ekideba egviptis saqmes winaaRmdeg ruseTisa, romelmac Suagul aziaSi mkvidrad moikida fexi. ase, rom ruseTsa da indoeT Sua marto avRanistaniRaa.

dRes aqamomde inglisis saxelmwifo kacni imis mecadineobaSi arian, rom avRanistani Tavisufal qveynad darCes ruseTsa da indoeTs Sua, radganac am SemTxvevaSi avRanistanis gadaulaxavad indoeTs ver miswvdebian msurvelni. dRes aqamomde mTeli politika inglisisa marto amisaTvis irjeboda Sua aziaSi da armcTu fuliT, kaciTac ki araviTars msxverpls ar erideboda. Tumca aseTi iyo politika inglisis saministroebisa mas Semdeg, raki ruseTi Sua aziaSi gaZlierda, magram TviTon inglisis sazogadoebaSi ki kantikuntad xma ismoda, rom inglisi tyuilubralod ixarjeba avRanistanze. Tavisufali avRanistani veraferi zRudea indoeTisaTvisao; qveyanas, indoeTisaviT dapyrobils, saca ingliselebi ucxo Tesls warmoadgenen, Signidam unda gamagreba da am SigniTis burjis da cixe-simagris agebisaTvis marto erTi saxsaria; eg saxsari siyvarulis mopovebaa indoelTA Sorisao. amisaTvis saWiroa, iqaurs ers vagrZnobinoTo, rom Cven mzada varT yovels mis suliers da xorciels Zal-Rones xeli mivaSveloT da iqamde win wavwioT igi qveyana yovelisferiT, rom uCvenoba ubedurebad CasTvalon, xolo Tu Cven TviTon mtrebad vuCndiT yovels imas, rasac iqaurni mkvidrni Tavis uZvirfases sagnad hxdian, maSin arc avRanistani gviSvelis da arc sxva raime simagreo.

am samarTlians azrs jer farTo gza ar gaukafavs inlisSi, Tumca misi mqadagebelni kacni did-saxelovani iyvnen codniTa da SorsmWvre-

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telobiTa. es ki SesaniSnavia, rom am bolos xanebSi TiTqo cota Setokda politika inglisisa Sua aziaSi. TiTo-orola xma dResac moisma inglisSi warCinebulTa moxeleTa Soris da amboben, rom didi xnis gamocdileba Tvalwina gvaqvso da igi gamocdileba cxadad gvesabuTeba, rom avRanistanzed tyuilubralod gvexarjeba auarebeli fuli, tyuilubralod yelzed Toks gangeb viWerT, isa sjobia, avRanistani Tavis sve-beds mivaneboT da Cven TviTon indoeTi garedam da Signidam gavimagroTo.

liberalTa dasis gazeTi “Daily News”-i ambobs, rom inglis-ruseTis kamisia, romelic Sedgenili iyo avRanistansa da ruseTs Sua samzRvrebis dasadebad, verafers gaxda da TiTqmis da laparaki Seswviteso; garda amisa, Sinagani areuloba avRanistanSi mimarTuli exlandel emiris winaaRmdeg, bevrs gansacdels moaswavebs da es ori garemoeba ueWvelia mizezs miscems inglissa xelaxlad daiWiros yandaario. yvelam kargad icis, ganagrZobs igi gazeTi, rom konservatorebi, romelic exla inglisis saministros ganageben, yandaars hxadian indoeTis karad da amitomac ueWvelia, am saganzed sityva Camovardeba parla-mentSi da es sityva gava Tu ara, imaze iqneba damokidebuli, ras ityvis winandeli liberali gartingtoni Tavisis dasiT, uromlisodac sa-lusberis saministros erTi dRis sicocxlec ara aqvso.

TviTon xsenebuli gazeTi ki, rogorc liberalTa dasis moZRvrebis gamomTqmeli, dids uarzea yandaaris dapyrobis gamo. 1880 welsac eWiraT es meore, qabulis Semdeg, did-mniSvnelovani qalaqi avRanistanisa. gazeTi ambobs, rom inglisis politikas xeli ara aqvs indoeTis gared raime qseli gaabas da Sig moimwyvdioso.

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inglisi marto imas unda hcdilobdes, rom indoeTis mkvidrTa guli moigos, amisaTvis unda ganakargos iqauri mmarTveloba, samarTlians moTxovnilebas iqauris erisas xeli moumarTos, kmayofileba mianiWos indoeTis, gared ki unda eridos saqmeebis awewvas da raRac pirobebis dadebiT Tavis xel-fexis Sekvrasa; kargad vamyofoT iqaurni erni da Cveni simagre es iqnebao. ors ukeTess generals inglisisas lords uelsleis da donald stuarts yandaaris gamo es azri gamouTqvamT: yandaaris daWera ufro mizezi iqneba inglisis uZlurebisa, vidre gaZlierebisao da maincdamainc xarji imodena iqneba, rom mis mier SeZenili sikeTe da gamorComa masTan Caladac ar eRirebao; eg xarji tyuilubralod daawveba indoeTsa da Seiqmneba mizezad iqaurTa mkvidrTa ukmayofilebisa da samduravisao. mesame generals roberts gamougzavnia inglisis saministrosaTvis moxseneba da sxvaTa Soris auwyebs, rom ukeTesi Rone avRanelebis gulis mosagebad is aris, rom Cven imaT saqmeSi ar gaverioTo.

Cven yovelive es imitom moviyvaneT, rom agveniSna erTi patara mdinareoba sapolitiko azrisa inglisSi. marTalia, dRes am axals azrs Zlieri mopirdapireni hyvanan inglisis mTavrobis wevrTa Soris, magram mainc ar SeiZleba ar iTqvas, rom eseTi mdinareoba axalis azrisa cotad Tu bevrad gaanelebs im mxurvalebas, romliTac dRes aqamomde ingliselni ekidebodnen Suagul aziis politikasa da maSasadame, simwvave avRanistanis saqmisa, romelmac SarSan da SarSanwin kinaRam omi ar gamoiwvia, cotad Tu bevrad dascxreba da SiSis momaswavebeli imodenad aRar iqneba, rogorc aqamde iyo.

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««««kaliebis Semoseva siRnaRis mazraSikaliebis Semoseva siRnaRis mazraSikaliebis Semoseva siRnaRis mazraSikaliebis Semoseva siRnaRis mazraSi»»»»

tfilisi, 23 maisi

dRes kidev mogvivida ambavi siRnaRis mazridam,

rom dedoflis wyaros axlomaxlo soflebsa da Siraqis mindvrebSi didZali mkalia gamoCenila. jer mkalia, viTarca axlaxan gamoCekili, kutia da frTebi ar Seusxams Turme, maSasadame, am saSinels mters qveynis keTildReobisas exlave unda gaemklavos kaci, Torem patara xans Semdeg, roca frenas daiwyebs, misi gawyveta SeuZlebeliRa gaxdeba da mosWams Tu ara iqaurobas, sxva mxa-reebsac ewveva da eris nawvav-nadags mosavals gaanadgurebs.

roca gubernatorad T. gagarini brZandeboda tfilisis guberniaSi, maSinac es saSineli mteri gaCnda Cvens qveyanaSi. Cveneburi eri manamde darwmunebuli iyo, rom es amisTana ubedureba moevlineba xolme qveyanas RvTis nebiTa da amitomac Widili am ubedurebasTan TiTqmis RvTis gmobad da gangebis winaaRmdegobad miaCndaT. es amisTana rwmena iyo mizezi, rom Cveni eri gulxeldakrefili Sehyurebda am saSinels mters da moeloda rasme Tvisda sanugeSod, isev RvTisagan moeloda. amasobaSi mkalia Tavisas ar iSlida da minam dro hqonda da yanebi sazrdos

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iZleoda, aoxrebda mTelis qveynis Wir-varamsa; frTebis Sesxmis Semdeg erT moZovil da mooxre-bul adgilidam meorezed gadadioda da kvercxis dadebamde rasac moaswrebda, pirqve amxobda. am saxiT, aramcTu marto erTis wlis mosavals Seiwiravda xolme es gaumaZRari da xarbi mteri, aramed meore wlisaTvisac binas ikeTebda, radganac auarebels kvercxs samermisod imav adgilebSi hyrida, saca dro da Jami amisaTvis moeswroboda.

T. gagarinis samagaliTo Tavgamodebam da mxneobam es aseTi mavnebeli rwmena erisa mkaliis Sesaxeb mTlad Sehmusra da cxadis magaliTiT daumtkica ers, rom mkaliasTan brZolac ki SesaZlebelia adamianisaTvis da arc RvTisaTvis aris sawyeni. Cven gvaxsovs, rom TiTqmis mTeli qarTl-kaxeTi T. gagarinma fexzed daayena, didZali xalxi gamoiyvana mindvrad da minam mkalia frTas aisxavda mTlad gaanadgura da im wlis mosavali SeunarCuna qveyanasa, Cven TviTon Cvenis TvaliT gvinaxavs, rom T. gagarini sicxe-papanaqebaSi mindvrad muSebs Soris mdgara dilidam saRamomde da ise umuSavebia xalxi da gaumxnevebia Tavis sityviTa da Tavzed dgomiTa.

amisTana siyvaruliT aRsavse moqmedebam T. gagarinisam ixsna qveyana SimSilis ubedurebisagan da iseTis siswrafiT gaawyvetina xalxs mkalia, rom mkaliam samermisodac kvercxis dayra ver moaswro. es Rirssaxsovari moqmedeba imiTac aris SesaniSnavi sxvaTa Soris, rom xalxs misisave sakuTaris TvaliT daanaxva, ra SeuZlian mxneobas, da igi mavnebeli amaod-morwmuneoba, rom mkalias, viT RvTis risxvas, xeli ar Seebruneba, mTlad amohkveTa xalxis gulisagan. xalxma mas aqed imedic moica am mterzed gamarjvebisa da xerxic gaJletisa iswavla.

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ra Tqma unda, yovelive es SesaZloa mxolod maSin, vidre mkalia kutia da maSasadame, mdevars versad wauva da advili saxocia. exla gamoCekili mkalia TibaTTveSi frTebs Seisxams da maSin SeuZlebeliRaa gafrenils mkalias Zlier evnos rame. marTalia, saca mkalia gaCndeba xolme, iq tarbi usaTuod mova da es dauZinebeli mteri mkaliisa musrs aadens xolme, magram jer arsad momxdara tarbs imodena SesZlebodes, rom mkalia srulad gaeJlitos da mosavali gadaerCinos. amitomac saWiroa exlac SeeWidos kaci mkalias, minam kutia. es SeWideba ornairad sanatrelia: erTi rom wlevandels mosavals gadaarCens da meore _ samermisodac binas ar moakidebinebs mka-liasa. mkaliam kvercxis dayra icis agvistos TTveSi. Tumca kvercxis dayris dros TviTona kvdeba, magram TviTo mkalia imodena kvercxsa hyris, Tu suyvela mkaliis kvercxi gamoiCeka, am Cvens qveyanas sul mTlad mohfens.

RonisZieba mkaliis saxocad iseTis siswrafiT unda iqmnas xmarebuli, rom mkaliam frTebi ar aisxas da kvercxis debis dRemde sruliad Semusvril iqmnas. rogorc iwerebian siRnaRis mazridam, mkalia Turme swored am xanaSia dRes da Tu Svela swadian visme, exlav unda mieSvelos, Torem merme gvianRa iqneba. Cvenda sasiamovnod, siRnaRis mazris ufross b-n tizen-gauzens ukve miuyvia xeli da dedoflis wyarosa da Siraqis aremareSi dRes didZali xalxi Turme gawveulia mkaliis saxocad. “xalxio, iwereba Cveni korres-pondenti, sruliad gakrefilia soflebidan, didi Tu patara mamakaci. ker kidev 40 boWka benzini aris waRebuli dedoflis wyarodan am saSinelis stumrebis dasawvelad. tarbic mravali gadmovidao”.

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RmerTma hqmnas mxneobam, medgrobam da siswrafem gadaarCinos Cveni qveyana im ubedurebas, rac mkaliisagan moevlineba xolme. meti ar iqneba, rom xalxis gasamxneveblad da xalisiT saqmis mosakideblad tfilisis umaRlesi mTavarobisagan gaigzavnon mxne moxeleni, rom vidre droa da mkaliis kutad yofna xels uwyobs, gamowveulma mkaliis samtrod xalxma mTeli Tavisi Zal-Rone moaxmaros am saqmesa. aqedam gagzavnilni moxeleni jer marto imiT, rom aqedam aris gagzavnilni, gauorkeceben xolme xalxs mxneobas da garjasa da saca mxneoba da garjaa, iq xom yvela mteri Zleulia.

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««««kanonis winakanonis winakanonis winakanonis winaSe Tanasworoba Se Tanasworoba Se Tanasworoba Se Tanasworoba

sazogadoebis wesieri agebulebis sazogadoebis wesieri agebulebis sazogadoebis wesieri agebulebis sazogadoebis wesieri agebulebis

safuZvlis qvakuTxediasafuZvlis qvakuTxediasafuZvlis qvakuTxediasafuZvlis qvakuTxedia»»»»

tfilisi, 26 maisi

kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba yvelasi erTad da

TviTveulisa calke erTi umTavresi qvakuTxedia im safuZvlisa, romelzedac damyarebulia kacTa sazogadoebis wesieri agebuleba. igi kanoni kanoni ar aris, Tu mis winaSe didpataraobas, maRal-mdablobas adgili da savali eqmneba kacTa moqalaqur cxovrebis gzazed. raki erTisaTvis erTi kanonia da meoresaTvis meore, kanoni hkargavs Tvis udides mniSvnelobas sayovelTao mfarvelobisas da Semweobisas, radganac Tvis madls da Tvis msjavrs erTnairad ver mohfens yvelasa, vinc ki misken miimarTeba gaWirebis dros. bunebiTad kanoni yvelasaTvis erTnairi davalebaa, erTnairi ufleba da roca igi erTs erTnairad eqceva da meores sxvanairad, maSin igi sxva ara aris ra, Tu ar rjulad Seqmnili upiratesoba erTisa meoris winaSe.

vera wesierad mowyobili moqalaquri cxovreba ver Seiferebs amisTana uswormasworobas uimisod, rom TviT zed ar gadaegos, pirqve ar daemxos da amitomac ar aris qveyanazed arc erTi imisTana

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ganaTlebuli saxelmwifo, saca yvelas Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe dedaazrad, saTaved ar edvas yovels kanonmdeblobas, yovels rju-lierebas. ruseTis saxelmwifoSiac es Tanaswo-roba yvelasi kanonis winaSe cxadad gamoTqmulia. gansvenebulis imperatoris aleqsandre II gansamarTlebis rjuldebam es Tanasworoba mtkice safuZvelzed daayena ruseTis imperiaSi da aw arsebuli da momqmedni kanonebi yvelas erTgvarad da ganurCevlad uqadian mfarvelobas da Sem-weobasa.

Tumca rjuliereba kanonis winaSe egre gvasworebs yvelasa, magram Cvenda samwuxarod, TviTon cxovreba, romelsac jer ver aRmoufxvria Zirianad Zvelni zneni da wadilni, jer kidev eurCeba kanons da didi hbedavs SebRalvas pataris uflebisas marto im azriT, rom me didi var da is patarao.

am mavnebelis znis ayola mieteveba gaunaTlebels kacsa, imisTana kacsa, romelsac ar esmis, romelsac jer ver miugnia, ra didi madlia qveynisaTvis, kacTa sazogadoebis bednierad cxovrebisaTvis Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe. xolo ar mieteveba mas, vinc gareganis niSnebiT mainc sagulisxmoa, rom swavlaSi yofila, ganaTlebis Suqi cotad Tu bevrad mohfenia da Tvis sazogadoebaSic imisTanas mdgomareoba aqvs, rom moeTxoveba samarTliani marTebuli qceva yvelgan da yvelas winaSe, didi iqmneba Tu patara.

yovelive es gvaTqmevina erTma SemTxvevam, romelic dRes axals ambebSia dabeWdili Cvens gazeTSi. erTi imereli mosamsaxure gaugzavnia Tavis patrons faetonis mosayvanad. didxans hcdila es mosamsaxure, mravals mefaitoneebs Sehxvewnia, magram aravin gamohyolia. bolos, rogorc iyo uSovnia faetoni. iqac maxloblad

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mdgara sami samxedro wodebis kaci, erTs maTgans ubrZanebia mosamsaxuris mier daWeril mefaitonesaTvis, me wamiyvaneo, mosamsaxure uarzed damdgara, ZlivZlivobiT viSove faetoni, Cemi daWerilia da ver dagiTmobTo. samxedro wodebis kacs bevri aRar ulaparaknia, faetoni waurTmevia, dauZaxnia policielisaTvis da ubrZanebia, urCi mosamsaxure sadme gamacaleo.

amisTana Zalmomreoba xSiria CvenSi, magram iSviaTad gamomJRavndeba xolme. samarTlamde rom miaRwios am saqmem, rasakvirvelia, am Zalmomreobas, marto didpataraobisa da maRal-dabalobazed dafuZnebuls, Tavisi Sesaferi msjavri daedeboda, magram sawuxaro es aris, rom didma icis, patara amaebs ar gamoudgeba da danaSauli SerCeba damnaSavesa. usaTuod amisTana boloc eqmneba am saqmesa: mosamsaxure ar iCivlebs da es ambavi Cailulis wyals dalevs. Cven ki ar SegveZlo xma ar amogveRo am saganzed.

kanonis mier moniWebuli Tanasworoba sajaro uflebaa, erTnairad kuTvnili yvelasi da maSasadame, erTnairad Zvirfasi yvelasaTvis. amitomac igi Tanasworoba erTnairad gasafrTxi-lebelia, erTnairad saqomagebeli, erTnairad dasacveli, Tu kacs cota ram am qveynierobisa Seugnia da siyvaruli wesierobisa da rigianobisa guls Casaxvia. darRveva amnairis Tanasworobisa TviTveulis Cvenganis uflebis darRvevaa da amitomac saqeburia gulwyroma imisi, romelmac es ambavi gvauwya Cven gazeTSi dasabeWdad da samarTliania igi gulamRvrevac, romelic amis moambes ugrZvnia am ambavis moxdenis dros.

eg Tanasworoba, eg sajaro ufleba rom dausjelad ilaxebodes, maSin veravin karSiac fexs ver gamohyofda, radganac pataras didi ar daeleva da dids kidev ufro didi. es rom ase

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iyos, maSin kacTa sazogadoeba cnobierTa arsebaTa krebas ki ar warmoadgenda, aramed Savis tyis nadirTa grovas, saca vinc Zlieria, marTalic is aris. Cvenda sasiamovnod, amisTana ambebs aw arsebulni kanonebi ar iwynareben da sanatrelia, rom arc am zemoxsenebuls SemTxvevaSi Seiwynaros.

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««««Cveni mesaqonleobis saWiroebaniCveni mesaqonleobis saWiroebaniCveni mesaqonleobis saWiroebaniCveni mesaqonleobis saWiroebani»»»»

I tfilisi, 27 maisi

saZovrebis saqmis daulagebloba, mouwyobloba,

erTi udidesi naklia Cvenis saekonomio yofa-cxovrebisa. amisTana adgilas, rogorc Cveni qveyanaa, saca hava, amindi, nebas ar aZlevs kacs saqoneli gamohkvebos TiTqmis mTels zamTars-zafxuls gared mindorSi, es nakli Zlier unda xels uSlides miwadmomqmedsa da dids zians aZlevdes. es nakli ise sagrZnobeli ar aris muSa saqonelis gamokvebisaTvis, Tumca aqac ki mizezad edeba mravals davidarabas, Cxubsa da vai-vaglaxsa. muSa saqoneli, romelic yoveldRe xelSi uWirs miwadmomqmedsa, Sinve sofelSi ise Tu ase ikvebeba. amisaTvis zamTars-zafxuls soflis Tavisufali miwebia da am miwebzed saqoneli iolad midis. gaWirvebis dros saqonlis patronebi tyesac ara hzogven xolme da Tu zamTari metad gauZneldeba da saWmelzedac nakleb arian, nekers ukafven da ise gamohyavT pirutyvi. es metismetad mavnebeli Cveuleba tyes Zalian azaralebs da amitomac am bolos xanebSi nekers aRaravin aWrevinebs tyeSi. am mxriT, rogorc saxelmwifo tyeebi, isec sabatononi, Sekrulia, nametnavad im adgilebSi,

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saca mebatone dRevandels kvercxs xvalindel qaTams ar amjobinebs da im ganZs, romelsac tye warmoadgens, xvalindel dRisaTvis inaxavs da ufrTxildeba. asea Tu ise, muSa saqoneli da oriode mocadi zamTar-zafxuls Sinve gamodis miT ufro, rom sazamTrod patroni, cotaa Tu bevri, saWmels zafxulSive ugrovebs da sazamTrod unaxavs.

saZovrebis mouwyobloba srulad xels uSlis didis saqonelis patronebs, visac cxvari, Zroxa, cxenis jogi hyavs da vinc, erTis sityviT, saqonelis moSenebas da gamravlebas misdevs. amis-Tanani CvenSi bevrni arian da zogierTgan imisTana glexobaa, rom marto saqonlis moSenebaRa aqvT cxovrebis wyarod. am didZal saqonlis mosa-trialeblad Cveneburs sofels sakmao adgili ara aqvs arc Sin, arc gared, arc zamTrobiT, arc zafxulobiT. radganac amisTana saqonels didZali saWmeli unda gamosakvebad da saTibis uqonlobis gamo am saWmlis winaswar mogroveba SeuZlebelia da radganac Cvenis qveynis sxvadasxva adgilebis hava da amindi nebas aZlevs kacs mTeli zamTar-zafxuli gared hkvebos saqoneli, _ amitomac Cveneburi mosaSen saqonlis patronebi zamTrobiT yizlarebzed gareken xolme saqonelsa saZovrad da zafxulobiT ialaRebzed. am iZulebul wasvla-mosvlaSi didZali xarji undebaT. xarjs kidev rogorme gauZlebdnen, rom am xarjis gaRebaSi raime wesi da rigi iyos. Wiri is aris, rom saqonlis patronma ar icis, sad da ra xarji moelis, vis rogor unda gauZRves.

daiZvris Tu ara, magaliTad, qiziyidam saqoneli da wamova TrialeTisaken, jer ramdeni calke mepatroneTa mamulebi unda gadmolaxon. yvela Tavisas iTxovs da yvelas TviTveulad gaZRola unda gzadagza sxvadasxva zomiT da

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sxvadasxvanairad. vinc icis, ramden naWrad dayofilia xolme erT patara manZilzed mamulebi monawileTa Soris, is advilad mixvdeba, ra wewa-glejaSi unda iyvnen saqonlis patronebi, roca an gazafxulze ialaRzed midian, an Semodgomazed _ zamTris saZovrebzed. axla amas zed daarTeT xidebzed gasatarebeli baJi, gzatkecilisaTvis dawesebuli gadasaxadi, saZovris saxdeli fuli, romelic yovels wels hmatulobs, da maSin warmoidgenT, rom CvenSi mosaSen saqonlis yola da Senaxva ufro saxelisaTvis aris, vidre saxravisaTvis. ai exla, dadga Tu ara gazafxuli da saqonelic daiZra baridam mTaSi wasasvlelad ialarebzed, auarebeli Civili da drtvinva moismis mwyemsTagan: ar ician sawylebma rogor gauZRvnen calke gzatkecilis, calke xideebis baJsa da calke kerZo memamuleebis yaraulebsa, romelnic gzaSi win gadaudgebian xolme da rac gunebaSi mosdiT imas arTmeven. warTmeva xom warTmevaa da zed erTvis Cxubi, cema-tyepa da zogjer iaraRis xmarebamdinac miaRwevs xolme saqme. amisTana yofa Seuwynarebelia da bolo unda moeRos.

didad saWiroa, rom kanonmdeblobam am unugeSo yofas saqonlis patronebisas yuradReba miaqcios, wesi da rigi ram Camoagdos, Torem es karga mozdili wyaro Cvenis eris cxovrebisa TandaTan ukan daiwevs da gaSrobamde miva. Tqma ar unda, rom didad Zneli ram aris, erTs gansazRvruls wess dauqvemdebaros aq kacma saqme, magram rac SesaZloa, is ki usaTuod unda moxdes da dadginebul iqmnas. Cvenis fiqriT, didi SeRavaTi iqneba saqonlis patronebisaTvis, rom saqonlis sasiarulo gzebi aixsnas yovelis gadasaxadisa da baJisagan, da Tu aq SeuZlebelia raime wesi da rigi daidvas kerZod samflobelo mamulebis

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Sesaxeb, xazinam mainc dauTmos ram imodenad mainca, rom SesaZlod iqmnas saqonlis yola da Senaxva. maincdamainc am saqmes yuradRebiT dakvirveba unda, da saidamac moevleba, unda moevlos. uamisod gaWirda saqonlis yofna da es sakmaod didi saxsari cxovrebisa lamis gaqarwyldes.

II

tfilisi, 15 ivnisi

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi bevria imisTana

adgilebi, sadac saxnav-saTesi miwebi ise naklebad aris, rom kaci miwis muSaobiT sacxovrebels ver iSovis. amisTana adgilebia, magaliTad, Cvens mTebSi, TuSeT-fSav-xevsureTSi, sadac uSvelebel klde-RreebSi aqa-iq Tu SexvdebiT TiTo boxCa adgilebs, saxnav-saTesad gamosadegs da gamo-sarComsa. b-ni m. maCabeli Tavis gamokvlevaSi – Материали для изучения экон. быта государственых крестъян, т. V стр. 256 _ ambobs, rom TianeTis maz-raSi iseTi adgilebia, sadac oTxmociode desetina saxnavi miwa gafantulia ramdenisame aTis verstis manZilze, mTebsa da klde-Rreebs Sorisao. ase gafantuli saxnav-saTesi miwa, rasakvirvelia, araferi ganZia, purs ver aWmevs, ver gamohkvebs mTels mazras. xvna-TesviT aq kaci veras gaxdeba, miwis nawarmoebi cxovrebis sazdos ver miscems, maSasadame, aq kacma sxva wyaros unda mihmarTos cxovrebis mosapoeblad. aseTs wyaros TviT iqauri buneba uCvenebs. mTebSi mSvenieri saZovrebi, ialaRebia, romelic xels uwyobs saqonlis moSe-nebasa, amitom am adgilebSi xalxi saqonlis moSenebas, metadre cxvrisas, misdevs da es Sead-

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gens erTs umTavress wyaros iqaur glexis keTildReobisas. magram saqonlis moSeneba advili saqme ar aris, saqonels mudam ukan devna da erTi adgilidam meoreSi gadayvan-gadmoyvana unda. mTebSi zamTari adre iwyeba, 6-7_is TTvis ganmavlobaSi Tovli sZevs, _ saqonlis DSenaxva aq aRar SeiZleba da patronma barSi unda Camoiyvanos. da ai, saqonlis patrons mTels zamTars Siraqis mindvrebSi, ivris xeobaze da sxva adgilebSi gamohyavs saqoneli. dadgeba zafxuli, sicxeebSi saqoneli bars veRar aitans da patronma xelaxlad isev unda mTaSi garekos saqoneli. TuS-fSav-xevsurebi TavianT mTebSiac cotaodnad iolad midiodnen, magram am bolos dros aqac saZovari adgilebi Zriel Secotavda, da amitom yarsis, daRestanis mTebisken, TrialeTsa da ukanasknel xaneebSi vladikavkaviskenac daiwyes saqonlis garekva sazafxulod.

am saxiT, saqonlis patroni weliwadSi orjer mTebidgan barSi unda gaemgzavros da baridam mTebSi. da radgan CvenSi xeiriani gzebi arsad aris, da Tu aris, xeirian rigsa da wess Znelad Sehxvdebian am gzebze, amitom Zriel dids Sewuxebas ivlis gadasvla-gadmosvlaSi rogorc saqonlis patroni, ise TviT saqonelic.

dRes nebas aravin miscems, rom mis mamulSi saqoneli Sehreko da ufulod aZovo. uwindeli Saragzebic bevrs adgilas gzatkecilad gadakeTda, sadac sabaJoebia dawesebuli da ubaJod aravis atareben. sadac jer gzatkecilebi ar aris, soflebs da kerZo memamuleT dauCemebiaT gzebi da gzad mimavals saqonels umaxtod ar aZovebineben. b-ni m. maCabeli ambobs, rom marto tfilisis mazraSi 19 sofeli saZovarSi da gzazed gavlaSi weliwadSi 7.250 manaTs iRebso.

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am ukanasknels wlebSi didZali saqoneli da metadre cxvari miudiT yarsisaken TuS-fSav-xevsureT-kaxeTidgan yovels zafxulsa. rasakvirvelia, kargi iqneboda, rom es saqoneli gzatkecilebze gaetarebinaT, magram am gzaze imodena baJia dawesebuli, rom cxvris patroni ver auva am gadasaxadsa. magaliTad, kaxeTidam momaval cxvarze, patronma manglisis gzatkecilze, 60 verstis manZilisa, unda gadaixados as cxvarSi 3 maneTi; kaxeTis saxelmwifo gzaze amaze ufro meti gadasaxadi erTmevaT. garda amisa maxta dawesebulia ivris, mtkvris, qalaqSi da algeTis xidze, ase rom marto kaxeTidam manglisamde asis cxvris gadalalva baridam mTaSi 10-12_mde ujdeba, anu TiTo Suatana cxvris faris patrons marto gza ujdeba oc Tumnamde. vinc ki icis, ra Semosavali moaqvs cxvarsa, is advilad mihxvdeba, rom amodena xarjs ver auva saqonlis patroni. swored am mizezis gamoc saqonlis patroni erideba dids gzebsa da ugzo-ukvlod, tye-Rreebze, kerZo memamuleebis miwa-wyalze miudis saqoneli. winad saqonlis patrons xmas aravina scemda, magram dRes, roca mamulis patronebmac angariSi iswavles saqonlis patronebs xeli mouWires da usasyidlod TavianT miwa-wyalze aRaravis atareben. TiTqmis yvelas, vis mamulzedac saqo-nelma unda gaiaros, meveleebi uWiravT da saqonels gzas ukraven, an, Tu gzas miscemen gardasaxads arTmeven. Tumca arian iseTi mamulis patronebi, romelnic uwesoebas sCadian da usamarTlod eqcevian saqonlis patrons, magram, rasakvirvelia, bevrni iseTic arian, romelTac ver gavamtyunebT, rom saqonels gzas ar aZleven TavianT miwa-wyalze: saqoneli xSirad naTesebSi gadadis da mosavals axdens. am SemTxvevaSi,

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saqonlis patrons ufro mets gardasaxads arTmeven. aseT gardasaxadis gamorTmeva ki uCxubod da udavidarabod ar Caivlis xolme. amitom zafxulSi, daiZvreba Tu ara saqoneli baridam mTebSi wasasvlelad, wamdauwum gvesmis, ama da am adgilas Cxubi, Tav-piris mtvreva da xSirad kacis kvlac moxdao. kerZo memamuleebis garda saqonlis patronebs Cxubs umarTaven soflelebic, romelT mamulze saqoneli gaivlis xolme. metadre dids Sewuxebas ivlian saqonlis patronebi manglisis axlo-maxlo soflebisagan, romelnic gzebs Cemuloben da saqonlis patronebisagan gardasaxads Txouloben.

aseTi uwesoba dids Sewuxebas ayenebs da zaralsac bevrs aZlevs saqonlis patrons. amitom urigo ar iqneboda, yuradReba mieqciaT am saqmisTvis da gzatkecilebze dawesebuli baJi gzad mimaval saqonelze sruliad gadaegdoT; an Tu es ar SeiZleba, cotad mainc SeemsubuqebinaT es gardasaxadi da amiT SeRavaTi miecaT saqonlis patronebisaTvis. agreTve Zalian kargi iqneboda, rom erTxelve gadawyvetiliyo da yvelas scodnoda, - aqvT neba soflebs, daiCemon is gzebi, romelic imaT axlos midis da maxta aiRon gzad mimaval saqonelze, Tu ara. amiT saqonlis patronsac SeRavaTi miecema, rom Tavis saqme ukeTesad waiyvanos da bevrs uwesobas, kacis kvlasac, bolo moeReba.

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««««safrangeTis orWofuli politikasafrangeTis orWofuli politikasafrangeTis orWofuli politikasafrangeTis orWofuli politika»»»»

tfilisi, 28 maisi dRes evropaSi mxolod ori saxelmwifoa

imodenad Zlieri, rom Tu Zalian gaamwares da gaagulises, SeuZlianT germanias omi gaubedon. arc erTs am saxelmwifos jer omi ar hsurT, magram naTqvamia, Zala aRmarTs hxnavso da Tu garemoeba an erTs, an meores bewvis xidzed miayenebs, meti ra gza iqneba, Tavisis saxelmwifo Rirsebis da Tavis eris Tavmowonebis dasacvelad xeli unda gamoiRon. es saxelmwifoni erTi dasavleTiT aris mosamzRvre germaniisa da meore aRmosavleTiT: erTi safrangeTia da meore ruseTi. germaniam kargad icis, rom Tu martod darCa da metismetad gaukadnierda an erTs, an meores, es saxelmwifoni aramc Tu erTad, TviTveuli calkec SemZlebelia Sehbedos omi da Tu erToba mouxdaT, maSin xom saswori bedisa am or saxelmwifosken gadixreba.

amitomac safrangeTma Zalian kargad icis, rom Zliereba ruseTisa erTaderTi Tavmdebia safrangeTis keTildReobisaTvis. egreTve, ruseTi uyurebs safrangeTis Zlierebas da arasodes nebas ar miscems germanias safrangeTi gadalaxos uwindelebr. es aSkarada sCans im saqmisagan, rome-

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lic germanelma leflom gamoamJRavna am bolos xanebSi da romlis gamoqveyneba Zalian ewyina germanias. am saxiT dRevandelTa dReTa viTarebam amisTana aucilebeli xidi gasdo safrangeTisa da ruseTis Soris.

am SesaerTebelis xidis SiSisa gamo germania dRes aqamomde hcdilobda avstria, italia, inglisi da sxvani moemxro da amaTgan koalicia Seedgina. winadac vauwyeT Cvens mkiTxvelebs, rom germaniam es ver moaxerxa. am momxreebis ZebnaSi erTi aliaqoTi astyda mopirispireTa Soris da amaTma Jurnal-gazeTobam gamoamJRavna, rom germania marto Tavis sakuTaris TavisaTvis iRvwis da momxreebs ki tyuilis imedebiT ibirebso. gaugrildnen germanias TiTqmis yvelani da saqme im beqzed Sedga, rom TviTon germanias SiSi mieca martod ar davrCe sapolitiko sarbielzed umweod da umomxreod da, raRa Tqma unda, maSinve piri ibruna.

jer ruseTs moutkbilda da aq rom vera gaawyo ra, safrangeTs gauwvdina xeli. safrangeTma TiTqo kveri dahkrao da imis niSnad, rom SesaZloa daaxloveba, safrangeTma Zirs dasca igi saministro goble-bulanJesi, romelic kriWaSi sxvazed ufro Zlier edga germanias da Tavis TavgamodebiT mosvenebas ar aZlevda. Sesdga winandelis magier imisTana saministro, romelic germaniasTan daaxlovebisaTvis ufro midrekilia. Cvenis fiqriT, am gobles saministros daTxovna da axalis Sedgena didmniSvnelobiani saqmea dRevandelis politikisaTvis.

Cvens TvalSi es mniSvneloba asea warmodgenili: eg axali saministro xangrZlivad ver gaiWers Tavsa, imitom rom igi verc im interess gaswiravs, romelic hTxoulobs, rom ruseTi xeluxlebeli iyos, rogorc Zlieri

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mopirispire germaniisa aRmosavleTis mxriT, da verc uarhyofs germaniasTan daaxlovebas. arc erTis ama saqmisaTvis am axlandels saministros sakmaod Tavgamodebuli fxiani kacebi ara hyavs. am saxiT exlandeli saministro am or erTi-erTmaneTis Semmusvrel saqmeTa Sua sdgas da verc iqiT waiwevs win da verc aqed. am orwyalSua dgomas didxans Tavis daWera ar SeuZlian: dRevandeli dRe iseTi ar aris, rom dgoma cdomad ar CasTvalos safrangeTma: igi an erTis wyals unda gavides, an meorisa. amitomas yvelani imas amboben, rac Cven pirvel xanebSive vsTqviT, roca axalis saministros sia depeSam gvacnoba: es saministro mokle dRisaao. TviTon safrangeTic amas ambobs da Sesaferi saxelic daurqmevia am saministrosaTvis: sakanikulo saministroao.

vidre safrangeTSi ori udidesi da umTavresi mdinareoba azrisa, dRes erTmaneTTan SeWidebulni, ar gamoirkveva, eg orTa wyalTa Sua mdgomi saministro fexzed idgeba da maSinve daecema, roca ki gamoirkveva, ras amjobinebs safrangeTi: im politikas, romelic ruseTTan kavSirs hxadis ukeTess Roned safrangeTis bednierebisaTvis, Tu imas, romelic germaniisa da safrangeTs Soris xidis gadebas hlamobs. rom am orisave azris dasni da momxreni Tanasworad TiTqmis Zlierni arian, amas amtkicebs jer isa, rom exlandels saministroSi arc erTis azris mtkiced da ukan dauxedvelad mimdevni kacebi ar mohyvnen da, vinc ki amisTana iyo, man uari sTqva ministrobazed; meores, isa, rom “Journal official”-is sityviT, raki pariJelebma Seityes bulanJes daTxovna saministrosagan, 15,000 kaci Seiyara da hyvirodao: “gaumarjos bulanJes! gagvecalos prezidenti grevi! Sors Cvengan prusielnio!”.

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safrangeTis radikalTa gazeTebi Zalian mkvaxe sityvebs esvrian exlandels saministros da ara hzogvenETviT prezidents grevis da senatsa bulanJes gadayenebisaTvis. mTavroba safrangeTisa amaebis gamo ise gaWirebuliao, amboben gazeTebi, _ rom prezidentis grevisa da germaniis elCis sasaxleebisaTvis darajebi miuyenebiaT da jarebsac bZaneba misvliaT, binidam nuravin gared nu gavao. dRes iqneba Tu xvale, es azrTa brZola gamoir-kveva da amis mixedviT Sesdgeba axali sami-nistroca. am dRemde ki dRevandeli saministro gaZlebs da, Cvenis fiqriT, evropis politikac am dRemde bevrs axals aras imoqmedebs da lodinSi iqneba,E

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««««xanZrisagan Senobebis dazRvevis xanZrisagan Senobebis dazRvevis xanZrisagan Senobebis dazRvevis xanZrisagan Senobebis dazRvevis

SemoRebaSemoRebaSemoRebaSemoReba»»»»

tfilisi, 29 maisi

tfilisis qalaqis sabWoSi xmosanma b-nma garsoevma amas winad Seitana winadadeba imis Taobazed, rom qalaqSi SemoRebul iqmnas cecxlisagan saurTierTo ndobiT dazRveva Senobebisa. b-n garsoevis winadadeba imazed iyo agebuli, rom exlandelni dazRvevis aqcionerni sazogadoebani didZals fuls axdevineben damzRvevelTa da radganac erTmaneTSi piroba aqvT Sekruli, rom aravin maTganma ar gahbedos SemdegSi dakleba am gadasaxadisa, amitomac imedic ar aris, rom odesme dazRvevinebis fasi daiklebs. gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba am aqcionur sazogadoebaTa, romelTac mocileobas dRes veravin gauwevs, dids zians aZlevs qalaqis mamulebis patronTa da xmaamouRebel moxarkeTa hxdis TviTveuls maTgans aqcionerebis winaSe. am sabuTebiT b-nma garsoevma mosTxova qalaqis sabWos, rom am ambavs yuradReba miaqcios da TviT Senobis patronTagan, viTarca cecxlisagan dam-zRvevelTagan, saurTierTo ndobiT damzRveveli sazogadoeba Seadginos.

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am TiTqmis erTis TTvis winad b-n garsoevis winadadeba garCeul iqmna qalaqis sabWoSi. am friad sayuradRebo saqmes winaaRudga marto erTi xmosani, romelmanc TviT dedaazri wimadadebisa uarhyo. sxvebma ki, vinc am saganzed ilaparaka, dedaazri Seiwynares da mxolod mis ganxor-cielebis Taobazed gamoiTqva sxvadasxvaoba azrisa. am baasis mimosvlaSi ori sakiTxavi sagani gamoirkva: erTi _ keTilnebobiTs survilzed damyarebul iqmnas eg urTierToba dazRvevisa, Tu Senobis yvela patronisaTvis savaldebulo iyos dazRveva da maSasadame, saurTierTo Tavdebobaca, da meore _ TviTon qalaqma marto zedamxedveloba iqonios am saurTierTo TavdebobiT dazRvevis gamgeobazed, Tu TviTon Caabaros gamgeoba am sazogadoebisa da TviTon awarmovos sakuTrad misni saqmeni.

am saxiT qalaqis sabWos qalaqis Tavma oTxi sagani dasdva gadasawyvetad: 1) hsurs sabWos Tu ara, miiRos TviT dedaazri saurTierTo TavdebobiT dazRvevis sazogadoebisa; 2) Tu hsurs, qalaqis gamgeobas miendos Tu ara Sedgena wesdebisa; 3) qalaqis mmarTvelobasTan erTad dawesdes keTilnebobiTi saurTierTo TavdebobiT cecxlisagan Senobebis dazRveva; 4) Tu TviTon qalaqma Caibaros sakuTriv gamgeoba amgvaris sazogadoebis saqmeTa.

sabWom gadawyvita, rom dawesdes magisTana sazogadoeba im pirobiT, rom TviTon qalaqma miiRos pirdapiri monawileoba sazogadoebis saqmeTa gamgeobisa da qalaqis sammarTvelos miendos wesdebis Sedgena.

Cvenis fiqriT, metad aCqarebula qalaqis sabWo, rom ese gadauwyvetia da is sagani, romelic sulsa da guls am saqmisas Seadgens, ar gamouZiebia, ar gamourkvevia imodenad, ramodenadac

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TviT simZime sagnisa hTxoulobs. es sagani igi sakiTxavia, romelic zemod Cven pirvel rigSi movixsenieT, saxeldobr: damzRvevelTa neba-yoflobazed unda iqmnas damokidebuli TviT dazRveva cecxlisagan Senobebisa, Tu eg dazRveva savaldebulo unda iyos yvelasaTvis. Tumca sabWos gadawyvetilebisagan sCans, rom sabWos pirveli sakiTxavi Seuwynarebia, magram, vidre es ase moxdeboda, sabWos kargad unda gaezoma saxtomi. mTeli naskvi am saurTierTo TavdebobiT dazRvevis saqmisa am or sakiTxavSia. igiveni TviT-veulad calke arian sawyaoni TviT sazogadoebis sikeTisa, xeirisa da sargeblobisa qalaqis mkvidrTaTvis, imitom rom erTsaca da meoresaca sul sxvadasxva Sedegi da bolo mosdevs da maSasadame, ara erTnairi da erTis zomis sikeTe, xeiri da sargebloba.

rogorc etyoba, sabWo bevrs xans ar Semdgara am sakiTxavebzed da maSasadame, sabuTi gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom amaebis didi mniSvneloba ar ucvnia. es ar SeiZleba Secdomad ar CavuTvaloT sabWosa, miT ufro, rom erTs saganzedac da meorezedac bevri azria gamoTqmuli rogorc ruseTSi, isec samzRvargared da saWiro iyo am azrebis codna da TviTveulis maTganis aReb-daReba im garemoebis mixedviTa, romelic Cvenis qalaqis gansa-kuTrebuls kuTvnilebas Seadgens. uamisod yovelive wesdeba, romelsac ki qalaqis gamgeoba, sabWos gadawyvetilebisamebr, Seadgens, gadmo-werili wesdeba iqmneba da ara Cvenis qalaqis Cveulebasa, xasiaTsa, viTarebasa da garemoebazed mowyobili da agebuli. am Cveulebasa, xasiaTsa, viTarebasa da garemoebazed, Tu sul ara, bevri ram mainc aris damokidebuli cecxlisagan dazRvevis saqmeSi. misi avi da kargi, mogeba da wageba Tu winadve amaebs ar daekiTxa, maTs

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Zalmomreobazed winadve ar daemyara da yovels amas TviTon dedaazri ar Seufera, marto urTierTobis TavdebobiT Seqmnili sazogadoeba udReo Svili iqmneba windauxedavad moarulis keTilis survilisa da sxva ara ra. yovels amas zedmiwevniT gamoZieba undoda da maSin azrs Suamoyvanili gza gaexsneboda amis gadasawyvetad: keTilnebiTi dazRveva daedos saZirkvlad ganzraxuls sazogadoebas dazRvevisas, Tu valdebulebiTo. uamisod an erTzed, an meorezed hosa Tu aras Tqma saalalbedo saqmea da maSasadame, advilad Sesacdeneli.

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tfilisi, 30 maisi dRes ruseTSi saurTierTo ndobiT dazRveva

Senobebisa 33 adgilas aris SemoRebuli. es adgilebi sul provinciis qalaqebia. SinaganTa saqmeTa saministro, romelmac gamoiZia da gamoikvlia es saurTierTo ndobiT Semdgari sazogadoebani da maTi viTareba, ambobs, rom igini Zalian kargad moqmedebeno. ruseTSiac, rogorc dRes CvenSi, am saurTierTo ndobiT dazRvevis sazogadoebani gamoiwvia imav mizezma, rac b-nma garsoevma warudgina Cvenis qalaqis sabWos, roca Tavisi winadadeba Seitana am saganzed. umTavres mizezad is SeeqmnaT, rom aqcionurTa sazoga-doebaTa metad Zvirad gaxades fasi dazRvevisa da es siZvire miT ufro Seuwynarebeli iyo da autaneli, rom saqmis viTarebisagan ki ar iyo warmomdgari, aramed aqcionerebis gamgelebulis sixarbisagan. am sixarbes xom samzRvari ara aqvs, Tu nametnavad aRviraSvebulia da adamianis survilzea migdebuli.

aqcionurTa sazogadoebaTagan dazRvevis saqme swored amisTana budeSi iCekda sasurvels bRartebsa da amitomac dazRvevis fasi damoki-debul Seiqmna maTTa neba-survilzeda, da radganac adamiani imisTana jiSis arsebaa, rom sul Tavisken iTvlis, Tu garemoeba xels uwyobs, amitomac arc am aqcionurT sazogadoebaT uRalates sixarbes adamianisas da rac SeiZles, imodena fasi dasdes dazRvevis Senobisas. 1875 wlamde SemCneul iqmna, rom am sixarbes metis gamorComisas Ziri eTxreba erTmaneTis cilobisagan, radganac maggvari aqcionurni sazogadoebani dRedadRe hmatulobdnen da TviTveuli calke hcdilobda rac SeiZleba meti damzRveveli gadmoebira Tavisken. amas uamisod ver moaxerxebdnen, Tu dazRvevis fasi ar

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daekloT da, ra Tqma unda, ciloba sazogadoebaTa Soris amazed miimarTa. Sefucxundnen aqcionerni, igini aSkarada hxedavdnen, rom es ciloba maTs mogebas bevrs rasmes CamosTlis da erTi imisTana Rone moigones, rom dRes aqamomde yvelas ukvirs, rogor miecaT neba am Ronis xmarebisa. 1875 wels Seadgines kreba yvela aqcionurTa sazogadoebaTa warmomadgenelTan da erTxmad xelSekruloba dasdes, rom arc erTma sazogadoebam ar gahbedos dazRvevis fasis Zirs daweva da ciloba. Semoivles ra amgvari zRude da auges ra amgvari magari cixe sixarbesa, mihyves xeli da im donemde aswies fasi dazRvevisa, rom meti aRar SesaZlebel iyo. am saxiT Senobebis patronebi, romelTac cecxlis SiSi iZulebulT hxdis daazRvevos Tavi-si qoneba, aqcionurTa sruls nebazea daSTenili da Zalauneburad erTi xuTad da erTi eqvsad ixdis dazRvevis gadasaxadsa, raki meti gza aRar aris.

Zireuli azri dazRvevisa, rogorc sazoga-doebrivi saqmisa da ara savaWro sovdagrobisa, igia, rom fasi dazRvevisa Seewonos marTals da WeSmarits zarals cecxlisagan da am zarals ar aRematebodes. es sazogadoebrivi buneba dazRvevisa urcxvad Seginebulia aqcionurTa sazoga-doebaTagan, romelTac dazrvevis fasi marto WeSmarit zarals ki ar Seuwones, aramed Tavis sakuTars da sazRvardaudebel sixarbesaca. amis gamo es sazogadoebrivi saqme im xazzed dadga, rom rjulad udevs marto gamorCoba kerZo kacisa maSin, rodesac misi erTaderTi sagani is unda iyos, rom gadaarCinos cecxlisagan movlenils ubedurebas yoveli da es xsna ubedurebisagan, rac SeiZleba iefad dausvas.

erTis gazeTis sityviT, sakmaoa kacma gadaaTvalieros warsulis wlis angariSebi

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aqcionur sazogadoebisa, rom cxadad dainaxos dazRvevis fasi ramodenad metia cecxlisagan movlenil zaralzed, ramodenad Seuwonelia da TviTneburi. magaliTebr, yvelazed uZveless sazogadoebas “Русское Обшество”-s 1886 wels miuRia dazRvevis fasi 3,290,323 manaTi da cecxlisagan zaralSi gasvlia marto 1,330,000 manaTi; meore sazogadoebas “Второе Российское Обшество”-s miuRia 975,000 manaTi da gasvlia zaralSi 315,000 manaTi; mesame sazogadoebas

“Русское “Страховое Обшество”-s miuRia 1,703,000 manaTi da 572,000 manaTi zaralSi gasvlia da TiTqmis am zomiT yvela sxva sazogadoebas Sesvlia da gasvlia.

ra gamodis am utyuar cifirebisagan? is gamodis, rom saca zarali erTis maneTisaa, iq aqcionurni kampaniebi TiTqmis sam maneTs Tu ara mets axdevineben xalxsa. sad midis erTi samad gadaxdevinebuli fuli? ra Tqma unda, aqcionurTa jibeSi da xalxi ki iyvlifeba da Zalaunebur moxarked uxdeba aqcionerebs. ai, am garemoebam dahbada igi azri ruseTSi, romelmac xalxs Tvalwin dauyena erTi sayuradRebo sakiTxavi: is ara sjobia, saqme ise moewyos, rom raki zarali erTi manaTia, marto amis mixedviT erTmevodes dazRveulTa SenobaTa patronebs dazRvevis fasicao da ara erTi samadao. am sakiTxavzed hos meti sxva ara iTqmoda ra da arc iTqva. rogor unda momxdariyo am hos ganxorcieleba da asruleba? amazed SemdgomSi movilaparakebT.

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tfilisi, 1 ivnisi im Seuwynarebelma yofam da mdgomareobam

dazRvevis saqmisam, romelic wina werilSi movixsenieT, bevri gulSematkivari da gonieri kaci Caafiqra ruseTSi da wamalis Zebna daiwyes. miagnes, rom xsna aqcionerTa gaumaZRar xelTagan marto imaSia, rom TviTon sazogadoebam, xalxma xelT igdos es dazRvevis saqme. rasakvirvelia, amisTana saqmis agebisaTvis saWiroa Ziris fuli, Tavmdebi zaralisa. uamisod saqmes aravin endoba da undoblad xom es saqme cixis aSeneba iqmneba qviSazed. am saxiT am saqmis xalxis xelSi Casagdebad an fuli unda eSovaT, an imisTana ram, rac qveynis TvalSi fulis magierobas uwevs kacsa ndobis mosapoveblad. es erTi ram urTierTis TavdebobiT agebuli saqmea. urTierToba mogebasa da zaralSi imodenad SemZlebelia, TiTqmis ufro sandoa, vidre TviT naRdi, Ziris fulad dadebuli, urTierTs TavdebobaSi ipoves igi saxsari, rac saqmisaTvis yvelazed upirvelesi saWiroebaa, ese igi, saxsarni ndobisa. dasdgnen imaszed, rom unda gaimarTos imisTana dam-zRvevelni cecxlisagan sazogadoeba, romelSiac TviTveuli patroni dazRveulis qonebisa Tavmdebi unda iyves saerTo mogebasa da zaralSi.

Tu xsovna ar gvRalatobs, pirveli azri amgvaris sazogadoebisa moskovma warmosTqva am oci wlis winad. ar viciT, am xnis ganmavalobaSi ra msvleloba Hqonda am azrsa, mxolod is ki viciT, rom moskovis saqalaqo sabWom 1883 wels warudgina mTavrobas wesdebis proeqti dasam-tkiceblad. es wesdeba ar Seiwynara mTavrobam, radganac safuZvlad am wesdebas isa hqonda, rom dazRveva savaldebulo iyos yvelasaTvis gamoukleblad. isic viciT, rom dRes aqamomde

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moskovSi amisTana sazogadoeba ar arsebobs: da dRes am saganzed saqme kvlav aRZrulia moskovis sabWoSi xmosanis T. Turqestanovis mier.

Tu am ocis wlis ganmavlobaSi igi saxeiro azri moskovisaTvis uqmad darCa, sxva saprovincio qalaqebSi ki fexi moikida da zogs sazogadoebas, mag azrzed aSenebuls, ocis wlis istoriaca aqvs da MmaSasadame, sakmao sabuTic mogrovdeboda am xangrZliv drois ganmavalobaSi, rom Cven mis avkargianobazed gamovirkvioT ram.

winadaca vsTqviT, rom SinaganTa saqmeTa saministros usinjavs amgvarTa sazogadoebaTa moqmedeba da moswonebia, kargad moqmedobeno. amas rom Tavi davaneboT da TviT CavixedoT amgvar sazogadoebaTa saqmeebSi, Cvenc TviTon vipoviT sabuTebs imisas, rom amgvarTa sazogadoebaTa cotad Tu bevrad gaumarTles goniers kacebs imedi. pirveli sikeTe, romelic amgvarma sazogadoebam moitana, igia, rom dazRvevis fasi, mkvidrTa sabednierod, karga blomad Zirs daswies. xniT yvelazed umcrosi sazogadoeba amgvari odesisaa. amis SarSandelis angariSisagan sCans, rom sazogadoebaSi dasazRvevad SeutaniaT Senoba 36.280.996 maneTisa da dazRvevisaTvis gadauxdevinebiaT sul 52.579 maneTi. es Seadgens orTa Sua ricxviT maneT-naxevars yovel ass Tumnad dazRveuls Senobazed. Tqma ar unda, rom amisTana gadasaxadi bevrad naklebia aqcionurTa sazogadoebaTa gadasaxadzed. magaliTebr, aq-cionurs sazogadoebas “2_ое Росийское Общество”_s dazRveuli aqvs asi aTis millionis qoneba da amaSi axdevinebs 695.000 manaTsa. aq as Tumnad dazRveuls Senobazed Senobis patrons erTmeva orTa Sua ricxviT eqvsi manaTi da xuTi Sauri, TiTqmis erTi eqvsad meti odesisazed, zogan erTi Svidad, erTi cxrad da aTzed metica. maSasadame,

369

dakleba dazRvevis fasisa saurTierTo ndobis sazogadoebis mier cxadia da ueWveli.

es erTi sikeTe. meore sikeTe, friad sag-rZnobeli da cecxlisagan dazianebul kacisaTvis metad xelis Semwyobi, is aris, rom gaujanjlavad, misvla-mosvlaSi dros daukargavad, male da swrafad miiRos sazRauri. am mxriT, yvelam icis rarigad gaabmen xolme saqmes da gaaWianureben aqcionurni sazogadoebani nametnavad maSin, Tu dazianebuli cecxlisagan Senoba sadme pro-vinciaSia, saca aqcionur sazogadoebaTa saqmeebs ganageben agentebi, radganac TviT gamgeoba maTi sataxto qalaqebsa, moskovsa da peterburgSia. agentebis TviTneboba da TviT gamgeobaTa gul-grilobac rom ukuvagdoT, marto es siSore bevrs dros Seilevs xolme, saqmes aWianurebs da ajanjlebs, sul sxvarigad iqcevian urTierTis ndobiT Semdgarni sazogadoebani. igini jer mcire sivrcezed moqmedeben, marto erTis qalaqis wreSi. maSasadame, gamgeobas yovelTvis saxsari aqvs TviT inaxulos ziani, TviT icnos yovelive garemoeba cecxlis gaCenisa da mis mier movlenil zaralisa da saqme ra daaxanos. amaswinad gazeTebSi moxsenebuli iyo, rom rostovis saurTierTo ndobis sazogadoebam meore dResve Caabara kuTvnili sazRauri cecxlisagan dazianebuls patronsa. am siswrafes ver moaxerxebs verc erTi aqcionuri sazogadoeba, romelsac saqmeTa viTarebis gamo gamgeoba moskovsa da peterburgSi hyavs da saqmeebi ki mTels ruseTis Tvalga-duwvdenel sivrcezeda aqvs. saurTierTo ndobiT sazogadoeba ki, rogorca vsTqviT, patara moedanzed moqmedobs, radganac misi moedani marto igi qalaqia, saca TviT maggvari sazogadoeba arsebobs. aq yvelani erTmaneTs hxedven, icnoben, erTmaneTis garemoeba ician da amis gamo ara

370

hyovndeba sazRauris miRebis saqme tyuilubralod modebul mizezebis gamo, _ “mizez-mizez dos mari-li akliao”.

es ki unda vsTqvaT, rom rac ki dRes ruseTSi sazogadoebani arian, sul yvela imazea agebuli, rom dazRveva nebayoflobazea damokidebuli. dRes ruseTSi is azrica htrialebs ukeTesis Jurnal-gazeTebis winamZRvarobiTa, ufro ukeTesi iqnebodao, rom dazRveva savaldebulo iyos yvelasaTvisa, visac Senoba aqvs qalaqSio. amazed bevri xoc aris saTqmeli da bevri araca. Cven Semdeg vecdebiT am hosa da arasac Tvisi kuTvnili sabuTebi movunaxoT.

371

tfilisi, 2 ivnisi

Cven wina werilSi vsTqviT, rom saurTierTo ndobiT dazRvevis saqmeSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs Semdegs: _ dazRveva savaldebuloa yvelasaTvis, visac ki Senoba aqvs qalaqSi, Tu nebayoflobazea migdebuli. erTsa da meorezedac bevri ram aris Tqmuli da Cven vecdebiT orisave mxris deda-sabuTi wamovudginoT Cvens mkiTxvels.

erTi, Cvenis fiqriT, yvelazed ukeTesi gazeTi ruseTisa,* romlisaganac amovkribeT Cvens werilebSi moxsenebuli cnobani Sesaxeb dazRvevis saqmisa, ambobs, rom, Cvenda samwuxarod, nebayof-lobiT dazRveva mTlad vera swvdeba Tavis umaRless sagansao. marTalia, nebayoflobiTs da-zRvevazed agebuli saurTierTo ndobis sazogadoebani bevrad sjobian yvela aqcionurs sazogadoebasa miT, rom dazRvevis fasi gaaiefes da sazRaursac male da gaujanjleblad iZleviano, magram, Cvenda samwuxarod, maT mier motanili sikeTe amaTs mets veras iZlevao.

“im umaRless, exlandelis kulturis Sesafers ideas dazRvevisas, ambobs igi gazeTi, romelic imaSi mdgomareobs, rom daixsnas TviTveuli calke nametnavad Raribi kaci cecxlisagan SemTxveul ubedurebisa da waxdomisagan, nebayoflobiTni sazogadoebani ar arian mimwvdarnio. aqcionerebis kampaniisamebr nebayoflobiTi sazogadoebani aramcTu kars uReben, aramed eridebian kidec wvrilTa dazRvevelTa, ese igi, imaT, visac xis Senoba aqvs da patar-pataris, mcire fasianis saxlebis patronebi arian. eridebian imitom, rom amaTgan cota gamorComaa da saqme ki bevri. didi ram aris, rom saurTierTo ndobiT nebayof-

* “Русская ведомостъ”.

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lobiTma sazogadoebam dazRvevisam dazRvevis fasi karga sagrZnoblad Zirs daswia, magram ar unda daviviwyoT, rom es didi sikeTe saurTierTod dazRvevisa marto SuaTana da didis Senobebis patronebs ergoT. mzrunveloba ki am mgvaris sazogadoebisa yvelazed uwinares mimarTuli unda iyos maszed, rom uTavdebos da Seewios uRonos, nakleb mixvedrils da, maSasadame, windaxe-dulobasac moklebuls kacsao”.

aqedam gamohyavs am gazeTs is daskvna, rom savaldebulo dazRveva sanatrelia da bevrad ukeTesia nebayoflobiTs dazRvevazed, raki safuZvlad saurTierTo ndoba eqmneba sazoga-doebasao. imis dasamtkiceblad, rom araviTari SiSi ar unda afrTxobdes kacsa, gazeTs mohyavs moskovis erobis dazRvevis sazogadoeba, romelsac 67 milionis dazRveuli Senobani aqvs da 387,756 manaTi dazRvevis fasi Semosdis. Tumca es sazogadoeba ufro cuds garemoebaSia, vidre moskovis qalaqisa iqneba, magram mainc, gazeTis sityviT, Semosavlidam naxevarmillioni saTa-darigo Tavni Sehyarao. SesaniSnavi es aris am saqmeSi, rom moskovis erobis am saqmezed gam-geobisaTvis exarjeba mxolod 32,960 manaTi, ese igi 0,08 imis mixedviT, rac dazRvevis fasi Semosdis.

Tumca savaldebulo dazRveva ar aris ruseTis qalaqebSi SemoRebuli da mis gamo ara iTqmis ra, ra Sedegi mohyva am savaldebulo dazRvevas ruseTSi, magram evropaSi ki xSiria, nametnavad germaniaSi. germaniaSi am savaldebulo dazRvevis sazogadoebaSi cecxlisagan dazRveulTa qoneba TiTqmis 30-s milliardisaa. Tumca germaniis ers dazRvevis fasi 45 millionamde Seaqvs weliwadSi, magram yovels weliwads 42 millioni ukuvub-rundeboda ersave cecxlisagan zianis sazRaurad.

373

yovelive es marTaliao, amboben momxreni nebayoflobiTis dazRvevisani da winaaRmdegni savaldebulobisani, magram amis mTqmelT is ki aviwydebaTo, rom savaldebo dazRveva Raribis kacisaTvis xarjis momatebaa da, maSasadame, damZimeba. Raribi kaci uamisodac Zlivs uZRvebao mravalgvars gadasaxadebs da gasaRebebsao da es savaldebulo dazRvevis gadasaxadic rom zed waematos, Raribi kaci kisers zeviT veRar aiRebs xarjTa simZimisaganao. amis pasuxad momxreni savaldebulo dazRvevisani amas amboben, rom, Raribia Tu mdidari, yvelani unda mieCvivnen im azrs, rom dazRvevis gadasaxadi saWiro xarjia misTvis, visac ki sadazRveveli qoneba aqvs, da eg xarji miT ufro advilad Sesawynarebelia da advilad Sesaferi, rom Raribsa da mdidars erTgvarad ifaravs da ixsnis, Tu raime ubeduroba cecxlisagan SeemTxva an Tavisis, an mezoblis gaufrTxileblobiTa.

ai, dedaazri savaldebulo dazRvevis momxreTa da mowinaaRmdegTa. sabuTebi rom gausinjoT, gamova, rom savaldebulo dazRvevis momxreTa burTi da moedani TvisTa mopirdapireebs unda dauTmon. sabuTad savaldebulo savaldebulo dazRvevis saWiroeba is mohyavT, rom Raribs da mcirefasian Senobis patrons eridebian dazRvevis sazogadoebanio da amitomac Raribs damzRvevels RonisZieba ara aqvs, daazRvevos Tavisi qoneba da am saxiT imedi hqondes xsnisa, Tu cecxlisagan ubeduroba ram SeemTxva. es didad didi naklu-levanebaa, magram, Tu savaldebulod dazRvevis saWiroeba marto aqedam warmosdgeba da sxva araraisagan, gana sxva gziT ar moevleba am saWi-roebas, Tu ar savaldebulo dazRvevis dadgi-nebiTa?

374

amisaTvis sakmarisi iqneba, rom qalaqis gamgeobam TviT Caigdos saurTierTo ndobiT dazRvevis saqme da TviT awarmovos. raki saqme kerZo kacTa xelSi ar iqneba da TviT qalaqis sazogado marTveloba gauZRveba, maSin advilad misawvdenia, advilad mosaxerxebelia, rom sikeTe dazRvevisa yvelas msurvels ergos ganurCevlad, didis qonebis patronia Tu patarisa. amisaTvis sakmao TviTon wesdebaSi Setanil iqmnas erTi muxli, romlis ZaliTac yvelas ganurCevlad neba eZleodes daazRvios Tavisi qoneba. raki am saurTierTo ndobiT dazRvevis saqmes ase advi-lad eSveleba, maSin savaldebulo dazRvevis momxreTa TavianT sabuTebis saTave mowyvetilad unda CaeTvaloT. Cvenis fiqriT jerxanad Cvens qalaqSi esec unda moxdes da savaldebulo dazRveva ar unda iyos Sewynarebuli.

xolo am Teoriulad gamoyvanils Cvens azrs erTi savali aqvs, romelic erTs adgilas arCobs. iq, saca cecxlis gaCena xSiria an Senobebis agebulobis gamo, an im znisa, rom mama-papiT darCenili cecxlis gaufrTxileblad xmareba, an TviT Senobis masala iseTia, rom advilad mosakidebelia da amasTan moumzadebloba, miuxved-eloba da amaTgan warmomdgari windauxedavoba erisa xvalindels gansacdels mTelis Tavis simwvaviT Tvalwin ar uyenebs kacsa, _ iq ubedu-robis SiSi dazRvevis fasis SiSisagan Zleulia da damorCilebuli. amitomac iq umecrebisagan ufro alalbedobazed aris migdebuli saqme, vidre WkuiT gamoZiebul angariSzed da eri ara hgrZnobs dazRvevis saWiroebas imodenad, rom ar daeZlevinos dazRvevis gadasaxadis simZimesa da yvelaferi am simZimes ar dauqvemdebaros. aq rom TviTveuli calke da yvelani saerTod gadarCenil iqmnan im ubedurobisagan, raica qalaqisaTvis

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cecxlisagan warmosdgeba, savaldebulo dazRveva kanonad unda iyos dadebuli. marTalia, aq xarji hmatulobs, magram jer erTi esa, rom, raki saurTierTo ndobiT iqmneba agebuli es saqme, xarji, rac SesaZloa, cota iqneba da maSasadame, ara didsagrZnobeli da meore, yvelas, didsa Tu pataras, imedi eqmneba, rom Tu ubedureba SeemTxva, zaralisa da daqcevisagan daxsnil iqneba. es imedi RaribisaTvis ufro sanatrelia, vidre mdid-risaTvis.

Cven rom winada vsTqviT, _ Cvenis qalaqis sabWom sabuTebi savaldebulo Tu nebayoflobiTis dazRvevisa mTlad ar gamoiZia da ise gadaswyvita: nebayoflobiTi dazRveva daidvas safuZvlad saurTierTo ndobiT dazRvevisaTvisao, _ swored amitoma vsTqviT. im mxriT, ra mxriTac Cven amis zemoT mivaqcieT yuradReba savaldebulo dazRvevis sabuTsa, qalaqis sabWom saqmes yuri ar aTxova. araviTari cnoba Cvenis qalaqis garemoebisa da yofa-cxovrebisa ar waimZRvara win da ise ganusjelad da viTarebis auwon-dauwonvelad miiRo nebayoflobiTi dazRveva. Tqma ar unda, rom dazRvevis saqmeSi esec winsvlaa, magram gamouZieblad winsvlasac xSirad sananuri Secdomac mosdevs xolme. Cven Zalian moxarulni viqnebiT, Tu alalbedobiT Cvenis sabWosagan miRebuli safuZveli dazRvevisa mosaxdeni da Sesaferebeli iqneba Cvenis qalaqis viTarebisaTvis.

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tfilisi, 3 ivnisi

mas aqed, rac italia gaerTda da Tavisi

dedaqalaqi romi Tavi sataxto qalaqad gaixada, romis paps Zalauneburad CamoerTva saero mflobeloba da ufleba italiaSi. amiT didi Zali da gavlena moaklda yovlad papobas, romelic erTs dros hbatonobda da brZaneblobda TiTqmis mTels qveynierobaze da romlis warbebis moZraobasac SiSiT da zariT uyurebdnen TviT gvirgvinosani mefeni da xelmwifeni evropiisani da araerTxel paps muxlmodrekiT evedrebodnen dalocvasa da kurTxevasa. amisTana Zalamo-silobaSi myofs papobas, ra Tqma unda, metismetad unda swyenoda Tvisi daqveiTeba, Tvisis uflebis mokleba, romelic imodenad Sehviwrovda, rom marto saekklesio saqmeebSiRa SeixuTa da moZraobda.

maSindeli papi pios IX bevrsa hcdilobda dakarguli dideba kvlav daebrunebina papobisaTvis, magram drom Tavisi gaitana da yoveli mecadineoba misi uqmad darCa: saero saqmeTa msvlelobaSi paps yovelive xma gauwyda da qveyana Tavis sve-beds ahyva ise, rom paps TiTqmis aRaras ekiTxeboda.

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yvelgan, safrangeTsa, germaniasa da sxvaganac, saca ki kaTolikeni iyvnen, devna dauwyes imisTana moZRvrebas kaTolikeTa samRvdeloebisas, romelic kvlav etaneboda saero uflebis aRdgenas papisas. bolos rom vera gahxdnen da yvelgan marcxi mouvida papobas, pio IX-s dros kaTolikeTa samRvdeloebis kreba moxda da daadgines doRmati romis papis Seucdomelobisa da amiT undodaT ZiriT Txemamde papobis Seryeulis didebisaTvis erTi Zlieri sveti SeedgaT Sesamagreblad. daadgines es doRmati, magram amiT bevri ara eSvela ra yvelasagan ganwiruls papobas.

yovel amis miuxedavad papobas kidev SeeZlo Zvelis didebisagan kidev cotaodeni ram SeerCina, Tu rom maSindeli papi pio IX ar gajiutebuliyo da italiis saero uflebis mier yovels wardgenils winadadebasa pirobazed yovelTvis erTi da igive ar ebZana: ”ar SemiZliano”. amis mTqmels paps sxva aRara darCenoda ra, rom Tavisi Tavi tyved gamoecxadebina romSi da vatikani, Tavisi samyofi, sapatimrod ar ecna. eseca hqmna da egona amiT guls aumRvrevda mTels kaTolikobas qveynierobazed da papis tyveobidan gul-mowylulTa raime moqmedebazed gamoiwvevda, viTomda datyvevebuli papis gamosaxsnelad.

ra Tqma unda, rom am ambavma cotaodnad aayayana erTgulni kaTolikeni, magram es yayani yayanad darCa da papobas miT ara eSvela ra. am jiutobaSi aRsrulda papi pio IX da mis magier papis taxtzed dajda dRevandeli papi leon XIII, es Wkviani papi, Sormxedveli da gamWvreteli miuCumda da miuyuCda saqmeTa msvlelobas da TiTqo Tavis papobis devizad gahxada yvelasagan cnobili moZRvreba: “moTminebiTa TqveniTa moipo-veT suli Tqvenio”.

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am papma Zalian kargad icoda, rom evropiis saqmeebi metad aWiWynilia, awewilia da dRes iqneba Tu xval gaWireba romelsame saxelmwifos moaxedebs papobazed da misgan Semweobas moiTxovs Tavis saqmeebis warsamarTeblad da dasalageblad. amitomac lodini droTa cvlilebisa Seiqmna TiTqmis erTaderT sagnad lion XIII politikisa. papi leon XIII eloda karga xans am bedniers SemTxvevas da yovels mecadineobas imazed hlevda, rom Tu SemTxveva mieca, gamoiyenos igi papobis dacemulis abrus aRsadgenelad.

pirveli amisTana SemTxveva maSin mieca paps, roca ispaniasa da germanias gamwvavebuli laparaki mouvidaT korolinis kunZulis gamo da kinaRam omamdinac ar miaRwia. germaniam, anu uked vsTqvaT, T. bismarkma mohmarTa paps da Suakacoba sTxova, mogvarigeo. Zlieri germania, yovlad Zlieri T. bismarki paps Semweobasa, Suakacobasa sTxovs _ es papis abrusa da TavmowonebisaTvis metismeti saamuri saqme iyo, miT ufro, rom ispaniac amis Suakacobazed Tanaxma gaxda. papma sixaruliT ikisra Suakacoba da ase iyo Tu ise, moariga ori, erTmaneTzed aSlili saxelmwifo.

gavida dro da SarSan T. bismarki daetaka germaniis parlamentsa Svidwleulis samxedro kanonis gamo. iqamde mivida, rom T. bismarki iZulebul gaxda daeTxova parlamenti, romelic am kanons metismetad eurCeboda kaTolikeTa dasis moTaveTa winamZRolobiT. daiTxova parlamenti da axali arCevanebi daniSna, magram SiSi hqonda, vaiTu germaniis erma Cemis kanonis winaaRmdegi kacebi amoirCios, radganac kaTolikeTa dasis moTaveni amas ecdebiano. amis gamo xelmeored mihmarTa bismarkma papsa da sTxova: imoqmede kaTolikebzed, rom es saqme ar dammarTono da mec germaniaSi Sens uflebas gzas gavuxsni da amas

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garda vecdebi italiis mefesTanac mogarigovo. papma, rasakvirvelia, didis siamovnebiT Seiwynara Txovna bismarkisa da yvelam icis rarigad Caeria papi am arCevanebis saqmeSi da rarigad Zlier Seewia bismarksa. T. bismarkma Tavis dapirebisamebr misca kaTolikeTa samRedeloebas germaniaSi gaZlierebisaTvis zogierTi SeRavaTi, romelic papma jerxanad sakmarisad icno. garda amisa T. bismarkma gauba laparaki italiis mefesaca, rom papTan rogorme moarigos. morigebisaTvis dRes gza gaxsnilia da TviT italiis ministrebic amis imeds iZlevian. amas winad parlamentSi hkiTxes ministrebs: marTalia Tu ara, rom paps urigdebiTo? ministrebs upasuxniaT: qveyanazed mourigebeli ara aris rao, dro da Jami ukeTesi Suakacia mourigebelis mosarigebladao. am pasuxisagan sCans, rom saqme damSi modis.

abrum papobisam am gziT TandaTan Tavi iCina da win wamowia. dRes inglisic, romelic aqamomde TiTqmis arafrad agdebda papobasa, iZulebul gaxda paps TxovniT mihmarTos. irlandia, rogorc mogexsenebaT, ar uwynardeba inglissa da radganac irlandielni kaTolikeTa sarwmunoebisani arian da iqauri samRvdeloeba Zalian zedmoqmedebs iqaurs erzed inglisis wimnaaRdeg, amitomac inglisis mTavroba, gazeTebis sityviT, dRes misdgomia paps da sTxovs, Semewie da iqauri samRvdeloeba, romelic Tqven xelT aris, daawynareo.

ar viciT jer, ras izams am Txovnis gamo papi da es ki viciT, rom es utyuari niSania, rom mniSvneloba papisa qveynis TvalSi izrdeba da hmatulobs. saqmeTa msvlelobam avstriasac gauxada saxvewari da igic savedreblad mimar-Tulia papisaken. saqme is aris, rom slavianebi-kaTolikeni am ukanasknel dros sTxovdnen, paps

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neba mogveciT slavianurs enazed wirva-locva viqonioTo, radganac dRes aqamomde wirva-locva laTinurs enazed hqondaT. pirvel xanSi papma Tavi ise aCvena, viTom Tqveni Txovna advilad Sesawynarebeliao. avstria miuxvda amas da SehSinda: es rom ase moxdes, slavianuri elementi gaZlierdeba Cems samflobeloSio da dRes emudareba paps, nu miscem magis nebasao. ra Tqma unda, papi am ambavs kargad gamoiyenebs da avstrias Tavis gaZlierebisaTvis gamosTxovs rasme da aqac misi gavlena da saxeli farTo gzas gaixsnis.

am saxiT gamodis, rom leon XIII_is lodi-nobis politikas imedebi ar umtyundeba da dRedadRe papoba evropaSi gaZlierdeba da abrusa da saxels ikeTebs. Tu am gzazed iara da saqmeTa cvlilebam ar Seayena es siaruli, maSin evropis politikaSi romis samRvdeloebac Tavis adgils daiWers da Tavis fers da mimarTulebas daaCnevs. Znelad safiqrebelia, rom papobam uwindeli dideba da rixi daibrunos, magram evropiis koncertSi ki rom amasac erTi xma eqmneba, eg ki ueWvelia. risi niSania esa: winmsvlelobisa, Tu ukan daxevisa, eg TviTon mkiTxvelma gamoicnos.

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««««ttttffffilisis uRaribes mkvidrTaTvis ilisis uRaribes mkvidrTaTvis ilisis uRaribes mkvidrTaTvis ilisis uRaribes mkvidrTaTvis

sakvirao skolis gamarTvis sikeTesakvirao skolis gamarTvis sikeTesakvirao skolis gamarTvis sikeTesakvirao skolis gamarTvis sikeTe »»»»

tfilisi, 4 ivnisi

mdabio nawili erisa, romelic Sin uilajobis

gamo dids qalaqebs etaneba lukma-puris saSov-nelad da TviT qalaqis mkvidrTa mometebuli nawilic dRiuris muSaobiT inaxavs Tavsa da col-Svilsac. amisTana kacis erTaderTi saxsari cxovrebisa majaa da erTaderTi gza _ garja. majas gaCenis mizezic ar eqneboda, Tu igi sawarmoeblad ar imoqmedebs da garjas kidev azri daekargeboda, Tu qveyanazed kacs gaurjelad eZleodes rame. amitomac maja da garja far-xmalia adamianisa qveyanaSi cxovrebis svis gasatanad da erTic da meorec friad pativsadebia, pativsacemia, viTarca erTaderTi saTave im wyarosi, saidamac moedineba egredwodebuli sim-didre, ese igi, sarCo-sabadebeli erisa.

cxovrebis waRma-ukuRmad msvlelobam saqme ise moawyo, rom majis patrons da garjis gamZRols marto imodena mouTala mis mier Seqmnil avla-didebisagan, rac ZlivZlivobiT sakmarisia marto imisaTvis, rom dRe-dReurad Tavi ikvebos. Znelad, Zalian Znelad gamosarComi majiT mcxovrebisa am xazs gadascildeba; piriqiT, xSirad dascildeba

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kidec xolme da maSin muSakaci naxevarzed mSieria, Tu sul ulukmapurod ar aris darCenili. raki es egredwodebuli rkinis kanoni exlandelis cxovrebisa ase moudrekelad da ulmobelad moqmedobs, aSkaraa, muSakaci yovel cisamara dRes welebzed fexs unda idgamdes, rom dRe-dReurad xorcieli moTxovnileba aZRos da hkvebos imodenad mainc, rom cxovrebas Rone hqondes gangrZobisa. amitomac muSakaci kviraSi mTeli eqvsi dRe ibrZvis, rom wuTisoflis sufrazed Tavisi dRiuri kerZi iqonios.

misi yofa-cxovreba miT ufroa gulSesatkivari da Tanagasaziarebeli, rom dro aRar hrCeba, adamianma adamianurad kviraSi erTi dRe mainc gaataros, ese igi, sulieri siamovneba ram moipovos. TviT Cvenma saRmrTo moZRvrebam saWirod dainaxa kviraSi erTis amisTana dRis daweseba, rodesac muSamac ki unda Seisvenos saxorce mzrunvelobisagan da yuri aTxovos da sazdoeba ram miawodos im ukeTes nawilsac adamianis bunebisas, riTac igi RvTis saxed da mzgavsebad cnobilia. kargia Tu eqvsis dRis garjam xorcisaTvis imodena miawvdina, rom meSvide dRisaTvisac gadarCa ram da xorcisaTvis mzrunveloba aRar Seilevs am erTaderTs kacurad sacxovrebels dResac.

sanatrelia, rasakvirvelia, rom es zogisaTvis da, CvenSi iTqvas, ufro bevrisaTvis maminacvali wuTisofeli ufro madlianad mimavlobdes da yovels kacs Rones da saxsars aZlevdes, rac SesaZloa meti dro gadaarCinos adamianis im ukeTesis nawilis saoxad, romelic zeviT movixsenieT. raki es droTa viTarebis gamo ar aris, miT ufro saWiroa uuwmindess valad idvas sazogadoebam, rom igi erTaderTi kvira dRe, romelsac muSakaci gamoixsnis xolme saxorce

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mzrunvelobisagan, eqvsis dRiT daRlils da araqaTgawyvetils muSakacs sulieris siamovnebiT gaetarebinos, ase, rom misma sulma, gulmac irgos ram da am rgebaSi hnaxos Tvisi kacuri warmateba, Tvisi adamianuri gankargeba.

amitomac mTelis Cvenis guliTadis TanagrZnobiT vegebebiT im bedniers da kacTmoy-varuls azrsa, romelic gazeTis “Кавказъ”-is sityviT, mosvlia tfilisis saxelosno skolis gamgeblobasa. gazeTi gvacnobebs, rom am skolis gamgebeli mmarTveloba Suamdgomlobs mTavrobasTan da iTxovs sakvirao da sauqmiswulo skolis gamarTvis nebarTvasa. sagani am skolisa is iqneba, rom tfilisis uuRaribess mkvidrTa saerTod da xelosnebsa da qarglebs gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca igini muSaobisagan moclilni arian, imisTana pirveldawyebiTi swavla da cnobani SesZinon, romelnic zneobis aRmatebas, danergvas da ganviTarebas xels Seuwyoben. am gziT tfilisis muSakacs gza exsneba kvira da uqme dRes sulsac da gulsac mcireodeni sazdoeba aZlios da amiT gamovlilis jafis simwvavec cotad Tu bevrad dainelos da xvalindelis dRis jafaSiac majis Zalsa sulisa da gulis Ronec Sig CaurTos saSvelad im imediT, rom mova kvira da uqme dRe da igic cotad Tu bevrad daewafeba wyaros kacuris cxovrebisas da maSasadame, kacuris siamovnebisas. uararaobaSic esec nugeSia: saca bevri ar aris, iq cotac sanatrelia.

visurvoT rom es bednieri azri ausruldes saxelosno skolis moTaveTa da winamZRolTa.

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««««satamonJo politika evropaSi, satamonJo politika evropaSi, satamonJo politika evropaSi, satamonJo politika evropaSi,

fritrederoba da proteqcionobafritrederoba da proteqcionobafritrederoba da proteqcionobafritrederoba da proteqcionoba»»»»

tfilisi, 5 ivnisi Cven droSi qveynis saqmeebma iseTi Ziri gaikeTa,

iseTi mimarTuleba da xasiaTi daiWira, rom dRes yovels calke saxelmwifos SeuZlian Tavisi mopirispire, samtrod mocile saxelmwifo uomrod omzed aranakleb daazianos. Tu gnebavT, es axali samtro saxsari igiv omia da zogjer omzedac uaresi, magram sisxldauRvreli omi kia, imisTana omi, saca arc zarbaznis grialia, arc xmlis triali.

amisTana omis moednad saekonomio yofa-cxovrebaa, ese igi omisTana gansxvavebuli viTareba da garemoebani, romelTa saerTo krebuli hqmnis metnaklebobas simdidrisas erisas da qveynisas. dRes Zlieri saxelmwifo igia, vinc mdidaria da visac, maSasadame, meti SeZleba aqvs bevri gaswiros da mainc saxsari SerCes cxovrebisa. dRes carieli mklavi imodenad veRara sWirs, rac savse jibe; dRes igia uZleveli, vinc ufro didxans da xangrZliv gauZlebs saomars xarjsa, omis Semmusvrels Wirsa da vaglaxsa. dRes inglisi rom gulzviadad aris, rom gabedulad da kadnierad etaneba yovels saqmes evropis saerTo

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politikisas da saiTac gaiwevs, TiTqmis iqiT gaaqvs sve dRevandelis samkalisa, amis mizezi jarTa simravle ki ar aris, arames gatenili jibea. arc erTi didi saxelmwifo ar aris evropaSi, rom jari ingliszed erTiorad da erTi-samad meti ara hyvandes da erTi-orad, erTi-samad ukeTesad mowyobili, magram ki ingliss qveynis saqmeTa dalagebasa da gankiTxvaSi sxvazed Tu ar meti, naklebi xma ara aqvs marto imiT, rom Zlieria jibiTa.

dRevandeli tokva TviTveulis saxelmwifosi, Signeuli rom kargad gavusinjoT, sxva ara aris ra, Tu ar is, rom sapolitiko ekonomiis brZolis moedanzed rac SeiZleba mometebuli adgili daiWiros, farTo gza gaikafos, did arxebi gasWras simdidris mosadineblad, sxvisi iefad da cota iyidos da Tavisi Zvirad da blomad gaasa-Ros. dRevandels brZolas da cilobas saxel-mwifoebisas dRes sarCulad ufro es sixarbe udevs, vidre sxva ram; amisTvis iRwvian, amisTvis emzadebian, amisTvis Tof-iaraRs xels hkideben.

diplomatiam didi xania miagno am saekonomio garemoebaTa Zalmomreobas, didi xania icna misi Zal-Rone saxelmwifos gaZlierebis metnakle-bobisaTvis. amitomac saSinao da sagareo politikam TviTveulis cotad Tu bevrad SemZlebelis saxelmwifoebisam Tavisi zoma miiRo, rom saxelmwifom, rac SesaZloa, didi da bevrs adgilas bazari iqonios Tavis saqonlis gasasaReblad qveynis moedanzed da sxvisas ki kari Signidam urduliT magra gamoukeTos.

pirvelis azris misaRwevad is Rone ixmares, rom sagareo politika saxelmwifosi koloniebis da sxva qveynebis dapyrobazed mihmarTes, saxel-dobr imisTana adgilebisazed, saca da saidamac saqonlis mitana da miwvdena Tavisufalad

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SeiZleboda aRebmicemobis gasamarTavad, _ da meores misaRwevad isa, rom Tav-Tavis saxel-mwifoebs sabaJo zRudeebi Semoavles. pirvel xanebSi pirvels mimarTulebas ufro meti upiratesi da uaRresi adgili eWira evropis politikaSi da yoveli saxelmwifo, romelsac ki (rogorc, magaliTebr, ispanias, safrangeTs, ingliss, italias) gza Tavisufali hqonda zRvebzed savlelad, miesia sxva Soreuls qveynebs dasapyrobad, da visac zRvis gza ara hqonda, rogorc, magaliTebr, ruseTs, man zRvebisaken gaiwia, rom kari gaiRos Sinidam gared gasasvlelad.

es mimarTuleba erTs dros ise gaZlierebuli iyo, rom TviTveuli didi saxelmwifo TiTqmis marto amisaTvis iyo moclili da TiTqmis marto amas alevda Tavis Zal-Ronesa. maSin, vinc ra moaswro da SeirCina, dRes TviTveuls xelT upyria da magrad eWideba. mas aqed es mimarTuleba cotad Tu bevrad ganelda, dawynarda, jer imitom, rom TiTqmis rac saxarbielo adgilebi iyo, ukve daWerilia, da mere imitom, rom TviTon kvlav dasaWeri qveynebi TavgamodebiT eurCebian ucxoTa zedmisevasa da ise advilad aRar uvardebian sxvas xelSi, rogorc uwin, amas garda, TviT saxelmwifoTa Soris ciloba da Suri yvelgan mosarCles uwevs dasaWerad niSanSi amoRebuls qveyanasa, Tu erTi maTgani sxvis daukiTxavad waetana. dasaWeri qveynebi am sarClSi, Surisa da cilobisagan gamowveulSi, Tavis dasaxsnels Ronesa hpoeben, roca gauWirdebaT xolme.

amis gamo, Tu sxva mizeziT, am mimarTulebisa-gan moicala saxelmwifoTa politikam da cotad Tu bevrad sxva politikisaTvis adgili daaTmobi-na. diplomatiam igrZno, rom dazianeba sxva

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saxelmwifosi marto imiT ar moxdeba, rom sxvagan bevrs adgilas bina da fexi moikidos saaRebmicemod; SesaZloa mocile da samtrod Tavgamodebuli saxelmwifo sxva gziTac SehxuTos. es gza is aris, rom misi saqoneli Tavis samzRvrebSi ar SemouSos, ar gaaWaWanos, amisTana damoJnebi da sabaJoebi dahmarTon da amiT bazari aRebmicemobisa cotad Tu bevrad moaklon da dauketon.

Zalmomreoba damoJnebisa da sabaJoebisa didia qveynis saekonomio cxovrebisaTvis. sabaJo gadasa-xadis metnaklebobazed bevri ram aris damoki-debuli rogorc sxva saxelmwifoebisaTvis, isec TviT baJis damdebisaTvisac. am baJs Sinac da gareTac bevri wyena SeuZlian, Tu kaci gaufrTxi-leblad da windauxedavad moiqca. radganac esea, dRes TviTveuli mocile saxelmwifo hcdilobs Tavis mopirispires am mxriT avnos rame da saqonels, romlis simravliTac mopirispire sa-xelmwifo scxovrobs da ikvebeba, imodena baJi dasdos, rom saxsari da ilaji ara hqondes, gaiWaWanos baJis damdebs saxelmwifos bazarSi.

es orpiri maxvilia, Tu zogierTs mecnierebs vkiTxavT: erTis piriT saxelmwifo hvnebs sxvas da meoriTa Tavis sakuTars Tavsao. asea Tu ara, amas Semdeg werilebSi gamoviZiebT SeZlebisamebr.

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tfilisi, 6 ivnisi

Cvena vsTqviT, rom ucxo qveynebis saqonlis Semotanazed dadeba baJisa, anu, uked vsTqvaT, gadasaxadisa, axali ambavi ar aris kacobriobi-saTvis. eg baJi, anu gadasaxadi, aramcTu garedam Semosatan saqonelzed iyo uwin, aramed Sinaurs saqonelzedac. amitomac Sinac zogierTgvar saqonlisaTvis hqondaT xolme gamarTuli saba-Joebi da zogierTi saqoneli erTsa da imave saxelmwifoSi erTis adgilidam meoreSi ver gadavidoda ubaJod. am ukanasknelma wyobilebam Tavisi dro moWama da dRes pirvelsaWirod saxmari saqoneli yvelgan am baJisagan daxsnilia. Tu aris kvlav razedme, marto imisTanazed, uromlisodac kacs gauWireblad cxovreba SeuZlian da romelic ufro gansacxromia da saqeifo, vidre saWiro, magaliTebr, arayi, Tambaqo da sxva misebri.

Cven am Sinaurs baJzed dRes sityvis Camogdeba ar gvinda. Cveni survilia vauwyoT Cvens mkiTxvels zogierTi ram imgvars baJzed, romelic ucxoTa qveynebis saqonelzea mimarTuli. amgvari baJi gansakuTrda meSvidmete saukuneSi da sul calke, sakuTrad misi Sesaferi wyobileba miiRo. am baJs exla “sadamoJno” baJs eZaxian da Tu saqonelma romelsame qveyanaSi Semosvlis umalve es baJi ar gadaixada, bazarSi ver gaiWaWanebs.

Tavdapirvelad amgvaris baJis dadgenas da SemoRebas marto safinanso mizezi da sabuTi hqonda, rogorc sxva yovelgvars baJsa. saxel-mwifo hfiqrobda amiT erTi meti wyaro hqoniyo Semosavalisa da dRes es arapirdapiri gadasaxadi karga dids lukmas iZleva saxelmwifo xazini-saTvis, Tuki saxelmwifos es saqme kargad mowyobili aqvs. xolo TviT saqmis msvlelobam

389

droTa ganmavlobaSi aCvena saxelmwifos mmarTvelTa, rom es sadamoJno baJi aramcTu safinanso, aramed sapolitiko da saekonomio azriTac SeiZleba saxelmwifom gamoiyenos. miagno, rom SesaZloa amiT umtron kidec sxva saxelmwifosa, romelsac saqoneli Semoaqvs da Semweobac aRmouCinon Sinaurs mrewvelobasa gaZ-lierebisaTvis.

qveyana isea gangebuli da ganwyobili, rom rac erTs bevri aqvs, is meores naklebi da es metnakleboba iZulebulhyofs yovels calke saxelmwifos Tavisi meti gaitanos sxvagan gasasyidad da rac aklia, Semoitanos sxvisagan syidviTve. am metnaklebobis gamo TviTveuli saxelmwifo sxvisi muStaric aris da Tavis saqonlis gamsyidvelica, ese igi amRebic aris da gamcemica. aqedam aris warmomdgari erTTaSorisi aRebmicemoba, vaWroba.

ra Tqma unda, rom igi saxelmwifo aris mogebaSi xolme, romelic Tavis mets blomad asaRebs da sxvisas nakleb hsaWiroebs, romelic Tavis mets blomad hyidis da sxvisas ki cotas hyidulobs. am bevris gayidulisagan cotas nasyidis fasi rom gamoiTvalos, danarCeni im natamals Seadgenen, romelic wminda mogebaa saxelmwifosi. egredwodebuli savaWro balansi igi sasworia, romelic am natamalis met-naklebobas aCvenebs da roca am sasworzed gayidulis fasi metia nasyidisazed, maSin ityvian xolme: savaWro balansi Cveni sasargebloa, da roca ara, sazianoao.

aqedam aSkarada sCans, razed unda miqceuli iyos mecadineoba yovelis saxelmwifosi saer-TTaSoriso aRebmicemobis saqmeSi: unda yoveli Rone iRonos, rom TviTon rac SeiZleba nakleb gauwios muStroba sxvis saqonelsa da sxva ki

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Tavis saqonlisaTvis did muStrad aiCinos. ai, swored aqa da aqedam hmtroben xolme erTmaneTs saxelmwifoebi, roca erTmaneTs aeSlebian. ai, magaliTad, Tund inglisi aviRoT. ekonomiuri Zal-Rone sakuTriv inglisisa safabriko da saqarxno saqonelia. amgvari saqoneli ise blomad aqvs, rom ZlivsZlivobiT asaRebs am mTels qveynierobazed. vsTqvaT amisTana didma saxelmwifom, rogorc ruseTia, romelsac asi millioni mkvidri hyavs, ar SemouSva inglisis saqoneli Tavis qveyanaSi da karebi gamougula. aSkaraa, asis millionis muStris mokleba didad sagrZnobeli da saziano unda iyos Tund imisTana saxelmwifosaTvis, romelsac sxva bazrebi aqvs Tavisis gonierebiT winadve daWerili. ramodenadac es asi millioni muStari simdidres SesZenda ingliss, roca mis saqonels iyidda, swored imodenad gaaRaribebs, roca aRar iyidis da gaRaribeba xom uRonobaa. uRonoba mtrisa, Tumca Rones ara hmatebs mopirdapiresa, magram Zlevis imeds ki uZlierebs da mters gzidam aclis.

rasakvirvelia, saxelmwifoni, romelnic saomrad gadakidebulni ar arian, ver gaubedven Tavisis qveynis karebi gulaxdilad da pirdapir Cauketon erTmaneTsa, rac unda samtrod guli ucemdeT. eseTi qceva SesaZloa omis mizezadac Seiqmnes da Cveulebad miRebuli ar aris evropis politikaSi. rom es ase ar mouxdeT, sxva gziT mouvlian xolme saqmes, roca erTsa hsurs meores avnos da ziani miayenos. Rone rasakvirvelia, isev im “sadamoJno baJsa” hxmaroben, rom sxvis saqonelis denas gza gadauRobon, aiReben xolme, am baJs imodenad gaadideben da miT saqonlis fass imodenad asweven, rom kaci dRis savalzedac ver miekareba.

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ityvian, eg xom isev im karis daketa gamovidao, marTalia, magram aq erTi imisTana pativsadebi mizezi mohyavT xolme, rom gulnatkens saxel-mwifos xmac ver amoeReba, Tumca gulSi ki hgrZnobs, rom mopirispire erTsa hkakanebs da kvercxs ki sxvasa sdebs. mizezad imas amboben, rom im saqonlis Seqmna, rac sxvidam Semogvaqvs, Cvenc SegviZliano; am SeZlebas abrkolebs is garemoeba, rom sxvis saqoneli Cvens Sinaurs bazarSi sCagravs da gzas ar aZlevs Cvens saqonelsa; roca sxvis saqonels Cvenis bazridam daviTxovT, maSin burTi da moedani Cvens ersave darCeba, da radganac saqoneli erisaTvis saWiroa da radganac rogorc giWirs, isec giRirs, amitomac Cveni eri mohkidebs xels mag saqonlis mrewvelobasa, mrewveloba gaZlierdeba, eri gamdidrdeba da Tavisas TviTonve gahyidis da iyidiso. am saxiT eris piridam gadavardnili lukma mis jamSive Cavardeba.

ra Tqma unda, rom roca saxlSi SimSiliT balRebi gitirian, maSin tablis gared gatana sulelobaa; roca kacs TviTonve SeuZlian Tavis saqmes gamorCes rasme, maSin uWkuoba iqneba, TviTon gulxeli daikrifos da gamosarComi sxvas daanebos. magram sakiTxavi es aris, marTla egre moxdeba xolme, roca sxvis saqonels baJis SemweobiT gzas ar aZleven?

mecnierebam didi xania yuradReba miaqcia am sakiTxavs da bevri ho da ara iTqva amis gamo. dRes am saganzed gadawyvetili pasuxi ar aris mocemuli mecnierebisagan. am saganzed orgvari wyobaa azrisa, erTmaneTis mopirispire: erTs fritrederobas eZaxian da meores proteqcionobas, dRes arc erTs Jurnals da arc erTs gazeTs ise vera hnaxavT, rom am orSi an erTs saxels ar axsenebdes da an meoresa. amitomac ar iqneba Cven

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mier meti, gamovirkvioT, ra igulisxmeba an erTs saxelwodebaSi, an meoreSi. es gamorkveva miT ufro saWiroa, rom zogierTma saxelmwifom am bolos dros erTxel qebuls fritrederobas TiTqo zurgi Seuqcia da erTxelve gmobils proteqcionobas mohkida xeli, imodenad Tavisad gamosarComad ara, ramodenadac sxvis samtrod da sazianod.

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tfilisi, 9 ivnisi

Cveni gazeTis ## 112 da 113 laparaki Camovag-deT fritrederobasa da proteqcionobaze, romelnic ors sxvadasxvanairs sistemas Seadgens SinaganTa saqmeTa wyobisa da msvlelobisaTvis. radganac dRes arc erTi publicisti ar aris, rom romelsame Jurnalsa anu gazeTSi an erTs, an meores sistemas ar urCevdes Tavis mTavrobasa, amitomac saWirod davinaxeT cotad Tu bevrad gvcodnoda, raSi mdgomareobs an erTisa da an meoris arseba da buneba.

am orsave sistemas cal-calke didi literatura miuZRvis wina; bevri ram aris erTsa da meorezedac Tqmuli, magram Cven yovels amas ver gamovudgebiT, radganac samecniero traqtats ara vwerT. amitomac nu dagvemdurebian, Tu Cven marto mokled axsnas da gansazRvras movundebiT TviTveulis sistemisas.

fritrederoba warmomdgaria inglisuris sityvisagan free trade da sityvasityviT rom iTargmnos, hniSnavs: aRebmicemobis Tavisufalebas. moZRvreba mecnierobisa, romelic hqadagebs aRebmicemobis Tavisufalebasa, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saaRebmisacemo saqoneli, Sinauri Tu garedam Semosuli, yovelis baJisa da gadasaxadisagan daxsnili iyos da ara romelisame kanonmdeblo-bisagan SexuTuli ar unda iqmnas. es moZRvreba imazea dafuZnebuli, rom Tavisufalad moaruli saqoneli, arSexuTuli arc baJisa da arc raime formalobisagan, yvelasaTvis advilad mosapo-vebelia da misawvdeni, _ jer imis gamo, rom gaxSirebulia da mere iefia, radganac baJisa da an raime Seviwroebisagan gangeb fasaweuli ar aris. marTalic aris. baJi, didia Tu mcire, gangeb zedSekecili gadasaxadia, da ramodenadac igi

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didia, imodenad gangeb aZvirebs saqonelsa da am gziT saqonlis fasi, romelic Tavis sakuTaris arsebis kanonebisagan ganisazRvreba da daidgineba xolme, baJisa da sxva raime Seviwroebis metnakle-bobasac unda eqvemdebarebodes da ekiTxebodes. saxelmwifo, romlis mizezi da sabuTi arsebobisa sxva ara aris ra, Tu ar mkvidrTa keTildReobi-saTvis mzrunveloba, unda imasa hcdilobdeso, amboben fritrederobis momxreni, rom cxovrebi-saTvis saWiro saqoneli advilad da iefad mosapoebeli iyos yovelis mkvidrisaTviso, rad-ganac mkvidri kaci miT ufro ekonomiurad bednieria, ramodenadac ufro savsed, ufro mTlad hSoulobs sarCo-sabadebelsa da ramodenadac ufro bevrs saWiroebas cxovrebisas ikmayofilebs advilad da gauWireblado.

am moZRvrebam fexi aidga evropaSi adam smitis* mecadineobiTa. eg adam smiti mamamTavrad iTvleba sapolitiko ekonomiis mecnierebisa. ra Tqma unda, pirvel xanebSi es moZRvreba Tmas yalxzed auyenebda kacobriobas da kacobriobis sve-bedis gamgebelTa, romelTac xSirad SeCveuli Wiri urCevniaT SeuCvevars lxinsa. miT am adam smitis moZRvrebas bevri ara daaklo ra da TandaTan ufro Zlier fexs ikidebda. am mecxramete saukunis pirvel xanebSi inglisSi Sesdga kidec raRac dasi Tavisufalis aRebmicemobis momxreebisa. saxelovanebma ingliselebma kobdenma, braitma, da sxvebma Seadgines 1831 welsa sazogadoeba, romelsac ewodeboda antikornlau ligi da romelnic Tavisufal aRebmicemobis moZRvrebis ZaliT hTxoulobdnen samzRvargareTi-dam Semomavals purs yofili baJi srulebiT

* adam smiti, saxelovani ingliseli politiko-ekonomi, gardaicvala 1790 w.

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aexsnaso. es pirveli ieriSi iyo proteqcionoba-zed mitanili.

am Tavisufal aRebmicemobis moZRvrebam imodenad imuSava da imodena TanagrZnoba moipova, rom roca inglisSi mTavar ministrad gaxda ser robert pili 1841 welsa, da masTan erTad ministrebad iyvnen vellingtoni da aberdini, maSin mag samecniero Teoriam TviTon cxovrebaSic gza gaikafa. erTi udidesi samsaxuri, romelic robert pilma gauwia Tavis qveyanasa, is iyo, rom 1846 wels gaauqma purzed dadebuli baJi, puri sul mTlad gaanTavisufla baJisagan RaribTa mcxovreb-Ta saoxad da sakeTildReod. misisave mecadineobiT gauqmda egred wodebuli “zRvaTmsvlelobis kanonmdebloba kromvelisa”, romelic ase Tu ise hxuTavda aRebmicemobis Tavisufals miden-modenasa.

maSin am ambavs miegeba mTeli evropa rogorc Zlevamosilobas, gamarjvebas liberalobisas da mTeli qveyana aqeb-adidebda Zlevamosilobis da gamarjvebis Camdens ser robert pilsa, romelmac TviTon inglisSi iseTi saxeli moipova, rom Tayvansacemeli gaxda umravlesobisagan. am moZRvrebas mosarCleni gamouCdnen da ara marto inglisSi, safrangeTSiac, bevri cotad Tu bevrad saxelganTqmulni mecnierni miemxrnen am moZRvrebasa, magaliTebr, bastia, Sevalie, garnie, paJes da sxvani. droTa ganmavlobaSi am moZRvrebam iseTi saxeli gaiTqva, rom erTaSorisma kanonmdeblobamac ki Seiwynara da saTaved daudva yovels Tvis moqmedebasa. am moZRvrebis safuZvel-zed Sesdga 1861w. aRebmicemobis konvencia (xelSekruloba) inglisisa da safrangeTs Soris da 1865w. germaniisa da safrangeTs Soris.

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tfilisi, 10 ivnisi

evropaSi arsebobda da moqmedebda ufro Tavisufal aRebmicemobis sistema im dromde, vidre germania da safrangeTi erTmaneTs gadaekidebodnen. T. bismarki, romelic manamde fritrederobis momxre iyo, am sistemas gadudga safrangeTis gamojavrebiT da erTs dros germaniis kanonmdebloba sabaJo saqmeSi proteqcionobaze miimarTa da safrangeTis saqonels baJiT miden-modenis gza Seukra germaniaSi. ra Tqma unda, erTis qceva meoresac amasve aqnevinebda da am gziT dResa vxedavT, rom TiTqmis T. bismarkis wyalobiT evropam daiviwya sikeTe fritre-derobisa. dRes xelaxlad Tavi wamoyo da fexzed wamodga winad uaryofili sistema proteq-cionobisa, ese igi igi sistema, romlis daZlevac didi sixaruliT miRebul iyo am ormocis wlis winad da maszed gamarjvebuli fritrederoba ki _ pativcemuli, rogorc sistema liberalobis moZRvrebisa.

proteqcionoba cotad Tu bevrad erTs wina werilSiac avxseniT, ra arsebisac aris. igi iqidam aris warmomdinari, rom Sinaurs mrewvelobas mopirispire moacalos Sinaurs bazarSi da miT TviT am sxvis cilobisagan ganTavisuflebuls mrewvelobas fexi aadgmevinos da Tavis ers erTi wyaro sarCo-sabadeblis Sovnisa moumatos. proteqcionoba mosarCleobaa, radganac Sinaurs mrewvelobas sarCls uwevs da xels uwyobs arsebobisa da gaZlierebisaTvis.

yovels qveyanas an imisTana saqoneli Seaqvs da gamoaqvs sxvisagan, romelic gardakeTebulia safabriko da saqarxno mrewvelobiT saxmar niv-Tad, an imisTana, romelic unda gadakeTdes fabri-kebiTa da qarxnebiTa. magaliTebr, matyli maudis

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gasakeTeblad, an kidev pirdapir saxmari, maga-liTebr, puri. roca Tavisufalad miden-modenaa saqonlisa, maSin romelisame saxelmwifos Sinaurs bazarSi didi cilobaa da burTi da moedani bazrisa im saxelmwifosa hrCeba, romlis saqone-lic ufro ukeTesia da ufro iefi. ers amisagan sikeTisa da rgebis meti ara mosdis ra imitom, rom kargs saqonels iefad hyidulobs da maSa-sadame, Tavs advilad irCens da ikvebavs.

proteqcionelni iZaxian, _ eg yvelaferi marTalia, magram am sxvis saqonels vsTqvaT, kargsa da iefsa, rom Cveni eri sxvisagan hyidulobs, xom safasurad aZlevs rasmeo; raki aZlevs, sCans, Cvenis eris simdidre gared gadis, sxvas gaaqvs da is ar sjobia, lukma gavardes da jamSive Cavardeso, sxvis saqonlis sasyidlad gaRebuli qoneba isev Cvens ers Sin darCes da TviTon moixmaroso; Tu Cvens bazars sxvebisaTvis rogorme davketavT, Cveni qoneba vaWrobis gamo gared aRar gaizideba da CvenSive datrialdebao. garda amisa, igi saqoneli, romelic sxvisagan Semogvaqvs da mis samagierod Cveni simdidre gared gagvaqvs, gana CvenSi ki ar gakeTdeba, CvenSi ki ar Seiqmnebao. rom hkiTxoT: Tu egrea, ratom exla ki ara keTdebao? amazed ai ra pasuxs iZlevian: ara keTdeba imitom, rom sxvani gvecilebian, sxvebs ufro kargi saqoneli moaqvT da ufro iefad hyidian da raki esea, cilobas ver gavuwevTo, radganac kaci imas etaneba, visac kargi da iefi saqoneli aqvso; oRond saqoneli kargi da iefi iyos da vaWrobaSi imas ar dagideven, Cveni kaci hyidis, Tu sxva kacio. Tu amisTana mociles Tavidam moviSorebT, maSin ki saqme sul sxva iqneba: TviTon Cveni eri kargad iqneba Tu avad, xels mohkidebs sacilobelis saqonlis keTebasa da am gziT TviTon Sin gagvemarTeba igi

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mrewveloba, romlis uqonlobis gamo dRes sxvani ise gvwoveno. ra vuyoT, rom pirvel xanebSi Cveni axlad fexadgmuli mrewveloba imisTana kargs da iefs saqonels ver mogvawvdis, rogorsac exla sxva qveyana gvawvdiso. Tavi SevimagroT, moviTminoT; am pirvel xanebis ukeTurobas da siZvires Cvenisave sikeTisaTvis rogorme gavuZloT da dro mova da Sinauri ciloba saqonelsac gagvikargebs da iefobasac Camogvigdebso. gankar-gebulis da gaZlierebulis mrewvelobisagan Cveni eri simdidris wyaros gaiCens, da TviTon qoneba Cveni, romelic exla sxvis saqonlis syidvisa gamo gared gadis da sxvas miaqvs, Cvenve da CvenSive dagvrCebao.

ra gziT ndomuloben am bednierebis Camogdebas proteqcionelni? amisaTvis erTaderTi Ronea “damoJna”, ese igi, sabaJo. romeli saxelmwifoc am proteqcionobas misdevs, igi imodena baJs adebs Semosatan Tu gasatan saqonels da imisTana wesebiT hxlarTavs saqonlis gatan-gamotanis saqmes da amaebiT imodenad hzrdis saqonlis fassa, radganac baJi zed ekeceba, rom bazari veRar iferebs, Tu Zalian ar uWirs saqoneli. am gziT saqonlis miden-modenas win iseTi uSvelebeli zRude aemarTeba xolme, rom verasgziT ver gairRveva.

amisTanaa buneba proteqcionobisa saTavidamve dawyobili bolomde. es xom asea da iqneba, am mxriT am sistemas cota ram sabuTi hqondes, Tumca ki qveynisaTvis, yvelasaTvis, erTnairad Ria bazari umjobesia, imitom rom yovelis kacisaTvis isa sjobia, saSualeba hqondes saWiro saqoneli iq da imisgan iyidos, saca da visac ufro kargi saqoneli aqvs da ufro iefi CemSenaobis gaurCevlad. vaWroba, aRebmicemoba bunebiTad imisTana ram aris muStrisaTvis, Tu TviTon

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vaWrisaTvis, rom marto rgebas da gamorComas dagidevs da sxva arafersa. xolo saqme is aris, rom xSirad am sistemas sxva ganzraxviTac sWideben xelsa da Tavs ki im sabuTebiT hmar-Tluloben, rac zeviT movixsenieT. dRes Tu am sistemis momxreobas gza gaexsna evropaSi, sxva ganzraxvis brali ufroa, Cvenis fiqriT, vidre, im sabuTebisa, romelT ZaliTac proteqcionoba cotad Tu bevrad saxeSi misaRebia. dRes erTi meores am gziT uTxris ormosa.

dRes germania rom bismarkis ZaldatanebiT rac Zali da Rone aqvs purzed baJs umatebs da umatebs, viTom ra azri da ganzraxva unda moeCxrikos am daudgromels matebasa. germanias, romelic puris mosavlis mixedviT mdidar qveynebSi ar CaiTvleba da romelsac, maSasadame, sxvis puri uWirs, am baJis momatebiT puri xom unda gauZvirdes. gaZvireba xom Raribis kacis sulis SexuTvas moaswavebs. nuTu marTla igi germania Tavis ers da qveyanas imisTvina swiravs, rom puris mosavali Sin gaiZlieros! puri xom Sampanuri Rvino ar aris, rom uimisoba germaniis erma iTminos im dromde, vidre TviT bevri moiyvandes, puri imisTana saWiroebaa, rom uimisoba da SimSiliT sikvdili erTia da minam pavle mova, petres xom tyavi gasZvra!

Tumca es asrea, magram T. bismarki SarSandels aqed sul imasa hcdilobs, purs imodena baJi daados, rom germaniis bazarSi sxvis purma aRar gaiWaWanos. cxadia, niSanSi ra aqvs amoRebuli T. bismarksa: igi saxelmwifo, romelic dRes aqamomde didZals purs asaRebda germaniaSi, dRes germaniis bazrisagan gamoklebuli unda iyos da amiT cotad Tu bevrad daziandes, ese igi jibe Seusustdes. am saxiT T. bismarki isars isvris da Svilds ki hmalavs proteqcionobis kalTaSi gamoxveuls.

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amisTana garemoebas ar SeiZleba sxvanic ar gadaexara proteqcionobis mxarisaken da ai, dRes TiTqmis yvelgan proteqcionobis gaZlierebas vxedavT, Tumca mecnierebisagan ki anderZagebulia da dawunebuli.

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««««morigebis mcdelomorigebis mcdelomorigebis mcdelomorigebis mcdeloba inglissa da ba inglissa da ba inglissa da ba inglissa da

osmalebs Soris egviptis Taobazedosmalebs Soris egviptis Taobazedosmalebs Soris egviptis Taobazedosmalebs Soris egviptis Taobazed»»»»

tfilisi, 8 ivnisi egviptis saqme, avRanistanisa da bolgariisa

imisTana saqmeni arian, romelnic TiTqo marto imisTvis arian aSlilni, rom evropis politikas mizezi yovelTvis hqondes, wajeg-ukujegoba iTamaSos garemoebaTa mixedviTa im dromde, vidre romelime saxelmwifo erTs gabeduls moqmedebas rasme Caidens, moT-minebidam gamosuli. ar iqna, am saqmeebs bolo ar moeRoT da es boloc ara sCans. Cven araer-Txel gviTqvams, rom viRacisaTvis saWiroa es aSlili yofa xsenebulis saqmeebisa, rom dro ixelTos da damaluli natvra aisrulos am samSi erTi saqmis gaZlierebiTa da gamwvave-biTa. TviTon naskvi am saqmeebisa bunebiTad iseTi aris, rom TviTveulis gamoxsnaSi bevri qseli gaibmis da bevri Cangali aqed-iqiTY moedeba.

am samSi erTs saqmes, saxeldobr egviptisas amas winad TiTqo dasasruli eZlevoda. Jurnal-gazeTebma mTels qveyanazed mohfines ambavi, rom inglisi da osmalo erTmaneTs mihSveldnen da xelSekrulobac Seadgines maszed Tu, rogor daewyos egviptis saqme. TviTon lordma salusberim lordTa palatas amas winad acnoba,

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rom egviptis saqme osmalosTan gavaTaveT da amasTan auwya TviT morigebis pirobanica. am pirobebis ZaliT inglisma samis wlis ganmavalobaSi unda gamoiyvanos Tavisi jarebi egviptidam. xuTis wlis Semdeg ingliss neba aRar unda hqondes egviptis laSqarSi aficrebi daniSnos. Tu vinicobaa egviptes an garedam, an Signidam raime saSiSi gansacdeli eweva, ingliss neba aqvs egvipteSi jariT dgomis vada ganagrZos. egviptidam jarebis gamoyvanis Semdeg, ingliss kvlavac SeuZlian jarebi Caayenos, Tu vinicobaa an SiSia Sinauris areulobisa, an garedam Semosevisa, anu egvipte Tavi erTa-Soriss valdebulobis aRsrulebas ver SeZlebs. sulTans osmaleTisas neba aqvs Tavisi jarebi Caayenos egvipteSi, xolo sxvas ara romelsame saxelmwifos magisi neba ar eZleva. es xelSekruloba gauqmebuli unda iqmnes, Tu vinicobaa sxva saxelmwifoni ar iyabuleben da maSin inglisi isev im mdgo-mareobaSi unda darCes egviptes gamo, raSiac am xelSekrulobamde iyo.

ai, umTavresi pirobani TviT mTavar-ministris piriT gamoTqmulni inglisis lordTa palatis winaSe. am pirobebs kaci rom daukvirdes, ar SeiZleba cotad Tu bevrad ar gaocdes. Tu egvip-tis saqme kerZod gasaTavebeli iyo marto ingli-sisa da osmaleTis Soris, sxvaTa saxelmwifoTa Tanxmoba raRa maCanCalaa da Tu es saqme saerTa-Soriso saqmea da ara kerZod marto inglisisa da osmaleTisa, maSin marto orma rad moisurves erTmaneTTan Cumad molaparakeba da moSvelieba?

zogierTs saxelmwifos egvipteSi marTali interesi ewvis, zogi xelsa hkidebs am saqmes imitom, rom Tavis drozed cxvirSi Zmari adinos inglissa, Tumca sxva araviTari interesi ara aqvs da am saxiT TiTqmis yvela didi saxelmwifo egviptes saqmeSi Cabmulia. amis gamo arc erTi

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didi saxelmwifo ar moisurvebs, rom egviptes saqme kerZo saqmed icnas da ara saerTaSorisod. Tumca inglissa da osmaleTs Zalian saamurad eqmnebodaT, rom es saqme maTs kerZo survils miaweron, magram TviT zemoxsenebul pirobebisagana sCans, rom TviTon amaTac ver gaubedniaT Tavis survils ahyolodnen da pirobebSi CaurTavT nebis aReba sxva saxelmwifoebisaganac.

Tumca zogierTma gazeTebma, nametnavad ingli-surebma, sixaruliT auwyes mTels qveyanasa, rom ai, inglisma rarigad gaimarjva da moaxerxa saqmeo, magram eg sixaruli winaswari gamoCnda. sa-frangeTma da ruseTma ar iyabules xsenebuli xelSekruloba inglisisa da osmaleTisa. safran-geTma gamoacxada, rom me yvela pirobas miviReb da Seviwynarebo da imas ki, romelic nebas aZlevs in-gliss xelaxlad egvipteSi Tavisi jarebi Caayenos, arasgziT ar viyabulebo.

ra Tqma unda, rom stambolSi safrangeTisa da ruseTis uaris Tqmas Sesaferi zedmoqmedeba eqmneboda. bolos xom is ambavic gatyvra, rom sulTanma ar ineba da igi zemoxsenebuli xelSek-ruloba ar daamtkicao. es ambavi dRes gamarTle-bulia: marTla sulTani uarzea Turme da, rogorc amboben, safrangeTis gulistkenas erideba da imitomao. inglisma, Tu sulTani ar daiyolia, frTebi unda dauSvas da cotad Tu bevrad sir-cxvileuli gamovides am saqmisagan. magram ostatobas diplomatebisas bevri ram SeuZlian: gadabrunebuli saqme bevrjer gadmoubrunebiaT.

esec moxda. aba, ras daswynardeboda inglisi! saqme is aris, rom 1878 wels osmaleTsa da inglis malulad erTi xelSekruloba hqoniaT erTmaneTTan dadebuli. es xelSekruloba aravin ar icoda da berlinis kongreszed maSindelma mTavar-ministrma inglisisa lordma bikonsvildma

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uecrad gamoamJRavna da yvelani gaaoca. am xelSekrulobaSi sxvaTa Soris igic aris moxsenebuli, rom ingliss neba aqvs, roca ki moisurvebs, SemoierTos kipris kunZuli da amaSi osmaleTs fuli misces. raki dRes sulTani eurCeba ingliss, zemoxsenebuli xelSekruloba egviptis Taobazed daamtkicos, inglisi am kipris kunZulsa iTxovs gamojavrebiTa. sulTanma an es kunZuli unda daTmos 1878 wlis pirobebisamebr, an es axali xelSekruloba daumtkicos. dRes saqme amazea Semdgari da am orSi romels irCevs sulTani, amas dro gamoaCens.

rasakvirvelia, Cveni mkiTxveli ikiTxavs; raki egviptis gamo xelSekrulobas Zala ar eqmneba, Tu sxvani saxelmwifoni ar iyabuleben da Tu safrangeTi da ruseTi ara hyabuloben, inglisi Tavs tyuilad rad tkenulobs sulTanis mier damtkicebisaTvisao? marTalia, magram saqme ai, raSia: inglisma kargad icis, rom egviptes saqme evropis sakonfereciod gaxdeba da isic icis, ra didi sabuTia konferenciisaTvis, roca saqme ukve qmnilia da momxdari. raki xelSekruloba egviptis gamo sulTanisa da inglisis mier xelmowerili waredgineba konferencias, magas ukve naqmar saqmed, namyo ambavad CasTvlian.

yvelam icis, ra didi mniSvneloba aqvs diplomatiis TvalSi ukve qmnilsa da momxdarsa: ra vuyoTo, ityvian xolme: raki saqme ganxor-cielebula da Sesrulebula, Cven damtkicebis meti aRara dagvrCenia-rao. bevrs marTals Tu mrude saqmes gautania politikaSi amiTi Tavi da inglissac rom am znisa da Cveulebis imedi hqondes, gasakvirveli ar aris. ai, ra mizeziT unda iyos Tavgamodebuli inglisi, rom sulTanma xelSekrulobas xeli mouweros, Tumca winadve icis, rom zogierTi saxelmwifoni uarzed sdganan.

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««««inglinglinglinglisSi Seqmnil damxmare isSi Seqmnil damxmare isSi Seqmnil damxmare isSi Seqmnil damxmare

sazogadoebaTa sikeTesazogadoebaTa sikeTesazogadoebaTa sikeTesazogadoebaTa sikeTe»»»»

tfilisi, 11 ivnisi dRes yvelaferi politikam STanTqa, inacvala,

yvela, rac ki politikas ase Tu ise ar Seexeba, miCumebulia, miyruebuli, uyuradRebod datovebu-li. gazeTebi didis yuradRebiT Tval-yurs adevneben politikis yovelgvars wvrilman gare-moebas, yoveldRiur cvlilebas; dawvrilebiT mogviTxroben, romels saxelmwifos ramdeni jari hyavs, ramdeni axali Tof-iaraRi moumzadebia, ramdeni zarbazani Camousxams, romeli ministri ras fiqrobs, vis pirs uCvenebs, vis zurgs ubrunebs, vis hmegobrobs, vis hmtrobs da bevrs sxvas amisTana ambebs SehxvdebiT yoveldRe gaze-TebSi. TiTqos kacobriobis cxovrebaSi sxva aRara-feri iyos sayuradRebo, TiTqos adamianis sve-bedi, bed-iRbali marto imazed iyos damyarebuli.

da amave dros inglisSi moxda erTi ambavi, romelsac gacilebiT meti mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre jarebis gaZlierebas da uzarmazar zarbaznebis Camosxmas. ambavi, romelic ufro mkvidri da magari safuZvelia erisa da TviT saxelmwifos ZlierebisaTvis, vidre TviT uZlieresni cixe-simagreni. gazeTebma ki ise mouyrues yuri am ambavs, ise gauCumdnen, TiTqos arc ki araferi

406

yofila, arc ki araferi momxdarao. yuradReba miaqcia mxolod erTma gazeTma, saxeldobr “Русск. Бед.”-m, am erTaderTma gazeTma, romelic Cvenis fiqriT, ukeTesi gazeTia ruseTSi. mxolod am gazeTs daunaxavs saWirod, yuradReba mieqcia im ambisTvis, romelic inglisSi moxda Cumad da wynarad. ra ambavia?

inglisis erTs patara qalaqSi am cota xanebSi damzogvel-damxmarebel sazogadoebaTa kreba yofila. am krebaze politikis saqmeebze ara yofila laparaki, sazogadoebaTa warmomadgenelT mSvidobiani msjeloba hqoniaT imazed, Tu ra RonisZieba viRonoT, rom gavuadviloT cxovreba, lukma-puris mopoveba Cven TanamoZmeTa, im TanamoZmeTa, romelTac Tavis SromiT, Tavis sakuTaris majiT unda iSovon “puri arsebobisa”. saqeburia, rodesac adamiani zrunavs Tavis TanamoZmeze, Tumca TviT saqmis rigianad mowyoba Zriel Znelia. erTgulad, siyvaruliT, mxned unda moekidos kaci amisTana saqmes, rom gamovides rame, rom saqme marto sityvad ar darCes. inglisis damzogvel-damxmarebel sazogadoebaTa ki, rogorc am krebazed moxsenebul angariSidam aRmoCnda, saqme ise wauyvaniaT, iseTi Zala SeuZeniaT, rom kaci Sehnatrebs. mTels inglisSi dRes 1,409 amgvari sazogadoeba arsebobs Turme, romelTac 911,797 wevri hyavT. warsuls wels yvela sazogadoebas erTad 800 millionamde fuli utrialebiaT da wlis Tavze wminda mogeba 78 millioni dahCeniaT. rogor SeiZines am sazogadoebaT aseTi simdidre, rogor waiyvanes ase kargad saqme? ra ar SeuZlia adamians, Tuki erTgulad, mxned Seudga saqmes; Tu kaci sxvas ar Sehyurebs xelSi da Tavis Tavze TviTonve zrunavs. mainc didis yuradRebis Rirsia am sazogadoebaTa ambavi.

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didi xani ar aris, rac es sazogadoebani daibadnen da cxovrebis gzas Seudgnen. sul ormoci weliwadia mas Semdeg, rac pirvelad daidva dvrita am sazogadoebaTa. am ormoci wlis winad, inglisis qalaq roCdelSi, eqvsiode Raribma feiqarma gamoiRo ocdaaT Tumnamde fuli, romelic wviTa da dagviT, groSebiT hqonda Segrovili, Seadgines sazogadoeba, gaaRes patara duqani da saRam-saRamoobiT vaWrobdnen. TviTon pirdapir fabrikebidgan yidulobdnen yovel saWiro saqonels da wvril-wvrilad, gacilebiT iafad, vidre sxva duqnebSi, hyidnen TavianT sazogadoebis wevrebze. ase daiwyes saqme am eqvsma Raribma kacma, Raribma jibiT, magram mdidarma guliT, mxneobiT da imediT. jer bevrma sasacilod aigdo es saqme, yvela eWvis TvaliT uyurebda amaT saqmes da ara sjerodaT, Tu aqedam gamovidoda rame. magram ra ar SesZlebia kargad dawyobil saqmes da mxnesa da gulmagar kacsa. es patara sazogadoeba, Tovlis patara gundiviT, rac xani midioda, izrdeboda da ai, dRes ocdaaTi Tumani as millionebad gadiqca. eqvsis kacis magier, dRes yvela sazogadoebaSi erTad cxraasi aTasi wevri iTvleba, amaTi col-Svili rom ar CavTvaloT, da Tu CavTvliT, oTx millionamde Sesdgeba. dRes bevrs amisTana sazogadoebas sakuTari fabrikebi da qarxnebi aqvs. aq muSa da patroni ar aris, yvela muSa imave dros fabrikis YTu qarxnis patronic aris. Semosavali saerToa, mogeba Tanasworad iyofa. is aRar aris amaTSi, rom kacebi welebzed fexs idgamdes, oflsa hRvrides da amis naSrom- naRvaws sxva idebdes jibeSi.

ai, ra saqme SeiZleba gakeTdes, Tu kaci TiTon zrunavs Tavis Tavze da sxvas ar Sehyurebs xelSi! am ambis istoria CvenSi Wkvis maswavlebeli magaliTi unda iyos. CvenSiac bevrs gulmtkivneul

408

kacs TavSi utrialebs es azri, magram Takilobs pataridam daiwyos, da radganac pirvel dRidanve hsurs didad mohkidos xeli, erTbaSad dididam daiwyos da es didi ki bunebiTad, pirdapir arsaidam ar gamoCndeba xolme, frTebs dauSvebs da sCivis: pataridam ara Rirs dawyeba da didisaTvis ki TanagrZnobas vera vpoulobTo. amitomac ise gamodis, rom pataras Cven TiTon ara vkadrulobT, dids sxvani ar gvaRirseben da am saxiT “survili gulSi uqmad gvrCenia” da xelcarieli da pirRia SevyurebT bedsa: aca, cidam manana Camogvicvivao.

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««««dimitri sulxanisdimitri sulxanisdimitri sulxanisdimitri sulxanis----Ze WavWavaZis Ze WavWavaZis Ze WavWavaZis Ze WavWavaZis

anderZianderZianderZianderZi»»»»

tfilisi, 12 ivnisi

guSin, ese igi, 11 ivniss, tfilisis sasamarTlo

palataSi gairCa erTi iSviaTi da didad sayu-radRebo saqme. ai, ra saqmea.

T. dimitri sulxanis Zis WavWavaZis gardac-valebis Semdeg aRmoCnda anderZi, misgan datove-buli. am anderZisagan sCans, rom gardacvalebuls sxva qonebis garda darCenia kidev ormoc aTasis Tumnis saxelmwifo sargebliani bileTebi aRmosav-leTis sesxisa da amodena fulis bileTebi sul mibarebuli hqonia saxelmwifo bankis tfilisis ganyofilebaSi Sesanaxavad. kanoniT memkvidreni gardacvalebulisa arian Zma misi general-maiori T. ivane WavWavaZe da arasrulwlovani Zmiswuli misi T. sulxan giorgis Ze WavWavaZe.

xsenebul ormoc aTasis Tumnis Taobazed gardacvalebuls Semdegi gankarguleba mouxdenia Tavis anderZSi. es ormoci aTasi Tumani unda samudamod darCes xeluxlebel Tavnad saxelmwifo bankis tfilisis ganyofilebaSi da minam Zma gardacvalebulisa T. ivane WavWavaZe cocxali iqmneba, T. ivanes unda eZlios sargebeli oci aTasis Tumnisa im pirobiT, rom es sargebeli

410

rogorc hsurs, ise moixmaros, mxolod Zmiswulis T. sulxan WavWavaZis aRzrdisa da swavla-ganaTlebisaTvis ki unda imodena uwilados, ramodenac saWiro iqneba srulis swavla-ganaTlebis miRebisaTvis romelsame specialurs saswavlebelSi an universitetSi. meore oci aTas Tumnisagan sargebeli ki unda gadadebul iqmnas yrmaTa swavla-ganaTlebisaTvis dabal Tu maRal specialurs saswavlebelSi.

andeZi rusulad aris dawerili da swored am adgilas, saca am meore ociaTas Tumanzea sityva Camogdebuli, xerxianad ver aris gamoTqmuli azri da survili meanderZisa, Tumca igi azri da survili advilad gamosarkvevia anderZis sxva muxlebis SemweobiTa. magaliTebr, saca anderZi ambobs, rom oci aTasis Tumnis sargebeli yrmaTa swavla-ganaTlebisaTvis unda iyos gadadebulio, iqav, Tumca wertilis Semdeg ki, zed miyolebiT sweria “tfilisis guberniis T. WavWavaZeebis Svilebi gansakuTrebiTao”. radganac am or winadadebaTa Soris Sesasveni niSnebi wesierad da azris Tanaxmad ar aris da radganac sityva “Svilebi” meore winadadebaSi pirvelis winada-debis Sesaferad ar aris dabrunebuli rusul gramatikisamebr, amitomac zogierTni hxedven, rom mag fulis sargebeli unda gadidebul iqmnas sayovelTavod yvela yrmaTaTvis da ara marto WavWavaZianT SvilTaTvisao. amas Cven ase dawvrilebiT vixseniebT aq, imitom rom asreTs axsnas anderZis sityvebisas didi mniSvneloba eZleva, roca TviT anderZis saqmis msvlelobazed mogvixdeba laparaki. amas savsebisaTvis isic unda davumatoT, rom anderZSi sweria: naxevar Semo-savlidam unda gaizardos erTi lis Svili seminariaSi da ori ymawvili im

411

glexebisa, romelnic ymad ekuTvnodnen gardacvalebulis mamasa.

es gankargulebani moanderZisa, ase Tu ise sagulisxmieroni, dadgenilia marto im droebisaTvis, vidre T. ivane WavWavaZe cocxali iqmneba. xolo mis Semdeg, cxadad da garkveviT gamoTqmulia, rom mTeli ormoci aTasi Tumani saukunod xeluxlebel Tavnad unda daidvas saxelmwifo bankSi da marto misi sargebeli eZlios WavWavaZianT Svilebis aRzrdisa da swavla-ganaTlebisaTvis.

es anderZi wesisamebr wardgenil iqmna tfilisis olqis sasamarTlos winaSe dasamtki-ceblad. erTma kanoniT memkvidrem T. sulxan WavWavaZem ar icna anderZi kanonierad Sedgenili da iTxova, TvisTa warmomadgenelTa piriT, gauqmeba anderZisa. olqis sasamarTlom gamoZieba moaxdina, saqmis garCevis Semdeg daadgina ganaCeni da ar icna anderZi damtkicebis Rirsad. am saxiT gauqmda anderZi olqis sasamarTlosagan. minam es ganaCeni ZalaSi Sevidoda, meore kanoniT memkvidrem T. ivane WavWavaZem, romelsac anderZis uaryofaSi araviTari monawileoba ar miuRia, iTava morigeba WavWavaZianTi da T. sulxan WavWavaZisa. WavWa-vaZianT imis SiSiT, rom anderZi srulad ar gauqmdes da xelcarielni ar darCnen, morigebazed uari ara sTqves da T. ivane WavWavaZis uangaro da patiosan TaosnobiT morigebis werili Sesdga.

am morigebis weriliT, aTi aTasi Tumani unda mieRo sakuTrebad T. sulxan WavWavaZesa da danarCenis ocdaaTi aTas Tumnis Taobazed ase unda moqceuliyvnen: es ocdaaTi aTasi Tumani unda darCeniliyo xeluxlebel Tavnad da minam T. ivane WavWavaZe cocxalia, eRo mxolod sargebeli oci aTasis Tumnis da danarCenis aTi aTasis Tumnis sargebeli ki moxmarebuliyo WavWavaZianT ymawvi-

412

lebis aRzrdisa da swavla-ganaTlebisaTvis. xolo T ivane WavWavaZis Semdeg mTelis ocdaaTi aTasis Tumnis sargebeli unda miqceuliyo WavWavaZianT Svilebis aRzrdisa da swavla-ganaTlebisaTvis im pirobiT ki, rom vidre cocxali iqmneba meuRle T. ivane WavWavaZisa, misTvis eZliaT weliwadSi xuTasi Tumani sacxovreblad.

am saxiT udavidarabod, xangaugrZeleblad WavWavaZianT morigebisve umal eZlevodaT Svilebis aRsazrdelad aTi aTasis Tumnis sargebeli da T. ivanes Semdeg oci aTasis Tumnisa, xuTi sargebeli rom viangariSoT, da T. ivanes meuRlis Semdeg _ mTelis ocdaaTi aTasis Tumnisa.

xolo imisTvis, rom amodena fulis sargebeli marTla am sakeTilo saqmes moxmardes, risaTvisac ase hcdilobda T. ivane WavWavaZe da saTavdebo ram iyos, rom eg fuli saSviliSvilod xeluxleblad darCes, T. ivane WavWavaZem WavWavaZianT sxvaTa Soris is piroba daadebina, rom WavWavaZianT gva-risagan TiTo saxlSi ufrosi kaci Seiyaros, sazogado kreba moaxdinon, wesdeba daiweros, es wesdeba mTavrobis mier damtkicebul iqmnas da am damtkicebul wesdebisamebr ganegebodes es keTili saqme, romelsac exla igi swiravs aTi aTas Tumans da missa da mis meuRlis Semdeg mTels ocdaaTi aTas Tumansa. garda amisa WavWavaZianT Svilebis aRzrdis morigebaSi is pirobac iyo dadebuli, rom erTis mRvdlis Svilis magier seminariaSi izrdebodes oris da oris glexTa Svilis magier sami.

rac es morigeba moxda, WavWavaZianT, romelsac anderZis saqmis garCevis dros araviTari monawileoma ar miuRiaT olqis sasamarTloSi, saWirod aRar dainaxes saCivari ram SeetanaT olqis sasamarTlos ganaCenzed, romelmac anderZi gaauqma. arc saWiro iyo imitom, rom morigeba

413

sxvis Semourevnelad WavWavaZianT Svilebis aRzrdis saqmes srulad da mTlad gansakuTrebiT TviTve WavWavaZianT sruls gankargulebaSi stovebda, bevrs sxvadasxvagvars damokidebulebas, romelsac anderZi valad sdebda da romelsac SeeZlo aeWiWyna da aewewna saqme SemdegSi, Tavidam aclida. umTavresi sikeTe morigebisa is iyo WavWavaZianTaTvis, rom morigebis ZaliT anderZis gauqmeba aramcTu xelcarielad agdebda mTels gvareulobas, aramed ocdaaTis aTas Tumans yovels SemTxvevaSi aZlevda. eg xelcarielad darCenis SiSi umizezo ar unda yofiliyo WavWavaZianTaTvis, imitom, rom olqis sasamarTlom rom gaauqma anderZi, xom sabuTi ram eqmneboda da vin da ra iyo Tavdebi, rom palatac pativs ar dasdebda am sabuTs da ganaCens olqis sasamarTlosas ar daamtkicebda.

am saxiT ganaCeni olqis sasamarTlosi WavWavaZianT mier arnaCivli kanoniers ZalaSi unda Sesuliyo, magram aq sxva garemoeba gamotyvra da am garemoebis wyalobiT anderZis saqme gadavida palataSi xelaxlad garCevisaTvis. amazed mere vityviT.

414

tfilisi, 13 ivnisi

igi garemoeba, romelmac xelaxlad aRZra T. dimitri WavWavaZis damtkicebis saqme, is iyo, rom aqaurma swavla-ganaTlebis mzrunvelma b-nma ianovskim saCivari Seitana palataSi olqis sasamarTlos ganaCenis Taobazed da iTxova anderZis damtkiceba. kanoniT memkvidreebma am saCivris pasuxad moaxsenes palatas, rom am anderZis saqmeSi b-n mzrunvels araviTari monawileoba ara aqvs; anderZSi araviTari imisTana gankarguleba ar aris naxsenebi, rom eqvemdeba-rebodes romelsame warmomadgenels mTavrobisas saerTod da mzrunvels calked. Tu am anderZiT an eZleva visme rame, an erTmeva _ eg Seexeba marto ors mxares: erTs kanoniT memkvidreebsa, T. ivane da sulxan WavWavaZeebs da meores mTels gva-reulobas WavWavaZeebisas; sxva aravis aq xeli ara aqvs, marTalia, anderZiT davalebulia erTis mRvdlis Svilis aRzrdaca seminariaSi, magram am mxriT, es saqme eqvemdebareba sasuliero wodebis warmomadgenelsa da ara mzrunvelsa; rac Seexeba ors ymawvils gardacvalebulis droebiT valde-bul glexebisas, romelnic anderZSi moxsenebulis fuliT unda gaizardnen, amaT xom Tav-Tavis patronebi hyavT, da maSasadame, saqme am patrone-bisaa da ara b-n mzrunvelisao. am sabuTebiT veqilma kanoniT memkvidreebisam iTxova palatis winaSe, rom b-n mzrunveli daTxovnil iqmnas xse-nebul saqmisagan.

raki es Txovna memkvidreebis veqilisa Sewyna-rebul iqmneboda palatis mier, maSin ganaCeni olqis sasamarTlosi, rogorc wesierad arnaCivli Tavis vadazed jerovanis mopirispiresagan, Tavis ZalaSi Sevidoda da palata imis gamo Tu, _ damtkicdes, Tu ar damtkicdes anderZi, araviTars

415

msjelobas ar iqoniebda. WavWavaZianT gvareulobis warmomadgenelni, romelTac morigebis werili xelT eWiraT, Zalian unda Caefiqrebina am garemoebasa. imitom, rom morigebis werili yovel SemTxvevaSi aZlevda am gvareulobas Svilebis aRsazrdelad jer aTasis Tumnis sargebels, mere T. ivane WavWavaZis Semdeg oci aTasisas da mis meuRlis Semdeg ocdaaTi aTasisas da xsenebuli garemoeba ki xelaxlad saTuod hxdida yovels amas, xelaxlad gansacdelSi agdebda, Tu vinicobaa palata olqis sasamarTloisamebr ar daamtkicebda anderZsa da morigeba xelSi ar sWerodaT WavWavaZianTa. im SiSiT Semdgarma morigebis werilma, rom SesaZloa palatamac uarhyos anderZi da WavWavaZianT gvareuloba mTlad xelcarieli darCebao, SeaerTa interesebi am gvareulobisa da kanoniT memkvidreebisa im mxriT, rom yovelive sxva kaci, an dawesebuleba ar Careuliyo am saqmeSi da ar Caedo raime wili an yrmaTa aRzrdis gankargulebaSi, an naanderZevis fulis sargebelSi. amitomac, minam palataSi anderZis saqme gairCeoda, WavWavaZianT Tavis mxriTac saCivari Seitanes da iTxoves kanoniT memkvidreebTan erTad daTxovna am saqmisagan b-is mzrunvelisa, radganac saqme mas aras gziT ar Seexeba da unda gaTavebul iqmnas marto T. ivane da sulxan WavWavaZeTa da mTels WavWavaZianT gvareulobis Soris. radganac morigeobis werilis ZaliT am ors mopirdapire mxares saqme ukve gaTavebuli hqondaT da keTilnebobiT moSvele-bulni iyvnen, amis sabuTad TviT morigebis pirobanic moixsenes WavWavaZianT Tavis saCivarSi da am morigebazed Tanxmobis werili kanoniT memkvidreebma warudgines palatas.

palatam ar Seiwynara b-n mzrunveli saqmisagan daTxovnis Txovna WavWavaZianT, icno igi imisTana

416

pirad, romelsac neba aqvs saCivari Seetana palataSi olqis sasamarTlos ganaCenzed da Seudga TviT anderZis kanonierobis ganxilvas. kanonieria, Tu ara anderZi, amaSi WavWavaZianT araferi monawileoba ar miuRiaT: isini marto imas hdavobdnen, rom b-ns mzrunvels am saqmeSi xeli ara aqvs da daTxovnil unda iqmnas.

anderZis kanonierobis Taobazed pasuxi ago marto kanoniT memkvidreebis veqilma. palatam misi sabuTebi ar Seiwynara da 11 ivniss es ganaCeni gamoacxada:

palatam icna ra kavkasiis olqis swavla-ganaTlebis mzrunveli imisTana pirad, romelsac SeeZlo saCivari Semoetana olqis sasamarTlos ganaCenzed, gadaswyvita: ganaCeni olqis sasa-marTlosi gauqmdes Sinauruli anderZiT dimitri sulxanis Zis WavWavaZisa, Sedgenili 6-s ivniss 1886 welsa, damtkicdes da miiqces aRsasruleb-lad, rogorc kanonis Sesaferi anderZi da es zed TviT anderZs wareweros. anderZidam amoiweros is adgilebi, saca naCvenebia sagnebi, romelzedac miqceulia Sewiruloba da gardaeces b-ns prokurors, raTa man acnobos jerovanT dawesebu-lebaTa. es anderZi mieces im zedwarweriT, rom damtkicebulia mxolod mas Semdeg, roca is pirni, visTvisac naanderZevia, kanoniT dawesebuls baJs xazinis sasargeblod gadixdian, rogorc amas hTxoulobs kanoni /15ст. прилож. къ ст.363 Т. У уст. о

пошлинах по продолж.1883 г.и ст.I и 5 временных

правилъ о порядке исчисления означенных пошлинъ/ da Seuwynareblad darCes T. WavWavaZeebis Txovna imisa, rom kavkasiis olqis swavla-ganaTlebis mzrunvelis saCivari olqis sasamarTlos ganaCenzed ar yofiliyo miRebuli.

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vrceli ganaCeni palatisa Semzadebul da gamocxadebul iqmneba 25_s ivnissa. vidre xelT ar gveqneba sabuTebi, romelic win waimZRvara palatam da romelic marto vrcel ganaCenSi iqmneba CamoTvlili, im dromde Cven moklebulni varT saSualebas avwon-davwonoT am saqmis simarTle da Sinagani viTareba. da Tu Cven am ganaCens ar movucadeT da am saqmis istoria vuambeT Cvens mkiTxvelsa, survilad marto isa gvqonda, erTi metismetad iSviaTi ambavi agveniSna. am saqmes igi sazogadoeburi mniSvneloba aqvs, rom CvenSiac TiTqo fexi aidga im sulgrZelobam, romelic aTbobs, apatiosnebs bunebiTad gulcivs simdidres, bunebiTad sxvis ganukiTxvels, xSirad marto kerZo kacis angarebis viwro RobeebSi mom-wyvdeuls da SexuTuls, yrus sxvisa gaWirvebisaTvis. marto amisTana sulgrZeloba hxdis simdidris maZebars da SemZens kacs sazogadoebis moRvawe kacad da marto amisTana sulgrZelobas simdidrisas miuZRvis samarTliani sabuTi moiTxovos pativi da saxeli kerZo simdidrisaTvis kacTa Soris. didi ram aris qveynisaTvis, roca misni Zeni hcdiloben am wuTissoflis sufraze kerZi moimaton marto imisaTvis, rom Cemzed uRonosac, Cemzed ubedursac raime SemTxveviT kerZ-moklebulsac, Cemis nametanobisagan ganvuwiladovo. ra Tqma unda, ramodenadac bevrs gaWirvebuls Seivrdomebs amisTana sulgrZeleba, miT ufro didia, ufro pativsacemia, miT ufro sasaxeloa simdidre, romelic uamisod Tavis angaarebiT kacTa Soris gmobilia da miT aranakleb yvelasaTvis calked saxarbielo da sanatrelia.

gankerZoebulis simdidris Sesaqmnelad marto kerZo kaci iRvwis da kerZooba yvelgan gmobilia, radganac sazogadoebis miT ara emunaTeba ra,

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imitom, rom kerZo simdidre wuTissoflis sufridam metis lukmis wamRebia. sul sxvaa es kerZo moRvaweoba, roca kacs SeuZlian samarTlianad sTqvas: me Cemad viRvwodi, Cemad vagrovebdi da sazogadoebav, SenTvis ki vfiqrobdio, aha, Seni Senadve momiqceviao. maSin misi Wapan-wyveta cxovrebisa sxverplia, misi Rvawli samsaxuria, radganac misi naamagari, nawvav-nadagi motanilia saerTo sufrazed yvelasaTvis. simdidre sxva ukeTess Zmobils, sxva ukeTess amxanags ver iSovis Tavis gapatiosnebisaTvis, Tu ar sulgrZelebas, gulmtkivneulobas, romelic kacsac kacad hxdis, moqmedebas _ Rvawlad da TviT simdidresac _ madlad.

T. dimitri WavWavaZis anderZsac es mniSvneloba aqvs Cvens TvalSi. igi cotad Tu bevrad gvaniSnebs, rom CvenSiac daZrula da dat-rialebula is yovlad macxovari azri, rom adamiani saca unda irjebodes, da risTvisac unda irjebodes yvelgan da yvelaferSi unda hgrZnob-des; yvelazed uwinares me movale var Cemis qveynisa da sazogadoebis winaSeo. ramodenadac vrclad aqvs gamosaxuli es misi qveyana da sazogadoeba, miT ufro didia misi gulis cema da amiT miT ufro didia misi saxeli, qeba da dideba.

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««««mTavarmTavarmTavarmTavar----ministris Secvla serbiaSiministris Secvla serbiaSiministris Secvla serbiaSiministris Secvla serbiaSi»»»»

tfilisi, 17 ivnisi

serbiaSi mTavar-ministri garaSanini daTxovnil

iqmna samsaxurisagan da mis magier mowveul iqmna araerTxel ministrad yofili ristiCi. Tumca serbia patara qveyanaa da maSasadame, iqauris ministrebis cvlam TiTqmis araviTari zedmoqmedeba ar unda iqonios evropis politikazed imisTana uzarmazari saxelmwifoebis xelSia, romelTac serbia lukmadac ar eyofaT, magram dRes saqmeebi ise daulagabelia evropaSi, ise gaficxebulia, rom am patara qveyanaSi erTis ministris gadayenebam da meoris daniSvnam Seatoka igi saerTo politika.

saqme is aris, rom balkanis naxevarkunZuli, saca serbias erTi umTavresi adgili uWiravs, orTa saxelmwifoTa cilobis qveyanaa. erTis mxriT avstrias xeli aqvs gawvdili da hsurs Tvis gavlenisa da zedmoqmedebis qveS amyofos es naxevarkunZuli, meore mxriT, ruseTi, rogorc didi slavianuri saxelmwifo, hcdilobs upira-tesoba gavlenisa da zedmoqmedebisa balkanis naxevarkunZulzed TviT iqonios. am Svidis Tu rva wlis winad serbiis mefem milanma ufro avstriisaken hqna piri da amis gamo imisTana mTavar-ministric airCia, romelic srulad Tanaug-

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rZnobda amgavars mimarTulebas serbiis politi-kisas. es ministri iyo garaSanini. es garaSaninis ministrobis dros serbia ufro da ufro Cahyva avstriis politikasa da uavstriod arc Sin akeTebda rasme, arc gared.

exlandeli ministri ristiCi ki cnobilia, viTarca momxre ruseTisa da amitomac bevrsa hgonia, rom ristiCis gaministrebis Semdeg sagareo politika serbiisa sul sxva mimarTulebas miiRebs da ruseTis gavlena da zedmoqmedeba fexs moikidebs serbiaSio. dRes amazed didi laparakia evropis Jurnal-gazeTobaSi. avstriis momxreni amboben, rom ristiCi ver gadudgeba avstriasa da amitomac hfiqroben, rom ristiCis gamo iqneba avstriis mimarT siyvaruli cotad ganeldes serbiaSi, magram garemoebaTa Zalmomreobas win ver wauva da avstriis samxro politikas bevri ara evneba rao, sxvani ki amas iZaxian, rom Tu ristiCi aqamde ar atyuebda qveyanas da gangeb ar iCenda ruseTis momxreobas, ar SeuZlian Zireulad ar Sescvalos politika serbiisa da ruseTs serbiaSi fexi ar moamag-rebinos.

riT gaTavdeba an erTis imedebi, an meorisa, jer amis Tqma Znelia. saxelmwifos mmarTvelni kacni xSirad monani arian garemoebisa da saqmeTa viTarebisa da Tumca rwmenani amisTana kacebisa bevrs rasme hniSvnen saqmeTa dawyebisa da msvlelobisaTvis, magram xSirad iZulebul gaxdebian xolme Tvisni rwmenani Seuferon JamTa viTarebasa.

amisi magaliTebi bevria istoriaSi da Sors rom ar wavideT, sakmaoa davasaxeloT TviTon dRevandelis politikis goliaTi T. bismarki. “am rkinis kacisaTvis” uaruyofeli rwmena da WeSmariteba ar arsebobs politikaSi, ese igi,

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imisTana saqmeSi, romelic Tavs dastrialebs saxelmwifo sve-bedsa da saxelmwifos keTil-dReobisaTvis iZvris an Sin, an gared erTisa Tu meoris mezoblisagan.

Cven es serbiis ambavi imitom moviyvaneT, rom amaSi erTi ram aris SesaniSnavi, romelic gvaCvenebs, rom T. bismarks ruseTis gulis mogeba sdomebia. gazeTebi gvarwmuneben am bolos xanebSi, rom erTis ministris gadayeneba da meoris Cayeneba serbiaSi germaniis elCis graf breis /Tu breidesi/ rCeviT moxdao. am graf breis /Tu breides/ urCevia mefe milanisaTvis, ristiCi daayene mTavar-ministradao, radganac ristiCi, rogorca vsTqviT, ruseTis momxrea, xolo T. bismarkisaTvis metad sasurvelia avstriis amebaca da avstriis wyenas metismetad erideba. raki esea, qveyana hkvirobs, T. bismarkma ar ineba avstriis saamuris kacis garaSaninis gadayeneba da mis magierad ruseTis momxre kacis ristiCis dayanebao? gazeTebma ki alRo aarTves da alRo gazeTebisa amisTanaSi, Tu utyuari ara, imodenad zedmiwevnili mainc aris xolme, rom gumanisaTvis cotad Tu bevrad sabuTs iZleva. avstriis momxre gazeTebi amboben, rom es ambavi erTisaTvis marto gulis mosafxania da meores ki amiT ara akldeba rao: saqme isea Turme mowyobili, arc mwvadi iwvis, arc Samfuri; erTs saxeli eZleva da meores ki saxravi uwindelebr hrCeba xeluxlebladao.

am gazeTebis alRozed damyarebuls gumans samarTalis Suqi efineba, Tu kaci daakvirdeba dRevandels depeSas venidam.

422

««««bismarkis zRvardaudebeli bismarkis zRvardaudebeli bismarkis zRvardaudebeli bismarkis zRvardaudebeli

batonobabatonobabatonobabatonoba»»»»

tfilisi, 18 ivnisi

exlandeli dro evropaSi sruli, ganukiTxveli samzRvardaudebeli batonobaa politikisa: yvelaferi mas edeba mtled, mas egeba fexTa qveS fiandazad. kacTa sazogadoebis agebulebaSi bevri imisTana Ronea, bevri imisTana saqme da sagani, romelnic bunebiTac TavisiT unda arsebobdnen, TavisiT moqmedebdnen TviT sazogadoebis dRegrZelobisa da keTildReobisaTvis. dRes arc erTi amisTana Rone, saqme da sagani ar gadaurCa politikas uimisod, rom qveS ar amoedo, Tavis moTxovnilebisaTvis ar gaewira, Tavis gaWirebis saxsarad ar exmara, erTis sityviT, Tavis xidad ar gaedo, Tavis msaxurad ar gadaeqcia.

swavla-ganaTleba, sarwmunoeba, marTlmsajulo-ba imisTana Zal-Roneni arian kacTa sazogadoebi-saTvis, rom TviTveuls amaT Tavisi sakuTari azri da gza aqvs, da marto maSin arian saxeiro da sakeTiloni kacTaTvis, roca mxolod Tavis Tavs emsaxurebian, mxolod TviTon arian Tavis Tavisve sagnad. raki igini Tavis sakuTars Tavs gadudgebian da sxvisa risame yurmoWril ymad gaxdebian, sxvas rasme xidad gaedebian, maSin

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maTgan nuRar moelodebiT im sikeTes, risTvisac igini bunebiTad unda arsebobdnen. maSin arc swavla-ganaTlebaa swavla-ganaTleba, arc sarwmu-noebaa sarwmunoeba, arc marTlmsajulebaa marTl-msajuleba.

egeTi daqveiTeba erTisac, meorisac, da mesamisac miT ufro advilad SesaZlebelia, rom TviTveuli maTgani metad Zlier Rones warmoadgenen xelgamomaval kacisaTvis saborotod da sakeTilodac. igini imisTana bunebisani arian, rom sxvisa risame saxsradac moixmarebian da Tavis Tavis sagnadac. am orkec bunebisagan SesaZlebeli Seiqmna, rom skola da eklesia erTs dros evropaSi Tavis Tavis azrsa da sagans ki aRar etaneboda, Tavis Tavs ki aRar emsaxureboda, aramed imazed miimarTa, rom begara da Rala politikisaTvis exadna da eZlia. ar iTqmis, rom dResac es garemoeba aras sCagravdes evropaSi skolasa da eklesias da es bevrs da bevrgan aferxebs im uuwmindaess saqmes, romelsac skola da eklesia unda uZRvebodes da wina swevdes.

WeSmariteba, romelsac sacnaurad hxdis codna da romelsac gzas ukafavs skola, RmerTi, romelsac kacis gulSi Casaxavs xolme sarwmu-noeba, es ori imisTana sagania, uromelTodac SesaZlebelad warmoudgenelia kacTa sazogadoebis arseboba. amitomac erTi marto WeSmaritebas unda emsaxurebodes da meore RmerTs, sxva sagani amaT ar unda hqondes da vinc an erTs, an meores sxva razedme miaqcevs, igi aupatiurebs erTsac da meoresac.

dRevandeli germania erTi imisTana saxel-mwifoa dRes, saca skola da eklesia yurmoWril ymad gaixada T. bismarkma da Tavis nebisamebr imsaxurebs. erTic da meorec TiTqmis politikas anacvala, TiTqo qveyanazed politikis meti sxva

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ara aris ra kacTa xsnisaTvisao. xolo es ambavi evropiisaTvis axali ambavi ar aris: didi xania, rac skolas da ekklesias ase eqceodnen evropaSi da bevrma qveynis gulSematkivarma kacma dahlia Tvisi sicocxle skolisa da ekklesiis Tavi-suflad myofobisaTvis, politikis gare arsebo-bisa da msvlelobisaTvis.

xolo axali ai, ra aris evropis cxovrebaSi, bismarkis wyalobiT dRes saTavegaxsnili. dRes aqamomde politika cotad Tu bevrad erideboda marTlmsajulobis daCagrvasa da xelSi Cagdebasa Tavis survilisamebr mosaxmareblad da gamo-sayeneblad. da Tu sadme am mxriT marTlmsajuleba iCagreboda, amas imodenad hTakilobdnen mCagvrel-ni, rom hcdilobdnen ar gamoqveynebuliyo, ar gamomJRavnebuliyo, maTTa samarcxvinod da yovels Rones hxmarobdnen rogorme Sinve daemalaT.

ver vityviT, rom am daCagvris magaliTebi cota iyos istoriaSi, magram ase aSkarad, ase kadnierad, TiTqo Tavmosawonebeli ram ariso, arsad yofila, rogorc dRes germaniaSi moxda T. bismarkis bZanebiTa, roca leipcixSi asamarTlebdnen elzas-lotarenis mkvidrTa, miTamda saxelmwifos RalatisaTvis. ra Tqma unda, sasjeli gaduwyvites zogierTs maTgans da Cven imis gansjaSi ar SevalT Tu, ramodenad samarTlianad moiqca leipcixis samsjavro da ramodenad sabuTiani iyo braldeba Sesaxeb im elzas-lotarenis mkvidrTa, romelnic germaniis qveSevrdomebad iTvlebian. saqme is aris, rom sasjeli gauCines da germaniis moRalated icnes safrangeTis qveSevrdomi, safrangeTis jaris aficeri b-ni kordoni, romelic elzas-lotarenSi scxovrobda jerovanis nebarTviTa. mTeli braldeba rom kacma kargad gasCxrikos, dainaxavs, rom igi gangeb gasiebulia da gazviadebuli umaRlesis bZanebiTa: bralmdebeli, viTarca yur-

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moWrili mona T. bismarkisa, bevrsa hcdilobda eg gasieba da gazviadeba rogorme garedam Seelesa, Seeglisa, rom araraoba daemala, magram misma ostatobamac vera hqmna ra. gamoCnda, rom leifcixis marTlmsajulobam buzs aqlemi aSobina. es Seglesili fer-umarili rom CamoabanoT am braldebasa, cxadad dainaxavT, raSiac mdgoma-reobda arseba bralisa: imaT danaSaulad is aRmoCnda, rom safrangeTi ufro metad hyvarebiaT, vidre germaniao.

vsTqvaT, es danaSaulobad CasaTvlelia germaniis qveSevrdomTaTvis, magram es danaSauli sasacilod hxdeba, roca safrangeTis qveSev-rdomzea gadatanili. maS b-n kordons, safrangeTis Svils, safrangeTi ufro nakleb unda uyvardes, vidre germania, romelmac erTs dros cxvir-piri daamtvria mis samSoblosa, ori provincia waarTva da 1875 wels rom imperatori aleqsandre II ar gamosarCleboda, bismarki xelmeored upirebda aoxrebasa da miwasTan gasworebasa? es metismeti kadnierebaa adamianis bunebis winaSe, metismeti Tavgasulobaa da ararad Cagdebaa aramcTu marTl-msajulobisa, romlis marTlad svla da siswore Tavdebia kacTa mSvidobianobisa, kacTa bedniere-bisa, aramed Seginebaa im uuwmindaesis grZnobisaca, uromlisodac adamiani ubinao, uTvistomo mxeci da nadiria.

ara gvgonia, am ambavma uqmad Cauaros germanias da safrangeTs guli ar aumRvrios. gana advilad mosaTmenia, advilad asatania, rom saxelmwifos qveSevrdomi dausajes da bralad dasdes, _ Seni qveyana sxvisa qveyanazed metad rad giyvarso? Cvena gvgonia, rom safrangeTi amazed xmas amoiRebs da Snebelis saqmezed aranakleb aalaparakebs safrangeTis ersa, dResa Tu xval gavigebT exlandeli saministro safrangeTisa, rogor

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mouvlis da upatronebs am saqmesa. Cven ki marto is unda agveniSna, rom droTa niSania midreka marTlmsajulobisa da amgvarad, xidad gadeba misi politikis mimosvlisaTvis. bevri kargi magaliTi uCvenebia T. bismarks qveynisaTvis da es marTl-msajulobis fiandazad gaSlac politikis fexTa qveS erTi imaTgani iyos. raRa darCa bismarks qveyanazed, rom politikas zed ar Seaklas da ar anacvalos!

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««««germaniis mier arasworad germaniis mier arasworad germaniis mier arasworad germaniis mier arasworad

gadadgmuli nabijigadadgmuli nabijigadadgmuli nabijigadadgmuli nabiji»»»»

tfilisi, 19 ivnisi

Cvenis fiqriT, germaniam rom CamoarTva mis

mier damarcxebuls safrangeTs elzas-lotareni, bevri xaTabala aikida zurgzed da es xaTabala Zvirad unda daujdes gamarjvebuls germaniasa Tavis drozed da dResac ki metismetad amZimebs da abrkolebs. marTalia, saxelmwifoni aqed-iqiT iweven gasamateblad, magram yoveli Semateba gaZlierebas ara hniSnavs. piriqiT, zogjer game-teba dauZlurebis mizezadac Seiqmneba xolme da Tavmowoneba rom ar uSlides da abrus gatexas ar eridebodnen, iqneba windauxedavad Sematebuli kidec dasTmon, roca gadabrunebuli uremi gzas daanaxvebs xolme, magram ras izam? yovels saxelmwifos Tavisi Tavmowoneba aqvs, Tavisi saxeli da abru, rogorc calke adamiansa. uamiso-bac ki ar SeiZleba.

xolo Wiri es aris, rom xSirad es Tavmo-woneba da abru tyuilubralod aimrizeba, uad-gilo adgilas gamoiCens Tavsa, umizezo mizeziT apilpildeba xolme gunebanaqcev dedakacsaviT da maSin tyuilis TakilobiT Zleuli da waRebuli saxelmwifo samarTlians grZnobas patiosanis da

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WeSmaritis Tavmowonebisas da abrusas jiutobad gadaaqcevs xolme. ese iqceva dRes inglisi b-n salusberis winamZRolobiT irlandiis saqmeSi, ese iqceva germania elzas-lotarenis gamo, ese iqceva yoveli sxva, romelsac yoveli samarTliani Txovna erisa Tvisis abrus SebRalvad miaCnia, saxelis gatexad da amitomac wesad dadebuli aqvs, _ jer Cems nebazed movarjuleb mTxovne-lebsa da mere, Tu saWirod davinaxav, dasaTmobels davuTmobo. swored am sityvebiT hmarTlulobs Tavs dRes saministro inglisisa, roca parla-mentSi gahyavs Tavisi egredwodebuli “represiis kanonebi” irlandiis Sesaxeb.

amgvari mimarTuleba Sinauris politikisa, marto carielis saxelisaTvis Tavdadebuli, davarayebuls naWuWsa hgavs fuWis kaklisas: gastex da Sig gamosarCoSi ki ara aris ra. am araraobas kidev gauZlebda qveyana, rom misi dro, misi qoneba, misi Zal-rone da am fuWis kaklis mosavlelad ar ileodes. gana cota magaliTia, rom am cariels saxels, romelsac araviTari saxravi ara aqvs TviTon erisaTvis, Seusvams, SeuWamia yoveli is, rac uamisod Tavis gzazed wavidoda da ers am cariels saxelzed daxar-juls dros, qonebas da Zal-Rones Tavis sakeTil-dReod moaxmarebinebda da am mxriT, ar daaxanebda, ar Seaferxebda mis warmatebasa.

rac saqmnelia, unda iqmnas, amas win veravin aRudgeba. SesaZloa saqmneli Sehferxdes, magram samudamod ki cxovrebis davTrebidam misi amoSla SeuZlebelia da tyuili dakargvaa drosi da Zal-Ronisa. es dakargva Zvirad uRirs, Zvirad ujdeba qveyanasa da amitomac rac saqmnelia, rom male iqmnas, wminda mogebaa yvelasaTvis.

gana wminda mogeba ar iqmneboda germaniisaTvis, rom Tavzed moxveuli ara hqondes Zalad

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daWerili elzas-lotareni? rom yovel wliv as-as milionebi exarjeba jarebzed, gana amisi mizezi elzas-lotareni ara aris, romelsac zurgTukan udgas gaZlierebuli safrangeTi. gana is yofa, rom elzas-lotarens guli safrangeTisaken miuwevs da safrangeTs elzas-lotarenisaken natvris Tvali uWiravs, cotas abrkolebs germanias, cotas abrkolebs? yovelive is usamarTloba, rasac dRes evropaSi germania sCadis, yovelive is sadRexva-liod mosalodneli gansacdeli, romelsac dRes SeuboWavs mTeli evropa da mTels Zal-Rones erisas zed alevinebs gansacdelis SiSsa _ gana sul elzas-lotarenis wyaloba ar aris? mTeli evropa Sehferxda am gansacdelis molodiniTa da marto imazedaa gadagebuli, rom JamTa viTarebam TviTveuls calked anazdeulad ar moaswros da ar gaTelos. am elzas-lotarenis Zalad daWeram xom germania aziana da aziana, da sxvebsac ki marto imazed miaCerebina Tvali, rom uecrad ram ar gatyvres, moumzadebeli ar CamiTrios gansac-delis talRamao.

amboben, amis winadmgrZnobi moxuci imperatori vilhelmi Zalian eurCeboda Turme bismarks da didxans uZaliandeboda, rom elzas-lotareni ar CamoerTmia safrangeTsaTvis da germanias ar daeWira. T. bismarki ar dahyva Turme da dro gamoaCens, vin ufro Sors gamWvretavi iyo am saqmeSi, imperatori vilhelmi Tu T. bismarki. T. bismarki Wkviani kacia da ar SeiZleba dRes ara hxedavdes, ra xaTabala yofila saxelmwifosaTvis imisTana qveynis daWera, romelis gulic dRes aqamomde ver mounadirebia. iqneba sixaruliTac xeli aeRo dRes elzas-lotarenzed, rom es daTmoba saTakilod ar miaCndes gamarjvebulis germaniis saxelisa da abrusaTvis, Tumca arc erTi da arc meore imodenad gamosaxravi ar aris,

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ramodenadac macdunebelia Tu yovelTvis ara, am SemTxvevaSi mainc.

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««««mevenaxe glexTa mdgomareobamevenaxe glexTa mdgomareobamevenaxe glexTa mdgomareobamevenaxe glexTa mdgomareoba»»»»

tfilisi, 23 ivnisi roca amboben, esa Tu is qveyana mdidariao,

amiT imisi Tqma ar undaT, rom viTom im qveynis eria mdidari, imitom, rom SesaZloa eri mdidari iyos da am simdidreSi TviTon qveyana, rogorc momcems adgils, araviTari monawileoba ara hqondes simwiris gamo. simdidres qveynisas Seadgens is Zal-Rone havisa da miwisa, romelic SesaZloda hxdis mocemis mravalgvarobas, da ramdenadac es mravalgvaroba didia, imodenad mdidaria qveyana. am sabuTiT amboben, rom Cveni qveyana mdidaria, radganac hava da miwa bevrgvars sagans simdidrisas iZleva, Tu kaci cnobierad xels mohkidebs da codniT da xerxianad gairjeba. Cveni qveyana, magaliTebr, Rvinos da kargi Tvisebis Rvinosac iZleva sxvaTa Soris. am mxriT, igi mdidaria im qveynebzed, saca vazi gamo havisa vera hxeirobs.

es xom esea, magram erTi saocari ambavi unda SevniSnoT. Cven araerTxel gagvigonia Cvenis yuriT gulisxmier Sinaur kacTagan, rom glexoba aq aris CvenSi Raribi da yelTamde valSi Cacvivnuli, saca venaxoba da, maSasadame, Rvinis keTeba gaxSirebu-

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lia da saca glexkacoba am venaxobazed aris ufro metad Tavdadebulio. piriqiT, saca glexoba marto xvna-Tesvas misdevs, iq ki glexni ufro SemZlebelni da uvaloni ariano. xSirad amis dasamtkiceblad TviTon soflebic dausaxelebiaT da am soflebis mcodne kacebs uTqvamT, rom am dasaxelebul soflebSi marTla egrea glexTa mdgomareobao. Cvenc TviTon gamogviZiebia es saocari ambavi Cvens axlo-maxlo TviTo-orola soflebSi da, Cvenda samwuxarod, gamoZiebas arc erTgan ar gaumtyunebia zemoxsenebuli naTvalevi Sinaur kacebisa: yvelgan, saca Tvali migviwvdenia, gamosula, rom glexoba iq ufro SeZlebulia da uvalo, saca venaxebi an sul ara aqvT, an Zalian cota da saca ufro xvna-Tesvaa, vidre sxva ram miwaTmoqmedeba.

es iseTi daujerebeli ambavia pirveli SexedviT, rom Cvens Tvalsac ar vujerebdiT da gulSi vambobdiT, TviTo-orola soflis magaliTi jer kidev sabuTi ar aris, siRaribis mizezad vicnaT sagani simdidrisa, romelsac Rvino war-moadgens. marTalic aris: rogor davijeroT, rom Rvinom, ese igi, mometebulma wyarom simdidrisam, eri gaaRaribos. es madlis codvad gadaqceva, lxinis Wirad gardaqmna WkuaSi rogorRac ar modis, loRika rogorRac ver iTvisebs, ver iwynarebs; aq unda sxva ram mizezi iyos da am mizezis gamorkveva metad saintereso gaxda CvenTvisa. dro gadioda da Cven SevityveT, rom erTi didi memamule, romelsac orasis dRis venaxi aqvs gadaWimuli erTs adgilas, nebas ar aZlevs glexobas mis mamulSi venaxi aiSenos swored im mizeziT, rom Cemi glexobao, romelic exla marto xvna-Tesvas misdevs da cotad Tu bevrad welmagaria, gaRaribdeba, raki venaxis davidarabas aikviatebso. Cven vicnobdiT am memamules da

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sainteresod gagvixda misgan am saganzed Segvetyo rame. man gviTxra, rom swored egre viqcevi Cems mamulSi da CemisTana uvalo da SeZlebuli glexoba bevrs ar usaxliao. Cems gverdiT Cemobas erTi patara sofeli daSenda saxelmwifo mamulzedao da roca am patara soflis glexTa venaxebis gaSeneba daapires, bevri vurCieo, Tu Tavis daRupva ar gindaT, venaxebs Tavi daanebeT, marto xvna-Tesvas mihyeviTo. ar damijeres da exla hnanobeno, yelTamde valebSi arian, da Cemi glexebi ki imodenad kargad arian, rom isini amaT Sehnatriano. dResac im adgilebSi garSemo venaxebi aqvs glexobas da marto Suaguli mamulia xsenebul memamulisa, saca arc erTs glexs venaxi ara aqvs da arc ndomobs, rom iqonios.

Cven es ambavi sul sxva mizezs mivawereT, radganac loRikas rogorRac ar efereboda. Cven gvegona, rom radganac xsenebuls memamules sul sxva xiznebi hyavs Tavis mamulSi, am mizeziT neba ar miucia venaxebis gaSenebisa, rom mkvidrad fexi ar moikidon mamulSi da mere sadavidarabod ar gaixados saqme. amis gamo sul sxva mizezi SevwameT da ara is, rasac igi gvauwyebda. exla ki es saocari ambavi sxva mxridamac hmarTldeba.

xom mogexsenebaT, rom saxelmwifo qonebaTa saministros warmomadgenelma CvenSi b-nma tixievma rCeulni moxeleni gahgzavna sxvadasxva adgilas CvenSi saxelmwifo glexTa ekonomiuris yofa-cxovrebis gamosaZieblad. amaTgan erTma, b-nma arRuTinskim, gamoiZia Telavisa da siRnaRis mazris glexobis yofa-cxovreba da rogorc etyoba sabuTianadac, da imasac, warmoidgineT, igive SeuniSnavs Sesaxeb im glexebisa, romelnic mevenaxeobas ufro misdeven. igi ambobs, rom saca glexoba venaxobas ahyolia am ors mazraSi, nametnavad TelavisaSi, iq glexoba valSia, Raribia

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da saxelmwifo gadasaxadis darCenili fulic iq metia, vidre sxvaganao, amis dasamtkiceblad sabuTebic mohyavs sakmaod Sesawynarebeli.

raki am mxriTac Semowmebulia dRes is daujerebeli ambavi, romelic winad movixsenieT, ar SeiZleba kacma yuradReba ar miaqcios da mis viTarebas ar Caukvirdes, rogor gadaeqceva Cvens glexobas erTi kai mozrdili wyaro simdidrisa siRaribis saTaved, _ amis gamoZieba da gamorkveva metismetad sainteresoa da Cvens am sagans Cvenis SeZlebisamebr gamovikvlevT.

tfilisi, 24 ivnisi

calke is mowmobani, rom yvelgan, saca

glexkacoba misdevs venaxis keTebasa, glexni siRaribeSi arian da valebiT damZimebulni, calke is ueWveli ambavi, rom venaxebi TandaTan hmatuloben da mravldebian qarTl-kaxeTSi da am ukanasknel dros ufro qarTlSi, _ ors erTma-neTis Seuferebels da Seuwynarebels movlenas warmogvidgenen. Tu venaxebiTa hRaribdebian glexni, raRad mravldeba venaxebi da Tu venaxebi mrav-ldeba, raRas hniSnavs xsenebuli mowmobani?

venaxebis gamravleba xom angariSzea damokide-buli da Tu venaxebi angariSSi ar modis, Tavs tyuilad vin gaicivebda imis gasamravleblad, rac xeiris magier marto zianisa da zaralis momtania. Cvena gvgonia, rom am erTmaneTis damlevs da Semusvrels ambavis mizezs mivuxvdebiT, Tu Tvalwin wamoviyenebT im ekonomiurs Zal-Rones, romelic glexkacobas venaxis gasaSeneblad aiZulebs.

venaxi Tu amindi xels uwyobs da weliwadi kargi Sexvda, didZals mogebas iZleva. magaliTebr,

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b-n arRuTinskis gamoZiebiT gamodis, rom Telavis mazraSi dRiurs venaxzed ixarjeba weliwadSi 34 manaTi da Semosavali ki orTa Sua mosavlisa iZleva 110 manaTsa, ase, rom dRiurzed wminda mogeba rCeba 76 manaTi. xvna-Tesva ki imav mxares iZleva wminda Semosavals dRiurzed 10 manaTsa da ors abazsa, radganac b-n arRuTinskis gamoyvanili aqvs xvna-Tesvis xarji dRiurzed 14 manaTi da ori Sauri da Semosavali 24 manaTi da aTi Sauri, isic maSin, Tu puria daTesili. sxva marcvleuloba ki, magaliTebr, qeri, sul oTxs manaTs da eqvs Saurs wminda mogebas iZleva da simindi marto sams manaTs da aT Saursa.

raki xalxis gamravleba cotad Tu bevrad yovelwliv win midis da amis gamo saxnav-saTesi miwebi aRar hyofnis xalxsa, ra Tqma unda, saxnav-saTesi miwa imisTana samuSavod unda aqcios, romelic xvna-Tesvazed ufro dids Semosavals iZleva, radganac barad Cvenis qveynis mometebul nawilSi yurZeni hxeirobs da venaxoba SesaZle-belia, da radganac venaxi TiTqmis erTiSvidad mets iZleva vidre saxnav-saTesi, aSkaraa, venaxad qceuli saxnav-saTesi erTiSvidad mets sarCos moitans; am saxiT, angariSi TvalnaTlad aCvenebs glexkacsa, rom igi tani miwa, romelic xvna-TesviT sakmao sarCos ar iZleoda, venaxeobiT ki gauZRveba misis rCenis saWiroebasa. amaSi unda moipovebodes mizezi venaxebis gamravlebisa CvenSi. amaSive unda moiCxrikebodes mizezi glexis gaRaribebisa da valSi Cavardnisa, Tu erTic da meorec marTalia da ara moCvenebuli Rrmad Cauxedavobisagan.

xvna-Tesva imisTana ram aris, rom Tumca cotas iZleva, magram rasac iZleva, ufro saimedoa da mSromels ufro nakleb gaumtyundeba xolme. xvna-Tesvis mosavals imdeni gansacdeli, faTeraki ara

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sdevs, ramdenic venaxisas. garda amisa, rom sulac moucdes glexkacsa, ufro advilad asatania, vidre venaxis mosavlis mocdena imitom, rom pirvels SemTxvevaSi 14 manaTi ekargeba da meoreSi ki 34 manaTi, Tu b-n arRuTinskis cifrebs miviRebT saangariSod eg cifrebi miT ufro sarwmunoni arian, rom sakmaod axlo arian marTal cifrebzed. imas aRar vityviT, rom xvna-Tesvis mosavalis xelaRebiT mocdena Zneli da iSviaTi SemTxvevaa, venaxisa ki ufro advilia da xSiri, jer marto im mizeziT, rom xvna-Tesvis mosavalzed karga gvian modis mosavali venaxisa da, maSasadame, amindis cvlilebisa Tu sxva gansacdelis qveS ufro didxans imyofeba. sxva rom ara iyos ra, marto setyva aviRoT. xvna-Tesvis mosavali marto mkaTaTvis damlevamdea sityvis SiSqveS da venaxisa ki TiTqmis RvinobisTTvemde da am xnis manZilzed vin icis, ra ar daemarTos venaxsa, kaczed damoukidebel mizezis gamo.

erTis mxriT, dids Semosavlis imedi, romelsac venaxi iZleva da romelic cotad Tu bevrad sabuTiania da dids xarjs awevinebs, da meores mxriT, is mravalgvari gansacdeli, rome-lic Tan sdevs venaxis mosavalsa da xSirad venaxis patrons yvelaferzed xels abaninebs, unda cnobil iqmnas imis mizezad, rom venaxis mimdevari glexi SeZlebiT ufro uRonoa, vidre xvna-Tesvis amyoli. venaxs imodena xarji da movla unda, rom erTi weliwadi moucdes glexsa, glexi ueWvelad valSi unda Caiflas, da valic imisTana mZime pirobisaa, rom erTxel Cafluli Znelad TuRa ixsnis valisagan Tavsa. Cven moviyvaneT b-n arRuTinskis mier gamoZiebuli raodenoba xarjisa erTis dRiuris venaxis gasakeTeblad, marTalze Zalian axlos. am cifirisagan sCans, rom erTis dRiuris venaxis patrons venaxzed ixarjeba 34

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manaTi. venaxi rom moucdes da 34 manaTi valad daedvas erTis dRiuris venaxis patrons glexsa, rogorRa daiRwevs am valisagan Tavsa.

radganac venaxi didi Semosavalis imeds iZleva da radganac windauxedavoba, romelic Cvens znes Seadgens, marto kargs gvafiqrebinebs xolme da aTasnairs gansacdels gvaviwyebinebs, amitomac glexs guli ufro xalvaTi aqvs valis aRebisaTvis: erTi mosavali momiva da valsac erTbamad gavuZRvebi da vaxSsacao, igi marTalia. am erTis kargis mosavlis molodiniTa, magram xSirad lodini lodinad hrCeba da gulxalvaTad aRebuli vali Tavis zednadebiT zed ekeceba da ramodenadac imedgamtyuvnebuli mosavali venaxisa akldeba, imodenad, Tu ar metad, hmatulobs erTxel aRebuli valica.

garda amisa, TviTon igi soflis wurbelac, romelic marto fulis bRartobiTa hcxovrobs da qveyanas imis meti misgan ara emunaTeba ra, igic venaxis imediT ufro iZleva fuls valada. igi fulis sasesxeblad mosuls kacs yvelazed uwinares imasa hkiTxavs xolme: venaxi gaqvso da Tu aqvs, amisTanisaTvis fuls sasesxeblad ufro advilad imetebs. radganac fulis patroni windaxeduli da angariSiani kacia, iman kargad icis, venaxi ra gansacdeliani qonebaa; kargad icis, rom Tu weliwadi emarjva, dids Rones aZlevs glexkacsa, da Tu ara, fuli SesaZloa did xans daebandos da gaebas. calke am imedianis sixarbiT, calke fulis didxans dabandebis SiSiT, imodena sargebels daudebs xolme pirobad, rom kaci hkvirobs, saRis Wkuis patroni am sargebels rogora hkisrulobso.

xolo gaWirebuls glexkacs sargeblis sidides da simZimes usubuqebs da saadvilod uxdis isev is imedi venaxis movlisa. exla ki suli

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movibrunoo, xeli movinacvloo, ambobs gulSi, da RmerTi mowyalea, samermisod venaxi imodenas momcems, rom amasac warbSeuxrelad gavwvdeo. aki, vsTqviT, glexkacs venaxis imediT guli xalvaTi aqvs, da es imedi miT ufro advilad WkuaSi mosasvlelia, rom venaxi bunebiTad didis mosavlis SemZlebelia, didis mogebis momcemia, Tuki amindi daudga da gansacdels gadurCa. es imedi, uangariSod gaZlierebuli, waicdens xolme glexkacobas, calke valis aRebis gzas uxsnis da calke valis SiSs uklavs, maSin, rodesac uamisod glexkaci erTob metad ufrTxis da erideba valis aRebasa. am saxiT, sami mizezi erTad moqmedobs, Cvenis fiqriT, Tu marTla venaxis mimdevari glexkaci ufro valSi Caflulia, ufro SeuZle-belia, vidre xvna-mTesveli, romelic ufro cotazed, magram ufro nakleb gansacdelians da ufro didad saimedo mosavalzed damyarebulia.

erTi mizezi is unda iyos, rom venaxis keTebis xarji imodenaa, rom Tu vinicobaa mosavali moscda, glexi uvalod am xarjs ver gadurCeba; meore isa, rom didi mogeba venaxisa valis SiSs ufrTxobs glexsa da Znelad sakisrebels advilad kisrad aRebinebs; mesame isa, rom igiv didi mogeba venaxisa fulis patrons ufro advilad ametebinebs sasesxeblad fulsa venaxis patroni-saTvis. xolo yovelsave am mizezs da venaxis patronebis Raribad yofnas maSina aqvs adgili, roca damtkicebuli iqneba, rom rigiani mosavali venaxisa Zalian iSviaTia CvenSi da naklebi _ xSiri. glexis Caflva valSi da veRar amosvla advilad warmosadgenia marto am SemTxvevaSi. nuTu CvenSi umosavloba venaxisa sWarbobs mosav-lianobas?

Tu marTla dasajeria is ambavi, rom glex-kacoba, venaxebis mimdevari, ufro Raribia xvna-

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Tesvis mimdevarzed, ueWvelad esec unda davijeroT. Cven mainc kidev saeWvod migvaCnia es Sinaur mosaqme kacTagan SeniSnuli da mTavrobis moxelis mier Semowmebuli ambavi. kargi iqneboda, rom soflad mcxovrebma mixvedrilma kacma Tvali daakvirvos am saocars ambavs da Tvisi azri am sagnis Sesaxeb gagviziaros. es metismetad saintereso saqme imad hRirs, rom kacma jafa gaswios da zedmiwevniT gamoiZios. marTlada, rogor ar unda eocos kacsa, rom adamians meti saxsari hqondes Tavis rCevisa da is meti Wirad gadahqcevodes, anu uked vsTqvaT, simdidre siRaribis mizezad gaxdomodes.

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««««ra aris Tavisuflebara aris Tavisuflebara aris Tavisuflebara aris Tavisufleba»»»»

tfilisi, 25 ivnisi

Tavisufleba igi yofa-mdgomareobaa adamiani-sao, ambobs bossueti Tavis msoflio istoriaSi, saca yoveli emorCileba marto kanonsa da saca kanoni uZlieresia yovel calke kaczedao; aseTis TvaliT uyurebda Tavisufalebas Zveli romaeli da Zveli berZenio. es WeSmariti da zedmiwevnili mniSvneloba Tavisufalebisa exlac cnobilia da aRiarebuli exlandel mecnierTa da saxelmwifo-Tagan. WeSmariti, rigiani agebuleba da wyobileba kacTa sazogadoebisa swored am qvakuTxedzed unda iyos amoyvanili. saca eg ar aris, im kacTa sazogadoeburi cxovreba, romelic erTmaneTzed damoukideblad da gadubmelad SeuZlebelia, marto Zalmomreobaa, erTmaneTis Telvaa, erTma-neTis Cagvra da Zarcva-gleja. maSin yofa adamianisa nadirT yofaa da adamiani, eg kerZi RvTisa, nadirad gadaqceulia, imitom, rom Tvi-Tveulis sve-bedi TviTveulis far-xmliT sageri da satevia da ara saerTo mfarvelobisa da Semweobisagan naTavdebebi da dakuTvnebuli. am yofiT cxovreba cnobiers da WkvaTamyofels su-liers ar SeuZlian da TviT im krebuls WkvaTa-myofels sulierTa, romelsac Cven kacTa

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sazogadoebas veZaxiT, mizezi arsebobisa da yovelive mniSvneloba ekargeba da ubaTildeba.

xolo kacma rom imisTana pativsacemi da marTali, adamianisaTvis Tavmosawoni Tavisufaleba iqonios, rogorsac bossueti ambobs, sakmao ar aris marto arseboba kanonebisa. kanoni rjulia cxovrebisa da amitomac igi samarTlisagan amowvdili xmalic aris urCTaTvis da faric aris sagerad da saxsnelad CagrulTaTvis. Tu xmlobaSi kanons usamarTlod hxmarobs vinme, maSin farobam kanonisam Tavi unda iCinos sagerad. kanoni maSin aris kacTaTvis madlis mimniWebeli, roca am ornairs uwmindaes mniSvnelobas misas hpatronobs TviTon sazogadoeba, TviTveuli wevri, TviTveuli kaci. roca kanonis saxeliT miseva Tu mogerieba hbRalavs, hlaxavs grZnobas marTlierebisas, maSin me viCagrebi amisagan, Tu sxva, mainc movale var Tavi gamovido, kanonis saxeli Zirs ar davce da ar gavaqelvino, imitom, rom kanoni yvelasi far-xmalia da, maSasadame, Cemica. aq sidide saqmisa arafers SuaSia. SeiZleba saqme Calis fasadac ara hRirdes, magram galaxuli, gaupatiurebuli grZnoba simarTlisa ki mainc alaparakdes da kanons gamoesarClos. es marto maSin aris SesaZlebeli, roca grZnoba simarTlisa, eg erTaderTi Tavdebi kacTa sazogadoebis bedniere-bisa, yvelas gaRviZebuli aqvs da yaraulad udga TviT kanons.

swored esec aris yvelgan, saca ki erTi am mxriT sazogadoebur cxovrebaSi warmatebulia. ai, Tunda amisi magaliTi, romelic Cveneburs kacs iqmeba sasacilodac ar eyos da romelsac ki, Cvenis azriT, didZali mniSvneloba aqvs, imodenad didZali, rom uamisod yovelive kanoni, rac unda kargi iyos, uqmi Tamasuqia. breslavSi /prusiis qalaqia/ erTi mdidari sovdagaria Turme. mas

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exlaxan jvari dauweria, patarZali Sin miuyvania da policiisaTvis ki ar Seutyobinebia, rom saxlSi axali adamiani daubinavebia. prusiis kanonebiT ki yoveli patroni saxlisa movalea acnobos policias samis dRis ganmavlobaSi, Tu vinme ucxo kaci Tavis binaSi daabainava. policiam am kanonis darRvevisaTvis manaTzed cota meti jarima daawera sovdagarsa. sovdagarma jarimis gadaxdevineba usamarTlod icna da policias uCivla. sasamarTloSi sovdagari amtkicebda, rom policias am SemTxvevaSi xeli ara hqonda jarima gadaexdevinebina CemTvisao, imitom, rom kanonSi moxsenebulia, rom Tu ucxo kaci davabinave Cems saxlSi da policias ar Sevatyobine, maSin unda gadamxdes jarimao; coli ki, arc kanoniT da arc saRvTo werilis ZaliT, ucxo kacad ar CaiTvleba qmrisTvisao. arc sasamarTlom, arc sasamarTlos palatam ar Seiwynara sovdagaris sabuTi da zemoxsenebuli jarima, sul erTi manaTi da erTi Sauri, mjavrad ganuCina. sovdagarma mainc Tavisi ar daiSala da gaditana saCivari dids saxelmwifo samarTalSi, romelsac reihsgerixti hqvian.

sasaciloa gana, mkiTxvelo, aseTi davidaraba erTis manaTis gulisaTvis, mere visgan? mdidaris sovdagarisagan. Cveneburi kaci maSinve amoiRebda qisidam erTs manaTs da maSinve daamwyralebda policias. magram aq saqme gana marto erTs manaTzea! ra aris erTi manaTi sovdagarisaTvis, xelis WuWyia, mtveria da sxva araferi. magram, aba, axla Sig CaixedeT am saqmeSi, guneba da buneba gaugeT, maSin sicilis magier grZnoba pati-viscemisa migaxedebT am sovdagarzed. cxadia, mdidars sovdagars is ki ar anaRvlebs, rom erTi manaTi erTmeva, aramed is, rom, misis azriT, kanoni da samarTali irRveva da kanoni da samarTali kidev misis Tavisuflebis cixe-samagre imodenad

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Zvirfasia, rom ganurCevlad, ganukiTxvelad xels aravis axlebinebs. ai, namdvili, WeSmariti moqalaqobrivi Tavgamodeba, ai WeSmariti qveloba kacTa sazogadoebis wevrisa. amodena davidarabaSi, sams samarTalSi saqmis gatarebaSi erTi manaTi ki ara, iqneba asi manaTic daexarjos, magram igi, erisaTvisac iRwvis, misTvis yovels qonebazed ufro Zvirfasia. kacma, misis azriT, usamarTlod moawvdina maszed kanonis xmali da igi imav kanonsa Tavis kacuris kacobis fasad win uyenebs da gankiTxvas samarTlisagan elis. kacuri, adamianuri cxovrebac amas hqvian: amisTana kacTa Soris yvela Sekrulia borotisaTvis da yvela gzagaxsnilia sikeTisaTvis. Tavisuflebac adamianisa sxva ara aris ra, rom borotisaTvis srulad Sekruli iyos da sikeTisaTvis uxvad gzagaxsnili.

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««««kanonis codna da misi farad kanonis codna da misi farad kanonis codna da misi farad kanonis codna da misi farad

gamoyenebis aucileblobagamoyenebis aucileblobagamoyenebis aucileblobagamoyenebis aucilebloba»»»»

tfilisi, 26 ivnisi

“iveriis” 122 nomerSi, dabeWdilia suramidan mowerili ambavi da sxvaTa Soris is aris moxsenebuli, rom zogi mamulebi gvirabiT gamosatan rkinis gzisaTvis saWiroa Sesasyidlad. amisTana SemTxvevaSi gaReba mamulisa gasyidviT Zaldatanebuli gasyidvaa, amitomac saxelmwifo metad frTxilad da didis ridiT iqceva, roca saWiroeba iZulebul hxdis Seexos calke kacis sakuTrebasa da Tu nebayoflobiT ara, Zaladac CamoarTvas mamuli.

eseTi Zlieri ufleba saxelmwifosi damyarebu-lia maszed, rom TviTon sakuTrebac imisTana bunebisaa, rom erTis mxriT, emsaxureba calke kacis saWiroebas da meores mxrTiT, sazogado sayovelTavo moTxovnilebas eqvemdebareba. es orgvaroba sakuTrebisa warmomdgaria TviTon adamianis bunebisagan, romelic imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adamiani, erTis mxriT, calke sulieria da Tavisi piradi, sakuTari sagani da interesi aqvs da sxvazed damoukideblad miezideba am sagnisa da interesisaken da, meores mxriT, erTi mraval-Tagania, Tavis msgavs sulierebzed mravalgvarad damokidebuli da maSasadame, ase Tu ise movalea

445

winaSe sazogadoebisa, romlis gared cxovreba ar SeuZlian bunebiTad.

roca sakuTareba calke kacisa sayovelTaod gamosayenia da saWiro, maSin garemoeba iZulebulhyofs saxelmwifos kerZo sakuTarebas misi sazogadoeburi valdebulebac mosTxovs. maSin kerZooba sakuTrebisa, misi xelSeuxlebloba adgils uTmobs Tvis sazogadoeburs movaleobas da aq Tu kerZo mxare sakuTrebisa gauJiniandeba, saxelmwifos neba aqvs mag Jins yuri ar aTxovos imitom, rom saxelmwifos yvelani ufro metad miaCndes, vidre TviTveuli kerZod. radganac amasTanave kerZo sakuTrebis Seuryevlobac dids ganZad miaCnia saxelmwifos TviTon sazogadoebis dRegrZelobisa da wesierad cxovrebisaTvis, amitomac marto am didmniSvnelobians uflebasa, mere im sifrTxiliT da ridiT, rom kerZo sakuTrebis patroni ar daazianos.

erT amisTana sazogado saWiroebazed samar-Tlianad cnobilia rkinis gzis gatarebaca, romlis gamoc saxelmwifo iZulebulia kerZo sakuTrebis patrons jer nebiT mosTxovos mamuli da Tu nebiT ar garigda, kanonisamebr ZaliT CamoarTvas. amis Sesaxebi kanoni cxadia da rac SesaZloa, yoveli SemTxveva kanons winad danaxuli aqvs. es kanonebi CamoTvlili gvqonda “iveriaSi” da yovels kerZo memamules, romelsac ki saxelmwifos saxeliT mosTxoven mamulsa, Rone aqvs es kanonebi farad ixmaros TviTnebobis da Zalmomreobis mosevis mosagereblad.

suramidam moweril werilSi naTqvamia, rom ormoc-samocTumnian mamulSi iZulebul hxdian mamulis patronsa oTxsa da xuTs Tumans dasjerdeso. es, rasakvirvelia didi usamarTlobaa, magram brali visia da risa? kanoni TviTveuls gzas uCvenebs, rogor moiqces, Tu vinicobaa cota

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SeaZlies mamulSi da an nebayoflobiT ar morigdnen, ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSi verc msyidvels miecema neba Tavis nebazed iaros da verc gamsyidvelsa, imitom, rom erTis mogebaa, naklebi aZlios da meorisa, meti mosTxovos. kanoni amas ver Seiwynarebs da, amitomac kanons kamisia aqvs daniSnuli adgilis kacTaganve, romelTac imitom, rom adgilis kacni arian, unda sxvazed uked icodnen yovelive garemoebani gasaRebis mamulisa, romelT krebulTagan Sesdgeba xolme misi samarTliani fasi. kanoni am kamisiis gadawyvetilebasac ara hkmarobs, Tu vinicobaa ukmayofilod darCa an erTi an meore mxare da nebas aZlevs erTsac da meoresac oris kviris ganmavlobaSi Tavis sabuTebi waradginos jerovans adgils da SebRaluli simarTle aRadginos.

am mxriT kanoni TiTqmis yovels Ronis-Ziebas hxmarobs, aravin ar daiCagros da Tu vinme iCagreba, eg marto imitom, rom TviTon Cven Cveulni ara varT, Cven TviTon vzdioT Cvens saqmesa da kanoni avifaroT. surame-lebsac amas vurCevT, rom amgvars SemTxvevaSi TviTnebobas win dauyenon kanoni da daCagvras piri abrunebinon. amisaTvis saWiroa Sig Caixedon kanonebSi, romelnic cxadad aCveneben, ra mWreli xmali SeuZlianT mamulis msyid-velT amoawvdinon mamulis patronzed am SemTxvevaSi da mamulis patronebs ra fari SeuZlianT win daaxvedron. es miT ufro advilia, rom amis Sesaxebi kanonebi “iveriaSi” /122/ dabeWdilia qarTulad Targmnili da, amitomadac sacodnelad advilad xelmisawvde-ni.

447

««««gazeT “iveriis” marcxigazeT “iveriis” marcxigazeT “iveriis” marcxigazeT “iveriis” marcxi»»»»

tfilisi, 2 ivlisi

ara gvgonia, sxvagan sadme iyos iseTi qveyana,

saca adamianis patiosneba da namusi ise windauxedavad, tyuilubralozed ilaxebodes, rogorc CvenSi. Cvenis fiqriT ki, adamians, kacia Tu qali, patiosnebis da namusis meti sxva uZvirfasesi ara aqvs ra gasafrTxilebeli da wmindad Sesanaxavi. adamiani adamianobs marto patiosnebiT da namusiTa da vinc es icis, imisa-Tvis SebRalva an erTisa da an meorisa yovels danakliszed umZimesia, yovels mwuxarebazed udi-desi mwuxarebaa.

Tumca esea, magram, Cvenda samwuxarod, CvenSi ki arafrad miaCniaT Cirqis mocxoba da wawymeda sxvisis patiosnebisa da namusisa. amisTana ukad-riss saqciels arsad ar veridebiT da, saca amas vxedavT, aramcTu Sesaferis guliwyromiT aR-viWurvebiT xolme, aramed mcireodenadac ar Sevix-riT warbsac. piriqiT, zogjer TiTqo saqciels vuwonebTo, viZaxiT: uh, ra lazaTianad gamogilan-ZRa am kacma is kacio, aseTi yofa daawia, rom Se-ni mowonebulio.

amisTana saqciels ar veridebiT arc Sina, arc gared, arc saqveynod da arc kerZod, arc sazoga-

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doebaSi, arc calke. roca es amisTana ukadrisi saqcieli aSkaraa da pirdapir zedmoseulia, maSin amis momqmeds, cotaodeni niSanwyali adamianobisa kidev SeiZleba vugulisxmoT imitom, rom ar iqneba isic ar gamoelodebodes raime gansacdelsa aSkarad gaupatiurebulis kacisagan. maSasadame, igic raimes unda hSiSobdes da raki gakadnierda ukadrisis qcevisaTvis, sCans, sZlia SiSsa da gansacdels guldagul uxvdeba. pirdapir zedmo-seuli avazaki imodenad sazizRari ar aris, ramo-denadac mxdali qurdbacaca. imitom, rom amisTana avazaki imodenad imetebs Tavis Tavsa, ramodenadac gamometebuli hyavs Tvisi mopirdapire; aq marto gamarjvebaa Tavdebi misis gadarCenisa. qurdbacaca ki maluli mteria, me TviTon ar damakldeba rao, me ki SemiZlian vavno, Tu memarjva da is ki me veras mavnebs, Tu memarcxao.

qurdbacacazed uaresni arian isini, vinc imodenad xels iReben Tavzed, rom ciliswamebiT, xmebis dayriT Cumad da idumalad ubRalven Tvis mopirispires patiosnebas da namussa. raki javri viszedme Caides gulSi, maSin imaTTvis mosaridebeli aRara aris ra: kacia Tu qali, ar moeridebian, rom yovelgvari lafi Tavs gadaasxan da erTsac da meoresac saxeli gautexon, saxeli daumxon. eseTi sazizRari saqcieli maSin ufro sazizRaria, roca niSnad amoRebulia dedakaci. mamakaci ase Tu ise SemZlebelia cilismwamebels ar SeuSindes da tyuils tyuilis karamdis hzdios. ra hqmnas amis arSemZlebelma uRono dedakacma! usamarTlod, ciliswamebiT gaupatiure-bulma grZnobam dedakacis Rirsebisam sad da raSi eZios Tvisi msjavri, Tvisi kmayofileba! aq namusis mparavi yovel SiSs gared aris, yovels gansac-dels acilebulia da miT aris igi ufro bilwi da maSasadame, ufro sazizRari.

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yovelive es gvaTqmevina erTma SemaZrwmunebulma ambavma, romelsac Cvenda samwuxarod, Cvens “iveriaSi” adgili hqonia. Cven mogvivida erTi moTxrobasaviT raRaca werili, saca Turme CamoTvlilia zogierTi ambavi erTis xelnaweris pasqvilidam amoRebuli. Cven ver mivxvdiT am moTxrobis azrsa da radganac TviTon moTxroba cotad Tu bevrad Rirsad vcaniT dabeWvdisa, davbeWdeT da am saxiT erTs sazizRars codvaSi Cven, Cvenda uneburad, monawileoba miviReT. Tumca arcodna arcodvaa, magaram mainc didad Semawu-xebelia, raki SevityeT, razed aris aSenebuli igi moTxroba.

Cven, vimeorebT, ver mivuxvdiT Sinagans azrs moTxrobisas da iq ki, saidamac gamogzavnili iyo igi moTxroba, yvelani mimxvdaran, rac ambavia: Turme nu ityviT, sdomebiaT upatiurad gaexadnaT niSanSi amoRebulni, javris amosayrelni gvamni da amiT xelnawerad gavrcelebul pasqvilisaTvis gazeTSi gamotarebul sityviT cotad Tu bevrad gza gaexsnaT.

“iveria” rogorc Wirs, erideba amisTana saq-ciels, Zlier hfrTxilobs, magram ras izamT, roca avzneobas, ukadrisad qcevas amdeni samala-vebi aqvs, amdeni faruli gzebi Semosaparavad. redaqcias swored gulTmisnoba unda hqondes momadlebuli, rom am SemTxvevaSi uneburi Secdoma ar mouvides da ucodnelad danaSaulSi ar gaerios.

guliT vwuxvarT, rom ese mouxda “iverias”, magram esec ki viciT, rom Cveni mwuxareba ubralod gaupatiurebulis gulis cecxls ver gaanelebs: es cecxli metad mwvavia da didxans gauqrobeli misTvis, vinc icis, ra didi saunjea adamianisaTvis sifaqize patiosnebisa da siwminde namusisa.

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««««saxaso glexTa mamulebis gayidvasaxaso glexTa mamulebis gayidvasaxaso glexTa mamulebis gayidvasaxaso glexTa mamulebis gayidva»»»»

tfilisi, 6 ivlisi

Cven araerTxel am ramdenisame wlis winad

gamogviTqvams Cveni guliTadi mwuxareba imis gamo, rom saxaso glexTa venaxebi momrigebel-mosa-marTleebma vaWrobis sagnad gaxades da glexebs valSi uyididnen. zogadi kanonebi, romelnic saqarTvelosaTvisac savaldebuloni arian, didad ewinaaRmdegebian amnairs moqmedebas, Tu glexis venaxebi sakuTars miwazed ar arian gaSenebulni. saxaso, ese igi saxelmwifo miwebzed gaSenebulni venaxebi, kanonis sityviT, SesaZloa gaisyidos TviTon glexis nebiTa Tu uneburobiTa mxolod maSin, roca msyidveli TviTon saxelmwifo glexia da imave sazogadoebisa Tu soflisa, romelsac TviTon venaxis patroni ekuTvnis. am saxiT kanoniT akrZalulia sxva wodebis kacma syidviT dainar-Cunos saxelmwifo miwazed gaSenebuli venaxi.

zedmosevam da, rogorc etyoba, Zlier zedmo-sevamac vaWrobisam da fulis patronebisam am cxads kanons SeuSales azri da saxe. kanoni pirdapir acxadebda Tavis survils da ganzraxvasa. aq rom veras Seuvidnen, erTi sasacilo gza ipoves kanonis gasamrudebelad, anu, ukeT vsTqvaT, kanonis gzis asaqcevad. moigones, rom SesaZloa venaxi

451

glexisa gaiyidos mxolod im pirobiT ki, rom miwa ar daekuTvnos msyidvelsa da marto vazi da yovelive, rac miwaze zeze sdgas, gasasyids sagnad gaxdes. zogierTma momrigebelma mosamarTlem es moxerxebuli xriki xelzed daixvia da dauwyo saxaso glexebis saxaso miwazed gaSenebul venaxebs valSi gayidva. is ki aRar warmoidgina, rom venaxi maSin aris venaxi, roca miwa da vazi erTad arian ganuyofelad; roca erTs ganaSoreb meorisagan, maSin venaxi venaxi aRar aris.

am ucnaurs gasyidvas, romlis ZaliTac tyavi rCeboda da mxolod maszed amosuli bewvi calke iyideboda, rom bolomde mihyolodnen, kidev cotaodnad SeRavaTi eqmneboda glexsa. magram es ar moxda. radganac venaxi mxolod maSin aris venaxi, roca vazi da miwa ganuyofelad arian da ara cal-calke, amitomac xsenebul xerxiT gayiduli vazi miwas ara hSordeboda da am saxiT marto vazis msyidveli miwis patronadac hxdeboda usyidvelad da uxarjod. fulis patronebi sixaruliT xelebs ifSvnetdnen da iZaxodnen: “es ra kargi dro dagvidgao. Calis fasad vazsa vyidulobT, imitom rom carieli vazi metadac ara hRirs da amiT miwasac vepatronebiTo. meti xeiri-Ra gindao”.

es aseTi xerxianoba glexTa venaxebis gasyid-vaSi 1870-1880 wlebSi iseTi xSiri iyo, rom glexkacobas mtveri aedina. nametnavad Telavisa da siRnaRis mazraSi bevri msxverpli Seiwira am xerxianobam da bevri venaxebi aesxlita glex-kacobasa. Telavisa da siRnaRis moqalaqeebs auarebeli venaxebi gamoucliaT am gziT glex-kacobisagan. mTavrobis kacisagan adgilobrivi gamoZieba saocars ricxvs am xerxiT gayidul

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venaxebisas gvauwyebs* magaliTebr, marto siRnaRis mazraSi 381 venaxi CaugdiaT xelSi moqalaqeebsa da Telavis mazraSi 224 da sul mTels kaxeTSi ki 605 venaxi gasyidviaT glexTa da TiTqmis es amodena ricxvi venaxebisa xelidam gamosclia glexkacobas da Telavisa da siRnaRis moqalaqeebs darCeniaT sanavardod.

netav vicodeT: rogor gauZRveboda samarTali, rom exla kacma uTxras am venaxebis msyidvelebs: Tqven, Tqvenis nasyidobis sigelis ZaliT, giyidniaT marto vazebi venaxisa da miwa ki ara; maS amoTxareT Tqveni vazebi da saidamac mosulxarT, iq wabZandiTo, miwasTan xeli ara gaqvTo! metad sayuradRebo saqme iqmneboda, rom erTma vinmem, an TviTon saxelmwifo qonebaTa gamgeobam, moiwadinis am gziT wamoayenos es daviwyebuli saqme da xerxiT gamrudebuli kanoni samarTals gaasworebinos.

* naxeT: Материалы для изучения економ бита госуд. крестъян, т. IV стр.

225-244 и т. V стр. 37-62.

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««««politikuri politikuri politikuri politikuri amindis Secvla amindis Secvla amindis Secvla amindis Secvla

gladstonis sasargeblodgladstonis sasargeblodgladstonis sasargeblodgladstonis sasargeblod»»»»

tfilisi, 8 ivlisi

markizma salusberim Tumca Tavisi gaiyvana da dResa Tu xval kanondebuleba irlandiis Sesaxeb samoqmedo kanonad iqceva, magram zogierTi niSnebia da kacma SesaZloa ifiqros, rom konservatorTa dasis saministro inglisisa ise magrad veRara sdgas Tavis adgilas, rogorc aqamde idga. Tumca qveda palata jer kidev mxars aZlevs am saministrosa da TiTqmis ori wili misi erTgulad hSvelis salusberis saministrosa da marto erTi mesamedi gulmodgined winaaRmdegobas uwevs, magram eg umravlesoba palatisa, rogorc sCans, ver daiqadebs, rom sruli warmomadgeneli varo inglisis erisa.

mas aqed, rac gladstoni gadadga saminis-trosagan da mis magier salusberi, viTarca moTave konservatorebisa, Cadga, inglisis ers azri Seec-vala irlandiis gamo da imodenad Seecvala, rom Tu vinicobaa daTxovil iqmna palata da axali arCevnebi dainiSna, gladstonelebs imedi aqvT gavimarjvebTo. zogierTi sabuTi hqondaT glad-stonelebs, rom es imedi hqoniaT da exla ki ufro gauZlierdaT imedi erTis arCevanis gamo,

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romelmac TviT konservatorebic ki Caafiqra. ai, saqme raSia:

erTma palatis deputatma, finC getonma, peroba miiRo da amis gamo unda dasTxovnoda qveda palatis deputatobas. daniSnul iqmna arCevani mis moadgilis amosarCevad spaldingSi, saidamac getoni iyo gamogzavnili deputatad. gladstone-lebma warmoadgines Tavisi momxre kaci gallei stuarti kandidatad da konservatorebma _ Tavisi. gladstonelebma gaimarjves. ase, rom 747 kenWi meti mouvida gallei stuartsa. ityvian, erTi kacis amorCeva araferi nugeSiao, magram am amorCevam TiTqmis mTels inglisSi didi ambavi moaxdina. spaldingi dRes aqamomde irCevda xolme konservatorTa dasis kacsa da salusberis dasi didad imedovnebda, rom exlac ese moxdebao, miT ufro, rom TviTon gladstonelebs sulac ara hqoniaT imedi gamarjvebisa, Tumca bedis sacdelad kandidati ki waradgines. xolo saqme ki ise gaTavda, rom imedovanTa imedma umtyuna da uimedoebs moulodneli ausruldaT.

es ambavi miT ufro SesaniSnavia, rom swored maSin moxda, roca orni upiratesni dasni ingli-sis erisa irlandiis gamo erTmaneTSi datake-bulni arian. Tu spaldingma, romelic konserva-torebis buded iTvleboda dRemde, ase icvala azri irlandiis gamo, ra unda iTqvas danarCens erzed, saca konservatoroba ise Zval-rbilSi gamjdari ar aris. amitomac stuartis amorCevam Zlieri frTebi Seasxa gladstonelebs da gaamxneva.

“spaldingis arCevani, uTqvams gladstons erTs adgils: metad SesaniSnavi ambaviao. nu daviviwyebT, rom spaldingi erTi imisTana adgilia, saca liberalebs didi xma da gavlena ara aqvTo. piriqiT, ukanasknel arCevanebze spaldingma didad

455

daaziana Cveni dasi da exla ki azri liberalebis sasargeblod SescvliaT, asSi ToTxmeti xma mogvematebao. Tu am momatebas orTaSua ricxvad miviRebT mTelis inglisisaTvis, Cven SegviZlian guldajerebiT vsTqvaT, rom didi cvlileba moxdeba orTa gauflebulTa umTavresTa dasTa Soris, Tund xvalve parlamenti daiTxovon da axali arCevanebi dainiSnoso”.

ase hxsnis spaldingSi stuartis amorCevis ambavs gladstoni. vsTqvaT, gladstons am SemTxvevaSi rasac guli eubneba, imas xedavs, ai TviTon lordi CerCili, romelis exlandelis saministros momxrea, ras ambobs am saganzed. lords CerCils sityva warmouTqvams konserva-torTa klubSi, saca igi prezidentia da Sehxebia spaldingis arCevansa. “spaldingis arCevanma Tvali unda auxilos gladstonis mopirispire dassao. es arCevani cxadad gveubneba, rom bevri imedi ar unda viqonioT exlandels umravlesobazed palataSi; unda vecadneT xelaxlad davibrunoT is, rac Cvens qveyanaSi xelidam migvdiso”.

marTalia, meore arCevani, exlaxanve CrdiloeT paddingtonSi momxdari, ver emarjvaT gladsto-nelebs da aq konservatori erdi amoirCies pala-tis deputatad, magram am arCevanmac guneba gaukeTa liberalTa dassa imitom, rom SarSan aq konservatorTa dasis deputati amorCeul iqmna 911 kenWis umetesobiT da dRes ki b-nma erdma marto 418 kenWi miiRo meti. aSkaraa, aqac amomrCevelTa azri Zlier Secvlila glad-stonelebTa sasargeblod, radganac konservato-rebs TiTqmis xuTasi kenWi dahklebiaT.

yovelive es SesaniSnavia da xelzed dasaxvevi niSania misi, rom konservatorebs dRedadReE fexqveS miwa eclebaT. inglisi imisTana qveyanaa, misi eri imisTana Tvisebisa, rom yovels axalzed

456

uecrad da erTbaSad ar apilpildeba xolme, fexmZimed da didis sifrTxiliT icis siaruli, magram Tu erTxel axals gzazed fexi gasdga, misi ukan daxeva ZneliRaa. zemomoyvanili ambebi cxadad gvimtkicebs, rom inglisis ers dRes ise aRar eucxoeba gladstonis moZRvreba irlandiis Sesaxeb, rogorc SarSan iyo, piriqiT, TandaTan iTvisebs da radganac marTali da, maSasadame, mermisic am moZRvrebisaa, amitomac gladstonis moZRvrebis momxreobas gaZliereba da gaufleba moelis am axlo xanSi. amas hSiSoben konserva-torebi da amiT guls ikeTeben liberalni.

457

««««swavlaswavlaswavlaswavla----ganaTleba eris warmatebis ganaTleba eris warmatebis ganaTleba eris warmatebis ganaTleba eris warmatebis

sawindariasawindariasawindariasawindaria»»»»

tfilisi, 9 ivlisi

Cvens gazeTSi zedized mowerili ambavia dabeW-

dili: erTi sofel kvaTanidam da meore lanCxuT-idam, oriv es sxvadasxva adgilidam mowvdili ambavi erTsa da imave mizezs iZleva, kaci daukvirdes erTgvars movlenas, romelic, CvenSi rom vsTqvaT, “ar axalia, Zvelia” da miT, rasakvirvelia, aranakleb sayuradReboa da aTasjer saTqmeli da samoZRvrebeli.

am werilebis damwerni gulmarTlad mogviTx-roben Tu ra, zedmoqmedeba iqonia soflelebzed oTxis ivlisis miwisZvrama. ra Tqma unda, rom es buneburi movlena, araerTxel yofila CvenSi Tu sxvagan, xalxma jer yvelazed uwinares RvTis wyromas miawera, codvaTa gaxSirebis gamo movlinebulsa da yvelazed uwinares igi Rone iRona, rom wyroma RvTisa wyalobad gardiqcios da RmerTi mowyalebis TvaliT gadmoaxe-dos. amisaTvis aiRes da soflis ganaCeniT daadgines, rom kviraSi erTi dReEparaskevi Seswiron RmerTsa da samudamod igi dRe iuqmon.

cxeni roca dafrTxeba xolme, mizezi is aris, rom naTlad ver arCevs sagansa. amisi wamali

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marto is aris, rom cxens Zalad miiyvanen xolme safrTxobel saganTan, TvaliT daanaxveben da erTxel da orjel amnairad nawurTni cxeni Tu frTxolas erTob ar daiSlis, im naCveneb saganzed mainc aRar dafrTxeba xolme. adamiani, rasakvirvelia, cxeni ar aris. arc miwisZvraa imiaTana sagani, rom kacma an xeli Seaxos, an Tvali mohkidos. miwisZvris momavlinebelni Zalni adamianis TvalTagan miuwvdomel sferaSi moqmedoben da radganac amis gamo mizezi naTlad da TvalsaCinod gamourkvevelia, ucodinari xalxi ufrTxis da hSiSobs. es ambavi gana marto CvenSia: yvelgan aris da yvelgan aseve hSiSoben da frTxian amgvar xorcis TvalTagan mifarebul ambavzed.

magram kacTa sabednierod, RmerTs adamiani-saTvis xorcis TvalTa garda miuniWebis gonebis Tvalica da Tu es Tvali kacs kargad uWris, qveyanazed ara daemaleba ra da yvela movlenas qveynisas aseTs Tu iseTs mizezs moupovebs. Tu es mizezi yovelTvis marTali da utyuari ar aris, imodenad mainc saRi da Wkuas axloa xolme, rom kaci tyuilubralod ar gadaegeba, ar ixarjeba, ar ibneva da ara brkoldeba Tvis yoveldRiur cxovrebis msvlelobaSi da ar eZleva tyuils sasowarkveTilebas, romelic yvela mavnezed mavnea, radganac adamians gulzed xelebs akrebinebs da mconareda hxdis.

swored am dReSi Cacvivnulan kvaTanelni da lanCxuTelni da am dReSive cvivian bevrgan sxvaga-nac imisTana bunebur movlenis gamo, romelsac auxilveli Tvali gonebisa vera swvdeba dasana-xavad. ram unda auxilos es gonebis Tvali? marto swavla-ganaTlebam da sxva araferma. ai, Zvelis-Zveli saxsari, romelic yovelTvis axlad samoZRvrelia am urCis da bnelSi moarul wuTi-

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soflisaTvis. xorcis Tvals bevri ara SeuZlian ra qveynis sabednierod, Tu Tan ar Seswevs yovlad SemZlebeli gonebis Tvali, romelsac caSi varskvlavi ar gamoepareba da zRvis ZirSi qviSa, romlisaTvisac arc imodena manZilia qveyniero-bazed, rom ar miswvdes da arc siRrmea, rom ar Caixedos, arc imisTana saidumloa, rom Wkvisagan Sesawynarebeli mizezi mainc ar moupovos ase Tu ise.

marTalia, miwisZvras didi ubeduroba mosdevs xolme. Cveni aw warmavali saukune, rogorc wina saukunenic, araerTxel yofila mowmad, rom Zvras miwa gaurRvevia da Tan Cautania qalaqebi da soflebi, magram aq RvTis wyroma arafers SuaSia. yovlad mowyale RmerTi Tvis danabads qveyanas TviTve ar daaqcevs RmerTi qristianobisa SurismaZiebeli RmerTi ar aris; igi kacTmoyvarea da amis dasamtkiceblad Ze Tvisi sayvareli gamogzavna qveynad qveynis saxsnelad da man Zeman RvTisagan gantexa xorci Tvisi da daanTxia sisxli Tvisi misateveblad codvaTa.

Tund rom miwisZvra RvTis wyromad vigu-lisxmoT da ara bunebur movlenad, rogorc niaRvaris movardna, setyva, mexi da sxva amisTana, mainc ra wamalia uqmoba, romelic zemoxsenebul soflebs sasoflo ganaCeniT daudgeniaT? uqmobaa deda yovelis borotisao, gana imave RmerTma ar bZana? maS RvTis wyalobis mosapoveblad ra saxsaria igi Rone, romelic yovelis borotis dedad agre samarTlianad wodebulia? RmerTs mSromeli, gamrjeli kaci uyvars, imitom, rom misganve aris nabZanebi: “ofliTa TqveniTa moipoveT puri Tqvenio”. mconareoba, uqmad yofna sZuls RmerTsa, imitom, rom borotisa da codvisaTvis xelgamomavali da moclili marto mconare da uqmi kacia. ieso qristem Tvisis igaviT mcona-

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reobas anderZi augo da Tvisi samarTliani msjavri dasdo. vis ar axsovs igi igavi, romelic mogviTxrobs, rom batonma monas talanti misca sasargeblod da imis magier rom asargeblos, monam aiRo da miwaSi Cahfala, ar damekargoso. vis ar axsovs rogor ganhkiTxa ieso qristem amisTana mconare?

amitomac metismet Secdomad migvaCnia kvaTa-nelebisa da lanCxuTelebisagan kviraSi erTi dRis uqmad dadeba. eg umizezo uqmoba risxvas da ara mowyalebas moipovebs imisagan, vinc Sroma da garja pativsadeb moqmedebad gvianderZa. RmerTs uqmobiT veravin aamebs. amisaTvis saWiroa mxolod keTili saqme, romelic warmosdgeba xolme patiosnebisa, namusisa, gulmarTlad cxovrebisa da kacTmoyvareobisagan. yvela es macxovarni grZnobani Svilni arian marto WeSmaritis swavla-ganaTlebisa. amitomac ufro marTlad gamosadegi iqneboda, ufro saamuri RvTisa da kacisaTvis, rom kvaTanelebma da lanCxuTelebma is erTi dRe kviraSi uqmad ar ataron, aramed isaqmon da im erTis dRis namoqmedari Wirnaxuli Seswiron Tvisi Svilebis swavla-ganaTlebis saqmes da am SesawiraviT sakuTari skola gamarTon, roca amisaTvis saWiro fuli mougrovdebaT.

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««««politikis sasworis ormxrivi politikis sasworis ormxrivi politikis sasworis ormxrivi politikis sasworis ormxrivi

tokvatokvatokvatokva»»»»

tfilisi, 10 ivlisi

bolgariis didma saero krebam, rogorc

mogexsenebaT, amoirCia, bolgariis mTavrad princi ferdinandi koburgisa. es princi sarwmunoebiT kaTolikea, qveSevrdomobiT avstrieli da enaTe-saveba xelmwifis gvareulobas avstriisas, ingli-sisas, belgiisas da SvilisSvilia safrangeTis yofil mefeebis gvareulobisa, romelsac orleanebi ewodebian. Sedegi am amorCevisa swored amocana gaxda: aravin icis princi koburgisa inebebs bolgariis mTavrad yofnas, Tu uars ityvis. hosa da arasaTvis Jurnal-gazeTobas aTasi sabuTi aqvs da radganac Jurnal-gazeTobis mova-leoba is aris, rom usaTuod unda ilaparakos, Tundac saTqmeli ara hqondes ra, amitomac am koburgis ho_araobiT savse saqmes aTasnairad gars uvlian da visac ra hsurs mosaxdenad, imis kvalo-bazed laparakis Jins iklavs da winaswar-metyvelobs.

saqme jer ki imaSia, rom princ koburgis mTavrad yofna bolgariaSi zogs dids saxelmwi-fos Zalian guliT unda da zogi ki dids uarzea. romeli maTgani gaitans exlandelis yofis sve-

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bedis burTsa sapolitiko moednidam, amisi pasuxi JamTa msvlelobas mivaneboT da Cven imas daufiqrdeT, ris momaswavebelia es tirnovis krebisagan movlinebuli saqme.

Cven winadac gviTqvams da exlac vityviT, rom uReli dRevandelis politikis sasworisa ormxrivad stoks, xan dasavleTisaken gadixreba xolme, xan aRmosavleTisaken imis mixedviT Tu, saidam ufro safiqrebelia Savis Rrublebis modena germaniisaTvis. aq marto germaniaa, romelic am uRels politikis sasworisas awva-lebs da didis xerxiT atokebs TvisTa saqmeTa gasamarTavad. cota ar iyos amaSi germanias hSvelis inglisica, romelic hscdilobs aq, evropaSi, balkaniis naxevarkunZulis saqmeebSi gaabas Tvisi mopirispireni aziaSi, igini aq moacdinos, rom iq didi urCoba ar gauwion mouclelobiT. amitomac arc erTisaTvis, arc meorisaTvis sasurveli ar aris, rom es uTavbolo saqme bolgariisa odesme gaTavdes da dasasruli iqonios.

amitomac princ koburgis amorCeva Cven imisTana saqmed migvaCnia, romlis gamo karga xans diplomaturi miTqma_moTqma da kamaToba SesaZloa gaimarTos da maSasadame, bolgariis saqme awewilad darCes im dromde, vidre igi gamosayeni iqneba saxelmwifoebis erTmaneTTan dajaxebisaTvis da erTmaneTSi angariSebis gasworebisaTvis. egred awewilad darCena bolgariis saqmisa metad saWiroa germaniisaTvis, romelsac TiTqmis xmalzed xelmokidebuli safrangeTi pirSi udgas da mosvenebas ar aZlevs. marto safrangeTi didad saSiSi ar aris germaniisaTvis: germanias ruseTis SiSi aqvs, radganac saqmeTa garemoebis gamo SesaZ-loa ruseTma xeli gauwodos safrangeTsa da es ori Zlieri saxelmwifo erTad amoqmedos

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sve_bedis moedanzed da maSin vin icis, am moednidam sve_bedis burTs vin gaitans. es gare-moeba aiZulebs germanias, rom am ors saxelmwifos SuaSi Caudges da SesaerTebeli xidi maT Soris rogorme Castexos. amitomac, roca unda safrangeTi daaCumos, T. bismarki moutkbildeba xolme ruseTsa da aniSnebs, rom ai, balkaniis naxevarkunZulzed xels Sevuwyob ruseTsa da maSin ruseTs mizezi ar eqneba Sen dagiaxlovdeso da roca saWiroa, ise iqceva, TiTqo mzad aris safrangeTs sanatreli ausrulos da amiT mizezi meSvelis Zebnisa mouspos.

roca safrangeTSi goble_bulanJes saministro iyo, maSin bolgariis saqme srulebiT miayrua germaniam imitom, rom aq saqmis aSla ruseTs safrangeTzed usaTuod miaxedebda, rogorc Tavis momxrezed da amis survils erTad moqmedebisas orsave saxelmwifos gauZlierebda. es miT ufro saSiSi iyo germaniisaTvis, rom goble_bulanJes saministro metad Tamamad eqcevoda germanias da mis bZaneblobas evropaSi TavmowonebiT eurCeboda. Cvenis fiqriT, Snebeles saqme gamosacdeli niSani iyo. vnaxoT, amiT gakawruli erovnuli Rirseba da Tavmoyvareoba safrangeTisa ramodenad Tavs gamoidebso da am TavgamodebaSi gamoCndeba rande-nad uSiSaria safrangeTi germaniasTan datakebi-saTvisao. am SemTxvevaSi safrangeTma daanaxva T. bismarks, rom safrangeTis moTminebasac samzRvari aqvs da Zalian ar hSiSobs, Tu gaWirda, xmaliT xelSi win dauxvdes gaTamamebuls da kadniers mtersa.

amis gamo T. bismarkma miayuCa maSin bolgariis saqme, rom misma aSlam ar awyeninos rogorme ruseTsa da safrangeTisaken xeli ar gaawvdevinos. es wyena miT ufro advilad safiqrebelia, rom germania balkanis naxevarkunZulzed Tavisufali

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ar aris, Tundac Zalian mowadinebuli iyos, aq bevrs veras aamebs ruseTsa uimisod, rom avstrias ar awyeninos, radganac avstriisa da ruseTis interesebi balkaniis naxevarkunZulzed erTmaneT-Tan mouTavsebelni arian da germania avstriis wyenasac ise erideba, rogorc ruseTisas.

raki es T. bismarkisaTvis usiamovno saministro goble_bulanJesi gadadga safrangeTSi samsaxuri-sagan da Caabares saministro ruvies, romelmac yvelazed uwinares bulanJe daiTxova samxedro ministrobisagan, germanias safrangeTis mxriT SiSi gaunelda. rom landi SiSisa ufro gaefrTxo, xeli Seuwyo, iqneba waaqeza kideca inglisi egviptis saqmis xelaxlad asaSlelad, radganac egviptisaTvis guli Zalian ucems safrangeTsa da amis gamo SesaZlo iyo inglisi da safrangeTi erTmaneTs dastakebodnen. gaimarTa egviptis konvenciazed laparaki da inglisi da safrangeTi, romelsac am saqmeSi ruseTic miemxro, erTmaneTSi waikidnen. am saxiT dasavleTis mxriT mosvene-bulma T. bismarkma xelT igdo dro da aRmo-savleTzed komli gamoatyvrina princ koburgis amorCeviTa.

magram JamTa viTarebam xelaxlad feri acvlevina T. bismarksa. bulanJes daTxovnam saministrosagan aayayana safrangeTis eri. safran-geTis eri TiTqmis aRara hmalavs, rom gul-gaficxebulia germaniazed da vin icis, es gulgaficxeba sadamdis miiyvans safrangeTsa, romelic, Tu erTxel aimRvra, TavdaWeras Cveuli ar aris. saministro ruviesi scdilobs, rac Zali da Rone aqvs, gaanelos es gaficxeba da vin icis wadils aisrulebs, Tu TviTon zed gadaegeba. am garemoebam Zalian unda Caafiqros germania da xvalindelis dRisaTvis anaRvlos.

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amasobaSi germaniaSi win wamomdgaria ruse-TisaTvis didad sawyeni saqme princ koburgis amorCevisa. gulSi Zaliana hsurs germanias, rom princ koburgisa dahjdes bolgariis mTavrad, magram Zlier ufrTxis ruseTis wyenas, radganac winadve cnobilia, rom ruseTi ar iyabulebs princ koburgis gamTavrebas da arc TviT saero krebis kanonierobas iwynarebs. es pirdapir da gulax-dilad, didi xania warmosTqva ruseTma.

yovels am garemoebas isic daumateT, rac guSindel pariJidam mosul depeSaSia naTqvami da maSin cxadi iqneba, rarigad gaficxebulia da gulamRvreuli dRevandeli dReEgermaniisaTvis. iqneba xsenebuls depeSas jerovani yuradReba aravin miaqcia, magram iq oriode imisTana sityvaa, romelsac didi mniSvneloba eZleva nametnavad amisTana amrezils droSi, roca yovels sityvas aTasnairi kudi aqvs gamosabmeli saqmeTa awewi-lobis gamo. safrangeTis senatmao, mogviTxrobs igi depeSa: gamosacdelad daniSnulis mobili-zaciis kanon_proeqti moiwona da xolo es ki dasZinao: senats rom marto safinanso saWiroeba hqonoda saxeSi, am proeqts uarhyofdao, magram aq moqmedebda samxedro-sapolitiko mosazreba da amitom eg proeqti daamtkicao. amisTana sityvebi exlandels droSi, roca yvela imas hlamis, rac SesaZloa Sors mihmalos gulisnadebi, metad sayuradReboni arian, nametnavad imisTana krebu-lisagan, rogoric safrangeTis senatia.

ara gvgonia am sityvebma, Tu marTalia, ayal-mayali ram ar moaxdinos da T. bismarks yurebi ar aacqvetinos. gazeTebi mainc amboben, viTom safrangeTsa da germanias Soris saqme xelaxlad samwvavad aiwewao da es sityvebi xom cota ar iyos cecxlzed navTis dasxmaa. yovelive es rom kacma Tvalwin moikribos, maSin cxadi iqneba, ra

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boloc moelis princ koburgis amorCevas. germania am SemTxvevaSi ruseTis wyenas Zalian moerideba da ecdeba princ koburgis mTavrad amorCeva rogorme CaafuCeCos da an imodenad Seamkos, rom ruseTs wyenis mizezi ara hqondes da, maSasadame, germaniazed gulisayrisac. gaze-Tebis sityviT sCans, rom germania dRes, Tavis guliTad survilis winaaRmdeg, am iZulebuls gzas dasdgomia. amitomac advilad safiqrebelia, rom hos ityvis princ koburgi, Tu aras, jerxanad amas didi mniSvneloba ar mieces, orsave SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa am pirvel SexedviT gansacdelianma saqmem Cailulis wyali dalios.

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««««““““saglexo bankissaglexo bankissaglexo bankissaglexo bankis”””” garSemo garSemo garSemo garSemo»»»»

tfilisi, 11 ivlisi

Cveneburis gazeTebis mkiTxvelTa ukve moexsen-

baT, rom aqaurma rusulma gazeTma “Новое

Обозрение”-m Tvisi gamgebelni gamoicvala. “Новое

Обозрение”-s rogorRac eucxoveboda aqauroba da dRes aqamomde ar uyvarda Cvens satkivarzed laparaki, TiTqo yovels aqaurs erideba da hTakilobso. exla ki, roca axalis kacis xelSi gadavida, gvpirdeba, rom Cveni gulistkivili upirvelesad aqauris ekonomiur cxovrebis sagnebzed miiqcevao. amisTana dapirebas da survils ar iqneba kacma ara TanaugrZnos, miT ufro, rom es rTuli mxare Cvenis cxovrebisa TiTqmis xelSeuxebelia dRemde. RmerTma hqmnas, es friad mosawoni survili ausruldes am axlad gadaxalisebuls gazeTsa da uwindeburad zurgi ar Seuqcios Cvens maxloblad moaruls avsa da kargsa Cvenis cxovrebisas.

dapirebisamebr “Новое Обозрение”-m xani aRar ayovna da dro xelT igdo Tu ara, Seudga saekonomio sagnebis gamoZiebas da gamorkvevas; Tu xsovna ar gvRalatobs, yovelT uwinares wamoayena fexzed kreditis saqme CvenSi. eg saqme gasinja jer glexebis Sesaxeb calke da mere Sesaxeb

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miwaTmflobelisa saerTod. am ukanasknel saganzed gvsurs Cven Cveni azri ganvuziaroT mkiTxvelebs, miT ufro, rom pativcemuli gazeTi, Tundac didad mowadinebuli yofiliyo, ver SesZlebda oris patara meTauris weriliT gamoexsna es rTuli da metad RirsSesaniSnavi naskvi: man, Cvenis fiqriT, marto aRniSna es sagani, marto zogadi azrebi waumZRvara win da sazogadoebis winaSe am zogadis azrebis Suq qveS daayena gansakiTxad.

amitomac vecdebiT jer zogadi azrebi pativ-cemulis gazeTisa gamovirkvioT da mere, Cvenis SeZlebisamebr, Cven Cveni vsTqvaT, Tu raSime ar daveTanxmebiT da misi azri Cvens azrs ar miudgeba.

“Новое Обозрениe” CiviliT iwyobs laparaks xsenebuls saganzed, viTomc miwaTmflobelobis saqme amierkavkasiaSi, uamisodac Zlier daxlar-Tuli, am ukanasknel wlebSi ufro daufro ixlarTebao. amiT bralsa sdebs aqaur bankebis moqmedebas da erTob arawesierad agebuls kre-ditsa*. vsTqvaT, es daxlarTva da miwaTmflo-belobis saqmis waxdena marTalia. axla vikiTxoT, raSi hxedavs avtori am samwuxaro ambavsa? “aiReT, romelic gindaT nomeri “Кавказ”-isao, gvipasuxebs avtori: Tvali gadaavleT mis saxelmwifo, Tu kerZo gancxadebaTao da Tqven gagakvirvebT auarebeli ricxvi mamulebisa, romelic sasamarTlo boqaurTa da saadgilmamulo bankTagan gasasyidad iniSnebao”. amas gardao, ambobs Semdeg gazeTi, ramdeni kidev gamoucxadeblad iyidebao. jer moicadeT kidev, erTi prikazmac daiwyos mamulebis gasyidva da maSin naxavT, eg ricxvi sadamde aiwevso. maSasadame, miwaTmflobelobis

* ixileT “Новое Обозрение” 1219.

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saqmis daxlarTva da waxdena imaSi unda moiZebnos, gazeTis fiqriT, rom bevri mamuli xelidam xelSi gadadis, erTi sityviT, mflobelis saxels icvlis, petres magier ivane jdeba. eg xelidam xelSi gadasvla sawyenia marto mamulis patronisaTvis, romelsac mamuli xelidam ecleba da miwaTmflobeloba ki ekonomiuris mxriT Tu ar igebs, arafers agebs. imitom, rom yovels aseTs ekonomiurs moZraobas qoneba uqmis xelisagan saqmian xelSi gadaaqvs da, maSasadame, ekonomiuri Rone qonebisa Zlierdeba, bevrdeba, hmatulobs. es ekonomiuri bunebaa yovelis qonebisa: uqms xelSi ara hrCeba da saqmianis xelisaken miizideba.

TviTon avtori im werilisa, romelsac varCevT, am azrisaa am mamulebis xelidam xelSi gadasvlis Taobazed. Cven amas im sabuTiT vambobT, rom avtori hniSnavs ra am miwaTmflobelobis moZraobas, mis Seyenebas ki ara hlamis, aramed saxsars eZiebs, rom am gziT miwaTmflobeloba saqmian xelSi gadavidodes xolme. “laparaki xom soflis mamulebzeao, _ ambobs avtori, _ vis rad unda eg mamulebio? ra xelsayrelni arian igini aficrebisaTvis, moxeleTaTvis, vaWrebisaTvisao, ras gamorCebiano!”...

marTalia, vinc ar icis mamulis moxmareba, veras gamorCeba saxarbielos da mamulic ar daudgeba xelSi, rac unda zRudeebi SemoavloT. raki esea, TviTon avtoric ara scdilobs gzebi Seukras da Seayanos miwaTmflobelobis xelidam xelSi gadasvla, mxolod hsurs, rom miwa, rogorc sagani mflobelobisa, rogorc qoneba, misda ekonomiur bunebisamebr, imas Cauvardes xelSi, vinc misi moxmareba da gamoyeneba icis. es isev is moZRvrebaa sapolitiko ekonomiis mecnierobisa, romelmanc didi xania miagno, rom qoneba uqmad ver darCeba da dResa Tu xval uqms

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xels Camoecleba da saqmians miekedleba. vin aris es saqmiani xeli? glexkaciao, gveubneba sabuTianad avtori: man icis, rogor moixmaros, rogor gamoiyenos mamulio. yovel amis gamo avtori imasa hnaRvlobs, rom glexkacoba ara hyidulobs gasasyidad gawiruls mamulebsa da sajaro vaWrobas axloc ar ekarebao, rogor movaxerxoTo, hkiTxulobs bolos avtori, rom glexkacobas mamulebis sasyidlad gza gaexsnas da xeli movakidebinoTo? ra pasuxs iZleva amazed avtori, amas Semdeg gamovikvlevT.

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tfilisi, 13 ivlisi avtori im ori meTaurisa, romelic

“Крестъянский Банк”-is saTauriT aris saxel-wodebuli “Новое Обозрение”-Si, pirvels werilSi im sakiTxavzed Sesdga da dagvpirda, rom meore werilSi gvacodinebs, ra gziT da ra RoniT unda gaeSalos glexkacobas xeli gasasyid mamulebis sasyidavad. vidre am gzas da am Rones SevityobdeT avtorisagan, meti ar iqneba vikiTxoT: risTvis daunaxavs avtors saWirod, rom glexkacoba SeeWidos mamulebis syidvasa?

Cvena vsTqviT, rom qoneba erTob da adgil-mamuli calke Tvisis ekonomiur bunebisamebr uqms xels ecleba da saqmian xelisaken miizideba. patronoba, mflobeloba miwisa, rogorc patro-noba da mflobeloba yovelgvaris qonebisa, am kanonis ZaliT daiZvris Tu ara, dadis, dadis, aTas patrons, aTas mflobels icvlis da roca saqmian xels ipovis, miva da iq gaCerdeba xolme, vidre uqmoba xelisa xelaxlad saZebnelad ar gauxdis saqmian xelsa.

am moudrekels rkinis kanons verara da veRaravin win ver gadudgeba, ver mohxris, ver daiqvemdebarebs. es iseTive uZleveli, ucvalebeli kanonia, rogorc yoveli kanoni bunebisa. maSasadame, raki mamuli Tavis patrons miurbis da ecleba xelidam, es srbola ise unda mihmarTos kacma, rom mamuli rac SesaZloa male Cauvardes saqmian xelsa da tyuilubralod wanwalSi ers ar daekargos igi simdidre, ris SemZlebelic mamuli aris saqmian xelSi. WeSmariti Tvali sapolitiko ekonomiisa sxvafriv am saqmes Cxrekas ar dauwyebs imitom, rom sapolitiko ekonomias sayovelTao keTildReoba aqvs saxeSi da ara calke kacis, an Tunda erTis romelisame wodebis metnakleboba. es

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rom ar iyos, sapolitiko ekonomia calke kacis, anu wodebis msaxuri iqneboda da ara msofliod Tavis sferaSi gzis maCvenebeli, rogorc yovelive sxva mecniereba.

vinc sapolitiko ekonomiis saxeliT gamodis samoZRvrelad, imas ar epativeba iZaxodes da hvaobdes: vai, petres eyideba mamuli da ivane hyidulobs Calis fasadao. eg glova da vai calke kacis_petres maxlobelisagan sabuTiania da advilad mosalodnelica, magram mepolitike- ekonoms ki ara hSvenis imitom, rom es ukanaskneli hmoZRvrobs marto imas, rac sayovelTao qonebas baraqas hmatebs da amisaTvis sul erTia petre hzis mamulSi Tu ivane, oRond mamuli saqmian xelSi iyos da kari gauRos mTels SeZlebas mamulis momceblobisas.

avtori gveubneba, rom amisTana saqmiani xeli glexkacobis xeliao da amis gamo sabuTi gvqonda da gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom avtors swored am mizeziT unda gasasyids mamulebzed glexkacobas miawvdeninos xeli. es xom asea, magram vSiSobT vai-Tu avtorma dagvwamos: mag azrs me tyuilad maxvevT Tavzedao, da sabuTica aqvs eg gviTxras imitom, rom eseTi azri Cven gamovnaskveT loRikurad imis sityvierebisagan da TviTon ki sul sxvas ambobs imave werilSi, gvimtkicebs ra mas, rom gasasyidad gamocxadebuli mamulebi Calis fasad Zlivs iyidebao, igi ambobs: “an unda mojobinebul iqmnas ekonomiuri yofa-cxovreba gasasyidelis mamulebis patronebisa, an mowveul da mozidul iqmnas savaWrod imodenad didZali msyidveli, rom vaWrobam keTili nayofi (благоприяный резулътат) moitanos, ese igi, gasasyidis mamulebis fasi iqamde aweul iqmnas,

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rom ramdenadme Seeferebodes namdvils Rirebu-lebasao”.* mamulT patronebis ekonomiur yofa-cxovrebis mojobineba SeuZleblia or-sam weli-wadSio, ambobs Semdeg avtori: “maSasadame, dagvrCa, mivmarToT meore Ronesa, saxeldobr imas, rac SeiZleba meti msyidveli movizidoT vaWrobaSi”.**

vin arian is bevrni! glexkacebio, gvipasuxebs avtori.

ra gamodis aqedam? is gamodis, rom glexebi Turme imisaTvis unda movizidoT vaWrobaSi, rom mamulis patrons mamuli did fasad gaeyidos. ra xeirSi unda Cacvivdnen amiT glexebi, romelTac imisTvis vizidavT, rom mamulis patronebs fasi gaudidon? ai, ra xeirSiao, gveubneba avtori: “miwa, roca TviTon Sig muSaobs kaci, sams, oTxs, bevri-bevri xuTs sargebelzed mets, orTaSua ricxviT, ar iZlevao. es Zalian da Zlian cotaa Tavad-aznaurTa, vaWarTa da moxeleTaTvisao, romelnic ufro mets sasyidelsa hSouloben Tavisis SromisaTvis” da sxvani. “xolo es cota sargebeli mTlad sakmarisia glexkacobisaTvisao”.

avtors ukvirs da hkiTxavs Tavis Tavs: “raki esrea, maS, ratom ar modis da monawileobas ar iRebs glexkacoba vaWrobaSio?”_ amis pasuxs didi lari da xazi ar unda, Tu marTla miwa, Tu mamuli bevri-bevri xuT sargebelzed mets ar iZleva. ass manaTs xuT manaTad weliwadSi mTels ruseTis imperiaSi ver iSovis verc glexi, verc Tavadi da Tu iSovis, mamulis sasyidlad gab-riyvebuli glexi movalis muqTa muSad unda gaxdes mTeli Tavisi sicocxle imitom, rom mamu-

* “Новое Обозрение” _ 1219

**

iqve.

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li xuTzed mets ar iZleva da fuli ki xuTzedac metad ZlivZlivobiT iSoveba.

Tu marTla mamuli amis meti SemZlebeli ar aris, glexkaci metad Wkvianad iqceva, rom sasyidlad axloc ar ekareba.

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cxadia, rom Cvenis miwaTmflobelobis saqmis daxlarTva da waxdena “Крестъянскии Банк”-is avtoris azriT, warmomdgaria imisagan, rom auarebeli mamulebi yovelwliv iniSneba sajarod gasasyidad da Calis fasad Zlivs gadis. isic aranakleb cxadia, avtorisave azriT, rom soflis mamuli ar iZleva sams, oTxs da xuTzed mets sargebelsa da radganac eseodeni mciredi sargebeli ara hyofnis Tavadaznaurobas, vaWrebsa da moxeleebsa, mizezi auarebel mamulebis gasasyidad daniSvnisa amaSi unda moinaxebodes imitom, rom dRes miwaTmflobeloba nametanobiT amaT xelSia da Tu visime mamuli gamodis bazarSi gasasyidad, amaTi gamodis Zalian bevriT ufro meti, Tu mTlad ara.

erTs SesaZlo Roned am gaWirebisagan daxsnisaTvis avtori gvaniSnebs imas, rom rac SesaZloa bevri muStari gavuCinoT gasasyidad daniSnul mamulsa. raki amRebi bevria, rasakvirvelia, gamcems fasi moemateba gasasyid saqonelzed. es aRebmicemobis ueWveli da Tavdapirveli kanonia, Tu sxva yoveli garemoeba, fasebis metnaklebobis momaswavebelia, erTi da igivea. es kanoni sapolitiko ekonomiisagan didi xania axsnilia da beWeddakruli.

rogor avuCinoT mamulebs bevri muStari? glexkacoba movizidoT mamulebis savaWrodao da eseni gaadideben, asweven mamulis fasebsa, ese igi sxvazed ufro Zvirad iyidiano, gvipasuxebs avtori. es Zalian kargia mamulis gamcemTaTvis, xolo mamulis Zvirad msyidvelTaTvis rogoriRa iqneba? Tu marTla soflis mamuli orTaSua ricxviT, avtoris sityvebisamebr, samsa, oTxsa bevri-bevri xuTzed mets ar iZleva, maS, sCans,

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aTTumniani mamuli weliwadSi samsa, oTxsa da, Tu gaWirda, xuTs manaTzed mets ar anaRdebs, isic maSinao, ambobs avtori, Tu mamulis patroni TviTon muSaobs mamulSiao. Tu esea, nuTu aTis Tumnis gaReba glexisaTvis imisaTvis, rom marto xuTi manaTi aiRos, yelSi Tokis waWera ar iqneba? aTis Tumnis patronma glexma erTi jaglagi cxenic ki rom iyidos am fasad, weliwadSi erTs manaTs mainc gaagdebinebs, es ar urCevnia imisTana uxeiro mamulsa? mamuls fasi moematebao, gveub-neba avtori. es mamulis patronis sarfa da xeiria, glexs raRa nugeSs vaZlevT? ramodenadac glexi gabriyvdeba da mamuls fass moumatebs, imodenad xom is sami, oTxi da xuTi sargebeli ufro da ufro iklebs da ufro cotazed Camova, imitom, rom Tu asi xuTzed mets ar iZleva, am asianSi rom kacma as oci misces, 4 1/6 % gauva.

es avtorisagan zogadad win wamZRvarebuli azri soflis mamulis momcemlobazed rom marTali iyos, maSin glexkacobis mozidva gasasyidad mamulis savaWrod glexkacobis gawirva iqneboda mamulis patronebis sasargeblod. avtori gvarwmunebs, rom eg mciredi gamorComa glexkacsa TaviT fexamde hkmariso da sxvas ki arao. radao? gana glexkaci ki kaci ar aris da Tu ar aris, Tavis dReSi kacad ar unda iqces! Tunda amas Tavi davaneboT, rogor? glexkacma mamulSi asi Tumani misces da amisTana mamulma, avtoris sityvebi-samebr, bevri-bevri xuTi Tumani Semoutanos we-liwadSi da is unda ikmaros? eg xom marto imas SeuZlian, visac fuli gadasayreli aqvs da ar icis, rogor amoqmedos da asargeblos. glexkaci gana mag yofaSia! aman eg fuli unda isesxos da didad bednierad unda CasTvalos Tavi, Tu asi Tumani weliwadSi xuT Tumnad ki ara, eqvs Tumnad mainc iSova. maS, ra sanatrelia glexkacisaTvis

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xuTis Tumnis momcemi mamuli iyidos imisaTvis, rom TviTon xuTzed meti gaiRos uTavnod, marto sargebelSi. es rogorRac Tavs ar modis, Tundac mTeli qveyana Semogvadges da gveficebodes, rom glexkaci sul sxva bunebisaa, imisaTvis xuTi sakmarisia xuTzed metis mosaSoreblad da gada-saxdeladao. glexkacia, Tavadi, vaWari Tu moxele, _yvelasaTvis erTnairia ariTmetika, aman didpata-raoba ar icis.

Tu marTla soflis mamuli bevri-bevri xuTzed mets sargebels ar iZleva da es xom ueWvel WeSmaritebad miaCnia avtors,* da fuli ki mis sasyidlad xuTzed metadac Zlivs iSoveba, maS glexkacma, romlis gamamulianeba friad saWiroa da sanatreli, rogor unda miawvdinos xeli mamulis sasyidlad? aSkaraa, saqme ise unda movuwyoT, rom fuli iefad vuSovoT mamulis sasyidlad, imodenad iefad, rom assTumnian mamulidam xuT Tumnianma Semosavalma im fulis sargebelic ixados, Tavnic cot-cotaobiT iSoros da glexsac cota ram nasufrali mainc darCes. uamisod glexi xom fulis patronis muqTa muSad, msaxurad Seiqmneba saSviliSvilod da is, assTumnian mamulis gamo xuTs Tumanzed meti gadaxdeba, eg maxta iqneba, ese igi, igiv ymoba, romlisganac Zlivs-ZlivobiT Tavi ukve daaRwia.

esec ki unda vsTqvaT, rom, roca avtori ambobs, sami, oTxi da xuTi sargebeli mTlad sakmarisia glexkacisaTvisao, amaSi gasamtyunari ar aris, Tu marto imas viqoniebT saxeSi, rom glexi * mogvyavs TviT avtoris sityvebi: “Земелъная собственностъ, когда к ней

прилагаешъ свой труд, не может датъ в среднем болъше трёх, четырёх, много – пяти процентов. Этого оченъ и оченъ мало для дворянства , для купечества, для чиновничества... Но этого совершенно достаточно для крестъянства ( ixileT * “ Новое

Обозрение” - 1219 )”.

478

Tavis sakuTaris fuliT aris myidveli mamulisa da ara sesxad aRebuliTa, am SemTxvevaSi glexkaci marTla rom xuTzed nakleb sargebelsac dasjerdeba, radganac mas miwa ufro exarbeba, miwa ufro uyvars, miwis qona ufro sapatiod miaCnia, vidre fulisa. Cven araerTi magaliTi viciT, rom fuli SemZlebels glexs mamuli eyidnos da aras dagidevdes, Tund daxarjul fulzed groSi sargebelic ar gaenaRdos. sul sxvaa, roca glexi SeeWideba mamuls nasesxebis fuliTa da rom avtors nasesxebis fuliT aqvs ganzraxva ayidvinos glexs mamulebi, _ eg aSkarada sCans mis werileb-is saTaurisagan: “крестъянскии банк”.

SemdegSi vnaxavT, avtori rogor gauZRva am misganve warmodgenils dilemas da mouxerxa Tu ara glexs saxsari mamulis Zvirad syidvisa, rom calke mamulis patroni axeiros da fulisa ki iefad Sovnisa, rom calke TavisTavsac sarfa ram aCvenos.

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“Крестъянский Банк”-is avtorma meore werilSi aRara sTqva ra imazed Tu, _ ragvar mouxerxdes glexkacobas gaZRola oris Znelad gasaZRolis garemoebisa, romelic TviTon avtoris sityvebis aucilebel Sedegad gamodis: erTi imisi, rom iefi mamuli Zvirad ayidvinos da meore imisi, rom Zviri fuli iefad aSovninos sesxiT im mamulis sasyidlad. am ors wamaldaudebels da erTob fiqrad Seuwynarebels garemoebas avtorma meore werilSi yuric aRar aTxova da srulebiT Tavi daaneba. mis magier Tvis samarTlian sasaxelod isev is sanatreli azri daiyena win misaRwevad, rac SesaZlebelia da rac loRikuris msjelobiT gamodioda mis sxva wyoba-sityvebisagan. igi azri is aris, rom mamuli viTarca gamosarComi saxsari, saqmian kacs Caugdos xelSi.* am saxiT, pirvandeli azri** avtorisa, rom glexkacebi savaWrod mozidul iqmnan, raTa mamulebis fasi aswion erTmaneTis cilobiTa da mamulis patronebi amiT axeiron, TaviT fexamde Cailulis wyals gahyva. uria wyals mihqonda da gzac is iyovo, swored amisTana azrzea zedgamoWrili.

xolo radganac avtorma erTica sTqva da meorec, sCans fiqrad isa hqonia, rom glexkacobis mamulebis savaWrod mozidvisagan ornairi sikeTe

* Осуществление величайшего стремления нашего века – перехода

орудий труда в руки трудящихся ( ixileT “Новое Обозрение” № 1220). **

ai amis Sesaxebi sityvebi avtorisa, romelic ambobs ra, erTi gzaRaa

saxsnelio, amrigad gvaniSnebs am gzas: признатъ и привлечъ к участию в

торгах такую массу покупателей – которая довела бы торги до благоприятного резулътата до предложения за продаваемыя имения цен; сколъко-нибудъ соответствующих действителъности... “Если, значит, кого и можно привлечъ к торгам то несомнено, это будут крестъяне”... da sxvani.

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gamovao: erTi, rom mamulebis fasi aiwevs da mamulis patronebs argebso da meore, rom mamuli mSromels xels Cauvardeba da qveyana moigebso. WeSmariti da gulmarTali polemika, Rirsi Rirseulis kacisa, ar unda gamoekidos sityvanak-lebobas da zogjer aucilebel siCqarisagan warmomdgari azrT dausrulebloba xelzed ar unda daixvios mopirispiris satevrad. Cvenc Cvenis sakuTaris Tavisa da amasTanave avtoris pativisce-misaTvis gavkadnierdiT da es ori azri erTma-neTTan ase movarigeT, ase davuaxloveT, radganac Cvens Tavs Tavis dReSi nebas ar mivcemT gvefiqrna, viTomc avtors sdomebiyos, glexkacni marto imisaTvis miiwvios mamulebis savaWrod, rom patronebs mamuli xeirianad gaunaRdon. mTeli ori misi werili suliT da guliT amisi winaaRmdegia da glexkacis gulSematkivrobiT aris gamowveuli da Tu aq avtoris mier bralia rame, marto azris daumTavreblobaa, dausruleblobaa.

maSasadame, avtors fiqrad hqonia uwamlos rame udidess naRvel Cvenis saukunisas, rom mamuli, raki gadis, mSromel kacs Cauvardes xelSi da Tu am mxriT daiZvris survili mamulebis SeZenisa, eWvi ar aris mamulis patronic xeirsa hnaxavs, radganac mSromeli xeli, saxeldobr, glexkacoba bevria da amiT sasyideli fasi mamulisa aiwevs da ise Calis fasad aRar gava, rogorc dRes. es meore sikeTe uneburi Sedegia da ara win dayenebuli, misaRwevad daniSnuli sagani pirve-lisa.

ra gziT Seewyos xeli, rom mSromels, saqmians xels Caugdos kacma gasasyidi mamuli? glexkacs amisaTvis sakuTari fuli ara aqvso, ambobs samarTilianad avtori: maSasadame, xelmisawvdeni sesxi unda vuSovoTo. amisTana sesxi SeeZloT eZliaT Cvens saadgilmamulo bankebsao. magram am

481

ToTxmetis wlis winad bevri viZaxeT sityviT da weriTa, ise moawyeT saqme, iseTi muxlebi SeitaneT bankis sesxebaSia, rom glexkacs gauadvildes mamulebis syidvao, xolo yuri aravin gvaTxova da exla xom amazed xmasac aravin iRebso. maS, aqaur miwaTmflobelobis saqmis daxlaTvas da saqmis waxdenas rom ambobda avtori da brals aqaurs bankebsa sdebda, swored es brali unda iyos. es davixsomoT, SemdegSi gamogvadgeba.

exla ki gamovarkvioT, _ Cvenis bankebisagan unugeSod darCenils glexkacobas ra wamalsa sdebs avtori. igi ambobs, rom orSi erTi unda moxdeso: an saglexkaco banki saxelmwifosi gaimarTos CvenSi, rogorc ruseTSi ariso, an Cvenis bankebis wesdebaSi SevitanoT igi muxlni, romelnic am saqmisaTvis aucilebelni da gamosadegni ariano. ra muxlebia amisTana, avtori amazed arras ambobs da erTob amazed mets da amazed vrclad aRarafersa hmoZRvrobs da werilebs aTavebs im imediT, rom visic jer ars, igi yurad iRebs da am dauxanebels saqmes gana-xorcielebso.

482

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Cven gamovirkvieT “Крестъянский Банк”-is avtoris azri da is daskvna gamoviyvaneT, rom igi hcdilobs gasasyidad daZrul mamulebs gza misces, glexkacobamde mivides da es saxsari saekonomio warmoebisa xelT ugdos saqmians kacsa da pirdapirs mSromelsa. amisaTvis saWiroao, _ am-bobs avtori, _ an saglexkaco banki saxelmwifosi gaimarTos CvenSi, an Cvens bankebSi krediti ise moewyos, rom glexTa saxeirod da gamosayenad iqmnes mamulis syidvis saqmeSio.

saglexkaco bankis saxelmwifosi da erTob kreditis mowyoba glexTa saxerxod, rasakvir-velia, Cvenis qveynisaTvisac sasurvelia da sanatreli, xolo imisaTvis, rom glexkacoba mamulis sasyidlad mizidul iqmnas, marto kargad mowyobili krediti ar aris sakmao. krediti am SemTxvevaSi marto syidvis saxsaria. magram syidvisaTvis marto saxsari ara hkmaris: survilic unda amasTan erTad da erTsa da imave dros moqmedobdes. Cveneburs glexkacobas, rogorc sxvagnebursac erTob, veravin ver ukiJinebs, rom survili mamulebis SeZenisa ara hqondes. piriqiT gvgonia, rom iqneba sxvagan es survili ise Zlier ar iyos, rogorc CvenSi. xolo CvenSi am survilis avardnas da mis mier sanatrels moqmedebas zogierTi friad mZime da pativsadebi mizezi abrkolebs, am mizezzed Tavis adgilas movilapa-rakebT da exla ki vityviT, rom am mizezis gamo mamulebis syidva glexTagan imodenad ver gaxSir-deba CvenSi, rogorc sanatreli da mosalodnelia, Tundc saglexkaco banki gaimarTos CvenSi da erTob krediti glexTa saxeirod moewyos. rasakvirvelia, ar iTqmis, rom aman patarad ar waaxalisos glexi, magram imodenad waaxalisebs,

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ramodenadac saxsaris nakleboba exla abrkolebs. xolo survils syidvisas ki samoqmedod veras miumatebs, imitom, rom es ukanaskneli damokidebulia sul sxvanairs mizezzed, romelsac araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs kreditis avkar-gianobasTan.

maincdamainc, radganac saglexkaco bankis daarseba CvenSi Cvenzed ar aris damokidebuli da amis gamo igi marto sanatrel sagnad aris gamosayeni, Cven amis Taobazed sityvas ar gavag-rZelebT. sul sxvaa am mxriT meore Rone avtorisagan naCvenebi. igi, Tu sul ara, pirvel SexedviT mainc kacs egoneba, rom mTlad Cvenzea damokidebuli da am mxriT im Ronis gamorkveva saWirod migvaCnia. igi Rone, romelic avtorisagan naCvenebia, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cveneburma saadgilmamulo bankebma krediti ise moawyon, rom glexkacTa misawvdeni iyos. amisaTvis gzebs ar gvaCvenebs avtori da amitomac Cven TviTon unda movifiqroT, _ ra gzebia imisTana, rom eg Rone Roned iqmnas da ara ausrulebel natvrad.

Cvena vsTqiT, rom avtori gzebs ar gvaCvenebso. SesaZloa, amaSi gagvamtyunos vinmem, imitom, rom avtori amis Sesaxeb TiTqo unugeSod ar gvtovebs. igi acxadebs, rom mamulebi CvenSi isyideba an mTlad, an imodena naWreebad, rom glexs, romel-sac marto TiTo-orola dRiuri uWirs sasyidlad, xeli ar miuwvdebao. arc movaleni, arc saadgil-mamulo bankebi sruliadac ara hnaRvloben, rom mamulebi naWer-naWer, wvril-wvrilad gahyidon xolmeo. am saxiTve aravis unaRvlia, rom calke glexkacni erTad SeekribaT an calke sazogadoeba SeedgeninebinaT, an calke amxanagoba, rom mamulebi saerTod eyidnaTo. amas avtori zed umatebs, rom roca Cveneburis bankebis daarsebis azri pirvel warmosdgao, erTi nawili Cveneburis inteli-

484

genciisa bevrs ecada, rom wesdebaSi SeetanaT wesni gasasyid mamulebis nawil-nawilad gasyid-visao, merec am saganzed bevri iZaxes da ilaparakes beWdviTa da sityviTao, magram es ambavi darCa xmad mRaRadebelad udabnoSio. saadgil-mamulo bankebis wesdebaSi am keTilgonier wesebis Taobazed erTi sityvac ar aris Setanili arc maSin da arc exlao.

Cvena gvgonia, rom avtors am mxriT SecdomiT mosvlia samduravi da Tu marTla es odesme uZaxnia “erTs nawils Cvenis inteligenciisas”, am erTs nawils inteligenciisas ara scodnia razed ras hlaparakobs. raki asea, aRar unda gvikvirdes, rom am inteligencias Tvalidam gamoepara igi, ris Setanasac wesdebaSi viTom hTxoulobda da rac ukve Setanilia da dRes wesdebaSi arsebobs, ufro vrclad, ufro bevr wil ukeTesad, vidre mas odesme uZaxnia. tfilisis saadgilmamulo bankis wesdebis $21_Si sxvaTa Soris sweria:

“bankis sakuTrebad darCenili mamulebi unda gangebul da gasyidul iqmnan bankis gamgeobis mier im instruqciis mixedviT, romelic damtkicebul iqmneba sazogado krebisagan”.

sCans banks ukve gamosTxovili aqvs ufleba, ise hyidos mamulebi, rogorca hsurs da saWiroeba moiTxovso. amaSi xelis damSleli aravina hyavs da araviTaris winad mosazrebulis wesiT xelSekru-li ar aris. ese farTod da samzRvardaudeblad gamoTxovili ufleba ara sjobia! is ara sjobia, rom yovel calke SemTxvevaSi banks neba hqondes im calke SemTxvevis bunebisa da saWiroebisamebr imoqmedos, vidre es rTuli saqme dauqvemdebaros erTs zogads wessa, romelic, adamianis bunebur ugunobis gamo, verSemZlebelia mTeli mravalgva-roba cxovrebis magaliTTa da calke SemTvevaTa, winad dainaxos da erTs fargalSi moaqcios. xsene-

485

bulis muxlis ZaliT ki banks neba aqvs TviTveuls calke SemTxvevas da magaliTs ise moeqces, rogorc garemoeba da saWiroeba iTxovs, rogorc im calke SemTxvevas da magaliTs mouxdeba. am kanonis ZaliT naWer-naWer da wvril-wvriladac gayidvas mamulisas daubrkolebeli gza aqvs gaxsnili bankis wesdebiTa da is “erTi nawili Cvenis inteligenciisa” arc ki garjila, Caexedna wesdebaSi, rom Seetyo mis sasurvels sagans ra adgili miscemia Cvenebur bankebisagan da amis magier, gamodis da “Новое Обозрение”-s SemweobiT iZaxis: Cveni keTilgoniereba, rCeva darCa xmad mRaRadebelad udabnoSio.

iqneba gviTxran, rom eg wesi uqmad aris wesdebaSi da sazogado krebis instruqciisagan an Tavminebebulia, an Secvlilio. sulac ara. ai igi instruqcia. meSvide muxlSi ras ambobs am saganzed:

“umTavress sazrunvel sagnad bankebis gamgeobas is unda hqondes, rom rac SeiZleba Cqara da naklebis zaraliT gahyidos bankis sakuTrebad darCenili mamulebi. amasTan gamgeobas neba aqvs: yovelgvar pirobiT, kanoniT ara akrZaluliTa, Seekras calke kacTa, sazogadoebaTa, xazinasa, misces da CamoarTvas gasyidvis Taobazed yovelgvari xelSekruloba agredve nasyidobis sigelni im pirobebiT, rasac TviT gamgeoba saWirod scnobs bankis sasargeblod, da sxvani”.

maSasadame, am mxriTac igi egredwodebuli avtorisagan “erTi nawili Cvenis inteligenciisa” Tavs ver imarTlebs, rom dRes ase umizezod da usabuTod hTareSobs Cvens bankebzeda. Cven marto amas vwuxvarT da vkvirvobT, rom am “erTs nawils inteligenciisas”, romelsac, ueWvelia, am saqmisaTvis guli stkiva, rogor ar miuRia Sroma da saWirod ar daunaxavs, Tavis gulis kivilis

486

sagani eZia da ekvliva imodenad mainc, rom samarTlians da am SemTxvevaSi advilad mosasmens cnobismoyvareobas marTali kmayofileba miscemoda ase Tu ise.

gvetyvian, eg gana Cven ki ar vicodiTo, magram ris gamosayenia eg wesi, romelic erTs wyobas gasasyid mamulebisas Seexeba da ara mTels mis dids krebulsao. marTalia, igi wesi Seexeba marto im mamulebs, romelic banksa hrCeba sakuTrebad da ara mTels ricxvs gasasyidad gamocxadebul mamulebisasa, romelic banks ara hrCeba da sajaro vaWrobiT ukve iyideba. amas Tavisi pativsadebi mizezi aqvs da amazed Semdeg movilaparakebT.

487

tfilisi, 17 ivlisi

wina werilSi moyvanili wesis ZaliTa Cvens bankebs neba da ufleba aqvT gasasyidad darCenili mamulebi rogorc hsurT da saWiroa, ise hyidon da gasyidvis garemoeba yovels calke magaliTs da calke SemTxvevas calkeve Seuferon. marTalia, es Seexeba im mamulebs, romelsac or zedized daniSnul sajaro vaWrobazed muStari ar eyoleba da amis gamo darCeba mamuli gausyidvelad. wesdebis ZaliT amisTana mamulebi bankis sakuTa-rebad Seiqmnebian da bankma igi unda gahyidos, rogorc misi sakuTari kuTvnileba Tavisuflad, rogorc hsurs da garemoeba moiTxovs. sxva wyeba mamulebisa ki, romelic gasasyidad iniSneba vadis fulis bankSi Semotanlobis gamo, am wess ar eqvemdebareba, maSasadame, es ukanaskneli wyeba mamulebisa ver gaiyideba naWer-naWer da wvril-wvrilad.

Tu is “erTi nawili Cvenis inteligenciisa” amas ukiJinebs Cvens bankebs, windaxedulobiT da saqmis ucodinarobiT unda mosdiodes. Cven ara gvgonia “Крестъянский Банк”-is avtorma am wyeba mamulebis gamoc moiTxovos naWer-naWer danawileba da ise gasyidva. avtors ecodineba, rom es SeuZlebelia da aq SeusaZlisoba TviT saganTa loRikidam aris warmomdgari da ara kacTa TviTnebobisagan.

jer es unda viqonioT saxeSi, rom, mamulis patrons ar Semoaqvs vadaze Semosatani fuli bankSi, mamuli Tumca iniSneba sajaro gasasyidad, magram vaWrobis dRemde igi maincdamainc ufalia Tavis mamulisa da yovel imisa, rasac mamuli aayenebs, Tu gaiyida nasesxeb fulzed metad. es davixsomoT da mere es vikiTxoT: rogor moaxerxos bankma mTlianad dagiravebuli mamuli

488

gahyidos naWer-naWer vidre mamuli patronis xelSia da ors sajaro vaWrobaSi gatarebul unda iqmnas? aviRoT magaliTi.

vsTqvaT, rom sajaro vaWrobaSi aTasis dRiuris mamulia Cavardnili. modis glexkaci da marto ocis dRis mamulis syidva unda aTasis dRiuridam. rogor gamovTvaloT es oci aTasis dRiurisagan ise ucbad, ise anazdeulad. “Крестъянскии Банк”-is avtors, rasakvirvelia, Cvenzed nakleb ar ecodineba, rom CvenSi aramcTu erTsa da imave sofelSi, aramed erTsa da imave mamulSi, zogjer erTsa da imave tans miwaSiac ki didi sxvadasxvaobaa mamulis sikeTisa da maSasadame, fasisac. es sikeTe ise ucbad rogor Seufardos fassa bankma xelaxlav gamouZieblad, gamourkvevlad? uamisod xom SesaZloa am gziT ukeTesi nawili gamoeWras mamulsa da uvargisi ki banks moexvios kiserzed. es erTi; meore isa, rom xSirad mamulSi erTi imisTana nawilia, rom uamnawilod, rac unda patara iyos, danarCeni mamuli, rac unda bevri iyos, hfoldeba da naxevars faszed Camodis. glexkacma rom amisTana mamuls waatanos xeli da danarCeni RvTis anabarobazed daagdos, ra pasuxs gavcemT am mamulis patrons, an TviTon banksa? mamulis patrons xom amiT sabuTi eZleva usayveduros an uCivlos banksa, rom Cvens mamuls gangeb Tvali gamoTxares, ukeTesi nawili gamosWres, damifoles mamulio maSin, rodesac mTlianad rom gaeyidnaT, kargi cuds gaitanda, mTlians mamuls fasi ar daakldeboda da iqneba am gziT mec mrgeboda rameo. an bankma ra xeiri unda hnaxos im mamulisagan, rom misi ukeTesi nawili calkea gayiduli? es ori.

vsTqvaT, yoveliveferi SesaZlo iyos. im SemTxvevas rogorRa daaxwevT Tavsa, roca gancxa-

489

debiT mowveuli msyidveli mamulisa modis da sajaro vaWrobazed acxadebs: am glexs aTasis dRiuris mamulidam marto ocis dRisa unda, me ki mTlianad vyidulobo. nuTu am banks SeuZlian uari uTxras? es uari isev im erTs nawils inteligenciisas xom siciladac ar eyofa. es sami da rom ar gvezarebodes, aTass sxvas arSesaZliss mizezs moviyvandiT, rom TviT buneba saqmisa da sagnisa verasgziT ver Seiferebs im wadils erTis nawilis inteligenciisas, romelsac avtori gvauwyebs. amas vambobT im mamulebis Sesaxeb, romelsac jer ors zedizeds daniSnul vaWrobaSi ar gamouvlia da maSasadame, banks ar darCenia Tavis nebazed gasyidvisaTvis, sul sxvaa, roca mamuli banks daekuTvneba. aq banks samarTalic aqvs, droca da mocaleobac fard-fardad dahyos mamuli saWiroebisa da moTxovnilebisamebr da im angariSiT gaawilados cal-calke gasasyidad, rom yvelam erTad marTali fasi mamulisa aayenos da Tu ara, mamulzed gacemuli fuli mainc gaunaRdos banksa. sajaro vaWrobazed eg ki SesaZlisi ar aris. aq glexkacobas Tu syidva hsurs, mTliani mamuli mTlad ar unda iyidos da Tu TviTveuli calke ver Seswvdeba, ramdenmame kacma Tavi erTad unda moiyaros, erTad iyidos da erTmaneTSi daiyon SeZlebisa da survilisamebr.

am saxiT, radganac SesaZlisi ar aris, rom sajaro vaWrobis dros yovelma calked mosulma glexma mTlianis mamulebisagan calke naWeri gamosWras da is iyidos, maSasadame, Zalauneburad erTi gzaRa gvrCeba: mamulis msurvelTa glexTa Tavi erTad moiyaron, mTeli mamuli iyidon da mere erTmaneTSi moirigon. TviTon avtorsac es aucilebloba danaxuli aqvs, xolo samarTlianad da sabuTianad imdureba, rom aravina hnaRvlobso cal-calked msyidvels glexkacobas Tavi erTad

490

mouyaros, an sazogadoeba, an amxanagoba Seadge-ninos da ise erTnairad ayidvinos mamulio. es samarTliani brali vis edeba? vis unda enaRvla am sasargeblo saqmisaTvis? Tqma ar unda, rom im “erT nawils inteligenciisas”, romelsac, avto-ris sityviT, amisaTvis Tavi gamodebuli hqonia erTs dros, rogorc etyoba, marto carielis sityviT da saqmiT ki TiTic ar gaunZrevia. Tu es visime sanaRvleli iyo da aris, es naRveli aravisagan ise mosalodneli ar aris, rogorc im “erT nawil inteligenciisagan”, romelsac avtoris sityviT, guli odesRac amisaTvis Zalian stkivebia. Tu es “erTi nawili inteligenciisa” Tavis axlad gasakeTebels da sanaRvlels saqmes sxvas axvevs Tavzed, eg xom imas egvaneba, rom yvavs baxala moukvdao, bus miugdo, Sen Tavi didi gaqvs da Cem magier Sen itireo.

Cvena gvgonia, rom avtori am samduraviT samarTlianad hkicxavs uqmobisaTvis Cvens inteligencias saerTod da im “erTs nawils” sakuTriv, romelzedac Cven exla Camogvagdebina sityva avtoris samduravma.

491

tfilisi, 18 ivlisi

gvgonia, Cven sakmaod vacodineT mkiTxvels, rom igi muxlni, romelTaTvisac TavgamometebiT ubrZolia viTom “ erTs nawils Cvenis inteligen-ciisas”, ukve Setanilni yofilan Cvenis bankebis wesdebaSi da radganac im “inteligencias”es arc scodnia, mainc Tavisi uZaxnia. Cveni xmao, ambobs is “erTi nawili inteligenciisa” “Новое Обоз-рение”-s bagiTa: xmad mRaRadebelad darCa udabnosa Sinao. es fici gvwams da bolo ki gvakvirvebs. magram an rad unda gvikvirdes? Tu es asea, sCans im muxlebis SetanaSi imaT imodena monawileoba miuRiaT, ramodenac azanqurel TaTarsa, Torem Tavisas TviTonve rogorRa ver icnobdnen da as-rulebuls wadils xmad mRaRadebelad udabnosa Sina raRad uwodebdnen.

amasobaSi, roca igi “erTi nawili Cvenis inte-ligenciisa” amaod iZaxoda, SeitaneT wesdebaSi esa da es rigi da wesio, imisda miuxedavad, rom igi rigi da wesi ukve Setanili iyo, Cveni bankebi xmaamouRebliv, ubuknaRarod im rigisa da wesis ZaliT SesaZliss Semweobas aZlevdnen glexkacobas da SeusaZlisi ki mianebes imaT, visac haerSi koS-kis aSeneba saqmis keTeba hgonia. magaliTebr, tfi-lisis bankis SemweobiT glexkacobas dRemde uyid-nia tfilisis guberniaSi 14 mamuli 70.000 mana-Tisa; ueWvelia, quTaisis banksac amodena, Tu ara, metic, Semweoba eqmneba gaweuli iqaur glexkaco-bisaTvis da, samwuxarod Cvenda, am saganzed Cven cnoba xelT ara gvaqvs.

radganac bankis daarsebis dRidam dRes aqamomde banks sajaro vaWrobiT, Tu Tavis nebazed, sul 46 soflis mamuli gauyidnia, sul erTianad TiTqmis 460.000 manaTisa, sCans rom glexkacobas mamulebis ricxvis kvalobazed TiTqmis mesamedi

492

wili hrgebia da nasyidobis fulis mixedviT ki meSvidedzed meti. ratom ufro bevri arao? _ ikiTxven, jer imitom, rom qveyanazed glexkacebs garda sxvanic adamianebi arian da es sxvebi TviT-veuli calke glexkacobazed ufro SemZlebelni arian syidvisaTvis da glexi uRonoa amaT Seeci-los. vaWroba, rogorc yovelTvis, isec am Sem-TxvevaSi mjobnebazea, anu, uked vsTqvaT, burTi vaWrobisa imisia, vinc savaWro moedanzed metis mZlevelia. merme imitom, rom am bankisagan gayi-dul mamulebis ricxvSi zogi wili gangeb aris Cavardnili TviT patronTagan sajaro gasasyidad sxvadasxva angariSisa gamo. aq zogjer qmars sdomebia mamuli colisaTvis, cols qmrisaTvis, mamas SvilisaTvis da mebrve sxva. aq winadve saqme isea dawyobili, rom mamulis sasyidlad sxva veravin gaiWaWanebs, Tu ar winadve Sepirebuli da morigebuli.

calke es garemoeba, calke ufro RonierTa aucilebeli Secileba savaWrod Cavardnil mamulebis ricxvisagan cota wilsRa stovebs saglexod. es gareTi mizezia, rom glexni am gziT cota mamulebsa hyiduloben. aq sxva Sinagani mizezic aris, romelsac Rrma fesvi aqvs Cvenebur glexkacis zne-CveulebaSi da romelic uamisodac cotas, Tu dids ricxvs sasyid mamulebisas metismetad ucotavebs glexsa. amazed, rogorc winadac vsTqviT, mere movilaparakebT, exla ki amas vityviT, rom Tundac arc erTi zemoxsenebuli mizezi angariSSi ar miviRoT da cifirebs pirdapir gavusworoT Tvali, mainc mTelis gasasyid mamulebis ricxvidam mesamedis glexTa xelSi gadasvla da nasyidobis fulis kvalobazed ki _ meSvidedisa, imodenad gonebaSi CasaWdevia, rom glexkacis gulSematkivarTa guli cotad Tu bevrad unda moefxanoT da daeurvoT.

493

tfilisi, 20 ivlisi

Sinagani mizezi imisa, rom Cveneburi glexkaci mets mamulebs ara hyidulobs da arc iyidis, rac gind oqros zodebi dauwyoT win, is modgmiT Canergili znea, romelsac Tvisi saqeburi da pativsadebi saTave aqvs, Cveneburi glexi binadari kacia, saca dabadebula, iq mkvidrad fexmo-kidebuli da Rrmad fesvgadgmuli. igi Tavis mama-papeul binazed damokidebulia marto saekonomio angariSiT ki ara, aramed suliTac da guliTac, ese igi, zneobiTadac SemsWvalulia. misi sofeli misi samkvidroa, TviTon “mkvidria” Tavis soflisa da sxva Tavmosawonebeli saxeli ar icis. misi sofeli misTa micvalebulTa savanea, misTa mama-papaTa saflavia, salocavia, saxsovaria, sagonebe-lia; igiv amave dros sacxovrisia, sadguria misTa cocxalTa TvistomTa, naTesavTa da maxlobelTa. ai, Znelad gadasakveTni ZarRvni, romliTac igi magrad dabmulia suliTa da xorciT im adgilzed, saca dabadebula. Znelad da Zalian Znelad gamoimetebs igi Tavis sofels, sxvasaviT advilad ar aiyreba marto imis gamo, rom “saca ara sjobs, gacla sjobso”. mTeli istoria Cveni amisi mowamea: vera musrma, vera aoxrebam, vera sisxlis Rvram ver aSala igi Tavis binidam da sxvasaviT ver gahqsaqsa, ver gafanta. es mkvidrad dgoma Tavis binazed modgmiTi znea misi.

es zne, friad saqeburi CvenisTana patara erisaTvis iZulebul hxdis glexsa guli auvardes marto imisTana mamulzed, romlis xmarebac mamapapeulis binisagan aSlas ar mosTxovs, imitom, rom ufro advilad moiTmens umamulobas, vidre mamapapeulis binis dakargvasa, vidre Tavis mSobel soflis gawirvasa da gamoTxovebasa. amitomac saRerReli mamulis Sovnisa marto maSin gauxdeba

494

xolme sakurnebel satkivarad, roca saSovari mamuli mis axloa. sxvagan mamuls rom sul rZe da Tafli sdiodes, ainunSiac ar mouva imisTana mamulis syidva. Cvena gvgonia, muqTadac rom misceT, xels ar mohkidebs: amisi magaliTi erTi da ori ar aris. maSasadame, glexkacis mudam mRviZare survili mamulis SeZenisa CvenSi glexkacs saqmed ar gadaeqceva, Tu rom syidviT saSovari mamuli ar emxroba mis mamapapeuls binasa. maSasadame, rom gaxSirdes CvenSi mamulebis syidva glexTa mier, jer es aucilebeli piroba da garemoeba xels unda uwyobdes im auci-lebelsave pirobasTan erTad, rom glexs mamuli uWirdes. xolo gasasyidad daniSnul mamulebis ricxvSi gana bevri moipoveba imisTana mamuli, rom es oriv pirobas Wirdes erTsa da imave dros! aTSi erTs SemTxvevaSi an mamuli ar emxroba umamulobiT gaWirebuls glexsa, an emxroba da ar uWirs, an arc erTi da arc meore, rac unda SeRavaTiani krediti SeuqmnaT Cveneburs glexkacsa, Tund saxelmwifo bankic gaumarToT, xsenebul garemoebis gamo Cveneburi glexi imodenad ar daiZvris mamulis sasyidlad, ramodenadac moelodebian. sul sxvaa ruseTi: iq glexkacs ar eucxoveba arxangelis guberniidam xelsonis guberniaSi gadasvla, Tuki mamuli xels miscems. igi ambobs: человек ищет где лучше da amiT aixsneba igi saocari istoriuli movlena, rogorc “юръев

денъ” roca TiTqmis mTelis ruseTis glexkacoba erTis adgilidam meoreSi gadad-gadmodioda. Cvenebur glexkacisaTvis ki mamapapeul binis gared eg “где лучше” ar arsebobs: igi ambobs: “saca davibade, Cemi baRdadi iq ariso”, da swored aq aris Ziri da saTave im gansxvavebisa, rac Cvensa da ruseTis glexkacebs erTmaneTSi arCevs.

495

Cvens xsenebuls znes Cvenis glexkacobisas ver SeveWidebiT, radganac igi warmomdgaria didad pativsadeb grZnobisagan. Tund egec ar iyos, igi zne ise Rrmad CaWdeulia, rom egre advilad ar waiSleba. mometebuli gaWireba, rasakvirvelia, Tavis drozed Tavisas izams, magram exla ki saqme esea. radganac jerxanad es zne arc xelsaxlebia da Tundac xeli wavWidoT, arc dasaZlevia, amitom Cveni uwmindaesi vali mamulebis syidvis saqmeSi marto is aris, rom roca am znes gared abrkolebs glexs mamulis syidvaSi, is aviciloT Tavidam ramodenadac SesaZloa droTa viTarebis mixedviT.

am mxriTac bevri ara ekiJineba ra Cvens saadgilmamulo banksa imitom, rom am saganzed gamarTuli hqonia miwer-mowera safinanso saminis-trosTana. amazed Semdeg vityviT.

496

tfilisi, 21 ivlisi

jer minam saglexkaco banki daarsebuli ar iyo ruseTSi, safinanso saministros didi laparaki da miwer-mowera hqonda maszed, Tu rogor eSvelos da xeli gaemarTos glexkacobas mamulebis sasyidlad. ar viciT, sxva bankebma ra hqnes da tfilisis saadgilmamulo bankis sazogado krebam ki moismina ra am saganzed sakmaod vrceli moxseneba bankis gamgeobisa 1882 w. aprilis 29-sa dResa, daadgina, rom igi moxseneba gamoukleblad wardgenil iqmnas safinanso saministroSi. gam-geobam maSinve aRasrula es ganaCeni sazogado krebisa.

radganac SesaZloa am saqmis gulis Semat-kivarT es ar icodnen da im “erTs nawils inteligencias” xom aramcTu ara scodnia, saWirodac ar daunaxavs Seetyo rame, amitomac meti ar iqneba, igi moxseneba gamgeobisa vrclad gamovarkvioT. amis gamo Cveni saubari gZeli gamova, magram saqmiani gZeli Tqma sjobia, usaqmur mokle Tqmasa.

“gamgeoba bankisao, swerda Cveni banki safinanso saministros: TanaugrZnobs ganzraxvas mTavrobisas, rom sesxad naSovari fuliT glexkacobas Rone mieces mamulebis sasyidlad. Cvens banks, Tqma ar unda, advilad SeuZlian es saqme kisrad idvas da amisaTvis calke ganyofilebac iqonios. xolo amasTan SeuZlebelia isic ar iTqvas, rom bevri mizezia, romelic glexkacTa mier mamulebis syidvas nasesxis fuliTa aucileblad win daux-vdeba da daabrkolebs. es mizezni zogni sayovel-Tavoni, sazogadoni arian mTelis imperiisaTvis da zogni ki kerZoni, marto Cvenis qveynis viTar-ebisagan warmomdgarni”.

497

pirvelis rigis mizezs, gamgeobis azriT, ekuTvnis isa, rom glexTa meurneobas Zal-Rone ara aqvs gauZRves siZvires exlandelis saadgil-mamulo kreditisas. igi Rone veras gziT ver gaswvdeba aw arsebuls sidides sargeblisas da erTob siZvires sesxisas, romelsac saadgil-mamulo bankebi iZlevian. Znelad mosalodnelia, rom zogadTa saekonomio garemoebaTa gamom-jobinebam am glexisaTvis miuwvdenels sidides sargeblisas moaklos rame. eg sidide, gamgeobis azriT, jer kidev didxans iqneba im donezed, rom glexkacobas ar SeeZleba misi zidva da atana. maSasadame, _ ambobs mere gamgeoba, _ mTeli naRveli da mzrunveloba am SemTxvevaSi imazed unda mieqceso, rom gauiefdes glexkacobas sesxad asaRebi fuli im usaTuo pirobiT ki, rom aramc da aramc sargeblis metnakleboba damokidebuli ar iyos fulis aRebmicemlobis (спрос и

предложение капиталов) metnaklebobazed, ese igi, fulis bazarze. imitom, rom fulis bazaris metnakleboba sazogado, sayovelTao saqmeTa msvlelobazea damokidebuli da am sazogado saqmeTa msvlelobaa mizezi sargeblis metnakle-bobisaca fulis bazarSi. am SemTxvevaSi glexkacis bedi bazris saTamaSod ar unda gaxdes. “amisaTvis saWiroa, ambobs gamgeoba, rom banki,

romelic am saqmes ikisrebs, im sakredito dawesebulebis fexzed dasdges, romelic sesxs naRdis fuliT iZleva. amasTan amisTana banks is Rone da saxsari unda hqondes, rom sargeblis SesaZliss minimumzed mainc daayenos, Tu sruliad ver gaauqmebs, xolo es SesaZlisia marto maSin, Tu xazina Semweobas aRmouCens am mxriT banksa. is imedi da molodini ki sruliad tyuilia, rom viTom SesaZlo iyos kerZo kacTa fuli moizidos bankma am fuliT, aZlios sesxi da iqamde gaaiefos

498

krediti, rom glexkacis Zal-Rones Seeferos. jer xom fulis patroni iefad ar miawvdis banks fulsa rom bankma Tavis mxriT gaasesxos iefadve, uamisod ki krediti glexkacobas dahRupavs da gaanadgurebs”.

Tu vinicobaa mTavroba, safinanso garemoebaTa da angariSis gamo, dainaxavs, rom am mxriT Svela saqmisa mouxerxebelia da bankma sesxi unda aZlios obligaciebiTa, gamgeoba hgonebs, rom am SemTxvevaSiac SesaZloa zogierTi SeRavaTi mieces banksa, rom miT cota mainc Seumsubuqdes glexkacs simZime obligaciebiT momqmedis kre-ditisa.

amis Taobazed gamgeobas tfilisis bankisas ramodenime winadadeba warudgenia saministroSi da amazed Semdeg movixseniebT.

499

tfilisi, 28 ivlisi

wina werilSi* Cven moviyvaneT tfilisis saadgilmamulo bankis azris Sesaxeb saglexkaco kreditisa mamulebis Sesasyidlad. igi banki ambobs, rom gaiefeba saglexkaco kreditisa imodenad saWiroa, rom uamisod krediti dahRupavs gakeTebis magier. es kreditis gaiefeba SesaZlisia mxolod maSin, roca TviT am kreditis mowarmoe banki sesxad gasacems fuls iefad iSovnis. Tu im fuls gamoelodineba kerZo kacisagan, maSin kreditis gaiefeba mosalodneli ar aris, vidre sazogado garemoebani saekonomioni erTob ar gamomjobindeba. es gamomjobineba Zalian Sors aris da maSasadame, raki banki marto kerZo kacis fulianobazed iqneba damokidebuli, misgan nu moelodebiT gaiefebas kreditisas imitom, rom kerZo kaci, Tu cotad Tu bevrad sargebels ar dahxarbda, Tavis fuls banks ar miawvdis sesxad gacemisaTvis. raki saqme daxarbebazea, maSin am mxriT gaiefeba kreditisa yinulzed dawerili survilia, imitom, rom ramodenadac Zviri saSovari iqneba fuli kerZo kacisagan, imis kvalobazed Zviradac iqneba TviTon krediti.

am saxiT tfilisis saadgilmamulo bankis gamgeobas is azri gamohyavs, rom Tu glexkacobis Sesawevrad krediti gindaT SehqmnaT, bankis saqme ise unda moawyoT, rom, bankis saxsari kreditisa kerZo kacTa fulianobazed ar iyos daimedebuli da damokidebulio, ese igi, fulis bazrisagan Tavisufali unda iyoso. es marto maSin aris SesaZlisi, Tu xazina miawvdis banksa Tavis ful-sao, Tu vinicobaa xazina, safinanso garemoebaTa da angariSTa gamo, dainaxavs, rom am mxriT Svela

* ix. “iveria” # 150.

500

saqmisa mouxerxebelia da bankma sesxi unda aZlios im fulidam, rasac kerZo kacisagan iSoviso, maSin meti ra gzaa, kreditis siZvire-siiefe fulis bazarzed unda iqmnas damoki-debulio. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi srulad uimedoa kreditis gaiefeba imodenad, ramodenadac sasur-velia, magram aqac ki SesaZloa zogierTi imisTana SeRavaTi mieces banksa, rom miT cotaTi mainc Seumsubuqos glexkacobas simZime kerZo kacis fuliT momqmedis kreditisao.

radganac saadgilmamulo krediti moqmedobs obligaciebiTa, romelTac giravnobis furceli hqvian da am obligaciebiT izidavs kerZo kacis fulsa TvisTa operaciebisaTvis, amitomac tfi-lisis saadgilmamulo bankma aRniSna igi SeRavaTebi, romelnic, misis azriT, xels Seuwyoben ufro advilad da ufro iefad mozidvas kerZo kacis fulisas obligaciebis SemweobiTa. amisaTvis tfilisis bankma oTxi saSualeba aCvena:

1/ neba hqondes banksa, rom ocdaxuTmaneTiani obligaciebic iqonioso da miT cota fulis patronsac Rone hqondes obligaciebis syidvisa.

dRes banki aTTumnianzed nakleb obligaciebs ver iqoniebs. am fasiani obligacia, Tumca muStars hSoulobs, magram imodenas vera, ramodenasac ocdaxuTiani moipovebda. ocdaxuTis maneTis patroni ufro bevria, asis maneTisa da am mxriT rom obligaciebs gza gaxsnili hqondes, muStari gaumravldeba. muStaris gamravlebas obligaciis fasis aweva mosdevs. radganac obligaciis sargebeli uZravia, ese igi, erTi da igivea yovelTvis. amitomac, rac metad aiwevs obligaciis fasi, imodenad sargebeli cota modis. magaliTebr, exla aTTumnians obligaciazed sesxis amRebi ixdis weliwadSi eqvs maneTs. is aTTumniani rom muStris simravlem Tormet Tumnad gaxados, maSin

501

igi eqvsi maneTi Seiqms aszed xuTsa, ese igi, xuTs sargebelsa. sesxis amRebs am gziT fuli daujdeba 5%_ad, ese igi, 1%_iT nakleb gauva valSi.

am mxriT, cotad Tu bevrad gaiefeba kreditisa Zalian advilad mosalosnelia da WkuaSi mosasvleli. jer imitom, rom ocdaxuTis maneTis patroni ufro bevria, rogorca vsTqviT, vidre asis maneTisa da Tu am cota fulis patronsac gza gaexsneba obligaciebis syidvisa, ueWvelia, am mxriTac muStari auCndeba obligacias, romelsac exla marto mdidariRa swvdeba, mere imitom, rom saadgilmamulo bankis obligacia ufro imediania da mkvidri qaRaldia sxva sargeblian qaRaldebs Soris. imediania da mkvidria imitom, rom mis Tavdebad jer TviTon kacia, sesxis amRebi, mere misi gansazRvruli mamuli da bolos TviTon banki mTelis Tavisis qonebiTa.

sxva bankis bileTs am samSi marto ori Tavmdebi uZRveba, mesame ki, yvelazed metad saimedoa, ese igi, giraod miRebuli mamuli ki ara hTavdebobs. cota fulis patroni, romelic Savis dRisaTvis fulis mkvidrad gabarebas da Senaxvas ufro hfiqrobs, vidre sargebliT gabevrebas, saadgilmamulo bankis obligaciaSi hpoulobs Tvisis naRvelis wamalsa, imitom, rom ufro saimedo qaRaldia, samis TavdebobiT gaZlierebuli. es buneba saadgilmamulo bankis obligaciisa, roca obligacia ocdaxuTmaneTianic iqneba, bevrs miwaSi Cafluls qoTans moxsnis pirsa da uqmad debuls fuls dasZravs obligaciebis sasyidlad CvenSiac ki, Tuki xalxma amisi gemo gaigo. amisi magaliTi germaniaa, saca magisTana obligacias etaneba glexkacoba sasyidlad da erTob fulis wvrilfenoba, rogorc buzi Taflsa da ara fass ara hzogavs.

502

tfilisi, 29 ivlisi

meore saSualebad, romlis ZaliTac obli-gaciebs SesaZloa fasi moematos da maSasadame, TviTon krediti am mxriT gaiefdes, tfilisis bankis gamgeobisagan aRniSnulia Semdegi:

2/ saxelmwifo bankma da misTa ganyofilebaTa giraod miiRon xolme obligaciebi aTTumniani cxra Tumnad da sargebeli arTon erTiT naklebi maszed, rac im xanebSi sargebeli iqmneba.

cxadia, razec aris miqceuli aq es saSualeba. vsTqvaT, glexkacma obligaciebiT miiRo sesxi bankisagan. Tu vinicobaa, maSinve rigiani muStari ar Sexvda obligaciis ganaRdebisaTvis, xom iZulebuli iqmneba, rogorc uWirs, iseRa uRirdes da aiRos da Calis fasad gahyidos obligacia. marto muStris anabrobazed rom darCes glexkacoba am SemTxvevaSi, maSin SesaZloa fulis bazars auarebeli obligaciebi miawydes gasa-naRdeblad. es garemoeba Zlier daswevs obli-gaciis fassa da Cven ukve viciT, rom obligaciis daweva sargeblis awevas moaswavebs, rogorc obligaciis aweva sargeblis dawevasa. rom glexkaci am gansacdels gadurCes da misi bedi fulis bazris saTamaSod ar gaxdes, ukeTesi ara iqneba ra, rom kargis muStris Sovnamde saxel-mwifo bankma xeli gaumarTos, aTTumnianSi cxra Tumani asesxos da obligacia giraod TviTon daiWiros. eseTi garemoeba obligaciis fassa rigians simaRlezed amyofebs yovelTvis da Tavis dReSi ise Zirs ar dascems, rogorc SesaZloa uamisod.

mesame saSualeba Semdegia: 3/ saxelmwifo bankma da misTa ganyofilebaTa

usasyidlod iSuamavlon obligaciebis gasyid-visaTvis, kuponebis ganaRdebisaTvis da im obli-

503

gaciebis gamoxsnisaTvis, romelnic tiraJSi gamo-sul iqmnebian.

es saSualebac kargad xels Seuwyobs kreditis gaiefebasa. es operaciebi, romelic am muxlSia CamoTvlili, dRes karga bloma fulad ujdeba banksa da radganac am gziT saxelmwifo banki moeSveleba usasyidlod, ra Tqma unda, es gza imodenad Seumsubuqebs glexkacs kreditsa, ramodenadac banki Tavisufal iqmneba am xarjisagan. garda amisa, saxelmwifo bankis xeli yvelgan da TiTqmis yvela kuTxesa imperiisas swvdeba da didi saqmea am SemTxvevaSi xelmokle bankisaTvis, rom miss obligaciebs kari Ria hqondes TiTqmis yvelgan da miT obligaciis patrons saxsari hqondes Tviss saWiroebas saca gauWirdes, iqve upovos SesaZlebeli wamali. esec erTi imisTana saSualebaa sxvaTa Soris, romelic muStars gauxSirebs obligaciasa, garda imisa, rom xarjis daklebiT gzas aZlevs banks, TviTon kreditis simZime imodenadve Seamsubuqos.

meoTxe saSualeba Semdegia: 4/ obligaciebi aTTumniani aT Tumnadve iqmnan

miRebuli mTels imperiaSi saxelmwifo ijarebis da sxva amgvarebis saTavmdebod da giraod.

TavisTavad cxadia, rom es saSualeba metis-metad uSvelis kreditis gaiefebasa, imitom, rom dids da uSvelebels bazars win uSlis obliga-ciebsa, didZals muStars SesZens, radganac saxelmwifo ijaradroba mTels ruseTSi didZalia da saTavdebod warsadgeni qoneba ramdensame aTeuls millions gademateba xolme yovelwliv da es millionebi Tu ar mTlad, ramodenadme mainc miiqceva obligaciebis sasyidlad da es “ramodenadme” imodenad cota Tu bevri iqmneba, rom Tavis kvals daaCnevs obligaciebis fasis awevasa.

504

marto am oTxis saSualebiTao, _ ambobs gam-geoba tfilisis bankisa, _ SesaZlisad da kredi-tis gasaiefeblad xuT sargebliani obligaciebi vamoqmedoTo da bankis saxarjod marto 1/2 % _iT viRoTo.

dRes Cveni banki eqvs sargeblians obligaciebs amoqmedebs da bankis saxarjod 1 1/2%-s axdevinebs. ase, rom sesxis amRebs dRes es ori gasavali 7 1/2 % - ad ujdeba. am saxiT gamodis, rom Tu saglexkaco kreditisaTvis mainc banks igi oTxi saSualeba mieniWeba, maSin es ori gasavali glexkacs 7 1/2% -s magier 5 1/2%-ad daujdeba* ese igi, asSi oris maneTiT nakleb.

ar iTqmis, rom es sagrZnobeli SeRavaTi ar iyos exlandelis Zviris kreditis kvalobazed.

* obligaciis sargeblis dakleba, rasakvirvelia, an Tavnis mosaSorebels nawils gaabevrebs, an vadas sesxisas moumatebs. esec ki angariSSi misaRebia.

505

tfilisi, 30 ivlisi.

garda imisa, rac Seswevs kreditis gaiefebas, gamgeoba tfilisis bankisa uCvenebs imasac, rom TviTon aw arsebuli rigi da wesi saqmeTa warmoebisa didad amZimebs da abrkolebs kreditis karamde misvlasa da kreditiT sargeblobasa. amisaTvis saWiroa, dRevandeli rTuli wesi saqmeTa warmoebisa gasadavdes da didi xarji, rogorc mamulis sagiravod momzadebisaTvis, agreTva syidvisaTvis aramcTu Semokldes. srulad mospobil iqmnaso.

visac ar gamoucdia, ar icis ra wvaleba da wamebaa marto erTis giravnobis mowmobis /залоговое свидетелъство/ aReba ufrosis notariusisagan. uammowmod banks ara aqvs neba daigiravos visime mamuli. Tund rom sigelebi mamulis kuTvnilebisa sruli da ucilobeli gqondeT, mainc kidev giravnobis mowmobis ukan devnas, sul cota rom vsTqvaT, mTeli erTi TTve moundeba. xarji am mowmobis miRebisaTvis xom sam-oTx Tumnamde sWris. gvikvirs, rogor uZleben amodena dros dakargvas da amodena xarjsa, magram ras izamT: gaWireba rom kacs daadgeba, bevrs itans da bevrs uZlebs. aba, glexkacma rogorRa gauZlos? glexkacs, zogi ucodinarobiT, zogi uqonlobiT xom es dro da xarji ufro gaorkecdeba xolme da aba ifiqreT, sad dahkravs.

yovel amis gamo gamgeobam warudgina saministros, rom es rTuli da xarjiani ukan devna mospobil iqnas, radganac metia da yofa-mdgomareoba saqmisa ar iTxovs. amisaTvis ai, ra Ronea naCvenebi gamgeobisagan: davalebul imnas ufrosi notariusi:

1/ sityvieri Txovnac miiRos, odes mihmarTven giravnobis mowmobisaTvis.

506

es maincdamainc SeRavaTia da, rasakvirvelia, wera-kiTxvis mcodneTaTvis imodenad ara, ramodena-dac ucodinar glexkacobisaTvis. glexkacs qaRal-diT Txovna Zlier uZneldeba: jer mcodne kacis ZebnaSi unda dahkargos dro, mere dawerisaTvis sasyideli gaiRos da Txovnas zed “markac’’ daasvas. es rom sul erTad viangariSoT, marto notariusTan misvla glexkacs ori-sami manaTi ujdeba. ra saWiroa yovelive es, roca kacs gza eqmneba pirdapir mivides da notariuss ori sityva uTxras: ai, mamulis kuTvnilebis siglebi da mowmoba miboZeo. notariusi oris striqoniT Caiwers amas Tavis davTarSi, oris sityviTve anusxavs siglebs da saqmes Tavis jerovans gzas miscems.

2/TviTon notariusma mohkribos sxvadasxva sasamarTloebidam saWiro cnobari imis Taobazed, rac mowmobaSi CasarTavia da aramc da aramc mTxovnels ar akisrebinos eseebi, rogorc dRes aris.

vinc icis, rom Svidisa, Tu rva sasamarTlodam unda Seikribos es cnobari, is advilad mixvdeba, ra dReEadgeba mTxovnelsa sazogadod da glexkacs sakuTriv, roca igia iZulebuli eg cnobebi mohkribos. garda ukan devnisa, esec iqonieT saxeSi, rom notariusi TviTveuls sasamarTlos saxelzed calke qaRalds aZlevs mTxovnelsa da TviTveuli calke sasamarTlo calke pasuxs iZleva. am gziT Svidi Tu rva “marka” undeba jer notariusisagan wamoRebul qaRaldebzed da amodenave “markebi’’ sasamarTloebis pasuxisaTvis. midis fuli ubaraqod, unayofod. risTvis? TviTon notariusma ki rom gaumarTos amis Sesaxebi miwer-mowera TviTveuls sasamarTlos, araviTari xarji da borji ar moundeba. exlandelis wesiTac ase unda moiqces notariusi, magram imiT ufrTxis

507

xalxi, rom am gziT pasuxebi gvian mouva notariuss da mowmobis miReba dagviandeba da amitomac xarjis gaRebas hrCeoben, oRond saqme swrafad gaukeTdeT. gana ar SeiZleba saqmec aCqardes da es xarjic ascildeT! amisaTvis ra Ronea? ai ra, gamgeobis azriT:

3/ rac SeiZleba mokle xani daeniSnos notariuss mowmobis misacemad ise, rom mTxovnels araferi daexarjos arc Rerbisa da arc sxva gadasaxadisaTvis.

es advilad SesaZlebelia da Tu es daevaleba notariuss, droc gamoizogeba da xarjic, romelic, rogorca vsTqviT, sam-oTxs Tumnamde adis exlandelis wesis wyalobiTa.

4/ glexkaci erTob ganTavisuflebul iqmnas yovelgvar Rerbisa, gadasaxadisa da sasigelo qaRaldis safasurisagan (крепостныя и актовыя

пошлины) yovel im SemTxvevaSi, roca sakredito saqmes iWers da roca hyidulobs mamulebs da miwebs bankisagan misda wes-debulebis ZaliTa.

ai, tfilisis bankis gamgeobis azriT, igi zogadni, mTelis imperiisaTvis sayovelTao mizez-ni, romelnic abrkoleben glexkacobas mamulebis Sesyidvis gzazed da ai, misisave azriT, igi saxsarni da RonisZiebani, romelnic gauadvileben glexkacobas mamulebis Sesyidvas da cotad Tu bevrad SeRavaTians gzas miscemen mis dauZinebels survils gamamulianebisas.

Semdeg amisa tfilisis gamgeoba gadadis im mizezebis aRsanusxavad, romelnic sakuTriv Cvens qveyanas Seexebian da mis gansxvavebulis viTare-bisagan warmomdgarni arian.

508

tfilisi 31 ivlisi

Cven CamovTvaleT, rac sazogado mizezni aRniSna tfilisis saadgilmamulo bankis gamgeobam, viTarca damabrkolebelni glexkacisa kreditiT mamulebis syidvis gzazed. am zogad mizezebs garda, gamgeoba aCvenebs kerZo mizezebsac, romelnic sakuTriv Cvenis qveynis gansakuTrebul viTarebaTTagan warmomdgarni arian. amaT Soris yvelazed Zlieri da umZimesi mizezi is ariso, ambobs gamgeoba, rom im mamulebzed, romelnic giraod unda iqmnen miRebulni, yovelTvis ver daidgineba xolme ufleba giraobisao (залоговое

право). ganusazRvreloba miwaTmflobelobisa, gamourkvevloba mamulebis kuTvnilobisa, arqona jerovanis sigelebisa mamulebzed imasa hSvreba, rom mamuls arTmevs unars sesxis Tavdebobisas, radganac amisTana mamuli Tavis dReSi ver gaxdeba kreditis xelSekrulobis sagnada, anu uked vsTqvaT, Tavmdebad. amisTana mamulzed gacemuli sesxi yinulzed dawerili Tamasuqia da amitomac mZime da bunebiTad frTxili saadgilmamulo krediti ver endoba.

CvenSi yvelazed xSiri da gavrcelebuli sigeli, romelic ase Tu ise aniSnebs kacs, vin aris patroni mamulisa, debulebis oqmia (уставныя

грамоты), xolo es debulebis oqmi, aw arsebuli kanoniTa, romelnic araerTxel gamorkveulia da axsnili TviT sakassacio senatisagan, ar aris miRebuli mamulebis kuTvnilobis siglad da sabuTad. amitom arc es oqmi hxdis mamulsa imodenad savargisad, rom uTavdebos kreditisa mtkiced da ucilobelad. raki esea, man auarebeli sakomli /надел/ miwebi, glexTaTvis mizomili debulobis oqmiTa, gamoricxul da gamoTvlil unda iqmnas im miwebisagan, romelTzedac bankis

509

mier SesaZloa sesxi gaices da miT xeli moemarTos uRono glexsa, mamulis syidvisaTvis. es garemoeba didZals mamulebs abandebs da meti ar iqneba vsTqvaT, rom aTSi TiTqmis Svid-rva SemTxvevas mamulebis syidvisas glexTa mier sruliad abaTilebs da auqmebs.

es advili dasajerebelia, Tu gavixsenebT jer imas, rom CvenSi mamulisaTvis gaWirebulia yvelazed metad naymevi glexkaci da maSasadame, yvelazed meti muStari mamuls aqedam unda hyvandes da Tu aq glexkaci dabrkolebulia, sCans sixSire glexTa mier mamulis syidvisas saTaveSivea mowyvetili. es erTi; meore isa, raki aq debulobis oqmiT mizomil sakomlo miwebzea laparaki, maSin gauqmebulia is Sinagani mizezic, romelic glexkacs unelebs cxare survils mamulis SeZenisas da romelic Cven wina werilebSi movixsenieT. debulobis oqmiT mizomili miwa imodenad axloa glexkacis mamapapeul binazed, rom miwebis syidva ar mosTxovs glexsa ayrasa da binidam aSlasa. am ayrisa da aSlis SiSi, romelsac zneoburi saTave aqvs da araviTars saekonomio angariSs ar emorCileba, aiZulebs Cveneburs glexs Tund mamasisxlad iyidos mamuli, oRond axlo ki, vidre Sors da muqTad.

saca glexs eg SiSi aRara aqvs da saca gaWireba Zalas atans mamulis syidvisas, iq rom sxva garemoebam gza Seukras, nuTu aTSi Svidi-rva SemTxveva mamulis syidvisa dakarguli ar iqneba glexTaTvis? amitomac is garemoeba, rom debulebis oqmi uaryofilia, viTarca ueWveli sabuTi mamulis kuTvnilobisa da mis gamo mamuli kreditis TavdebobisaTvis Ronemixdilia, glexkacs saxsari ara aqvs, fuli isesxos im mamulzed, romelzedac guli ufro aqvs Sevardnili da im

510

nasesxis fuliT iyidos, rom am mxriT SesaZlisad iqmnas, glexma fuli isesxos bankisagan mamulis sasyidlad, saWiroa, ambobs tfilisis bankis gamgeoba, gansakuTrebuli kanonmdebloba, raTa xsenebuli siZnele da dabrkoleba mocilebul iqmnaso.

511

tfilisi, 1 agvisto

erTi gansakuTrebuli Cvenis qveynis Sesaxebi mizezi, romelic cotad Tu bevrad hxuTavs mamulebis syidvis saqmes kreditis SemweobiT, is aris, rom venaxebi ar aris kanonisagan imgvar qonebaTa ricxvSi moqceuli, romelT dagiravebiTac SesaZloa kacma fuli isesxos sakredito dawesebulebisagan xangrZlivis vadiTa. arc droebiT valdebulTa glexTa wesdebaSi da arc saadgilmamulo bankebisaSi venaxebi ar aris cnobili imgvar qonebad, rom saadgilmamulo kreditisaTvis giraod misaRebi iyos.

amas, rasakvirvelia, Tavisi pativsadebi sabuTi aqvs. saadgilmamulo krediti bunebiTad xangrZlivis vadisaa, imitom, rom aq vada Seferebulia da Sezomili TviT miwaTmoqmedobis warmoebis xangrZlivobasTan. es Sefereba da Sezomva im saWiroebisagan aris warmomdgari, rom erTaderTi saxsari, erTaderTi wyaro saadgil-mamulo kreditis gasaZRolad miwaTmoqmedobaa, romlis saqcevad da mosatrialeblad xangrZlivi dro undeba. gamoZiebulia, rom sasoflo meurneobaSi yvelazed swrafi saqcevi pirutyvT gaSenebasa aqvs da aqac xana saqcevisa Tvrameti weliwadia mecnierTa sityviT, ese igi, Tvrametis weliwadia saWiro, rom pirutyvT gaSenebam danaxarjis Tavni da sargebeli daubrunos mwar-moebelsa da jerovani mogebac misces SromisaTvis.

am saxiT miwaTmoqmedobasTan Sezomili vada saadgilmamulo sesxisa xangrZlivia da venaxi ki imisTana bunebisaa, rom, Tu kacma ors-sams weliwads xeli ar Seuwyo, amovardeba da gavera-navdeba. amovardnili da gaveranavebuli venaxi erTianad nakleb fasadRa hRirs, vidre gaSenebuli. amitomac venaxi giraod miRebuli Tavis fasis

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kvalobazed, roca gaSenebulia, samermisod savinicobo Rirebulobis qonebasRa warmoadgens. savinicobo Rirebulobis qoneba xangrZlivis saadgilmamulo kreditis Tavmdebad ver iqneba. amitomac kanoni xangrZlivs sesxs venaxs ver andobs.

Tumca esea, magram metad sanaRvleli unda iyos, rom am mxriT, sesxis Sovnis gza Sekruli aqvs glexsa. mTeli saTemoebis CvenSi imisTana, saca venaxebzea miqceuli mTeli interesi glexkacobisa, saca venaxia TiTqmis Tavdapirveli saxsari glexkacis sarCo-sabadebelisa. tfilisis saadgilmamulo bankis gamgeobam aRniSna ra es sanaRvleli garemoeba, romelic erT rig mamulebis syidvisaTvis srulad uRonod hxdis Cvenebur glexkacsa, ambobs, rom SesaZloa am mxriTac eSvelos rame glexsao, Tu kanoni venaxebsac gaxdis gamosyidvis (предмет выкупа) sagnad da maSasadame, bankSi dasagiravebel sagnadacao. ramodenad mosaxerxebelia es, Cven amis gamoZiebas ar SevudgebiT. xolo es garemoeba, rogorc gansakuTrebiT Sesaxebi Cvenis qveynisa, imis niSnad moviyvaneT, rom CvenSi saglexkaco kredits bevri imisTana ram unda moexvios Tavzed, rac srulebiT saWiro ar aris ruseTisaTvis.

Sors yofna tfilisisa im adgilidam, saca obligaciebi ibeWdeba da amasTan aw momqmedi wesi, romelic hTxoulobs, rom TviTveuls sesxzed calke TviTveuladve calke obligaciebi unda gamoTxovil iqmnas, Zlier axanebs, agvianebs da zogjer auqmebs kidec sesxis aRebasa da gacemasao, ambobs bolos tfilisis bankis gamgeoba. marTalic aris, xSirad moxdeba xolme, rom erTmaneTTan Sepirebulni da morigebulni gamsyidvelni mamulisa da msyidvelni SeeSlebian erTmaneTs, raki fuls morigebis umalve erTi meores

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ubandebs da uxanebs. mamuls ufro xSirad imisTana kaci hyidis /nametnavad CvenSi, saca erTob mamulis gasyidva miaCniaT/, romelsac gaWirebis dana yelSi dasZgerebia da aba, aman sad unda icados da ilodinos, vidre glexisaTvis gadaWril sesxis Taobazed tfilisis bankidam qaRaldi wava peterburgs saministroSi, vidre iqidam pasuxi mova da vidre am pasuxis Semdeg peterburgSi daibeWdeba obligaciebi da gamoigzavneba tfilisis bankSi. rom es dasaxanebli da dasagvianebeli mizezi acilebul iqmnaso, ambobs tfilisis bankis gamgeoba, saWiroa neba mieces banksa iqonios winadve Semzadebuli obligaciebi, saministros mier beWeddasmuli /grifi/, Tunda imdeni, ram-densac TviTon saministro winadve gansazRvravso.

amiT mTavrdeba tfilisis bankis gamgeobisagan wardgenili moxseneba safinanso saministroSi saglexkaco kreditis Taobazed mamulebis Sesas-yidlad.

“Tuo, ambobs, dasasrul, gamgeoba: umTavresni safuZvelni ama winadadebisani Sewynarebul da miRebul iqmnebian Cvenis bankis sazogado krebisa-gan da mas mermed safinanso saministrosagan, maSin gamgeoba ar daaxanebs da Seadgens wesdebis proeq-tsa, saca yoveliferi dawvrilebiT da vrclad, anu sruli da gamorkveuli iqnebao.

tfilisis bankis sazogado krebam Seiwynara da miiRo xsenebulni winadadebani da mas mermed saministroSiac wardgenili iqnen. xolo saminis-trom da umaRlesma mTavrobam saxerxod vera scan, es mZime da rTuli saqme kerZo bankebisaTvis Caebarebina da sakuTari saxelmwifo banki Seiqmna saglexkaco kreditisaTvis mamulebis Sesasyidlad. es saxelmwifo banki ukve moqmedobs SigniT ruseTSia.

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tfilisi, 7 agvisto

Cven moviyvaneT wina werilebSi tfilisis saadgilmamulo bankis gamgeobis azri maszed Tu, rogor unda moewyos saglexkaco krediti mamulebis sasyidlad, Tu xazina am saqmes kerZo bankebs miandobda. ramodenad marTalni arian igi azrni da ramodenad zedmiwevnilni, Cven amazed aras vityviT, radganac amisi gamoZieba Cven saxeSi ara gvqonia da metad Sors wagviyvanda. verc imas vityviT, rom gamgeobis mier naCvenebTa garda, sxva arara an Casamatebeli an dasaklebi, an ukeTesi ara moipovos ra kacma, Tu saqmes Ziramde Cahxedavs da Tvals mTels mis sigrZe-siganes ufro mometebulis codniT da dakvirvebiT gadaavlebs.

Cven amiT marto is unda gveCvenebina, rom TaviT fexamde usabuToa “Крестъянскии Банк”-is avtoris sayveduri, viTomc mas aqed rac “erTs nawils inteligenciisas” am saglexkaco kreditis Taobazed raRac umoZRvrnia odesRac, da es moZRvreba “xmad mRaRadebelad udabnosa Sina” darComila, ese igi, yuri aRaravis uTxovebia, aRaravis ar unaRvlia, aRaravis ara ufiqria ra, Tu avtors davujerebT, an ratom ar unda davujeroT, mas aqed aTi-Tormeti weliwadia, rac im “erTs nawils Cvenis “inteligenciisas” saglexo kreditis Taobazed Tavi gamoudvia, sityva Camougdia da radganac igi Tavgamodeba, igi sityva “xmad mRaRadebelad udabnosa Sina” darComila, im qebuls “erTs nawils inteligenciisas” sxva ukeTesi veRara uRonia ra garda misi, rom gulzed xelebi daukrebia da Tvisi mSvildi Zirs daudvia. es kidev araferi: Tvalic imodenac dauxuWvia, rom mis mier gulSesatkivari saqme ase Tu ise moZraobaSi

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yofila da es moZraoba cxvirwin gamohparvia. ai asli, magaliTi misi Tu, fici mwams bolo makvirvebso.

es veraferi saqcielia im gundisagan, romelsac “inteligencias” eZaxian, mere “erTs nawils”, ese igi, ukeTessa, rogorc avtoris sityvisagan sCans. marTalia, “saca ara sjobs, gacla sjobs kargisa mamacisagan”, magram am SemTxvevaSi “erTs nawils inteligenciisas” veraferi mamacoba mosvlia. inteligencia ris inteligenciaa, Tu pirvelSive, raki Tavisi ver gaiyvana, dadundes, yurebi Camohyaros da saqmes gaecalos. maS viRas movkiTxoT medgroba azrisa, simtkice rwmenisa, Tavgamodeba WeSmaritebisa, Tu ara im krebuls sazogadoebis gonierebisas, zneobisas, aRmate-bulebisas, romelsac inteligencias eZaxian! vin unda gaukafos gza cxovrebisa azrs, rwmenas, WeSmaritebas, Tu ara imaT, vinc am azris, rwmenis, WeSmaritebis mqone da matarebelia? gana amaTgan frTebis Camoyra da saqmisagan gacla sakadrisia, roca cxovreba pirvel Setevazedve ar uTmobs adgilsa da gzas!..

ese ar iqceva guliTadis rwmenis kaci, ese ar iqceva igi, visac samoZRvreli azri rwmenad CasWedvia sulsa da gulSi da mosvenebas ar aZlevs, vidre xorcs ar Seisxams da adgils ar daiWers cxovrebis moedanzed. ese ar iqceva marTla gulaRtkinebuli moRvawe. imitom, rom saRvaweli azri misTvis ferumarilad ki ar aris saxmari, raTa Tavi moawonos bec kacsa, radganac becis Tvali marto saqmis kansa swvdeba da ara saqmis gulsa, aramed sisxl-xorcia misis sulieris agebulebisa, sulia da guli misi kacadkacobisa, misis arsebobisa, saRvawelis azriT marTlad gulaRtkinebuli da ara CalasaviT becTa mosawonad apilpilebuli kaci ar ikmarebs, rasac

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Cveni andazisamebr mamali hkmarobs: me ki viyivle da gaTendeba Tu ara, RmerTma iciso. WeSmaritebis mqadagebeli marto yivils ar sjerdeba, igi iRvwis, vidre bnels ar gaaTenebs WeSmaritebis sxiviTa, an vidre TviTon dRe ar daeleva. amitomac marTlad gulaRtkinebuli moRvawe dauZinebeli momqmedi, gamrjeli kacia: misTvis dgoma cdomaa.

nuTu inteligencia, Tuki yofila da aris CvenSi, amisTana ar unda iyos! veraferi qeba-dideba Seasxa Cvens inteligencias “Крестъянскии Банк”-is avtorma, roca sTqva, rom mas aqed, misma ukeTesma nawilma iyivla saglexkaco kreditis Taobazed, am saganzed CamiCumic aRarsaidam ar ismodao. Tumca, rogorc vnaxeT, ismoda es CamiCumi, magram igi “erTi nawili inteligenciisa”, romelsac am SemTxvevaSi avtori ixseniebs, igi ukeTesi nawili inteligenciisa ise Sors mdgara saqmezed, rom amisi araferi gaugia, TiTqo gangeb yurebi bambiT daucmiao.

ras mivaweroT amisTana uguloba inteligen-ciisa, Tu misi namoZRvrali sagani marTlada misi guliTadi sagani iyo? ara da aTasjer ara!.. aSkaraa, guliTadi sagani ara yofila da Tu marTla amis Taobazed uZaxnia ram, is naZaxi naTxovaria, qaris motanilia da amitomac qari-saTvisve gauyolebiaT mas Semdeg, raki ZaxiliT guli moufxaniaT. amisTanaa yvelaferSi Cveni viTomda “inteligencia”. Cvenda saubedurod: igi uqmia saqmisaTvis da uxvi yvirilisa da Zaxili-saTvis. imodenad davifuyeniT am SemTxvevaSi, rom kaci, romelic CvenSi saqmeSi raSime Cabmulia da hsaqmobs, igi gamoTvlilia, gamoricxulia inteli-genciisagan. inteligencia exla bulvaris mtkepneli ymawvilkacobaa da ukeTesi nawili misi igia, romelsac marto enazed akeria saxelebi

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qveynad ganTqmulis mecnierebisa, magaliTebr, darvini, spenseri, heksli, hekkeli da sxvani goliaTni mecnierebisani, da rom hkiTxoT: riT arian yvela eseni gamoCenilni, ra umoZRvriaT, ra uRvawiaT, ra xeiri moutaniaT qveynisaTvis, ise Semogefanteba mTeli grova bulvaris inteligenciisa, rogorc Zeras wiwilebi. utyuari nimuSi am “inteligenciisa” Tavmowonebuli uqmo-baa, TavaRebuli usaqmurobaa, ho-araraobis ybedo-baa da ho-araraobisve laqlaqi da sxva araferi. Tu amasTan imodenad gayaldnebulia da galazRandarebuli, rom Seqspiri sulel kacad miiCnia, poezia bleaZeobad, istoria bebrebis zRaprad da glexkaci imisTana arsebad, romlis sabednierodRaa sakuTriv Seqmnili mTeli qveynieroba, maSin xom inteligenciis intelig-enciad Caricxeba da liberalTa liberalad daiquxebs mTels im sawvrilfexo akademiaSi, romelsac bulvari hqvian da saca Cveni egredwodebuli miTamda “inteligencia” Tavmowo-nebiT Zera-didaobas hTamaSobs qveynis sasacilod da Cvenda samwuxarod.

Tu ar amisTana qarafSutobas, maS ras mivaweroT igi yovlad sanaRvleli da samwuxaro ambavi, rom Cveni egredwodebuli inteligencia xelsa hkidebs saqmis gankiTxvas, gansjas da aramcTu saqmis gulSi Caxedvas saWirod ara hxedavs, aramed saqmis kansac ki ara scdilobs Tvali daakvirvos, rom garegani viTareba mainc gaigos da Seityos. “Крестъянскии Банк”-is avtori, samarTlianad hkicxavs im erTs, ese igi ukeTess nawils Cvenis inteligenciisas, romelsac rodesRac raRac wamouZaxnia saglexkaco kreditis Taobazed da mas aqed, xma gaukmendia ase, rom dRes amazed aRaraferi ismiso. Tu ukeTesi nawili Cvenis inteligenciisa marto wamoZaxebas hkmarobs

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da mere gulzed xelebs ikrebs da Tvalebs hxuWavs, rom sxvisi nakeTebic ar dainaxos, maS raRa unda iTqvas danarCen inteligenciazed?

Cvena gvgonia, “Крестъянскии Банк”-is avtors samsaxuri gavuwieT, rom im “erTis nawilis inteligenciis” araraobis dasamtkiceblad da maSasadame, gasakicxavad erTi utyuari sabuTi kidev mivawodeT xelSi, saxeldobr isa, rom igi “erTi nawili inteligenciisa” imodenad ugulod yofila Tavis saqmezed, rom aramcTu arc ki uwarmoebia TviTon, aramed arc ki moukiTxnia, arsebobsRa sadme es saqme, Tu ara, aqedam, am ugulobidama sCans, rom Tu marTla odesme im “erTs nawils inteligenciisas” raime warmouT-qvams saglexkaco kreditis Taobazed, tyuili apilpileba yofila, rogorc mizez-mizez dos marili akliao. eg rom marTali ieriSi guliTadis rwmenisa yofiliyo, pirvel samarcxo SemTxvevaSive ki ar daiSvebda frTebs, aramed ufro gaZlier-deboda. aseTi sulmokle da xelmokle rodia guliTadi rwmena, rom, Tu pirvel misevazedve ver gaitana, dadundes da uRonobiT mSvildi Zirs dasdos. igi imisTana ukan dauxeveli Ronea, romlis ZaliTac adamianis mxneoba da gamrjeloba imodenad hmatulobs, ramodenadac umagrdeba win zRude mis mier gasarRvevi. yovelive didi saqme, yovelive Zlevamosiloba, riTac samarTlianad hqadulobs da Tavs iwonebs kacobrioba qveynis gaCenidam dRevandelamde, am RvTaeburs Tvisebas rwmenisas unda mieweros da sxvas araras.

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««««mkurnali d. erisTavimkurnali d. erisTavimkurnali d. erisTavimkurnali d. erisTavi»»»»

tfilisi. 4 agvisto

amas winad gazeT “Новое Обозрение”-Si

dabeWdili iyo erTis axalgazrda mkurnalis b-ni ersTavis friad sayuradRebo werili. radganac igi werili Cvens gazeTSi mTlad dabeWdili ara yofila, amitomac saWirod vracxT imis Sinaarsi SemoklebiT movaxsenoT mkiTxvels da amiT gavuadviloT im werilis mniSvnelobis awonva da dafaseba. ai, saqme rogora yofila. mkurnali b-ni d. erisTavi axlad swavlaSesrulebuli kievis universitetSi, dabinavebula ozurgeTis mazraSi da kerZod mkurnaloba dauwyvia, raTa Tavisi codna da swavla TavisaTvisac gamoeyenebina da Tavis TanamoZmeTaTvisac. am kargsa da patiosans ganzraxvas erisTvisas uecriv bolo moeRo, radganac guberniis mkurnalma saWirod scno erisTvisaTvis mkurnaloba aRekrZala imis gamoisobiT, rom erisTavs ar Seusrulebia erTi muxli samkurnalo wesdebisa. es muxli ki imas ambos, rom yoveli kerZod mosaqme mkurnali valdebulia mTavrobas Seatyobinos yovelive saWiro cnobani Tvisis vinaobisa, e. i. sad da rodis Seusrulebia swavla, ris dasamtkiceblad saWiro sabuTebi unda waradginos. am muxlis

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ZaliT guberniis mkurnals gankarguleba mouxdenia imis Sesaxeb, rom ozurgeTis mazris afTiaqebSi wamali ar aZlion avadmyofebs erisTavis receptiT e. i. erisTavs aRekrZala ozurgeTis mazris mkvid-rTa wamloba. im muxlis azri mxolod isaa, rom mTavrobas neba aqvs TviTveuls Tavisufalad mosaqme mkurnals mosTxovos yovelive saWiro cnobani misis vinaobisa. am muxlis Sesrulebis magier ki guberniis mkurnalma wamloba moaklo mTelis mazris mkvidrTa TiTqmis erTs mesameds.

b-ni erisTavi ueWvelia Tvis uflebas am cotas xanSi aRadgens imave samkurnalo wesdebis ZaliT, b-ni guberniis mkurnalic inebebs da moaxdens gankargulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom ozurgeTis mazris afTiaqebma wamlebi daubrkolebliv aZlion avadmyofebs erisTavis receptiT. ase da amgvarad saqme erisTavisa da ozurgeTis mazris mkvidrTa sasiamovnod datrialda da guberniis mkurnali kanonebisamebr moiqceva.

es ambavi moxda maSin, roca ozurgeTis mazra iyo, saxeldobr, im yofaSi, romelic iTxovda sxva mkurnalebis mowvevasac xalxis saSvelad da ara imis daTxovnas, vinc xalxs Sveloda da wamalsa sdebda. maSin korrespondentebis sityvisamebr, ozurgeTis mazraSi seni ise gaZlierebuli iyo, marto erTi mkurnali mazrisa verasgziT ver gauZRveboda Tund rom xalisi da gulismtkin-veuloba didic hqonoda. mazris mkurnali, romlis mudami bina mazris qalaqia, simravles avadmyofe-bisas ver gawvdeboda... amisTana SemTxvevaSi meore mkurnali, mere xalxTan axlo mcxovrebi, swored mananaa cisa gaWirebuls dros.

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««««bulgareTis istoriaSi axali xanis bulgareTis istoriaSi axali xanis bulgareTis istoriaSi axali xanis bulgareTis istoriaSi axali xanis

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tfilisi, 5 agvisto

mkiTxvelebma ukve ician, rom bolgarias daudga

axali xana Tvisis istoriisa. is saqme, romelmac amodena baasi da kamaToba gamoiwvia mwerlobasa da diplomatiaSi, jer-jerobiT imiT dabolovda, rom princ koburgisam gabeda da Seiwynara bolgariis saero krebis Txovna da gadawyvetileba da Sevida bolgariaSi mTavrad. rogorc mkiTxvelebma uwyian, sxvadasxva saxelmwifoni sxvadasxvanairad uyureben, rogorc TviT saero krebas, agreTve mis gadawyvetilebas da TviT koburgis princsac. es sxvadasxvaoba azrisa iyo imis mizezi, rom mTavris arCevis saqmem amodena dro da laparaki moindoma, amodeni fiqri da dardi mohgvara mTels evropas da mis xelmZRvanelT. Tumca koburgis princma didis xnis mosazrebis Semdeg ganvlo politikisa da diplomatiis rubikoni da xelT ipyra mTavroba, magram igi sxvadasxvaoba azrisa igive darCa, e. i., princis gamTavreba imas ar niSnavs, viTom saxelmwifoebi morigebuliyvnen da dReis iqiT bolgariis saqme saimedo wresa da garemoebaSi iyos moqceuli. princis gambedaoba, gamTavreba is wertilia bolgariis istoriaSi,

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saidganac iwyeba axali xana, romelic ueWvelia, Tviss daRs dasdebs eris yofa-cxovrebas da TviT evropis politikasac. marTalia, SeuZlebelia vsTqvaT, Tu ra Sedegs moutans bolgarias ko-burgis princis siTamame, gambedaoba, radganac sadiplomato sagnebSi winaswarmetyveleba metad Zneli saqmea, magram is ki SesaZloa vsTqvaT, rom dReis iqiT metad sagulisxmiero ambebis molo-dinSi unda viyvneT da didis yuradRebiT unda SevscqerodeT bolgarebis Tavgadasavals.

mkiTxvelma kargad icis, rom patara, susts bolgarias aravin xels ar SeuSlida, mis yofa-cxovrebas masve miandobdnen da mSvidobians garemoebas daumkvidrebdnen, Tu rom mag saqmeSi sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebs sxvadasxva interesebi ara hqondeT da mere iseTi interesebi, romleb-zedac damokidebulia maTi awmyo da mermisi. ruseTs, viTarca udidess da uZlieress slavianTa saxelmwifos surs, gavlena da xelmZRvaneloba moipovos slavianTa sxvadasxva erTa da saxel-wifoTa Soris, meTauroba daimkvidros am saxel-mwifoTa yofa-cxovrebis msvlelobaSi da miT evropis saxelmwifoTa krebulSi Seiqmnas kidev ufro Zlier da gavlenian saxelmwifod. rasakvir-velia, avstrias, germanias da ingliss arafrad ar eWaSnikebaT ruseTis amgvari miziduloba, radganac TviTonve hfiqroben ramenairad daiWiron politikaSi is adgili, romlisakenac ruseTi miizideba. amiT aixsneba egodeni diplomaturi mokamaToba, miwer-mowera da igi awewiloba, ro-melSiac Cavarda patara bolgaria.

dReis iqiT igi mokamaToba kidev ufro gaZlierdeba, radganac ruseTi, romelmac egodeni mecadineoba da bejiToba ixmara, rom bolgariis saqme im wreSi moeqcia, romelic TviT bolga-riisaTvis, ise mTelis slavianebisaTvisac sauke-

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Tesod miaCnia, ver dasTanxmdeba imaze, rom misi adgili bolgariasa da slavianTa sxva saxel-mwifoebSi daiWiros avstriam an sxva romelsame saxelmwifom. amitomac ruseTi, amas aqed, rac aRiZra laparaki bolgariis samTavroze da koburgis princis kandidatobaze, adga erTsa da imave mtkice politikas da ambobda, princ koburgisas mTavrad ver Seviwynarebo, radganac imisi amomrCevi didi saero kreba, sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo, kanonier krebad ver micvniao. Tumca evropam da princ koburgisam ar Seiwynares ruseTis amgvari survili. ruseTma mainc ar Sescvala Tavisi azri bolgariis saqmis Sesaxeb da dResac igi imas ambobs, rom Tanaxma ara var, bolgariis saqme maggvarad gadawydeso. amitomac ruseTis mmarTvelobam acnoba osmaleTs, rom igi ver Seiwynarebs koburgis gamTavrebas da winada-debas aZlevs osmaleTs, bolgariis saqmeSi Cemi mxare daiWireo. amis Sesaxeb, rogorc depe-SaAiuwyeba, osmaleTi daekiTxa sxva saxelmwifoebs. Tvisi protesti ruseTma sxva saxelmwifoebsac acnoba. ase da amgvarad bolgariis saqme ver dasrulebula; igi mxolod Sesdga istoriis axals werilze, romliTac evropis diplomatiaSi daiwyeba axali baasi, miwer-mowera da am baass da miwer-moweras ra mohyveba, es Zneli saTqmelia.

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««««saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos

SemoRebis aucileblobaSemoRebis aucileblobaSemoRebis aucileblobaSemoRebis aucilebloba»»»»

tfilisi, 8 agvisto

maSin, rodesac mTeli evropa da evropis

diplomatia qsels abams aTasnairad xlarTuls, rom erTma meores fexi rogorme wamoakvrevinos da kiseri moatexinos, swored am dros mcireode-ni nawili kacobriobisa, mSvidobimoyvareobiTa da kacTmoyvareobiT aRZruli, Cumad, magram dauZi-neblad hsaqmobs, rom omi, es sazareli risxva RvTisa, moaSoros Tavidam kacobriobasa. es nawili mcirea da metad mcireca, magram Cvenis fiqriT, mermisis sve am mcire nawilis moZRvrebam unda gaitanos, mermisis moedani am moZRvrebam unda dainarCunos.

raSi mdgomareobs igi moZRvreba? imaSi, rom Tu TviTveulma calke kacma saxelmwifoSi dasTmo Zalmomreoba, muSti da Tvisi yofa-cxovreba samar-Talzed daamyara, ratom eseve ar SeiZleba moixdi-nos TviTveulma calke saxelmwifom kacobrioba-Sio? Tu ram SuRli, mtroba da dava Camouvardeba TviTveuls calke kacs da saxelmwifo Sua Cadgeba Tavisis samarTliTa da moarigebs xolme, ratom egreve ar unda moeqces TviTveuls calke saxel-mwifos mTeli kacobriobao?

525

am warsuls ivlisis dasawyisSi am saganzed Camovarda laparaki inglisis parlamentSi. am moZRvrebis momxre kacma, markizma bristolma winadadeba Seitana lordTa palataSi da iTxova daadginon ganaCeni maszed, rom sasurveliao uzenaesi sasamarTlo dawesdes erTaSorisis davebis gansasamarTlebladao, rom saerTaSorisi SuRli da dava am sasamarTlom ganarCios da daabolovoso. ra Tqma unda, konservatorebi, romelnic axla inglisis sve-beds ganageben, didis sixaruliT ar miegebebodnen amisTana nayofiers azrs, romelic exlandelis politikis zne-Cveulebas Zireulad Secvlas uqadis. garna TviTon azri imodenad gulSesatkivaria, imodenad mosawoni da TanasagrZnobi, rom Tumca konserva-torTa dasis winamZRolma markizma salusberim ukanve waaRebina markizs bristols misi winada-deba, magram salusbermac ki saWirod dainaxa zrdilobianad mohqcevoda am azrsa da qebiT da didebiT daeTxovna lordTa palatidam.

salusberim pasuxad esa sTqva, rom survili, romelic am SemTxvevaSi win miuZRvis bristolsa, iseTi ucilobeli ram aris, rom, Tu Teoriulad gavsinjavT, yvelasaTvis sanatrelia da yvelasagan TanasagrZnobio. marTlada, ra iqneba ukeTesi maszed, rom saerTaSorisi sasamarTlo daarsdes da man saTaveSive mospos xolme yovelive mizezi omisao! xolo ganxorcieleba am survilisa Zalian da Zalian Sors manZilzea Cvengana da dRes ufro Sors aris, vidre ramdenisame wlis winad iyovo. vxedavT ra exlandels saqmeTa awewilobas, TviT-veulis saxelmwifos midrekilobas, rom sul Tavisaken miiTalos, ZneladRa iTqmis, viTomc dRes mSvidobianobis survili hmatulobdes da SesaZli-soba omisa hklebulobdeso. ara mgoniao, rom dRes saerTaSorisi sasamarTlos daarseba SesaZlebeli

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iyoso, an aris imisTana ufleba kanonmdeblobisa, rom kanonebi daawesos saerTaSorisi sasamarTlos xelsamZRvanebladao da amasTanac arc imodena Zlevamosili xelisuflebaa, romelmac ganaCeni sasamarTlo aRsrulebaSi unda moiyvanoso. yovel amis ZaliT salusberim sTxova, rom bristolma Tavisi winadadeba ukan gaitanos, radganac dRes im winadadebis miRebas araviTari saqmeSi gamosayeni Zala ar eqmnebao. bristolmac Tvisi winadadeba ukan gaitana.

Cven es ambavi moviyvaneT imisaTvis ki ara, rom gamoviZioT, vin aris am SemTxvevaSi marTali da mtyuani. igi, rac salusberim gaduRoba win bristolis winadadebas, nuTu advilad mosavleli ar aris? ra gauWirdeba kacobriobas? araferi, Tu ki moindoma. mondomeba ki imazea damokidebuli, roca moZRvreba bristolisa, Tu yvelas ara, mometebuls nawils mainc sulsa da gulSi gamoenaskveba. saqme ese aris. yovelive amisTana didi moZRvreba am bedisaa: bevri wyali Caivlis xolme, vidre cxovrebaSi gzas gaikvalavs da fexs moikidebs.

dRes am moZRvrebas emsaxurebian erTi egred-wodebuli “instituti saerTasoriso samarTlisa” brusselSi da meore “londonis saerTaSoriso krebuli samudamo mSvidobianobis momxreTa”. 1873 wlidam dawyebuli am azrs samudamo mSvido-bianobisas gza gaexsna. 1873 wels henri riCardma Seitana igi azri inglisis parlamentSi da profe-sorma manCinim italiisaSi. 1974 wels senatorma sobnerma am azrs umoZRvra amerikaSi, vaSingtonis kongresSi; Sveciam da holandiamac aalaparaka am saganzed TviTveulma calke Tavisi parlamenti da sxvani.

Cven xsovnaSi ara erTi magaliTia sxvaTa Soris, rom SuakacTa samarTliT gaTavebuliyos

527

gamwvavebuli dava da SuRli saxelmwifoTa Soris. egre moiqca amerika da inglisi ”alabamis” gamo saqmeSi, romelmac kinaRam omi ar Camougdo am ors saxelmwifos, magram Suakacebma moariges; egre moiqca amas winad germania da ispania, romelTac Suakacad TviTon papi leon XIII hyvandaT da romelmac saomrad gacxarebuli ispania moariga cudad Tu kargad germaniasTan da mSvidoba Camoag-do.

zogs es moZRvreba keTilis gulis ocnebad miaCnia: sanatrelia, magram es natvra Tavis dReSi ar asruldeba, saqmed ar gadaiqcevao. marTalia, erTi mecnierisa ar iyos, SeCveul adgilidam daZvra kacobriobisa mTelis saukunoebis Sromisa da Rvawlis saqmea, amitomac mTeli istoria kacobriobisa taatiT moarulia da mis mier gavlili manZili TvalisaTvis SesamCnevia mxolod maSin, roca saukuneni Sehlevian, magram winsvla, Tundac taatiT, maincadamainc ueWvelia da am winsvlazea damyarebuli igi imedi da rwmena, rom TviTveuli calke saxelmwifo ise moisvenebs mTelis kacobriobis mfarvelobis qveS usisxlod, rogorc TviTon saxelmwifom moasvena erTmaneTis Zalmomreobisagan TviTveuli calke adamiani.

am moZRvrebas Tavisi mermisi aqvs Sorsa Tu axlos, da Tu dRes, vsTqvaT, salusberis mzgavsni eurCebian, eg marto imiT aixsneba, rom dRevan-delis garemoebiT SexuTvilni arian. minam qveya-nazed saxelmwifoni daarsdebodnen da saxel-mwifo ikisrebda TviTveulis kacis mfarvelobas, im dromde ara gvgonia kacs Zalmomreobis gauqmeba calke kacTa Soris imgvar ocnebadve ar sCvene-boda, rogorc exla Cven gveCveneba mag Zalmom-reobis mospoba saxelmwifoTa Soris.

528

««««kvlav bulgareTis Sesaxebkvlav bulgareTis Sesaxebkvlav bulgareTis Sesaxebkvlav bulgareTis Sesaxeb»»»»

tfilisi, 13 agvisto dResac, rogorc winedac, erTaderTs sagans

diplomatiurs miwer-mowerisas, Seuwyvetel baasisas da saerTo mRelvarebisas Seadgens igiv bolgariis daubolovebeli saqme. amJamad poli-tikasa da mwerlobas Tavisi yuradReba miuqcevia imazed, rom princi ferdinandi bolgaruls enazed gamocemuls proklamaciaSi bolgarebs ixseniebs, viTarca “Tavisufal ers”, xolo franguls TargmnaSi ki, romelic sxvadasxva saxelmwifoTa gaegzavna, imave bolgarebs ixseniebs, viTarca “sayvarels ers”. es gansxvaveba, zogierTTa azriT, imasa niSnavs, rom princs survili aqvs bolgariis damoukidebloba gamoacxadoso. Tu es cnoba marTalia, rasakvirvelia, igi dids SfoTs gamoiw-vevs evropis politikaSi, radganac bolgariis damoukideblobis gamocxadeba arRvevs umTavress muxls berlinis traqtatisas, romlis ZaliTac bolgaria politikurad damokidebuli unda iyos osmaleTze da ar unda Seadgendes sruliad Tavi-sufals samTavros.

ras moaswavebs, risi maCvenebelia bolgariis axalis mTavris ganzraxva da berlinis traqtatis darRveva? nuTu yovelive ese saWiroa bolgariis

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sakeTildReod da princis koburgis samTavro taxtze dasamtkiceblad? ra mosazrebiT xelm-ZRvanelobda princi, roca ganizraxa bolgariis damoukideblobis gamocxadeba, Tuki zemoTmoyva-nili xma marTali gamodga?

es sakiTxavebi diaRac didis mniSvnelobisani arian, radganac imaTis axsnis saSualebiT SegviZ-lian SevignoT, Tu romelis gzis amorCeva ga-nuzraxavs bolgarias Tvisis saqmis dasabolo-veblad. Tu gavixsenebT, rogor swarmoebda bolga-riis saqme am ukanasknel welTa ganmavalobaSi, ar SeiZleba ar SevniSnoT, rom bolgarias midre-kileba hqonda, sruliad moespo Tvisi damokidebu-leba osmaleTze, Tumca igi damokidebuleba aRiarebulia berlinis traqtatis ZaliT. es survili diaRac cxovelia bolgariaSi, am samTav-ros warmomadgenlebs kargad esmiT, Tu raodenad damabrkolebelia bolgariisaTvis osmaleTzed damokidebuleba rogorc Sinagan saqmeebsa, ise garegan saqmeebSiac. am azrs gvimtkicebs pirvelis mTavris moqmedeba osmaleTis mimarT, sxvaTa Soris, rumeniis da bolgariis erTobis gamocxa-deba da sxva. magram srulis damoukideblobis damkvidreba SeuZlebeli saqme iyo, radganac bolgariis mag saqmeSi evropis xelmZRvanelni Zmurad ver morigdebodnen. TandaTan, raodenadac Zneldeboda bolgariis saqme, miT ufro rwmundebodnen bolgarebi da maTi warmomadge-nelni, rom berlinis traqtatia mizezi maTis xelSekrulobisa, radganac im traqtatSi naTlad gansazRvrulia is ganyofileba, romelic unda arsebobdes osmaleTisa da bolgariis Soris; bolgarebis azriT, maTi samSoblo SexuTuli iqmneba, Tu rom osmaleTze damokidebuleba ar moispo, radgan TviTon osmaleTic mdabali Robea, romelzedac yvela msurvelni gadaxtebian xolme.

530

rogorc sCans, igi azri TandaTan Zlierdeboda bolgariaSi. amitomac princma koburgisam moisazra, rom srulis damoukideblobis gamocxa-debiT bolgarni kidev ufro gamxnevdebian TavianT saqmis warmoebaSi da, SeiZleba, imasac hfiqrobs, viTom evropielni saxelmwifoni imis moqmedebas da bolgarTa gaZlierebuls medgrobas pativs dasdeben. rasakvirvelia, Tu marTla princma ferdinandma ganizraxa bolgariis damoukideblobis gamocxadeba, azrad isica hqonda, rom Tvisi gavlena da saxeli ganaZlieros da bolgarTa siyvaruli da ndoba moipovos da Seimatos.

yovelive es gvimtkicebs, rom bolgarni TandaTan mets gambedaobas iCenen im dros, roca, rogorc gazeTebi iuwyebian, evropa mzad aris guli ahyaros princs ferdinandze.

Zneli saTqmelia, Tu ra fasad dausmen bolgarebs da maTs mTavars berlinis traqtatis darRvevas, Tumca evropas araerTxel daurRvevia igi traqtati. amitomac igi garemoeba, romel-zedac am werilSi CamovagdeT baasi, metad sagu-lisxmoa, metad didis mniSvnelobisaa.

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««««bismarki da evropis politikabismarki da evropis politikabismarki da evropis politikabismarki da evropis politika»»»»

tfilisi, 5 seqtemberi

ar gaTavda da gvgonia, arc gaTavdes am mokle

xanSi es gauTavebeli da mravalkecad mizeziani saqme bolgareTisa. mJave da daumwifebel tyemalsaviT am saqmem yvelas kbili mosWra da Tavi moabezra. magram ras izamT? evropas imisTana sapolitiko xana daudga, rom verc aqed midga kaci, verc iqiT, Tu maSinve bolgareTis saqmes ar waawyda. TviTon evropac TiTqo gangeb inaxavs am saqmes am yofiTa, rom Tavis drozed xeli mohkidos da amiT Cxubis korianteli aayanos, roca gulisnadebis asruleba ufro metis sabuTiT da imediT moevlineba. manamde ki erTmaneTzed ase Tu ise amrezilni saxelmwifoebi hduRan da gadmodian erTmaneTis mtrobiTa. magram saqmeTa mdgomareoba iseTia, rom TviTveuli maTgani unda saqveynod iZaxodes: me gulSi mSvidobianobis meti ara midevs rao. yvelam kargad icis, rom amisTana samSvidobo Zaxili da fici tyuilia. es fici aravisa sjera da mainc Tavs ise aCveneben qveyanas, viTomc igi fici swamT, igi Zaxili sjeraT. dRes iseTi dRea, rom ase unda moiqcnen, meti gza ar aris.

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amitomac vxedavT, rom mizeziani saqme bolgareTisa evropis sapolitiko sasworzed xan iqiT gadixreba xolme, xan aqed, imisda mixedviT Tu, rogor emSvneva da uxdeba im saxelmwifos, romelsac dRes xelT upyria sapolitiko Tokis wveri evropisa. mas aqed, rac aleqsandre battenbergi daeTxova Tavis samTavro taxtsa, germania bolgareTzed saqveynod xmas ar iRebda, TiTqo iq ara stkiva ra da ara ewvis ra da Cumad ki guli da survili avstriisaTvis uTqmida. dRes am germaniam ruseTis sasargeblod xma amoiRo da viTom mecadineobac ikisra, evropa da ruseTi erTmaneTTan moarigos ise, rom arc mwvadi daiw-vas, arc Samfuri. Tumca asea, magram T. bismarkis gulwrfeloba am saqmeSi aravisa swamda da arc aravisa swams.

amitomac yvelani hkiTxuloben: es ra ambavia, rom T. bismarkma ase icvala mxario? ram aiZula, rom bolgareTis saqmiT ruseTis saqmis mogeba saWirod dainaxao? amis pasuxi Zneli sapovnelia da Zneli gamosarkvevi. magram zogierTi garemoebaa, romelic Tu zedmiwevnils sabuTs ar mogcems am pasuxisaTvis, imodenad SesamCnevi xom aris, rom xeli CavkidoT da am sapolitiko bindbundSi mcireodeni naTeli wavimZRvaroT. ai saqme raSia, Cvenis fiqriT.

TviTveuls calke moqmedebas germaniisas Tu kaci gamosaZieblad gamoekideba, ar SeiZleba Tvalwin ar daudges igi dauZinebeli mtroba, ro-melic arsebobs germaniisa da safrangeTis Soris. yovelis sagareo politikis mizezi germaniisaTvis safrangeTia da amitomac yovelive sja da mosaz-reba Sesaxeb germaniis sagareo moqmedebisa, Tavis saTaves aq unda hpoulobdes, roca safrangeTi, evropis saqmeTa daxlarTvis gamo, marto hrCeba sapolitiko moedanzed, maSin germania zurgmagaria

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da SiSaxdili, maSin sxvis mourideblad igi marto avstriis siamovnebas hcdilobs, radganac avstria dRes imisTana saxelmwifoa germaniisaTvis, rom uamisod germaniis arseboba TiTqmis yinulzed dawerili Tamasuqia.

roca ruseTi da safrangeTi saqmeTa msvlelo-bam erTmaneTs dauaxlova, T. bismarks jer kidev imedi hqonda, rom inglisi, italia da avstria momxreobas gauweven, Tu ese gaewyobodnen erTma-neTSi saxelmwifoebi, maSin T. bismarks SeeZlo guldadinjebuli yofiliyo, rom mtroba safrangeTisa da amreziloba ruseTisa mas veras uzams. Tumca avstrias gasayofi da saCxubari safrangeTTan ara hqonda ra da arc ara aqvs ra, magram T. bismarkma Zalian kargad icis, rom avstria iZulebulia germaniasTan mxargadabmuli iyos da amitomac avstriis momxreobazed dandoba bismarkisaTvis ueWveli iyo. inglisisa da italiis momxreoba ki saimedo iqmneboda bismarkisaTvis mxolod maSin, Tu amaTa da safrangeTsa SuRlis mizezs rasme auCenda da mtrobas gauZlierebda.

inglisi da italia bevrgan mosazRvreni arian safrangeTisa da maSasadame, bevrgan erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTuli aqvT interesebi. aba, moxerxebuls bismarks rogor gauWirdeboda, rom amaTSi saqmeebi erTmaneTis samtrod aewewna da TviTon mtrobac gaemwvavebina TiTqmis erTmaneTis Zulebamde. asec moxda: italiasTan xmelTaSua zRvis gamo samduravi adrevac hqonda safrangeTsa da bismarkma, ra Tqma unda, ara dazoga ra, ro aq cecxls navTi daasxas. dResac italia da safrangeTi erTmaneTs eWvis TvaliT uyureben da erTmaneTis ndoba ara aqvT. amitomac T. bismarks italiis mxriT gadadgomis SiSi dRes ara aqvs, Tu vinicobaa safrangeTma germaniazed xmali qarqa-Sidam amoawvdina. darCa inglisi. ai, aq aris is

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foni, romelic erTs adgilas arCobs. aq T. bismarks duSaSma umtyuna.

ori mizezi hqondaT safrangeTsa da inglissa Cxubisa da davidarabisa am bolos dros, erTi hebrijis kunZulebi, romlis daWerasa da dapyrobas erTmaneTs ecilebodnen, da meore egvip-te, saca Tavisuflad msvleloba suecis arxzed metad Zvirad uRirs safrangeTsa da inglisi ki ecileboda sakuTrad Tavisad daCemebasa. dRes gazeTebi gvauwyeben, rom safrangeTi da inglisi hebrijis kunZulis Taobazed erTmaneTTan mori-gebulan mSvidobianad da suecis arxis gamoc saqmes mSvidobianad aTavebeno. T. bismarki, ra-sakvirvelia, ecdeba, rom amaT Soris mSvidobianad saqme ar gaTavdes, magram sCans, imedi ara aqvs, cdam bolo gaitanos. Tu inglisi mourigdeba safrangeTs, amaT Soris jerxanad saSuRlo da samtro aRara iqneba ra, piriqiT, mosalodnelia erTmaneTs daumegobrdnen kidec, radganac germaniis batonoba evropaSi inglisisaTvis ise samZimoa, rogorc safrangeTisa da ruseTisaTvis. amas isic daumateT, rom inglisma da ruseTmac pirdapiri mizezi mtrobisa, jerxanad mainc, mospes Sua aziaSi avRanistanis saqmis gamo da maSin cxadi iqneba, rom bismarks sabuTi moeca SiSisa. es SiSi ufro unda ganuZlierdes bismarks, Tu inglisSi salusberis magier mTavar-ministrad wamojdeba gladstoni, romelsac verafrad moswons, rom germania ase farfaSobs da brZaneblobs evropaSi. rom arc am mxriT aris usabuTo igi SiSi, eg iqidama sCans, rom gladstonis momxreoba dRed-adRe hmatulobs inglisSi.

raki fiqri mieca bismarks, rom SesaZloa inglisi, Tu megobrad ar gauxdes safrangeTsa, misi mtroba da germaniis momxreoba mainc aRar indomos, rasakvirvelia, frTxili bismarki unda

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cdiliyo sxva momxre eSovna inglisis magieri. ai, Cvenis fiqriT, igi mizezi, romelic aiZulebs dRes bismarks ruseTis gulis mogeba eZios.

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««««saTavadaznauro skolebSi saTavadaznauro skolebSi saTavadaznauro skolebSi saTavadaznauro skolebSi

swavlebis xasiaTis Zireulad swavlebis xasiaTis Zireulad swavlebis xasiaTis Zireulad swavlebis xasiaTis Zireulad

Secvlis aucileblobaSecvlis aucileblobaSecvlis aucileblobaSecvlis aucilebloba»»»»

tfilisi, 10 seqtemberi

guSin movixsenieT, rom saqmeTa msvlelobam da nametnavad swavla-ganaTlebis saministros ukanas-knelma cirkuliarma Cveni sazogagoeba da mwerloba miaxeda maszed Tu, razed unda miiqces Cveni aw arsebuli swavla-ganaTlebis saxsari da Rone, rom xarjma xarjad unayofod ar Cagviaros da am xarjisagan gamodnes rame Cveni sazoga-doebisaTvis. amis gamo Cvens saTavadaznauro skolebzed dRes didi laparakia. am laparakma iqamde miaRwia ukve, rom yvela, didi Tu patara, erTobilad da ucilobelad erTs azrs daadga: yvelani saWirod hxedven, rom Cvens skolebs xasiaTi Zireulad unda Seecvalos da sxva safuZvelzed dadges. am mxriT, yvelani Tanaxmani arian da aravin ar aris imisTana, rom sxvas rasme ambobdes da eurCebodes, xolo, Tu gansxvavebaa raSime, marto imis gamo Tu, ra xasiaTi mieces, ra safuZveli daedos am skolebs. aq azrebi sxvadasxvaoben da am mxriT, saqmes didi dafiqreba da gamorkveva unda, vidre sabolovod am sxvada-sxvaobidam erTs romelsame amovirCevT.

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zogi ambobs, rom Cvenis Tavadaznaurobis skolebi tfilisisa da quTaisisa erTs saerTo gimnaziad gadavaqcioT, saca ymawvilebi moemza-debian universitetebSi, an sxva umaRless saswav-leblebSi Sesasvlelado.

zogni iZaxian, rom Cvens saTavadaznauro saswavleblebs sazogado ganviTarebis daniSnuleba unda CamovacaloTo, ese igi, igi ar unda iqmnas universitetisaTvis mosamzadebel saswavlebe- ladao. Cven igi unda gadavaqcioT realur saswav-lebelad, rom aq kurs Sesrulebulma ymawvilma SeiZlos Sesvla raime umaRless satexniko saswavlebelSi, rom cxovrebisaTvis gamosayeni umaRlesi swavla-codna iq miiRoso.

zogi yovel amis winaaRmdegia da ambobs, rom am gziT es Cveni saerTo saswavlebeli, klasikuri gimnazia iqmneba, Tu realuri saswavlebeli, Tu sxva ram amis msgavsi, marto safexuri iqneba swavla-ganaTlebis zeaRsasvlelis kibisa da sxva araferio. CvenTvis ki saWiroa imisTana saswavlebeli viqonioT, rom Tu ymawvils, iq kursSesrulebuls, romelsame mizeziT umaRless saswavlebelSi Sesvla ar mouxda, cxovrebisaTvis pirdapir gamosadegi da cxovrebaSi pirdapir mosaxmari swavla-codna SeZenili hqondes, rom Tavis Tavsac gamoadges da sxvasacao. amitomac saWiroa eg Cveni saTavadaznauro skolebi marto mosamzadebel klasebzed CamovaxdinoTo; es mosamzadebeli klasebi ise movawyoT, rom aq naswavls ymawvils imodena momzadeba hqondes, rom saxelmwifo, Tu kerZo gimnaziebSi, Tu korpusSi Sevideso swavlis gasagrZobad da Tu verc erTi eseni ver mouxda, Cvenve gvqondes imisTana saswav-lebeli, saca ymawvils saxsari mieces imodena da imisTana swavla-codna SeiZinos, rom pirdapir gamosayeni iyos da cxovrebaSi gzis gasarkvevad

538

kmasayofelio. am azris moZRvrebisani amisTana saswavlebelad hxadian erTs saerTo saagronomio saswavlebelsa, saca soflis meurneobis mecniereba sakmaod vrclad da Cvenis qveynis saWiroebis SeferebiT da mixedviT unda iswavlebodes Teo-riiT Tu saqmiTao.

Cvenc, swored mogaxsenoT, am ukanasknelis azrisani ufro varT, vidre sxva risame. ra Tqma unda, rom TviTveuls zemomoyvanils azrs Tavisi sayuradRebo sabuTi aqvs da imodenad gulSi dasaWdevi, rom ar SeiZleba kacma angariSi ar gauwios da ganuCxrekelad zurgi Seuqcios. yovelgvari umaRlesi swavla, universitetisaa Tu satexniko saswavleblisa, aravisaTvis Tavis dReSi meti ar iqneba da sruli Zal-Ronec qveynisa amgavarad naswavl kacebSia. magram Wama-sma qoneba-zed hkidiao, naTqvamia. bevrs, nametnavad Cvengans, ar SeuZlian am umaRless saswavlebelamdis miaR-wios, radganac Sors aris jer manZiliT da mere miuwvdenelia Cvenis jibisa siRaribisa gamo.

xolo visac SeZleba aqvs, imas xom mainc uCvenoda gza aqvs gaxsnili da kari Ria umaRle-sis saswavlebelisa. Cveni cda, Cveni erTobili Zal-Rone imaTzed unda iyos miqceuli, vinc Raribia da SeuZlebeli. rasakvirvelia, arc amaT mosWris kbilsa umaRlesi swavla-codna, magram ras izamT, rom Cveni Rone ar Seswevs Cvens survilsa da jerxanad saqmes SeZlebisamebr unda gavuZRveT.

Cven ar SegviZlia SevinaxoT imisTana saswavlebeli, saca bevri-bevri aTiode ymawvili momzaddebodes imodenad, rom an universitetSi, an umaRless satexniko saswavlebelSi Sevides. ori

539

aTasis da sami aTasis Tumnis* xarjva marto imisaTvis, rom weliwadSi bevri-bevri aTi ymawvili igzavnebodes Cvengan universitetSi, swored mogaxsenoT, metismeti xarjia imisTana xelmokle sazogadoebisaTvis, rogoric Cvenia, mets vityviT, bedovlaTobaa Cvenis mxriT. rom gvqondes, vin ras ityvis da rom ara gvaqvs, imitom vambobT amas gulistkiviliTa

Tund egec ar iyos, vsTqvaT, gaviWireT saqme da gavagzavneT aTiode ymawvili yovelwliv umaRless saswavlebelSi da amisaTvis ori Tu sami aTasi ar daviSureT, danarCenT moswavleTa, romelTac umaRlesi saswavlebeli ar eRirsebaT, vis anabarad vtovebT? saswavlebeli, romelic marto mosamzadebelia umaRlesis swavlisaTvis, ra swavla-codnas SesZens mas, vinc aTasis mizezisa gamo iZulebulia cxovrebas daubrundes da mis avkargianobas SeeWidos umaRlesis swavlis miuReblad? eg xom Sua gzazed umweod, uiara-Rod, uRonod datovebuli iqmneba. eg qveynisaTvis bargi iqneba da ara uRlis mweveli cxovrebis gzazed. ymawvilma Svidi-rva weliwadi ibejiTos, welebzed fexi daidgas, iswavlos da mere gamovi-des da Tavisis TvaliT hnaxos, rom saswavlebelma ara misca ra imisTana, rac cxovrebaSi Widili-saTvis pirdapir gamosayenia, pirdapir mosaxmaria! Cven ubedurebad migvaCnia da ara bednierebad.

Cvenis fiqriT, es bolo ar unda hqondes imodena xarjsa, rasac dRes tfilisisa da quTaisis Tavadaznauroba xarjavs Tavis skoleb-zed. gvijobs es skolebi CamovaxdinoT mosamza-debel klasebzed. mosamzadebeli klasebi ise movawyoT, rom aqedam gimnaziebSi, Tu korpusSi

* ori aTass xuTaszed meti marto exlandeli tfilisis saTavadaznauro skola gvijdeba yovelwliv

540

Sesvla SesaZlebeli iyos aq kursSesrulebul ymawvilisaTvis. amas didi xarji ar moundeba. danarCenis fuliT gavmarToT an erTi saerTo saagronomio saswavlebeli, romelSic swavlis programma im fargliT unda Semoefarglos, rom aq kursSesrulebuls SemTavrebuli hqondes cotad Tu bevrad swavla-codna pirdapir cxovrebaSi samoqmedod, an TviTveuls mazraSi calke am xasiaTisave skola gaimarTos, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom is nawili sasoflo meurneobisa Seiswavlebodes, rasac mazris mkvidrni ufro misdeven, magaliTebr, saca Rvinos misdeven iq venaxoba da Rvinis keTeba iswavlebodes, saca abre-Sumia _ abreSumisa, saca puria _ purisa da mebrve sxva.

am saxiT Cvenis mosamzadebelis klasebidam isini, vinc gimnaziasa da korpusSi Sesvlas ver moaxerxeben da ver eRirsebian, Cvens saagronomio skolebSi gadavlen da iq Tu ara umaRless, imisTana swavla-codnas mainc miiReben, rom Sin Tavis sofelSi, Tavis mamulSi, an sxvisaSi sxvasac gamoadgnen da Tavis Tavsac. Cven, qarTvelebi, miwismomqmedni varT da Tu am miwismoqmedebas Cvens Sromasa da jafasTan swavla-codnac ram mivaSveleT, Cveni ekonomiuri yofa-cxovreba fers icvlis Cvenda sakeTilod. amisTana skolebi bevria evropaSi da sad rogori skolebia, amas Semdeg movaxsenebT Cvens mkiTxvelebsa.

541

tfilisi, 11 seqtemberi

garda imisa, rac guSindel meTaurSi CamovTvaleT, Cven yuri movkariT erTs azrs kidev Cvenis saTavadaznauro skolebis Sesaxeb. Cvens Tavadaznaurobasao, amboben, Svilebis momzadeba sxvadasxva saswavleblebSi Sesasvlelad metis-metad uWirdeba da umZimdebao. metis simravle Cvenis Tavadaznaurobisa sofelSia dabinavebuli da iqa scxovrobso. radganac soflis axlomaxlo arc imisTana saswavlebelia, arc imisTana maswavlebeli iSoveba, Tu ar gangeb erTis saxlobisaTvis dabarebuli, rom ymawvilebi moamzadon, amitomac yoveli patroni Svilisa iZulebulia ymawvili tfilisSi Camoiyvanos da aq visTanve auCinos bina cxovrebisa da swavlebisao. es garemoeba dids xarjsa hTxoulobs da am xarjs umravlesoba ver gaswvdenia da ver gasZRoliao. marTalia, Cveni tfilisis saTavadaznauro skola zogierTs bina-sac aZlevs da Tavis xarjiTac inaxavs, magram TviTon skolas imodena SeZleba da Rone ara aqvs, rom mTels dids gunds gaWirvebulebisas gauZRves da amiT malamo ram dasdos Cvens wylulsao. misi am mxriT Semweoba da xelis moSveleba wveTia zRvaSio da didi nawili Cvenis ymawvilobisa SeuZlebel mSoblebis sawvav-sadagvad hrCebao. kargia, visac Rone Seswevs da weli mosdevs, Camoiyvanos Svili tfilisSi da garedam ataros Svili skolaSi, magram vai imas, visac es saxsaric ara aqvs, da ramdenia amisTana!...

Tundac rom Rone Seswevdes da beds es saxsari mieniWebinos mSobelisaTvis, mainc tfilisSi Camoyvana da ucxo ojaxSi gabareba patara baSvisa xSirad upatronod dagdebas moaswavebso. patara baSvi, ucxo saxlSi gabarebuli, Tavis ded-mamis gulistkivils da zedamxedvelobas moklebulia da

542

am yofaSi baSvi amodena qalaqSi, saca gul-Sematkivari, mwrTvneli, damrigebeli, patroni ara hyavs, aTasnairis gansacdelisaTvis ganwiruliao. baSvi xSirad iryvneba, hfuWdeba guliT da suliTao, imitom, rom ucxo kaci, romelsac igi abaria, rac unda patiosani iyos, imodena dros da mecadineobas ver Seswiravs ucxo kacis baSvs, ramodenasac ded-mama, an axlobeli naTesavio da ramodenadac saWiroa baSvis keTil gzazed dayenebisaTvis da sulierad aRzrdisaTvisao.

es didi mizezi, romelsac xSirad mosdevs wawymeda da waxdena baSvisa sabolovod, imisagan aris warmomdgari, rom Cveni saTavadaznauro skola tfilisSia, ese igi, Sors am adgilebisagan, saca dabinavebulia umravlesoba Cvenis Tavadaz-naurobisao. amisi wamali is aris, rom skola dauaxlovon Tavadaznaurobas imodenad, rom ymawvilis Senaxvac skolis gared SesaZlebel iyos uRonoTa da uqonelTaTvis da zedamxedaobac ded-mamisa, an maxlobelisa ar iyos gabaTilebulio. amis gamo am azris gamomTqmelni urCeven Cvenis skolebis gamgeobas, rom dids qalaqebSi, tfilissa da quTaisSi, mospon exlandeli skolebi, maTi programa mosamzadebel klasebis programazed daayenon da yovels mazris Suaguls adgilas TiTo mosamzadebeli saswavlebeli gamarTon, Tu dRevandeli qoneba skolebisa amisaT-vis sakmao iqnebao; Tu ara da, imdeni saswavle-beli mainc gamarTon ufro saWiro adgilas, ramodenasac dRevandeli qoneba saTavadaznauro skolebisa gaswvdebao.

raki mazraSi amisTana saswavlebeli iqmneba, iqav soflad mcxovrebels Tavadaznaurobas ufro advilad, ufro naklebis xarjiT SeuZlian Svilebis Senaxva saswavlebelSi satareblad an naTesavis, an axlobelis saxlSi da am SemTxvevaSi

543

yvelazed uZvirfasesi is iqnebao, rom ded-mamis, gulSematkivaris patronobisa da zedamxedaobisagan baSvi Sors ar gveyolebao.

am azrsac Tavisi pativsadebi sabuTi aqvs da Tu Cvenis saTavadaznauro skolebis gamgeoba sjas iqoniebs maszed Tu, ra gziT da ragvarad Sescva-los exlandeli skola, sasurvelia, rom am azrsac yuri aTxovon da angariSi gauwion. es azri Cvens mier gamoTqmuls azrs ar epirispireba da ar abaTilebs, piriqiT, emowmeba imas, rom Cveni saTavadaznauro skolebi mosamzadebel saswavle-belad saWiroa gadiqces da amisTana saswavlebeli rac SesaZloa, dauaxlovon Tavadaznaurobasa. es ar auqmebs Cvens survils, rom masTan erTad an erTi sazogado saagronomio saswavlebelic viqo-nioT, an ramdenime da miT saWiro swavla-codnis SeZenis gza gavuxsnaT im ymawvilebs, romelnic romelisame SemTxveviT da mizeziT sxva umaRless saswavlebelSi Sesvlas ver eRirsebian Cvenis mosamzadebel klasebidam.

544

««««gimnaziebis erTi didi nakligimnaziebis erTi didi nakligimnaziebis erTi didi nakligimnaziebis erTi didi nakli»»»»

tfilisi, 12 seqtemberi

erTi didi da friad SesamCnevi naklulevaneba

exlandelis gimnaziebisa is aris, rom Segirdebs xuTsa da eqvs weliwads aswavlian ucxo enebs, franguls da germanuls, magram bolos ki, roca kurss asruleben, am enebisa ara ician ra, Tu winadve Sin ar gaukveTniaT da an calke ar uswav-liaT. vin ar icis, ra Wiria exlandels droSi am enebis arcodna. amas CvenSi ymawvilkacoba ufro unda hgrZnobdes, radganac aqamde metad iSviaTi iyo, rom Cvens ded-mamas gamoemetna rame da saswavlebels gared Sin eswavlebina Tavisi SvilisaTvis romelime ucxo, evropuli ena. Tu am bolos xanebSi kantikuntad vxedavT TiTo-orola magaliTs, rom Cveneburi mSoblebi Sin aswavlian Tavis Svilebs ucxo enebs, eg marto kargad SeZlebuls ojaxebSia da amisTana ojaxebis Camo-saTvlelad CvenSi xuTi TiTic sakmaoa, danarCenebi ki, ese igi, umravlesi nawili Cvenis sazoga-doebisa yovels Rones moklebulia am mxriT xeli Seuwyos mozards Taobasa.

ucxo enis arcodna didi damabrkolebeli mizezia cxovrebis gzazed. ucxo enis armcodne ymawvili kaci munjia da yru im ganviTarebisa da

545

warmatebisaTvis, uromlisodac dRes adamiani adamiani ar aris. mTeli ganZi gaZlierebulis mecnierebisa calked da literaturis sazogadod, misTvis miuwvdomelia, Tu kacs erT-erTis evropiul enis codna mainc ara aqvs. saTaves mecnierebisas, mis yovlad SemZlebels sikeTes da simdidres marto evropiulis enis romelisame codniT SeuZlian daewafos adamiani. Cven qarTvelebi, metad Zlier vkoWlobT am mxriTa da mizezic es aris, rom ase uRononi varT swavlisa da mecnierebisaTvis.

es zogadi naklulevaneba SeumCnevia swavla-ganaTlebis saministros ruseTSi da exla gazeTebi gvauwyeben, rom saministro mecadineobso, am naklulevanebas bolo rogorme mouRos. saminis-troSi Semdgaria egredwodebuli mcodneTa, anu swavlulTa komiteti da am komitets am bolos xanebSi sasargeblod ucvnia Semdegi RonisZiebani: roca hniSvnen visme ucxo enis maswavlebelad saswavlebelSi, mas usaTuod moeTxovos rusulis enis codnaca; davalebul iyvnen direqtorebi, mal-mal daeswrnen xolme ucxo enis swavlebis dros klasebSi da Tval-yuri adevnon, rom rac SesaZ-loa, ukeT iswavlebodes es enebi da gansakuT-rebiT miaqcion yuradReba, ra da ra ucxo enis Txzulebani, werilebi da sxva amisTanebi arian miRebulni klasSi sakiTxavad. zedamxedaoba iqonion, rom enis gasakveTad daniSnuli Targmanebi Segirdebs zedmiwevniT Seswevdes enis gasakveTad da sacodnelad; gimnaziebis pansionebSi zedamxed-velebad unda uwindelebr daniSnul iqmnan ucxoelni, kargad mcodneni Tavis enisani da amasTan imis mowmobis mqonebelni, rom neba aqvT aRmzdelobis Tanamdebobis aRsrulebisa gimna-ziebSi.

546

winadve ver iTqmis, ramodenad aacileben es RonisZiebani gimnaziebs xsenebuls naklulevanebas da es ki ueWvelia, rom saministros daunaxavs es naklulevaneba da misi gauqmeba ase Tu ise mouwadinebia. isic sasixaruloa, rom, rogorca sCans, saqmis gasworebis gzazed damdgara sami-nistro da Cvenis mxriv, mxolod isRa dagvrCenia visurvoT, rom RmerTma moumarTos xeli sami-nistros da es keTili, friad sasargeblo wadili Sesaferis gamarjvebiT aRsrulebul eqmnas. Tu marTla ucxo enis swavlebas Cvens gimnaziebSi swavlulTa komitetis mier ganzraxuli yuradReba mieqceva, ueWvelia, ucxo enis swavleba arc CvenSi, arc sxvagan ise unayofod aRar Cauvlis moswav-lesa, rogorc aqamomde iyo.

ra Tqma unda, rom am ucxo enis swavlebis gzazed gamocdileba da garemoeba sxva ram Ronis-Ziebasac moiTxovs saministros survilis ufro ukeTesad ganxorcielebisaTvis. imedia, saministro am SemTvevaSi ukan ar daiwevs, raki erTxel am survils gza TviTve gauxsna.

547

««««iseTi dawesebulebis saWiroeba, iseTi dawesebulebis saWiroeba, iseTi dawesebulebis saWiroeba, iseTi dawesebulebis saWiroeba,

sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba garToba, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba garToba, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba garToba, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba garToba,

gasaubreba, dasveneba...gasaubreba, dasveneba...gasaubreba, dasveneba...gasaubreba, dasveneba...»»»»

tfilisi, 19 seqtemberi

bevrni sCivian CvenSi ubralo dros gatarebasa

da mosvenebaze, uromlisodac warmoudgenelia adamianTa arseboba. Cvena vCiviT, rom saSualeba ara gvaqvs rigianad da wesierad dro gavataroT, SevisvenoT yoveldRiuri muSaobis Semdeg, erTierTmanerTi vinaxuloT, visaubroT da erTmanerTs ganvuziaroT Cveni azri da grZnoba. radganac es ver mogvixerxebia, Cvens dros uazro da umniSvnelo xetialSi vatarebT, Cvens moca-leobas qaRaldis TamaSsa da Worikanobas vandomebT da Rvinis smasac xels ar vaklebT; kidev kargi, rom Cvenma Zvelebma gvianderZes “mravalJamier” da “aralo”, Torem uamisod xom RvinoSi CavirCvebodiT da enis laqlaqiT erTier-TmanerTs Tavs movabezrebdiT. yvelani amas vCiviT, magram wamali ki versad gvipovnia.

yovelive es metad sagrZnobelia zafxulis gasuls, roca yvelani Tavs viyriT qalaqebSi, sofelSi mosvenebis Semdeg. zafxuls rogorc iqneba gavatarebT xolme mogzaurobasa da siarul-Si, wminda havaze; sxva rom ara iyos ra, fer-

548

xorcsa da janmrTelobas mainc SevimatebT xolme da ise vbrundebiT qalaqebSi, sadac unda CavebaT saqmianobaSi da is Zal-Rone, romelic soflad SevimateT, isev unda davxarjoT. am saqmianobaSi garTulni, metadre saSualo da naklebis SemZlebisani, moklebulni arian iafsa da azrians drostarebasa; ase gasinjeT, rom ara aqvs iseTi adgili, sadac erTierTmanerTTan gamolaparakeba SeeZloT, sadac SesaZlebelia baasi yvelasaTvis saintereso saganze da sxv. da sxv.

saamod da azrianad dros gatareba imodenad saWiroa adamianisaTvis, metadre qalaqebSi, rom uimisod sruliad warmoudgenelia cotaTi mainc ganaTlebulis sazogadoebis cxovreba. Cven ki ver mogvixerxebia amgvaris kanonier moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba da imasa vCiviT, rom bulvarebi da trotuarebi davcviTeT da gulidgan sevda da dardi ver gadagviyria. gana Zneli saqmea iseTi ram dawesuleba davaarsoT, sadac yovels Cvengans SeZleba eqmneba, mivides da sazogadoebaSi gaerTos, ibaasos, ikiTxos, raime rigiani saTamaSo iTamaSos da sxva. nuTu es saqme imodenad Zneli da rTulia, rom imisi mowyoba SeuZlebelia CvenTvis, romlebic vgrZnobT azrianis dros gatarebis saWiroebas. ara, aq Zneli ara aris ra, radganac Cvens qalaqebSi mravali moipoveba imisTana, vinc moisurvebs xelis Sewyobas am friad sasargeblo saqmisaTvis. amgvaris dawesebulebis gamarTva ise Zneli xom ar aris, rogoradac Znelia romelisame samecniero an sxva rigis sazogadoebis daarseba da warmoeba? vgonebT, urigo ar iqneba, rom Cvenma sazogadoebam yuradReba miaqcios am sagans; Tu amgvari dawesebuleba davaarseT, maSin Cvens drosa da mocaleobas ise unayofod, uazrod ki ar movixmarT, rogorc dRemdis vxmarobT, aramed

549

ufro azrianad da sulsa da gulsac mets saz-rdos mivcemT.

marTalia, am Cvens qalaqebSi moipoveba ramde-nime iseTi dawesebuleba, sadac sazogadoeba Tavs iyris dros gasatareblad, magram saqme is aris, rom zogi im dawesebulebaTagani umravleso-bisaTvis xelmiuwvdomelia; amas garda, yvela es dawesebulebani imrigad arian mowyobilni, rom iq grZnoba-gonebis datkboba zogTaTvis yovlad SeuZlebelia. iq, sadac mudmivi qaRaldis TamaSia, iq, vambobT Cven, yovlad SeuZlebelia grZnoba-goneba daitkboT, Sromis Semdeg moisvenoT. is dawesebulebani, romlebzedac Cven aq vlaparakobT, imdenad uferulni arian, rom isini verasodes ver daakmayofileben azrianis dros gatarebis meZiebels adamians.

550

««««germaniis politika bulgareTTan germaniis politika bulgareTTan germaniis politika bulgareTTan germaniis politika bulgareTTan

mimarTebaSimimarTebaSimimarTebaSimimarTebaSi»»»»

tfilisi, 21 seqtemberi

Cvenma mkiTxvelebma ukve ician, rom T.

bismarkma am ukanasknelis dros sxva TvaliT dauwyo yureba bolgariis saqmesa da am saqmeSi TiTqo ruseTis mxare daiWira. Cven es uecari ambavi amas winad imas mivawereT, rom inglisisa da safrangeTis Soris winandeli samduravi ganelda da maTi erTmanerTzed alursva da amreza lamis moispos da samegobro ganwyobilebad gadiqces. es daaxloveba inglisisa da safrangeTisa, rasakvir-velia, WkuaSi ar ujdeba bismarksa, romelic sul imasa hcdilobs, rom safrangeTi gaamartovos da meSveli Tu momxre Semoufantos.

am samis wlis winad, roca safrangeTi, damarcxebuli germaniisagan 1870 wels, jer sakmaod mojobinebuli ar iyo da amis gamo xmas ar iRebda evropis saqmeTa gamo, T. bismarki Zalian eurCeboda ingliss egviptis daWerisaTvis da nametnavad suecis arxis sakuTrad daCemebisaTvis. germania, romelsac fiqrad aqvs gaiwiv-gamoiwivos da Tvisi samflobelo gaavrcelos koloniebis daWeriTa, Tavis dReSi ar moindomebs, rom ingliss martokas xelSi eWiros igi umoklesi gza

551

aRmosavleTisaken, romelsac warmoadgens suecis arxi, am mxriT safrangeTisa da germaniis poli-tika erTmanerTs unda miSveleboda inglisis winaaRmdeg, magram radganac safrangeTi da germania, rogorc cecxli da wyali erTmanerTs ver mourigdebodnen da germaniisaTvis inglisis megobrobac saWiro iyo, T. bismarki inglisis politikas egvipteSi miuyuCda, dauCumda, dee, inglisi da safrangeTi erTmanerTs waekidneno. am yofaSi iyo germania, vidre gamomJRavndeboda am ukanasknel dros, rom safrangeTi da inglisi erTmanerTSi hrigdebian egviptis gamovo. es ambavi verafrad eWaSnika T. bismarksa, miT ufro, rom am sams ukanasknel weliwadSi da nametnavad bolos xanebSi, safrangeTma da ruseTma erTmanerTisaken miiwies da erTmanerTs dauaxlovdnen.

amisTana garemoeba, rasakvirvelia, fersa da mimarTulebas bismarkis politikas Seucvlida. marTalic aris, ai, ras ambobs erTi evropiuli gazeTi am saganzed: “londonSi Zalian styuvdebian Tu hfiqroben, rom T. bismarki xels uwyobs ingliss egvipteSi jarebis CayenebisaTvis. Tu T. bismarki hcdilobda sulTanTan, rom inglis-osmalT konvencia damtki-cebul hyofiliyo, marto imisaTvis hcdilobda, rom egona amiT safrangeTsa da ruseTs wavuxden saqmesa da diplomatiurs gamarjvebas me davi-narCunebo. Tumca ese moqmedebda, magram is ki aviwydebaT ingliselebs, rom egviptis saqme isev xelT uWiravs T. bismarks da amrigadac uWiravs, rom dResa Tu xvale eg saqme sakongresod gaxdeba da kongresis Tavmjdomareobas xom T. bismarki TavisTvis gamoelis. Tu marTali gindaT, marTali is aris, rom T. bismarki kargis TvaliT ar uyurebs inglisis politikas egvipteSi. namdvilia, rom mis TvalSi inglisi iseTi saxelmwifoa,

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romelic win eRobeba germanias sakolonio politikaSi da amis gamo bismarki Tavis dReSi xels ar moumarTavs ingliss, rom martokam imflobelos egvipteSi da suecis arxi, es mokle gza, sakuTrad daunarCunoso. dRes bismarki inglisis politikas egvipteSi imave TvaliT uyurebs, ra TvaliTac am samis wlis winad uyurebda. am samis wlis winad, roca germania da inglisi Seutotdnen erTmanerTs angri-pekvenis da axal-gvineis gamo, T. bismarki Zalian ewinaaRmde-geboda inglisis mecadineobas egvipteSi”.

didi lari da xazi ar undoda, rom kacs winadve gamoecno, ras iqmoda T. bismarki, roca gamomJRavnda, rom inglisi da safrangeTi erTma-nerTs xels uwvdian morigebisaTvis. ra Tqma unda, ingliss exla auwewavs saqmes da miT ecdeba aCvenos, rom CemTan megobroba ufro bevrs gamorComas moaswavebda SenTvisa, vidre Cemi wyena da safrangeTTan megobrobao. nuTu exlac cxadi ar aris mizezi imisi, rom T. bismarki dids mecadineobaSia am bolos xans, ruseTis guli moigos bolgareTis saqmiTa. ganzraxva misi aSkaraa: raki inglisi dauaxlovda safrangeTs, bismarkisaTvis aucilebel saWiroebad gaxda daaSoros ruseTi da TviTon daimegobros, germaniis politika bolgareTis saqmeTa gamo dRes am xanaSia da am kvalSia Camdgari.

553

««««saqmis siyvaruli warmatebis saqmis siyvaruli warmatebis saqmis siyvaruli warmatebis saqmis siyvaruli warmatebis

sawindariasawindariasawindariasawindaria»»»»

tfilisi, 23 seqtemberi

Cveni mkiTxvelebi dRevandels “iveriaSi”

yuradRebas miaqceven erTs werils, romelsac saTaurad aqvs: “kavkasiis arxeologiuri da istoriuli muzei”. oci welia, rac b-ni a. s. roinaSvili, winapirvelad duSeTSi mcxovrebeli, kaci ufulo, umweo da xelSeuwyobeli, moekida am muzeisaTvis koleqciis Sedgenas da Seagrova mravali da Zvirfasi nivTebi ZvelisZvelis xelo-vnebisa da xelTsaqmisa. am muzeiSi aris Turme nivTebi asurisa, sparseTisa, kuinisa, saberZneTisa, saqarTvelosi, romisa, somxeTisa da evropisa da bevrni maTgani ekuTvnian qristesSobis wina drosa. muzei imodenad vrcelia da mdidari, rom ganyofi-lia oTx nawilad: iq aris nawili arxeologiuri, eTnografiuli, geografiuli da numizmatikuri da, ramodenadac Cven viciT, unda hRirdes ramdenime aTasi Tumani.

Cven am ambavs vixsenebT aq imisaTvis ki ara, rom kvalSi CavudgeT am muzeis da misi mniSvneloba da avkargianoba gamoviZioT. es muzei, imis garda, rom Zvirfasi ganZia mecnierebisaTvis, sxva mxrivac aris metismetad SesaniSnavi. ai,

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swored am mxriT miiqcia am muzeis ambavma Cveni yuradRebaca. saqme is aris, rom arafris mqone-belma kacma Caido gulSi eg saqme, oci weliwadi ibejiTa, iRvawa, imecadina da dRes amisTana Zvirfasis ganZiT daagvirgvina saqme. ai, riT aris Sesanisnavi es naRvawevi b-nis roinaSvilisa.

CvenSi bevrni davdivarT uqmad, gulzed xelebdakrebilni da pirdaRebulebi. roca vinme gvisayvedurebs xolme, ratom aras akeTebT, saqmeSi raSime ar CadgebiT, xels ara sZravTo, Cven xSirad am sayvedurs imiTi vuZRvebiT, rom ra vqnaT, SeZleba ara gvaqvs, Torem Cvenc viciT saqmis aCena da saqmis keTebao. yvelas, usaqmurad mosiarules CvenSi es akeria enazed da raki amas ityvis, hgonia saqmiani sityva vsTqvio. memamules etyvi, uqmad rada hzixar, rad dagigdia RvTis anabrobazed mamuli, ratom ar akeTeb, ar uvli rigianadao, is maSinve amas mogaxlis: fuli ara maqvs, riT SeveWido mamulsao; fuli momeci da maSin hnaxav, verana adgils rogor gadavaqcev mSvenier mtilad da walkotadao. ra memamule!... yvela esea CvenSi, yvela ufulobas abralebs Tavis uxeirobas, uvargisobas, ufulod ara keTdeba rao, is ki ar agondebaT, rom yovelgvars simdidres, qonebas, SeZlebas saTaved fuli ki ara hqonia, aramed garja, jafa, bejiToba da mxneoba. am gziT Seqmnila da mogrovila simdidre, am gziT mosula yovelgvari qoneba da sxvaTa Soris fulica, anu, uked vsTqvaT, samoqmedo Tanxa da Tavni.

amisi cxadi magaliTi sxvaTa Soris b-ni roina-Svilia. aki vsTqviT, rom b-n roinaSvili yovel mxriT xelSeuwyobeli kaci iyo. magram am umweo, ufulo kacma, Caido ra gulSi saqmis keTebis survili oci weliwadi ubejiTia, oci weliwadi imxneva, oci weliwadi gulgautexelad ahyva saqme-sa da bolos Tavi da bolo erTmanerTs gamoaba,

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saqme gamarTa da daadgina. riTao? ikiTxven bevrni. fuli rom vsTqvaT, fuli imas ara hqonia, sxvis Svela da Semweoba vigulisxmoT, arc amas Seuwyvia xeli. maS riTao? imiT, rasac yovlad SemZlebels siyvaruls saqmisas eZaxian. visac gulSi es siyvaruli saqmisa Caesaxeba, mas win ara daudgeba ra: igia gamtani sve-bedis burTisa moednidam.

tyuili nugeSia, vinc imiT marTlulobs Tavs da ambobs, _ saqmes imitom vera vWideb xelsa, rom fuli ara maqvso. rasakvirvelia! fuli ara aqvs, aras akeTebs, fuli rom hqondes, xom ufro aRaras gaakeTebs!!... Cven amas im sabuTiT vambobT, rom ufulobiT usaqmurobis, uqmad yofnis gamarTleba conareobis, zarmacobis momaswavebelia. rogorc wyalwaRebuli xavss ekideba, isec zarmaci, undili, uxeiro kaci am ufulobas ixvevs xelzed da Tavis uvargisobas, doylapiobas amiT hfxans gulsa. mxne da gamrjeli kaci amiTi ar mostyuvdeba. aman kardad icis, rom ara daudgeba ra win im kacs, romelsac siyvaruli aqvs saqmisa, bejiToba da mxneoba. yvelaferi amazed aris damokidebuli da amisi Tvalad dasanaxavi magali-Ti b-ni roinaSvilia da misi namoqmedari muzei. tyuilad ki ar aris naTqvami:

mxneman, viT Cqarman wyaroman,

ganxeTqos mTa da goria.

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««««eris janmrTeloba saxelmwifos eris janmrTeloba saxelmwifos eris janmrTeloba saxelmwifos eris janmrTeloba saxelmwifos

erTi udidesi sazrunaviaerTi udidesi sazrunaviaerTi udidesi sazrunaviaerTi udidesi sazrunavia»»»»

tfilisi, 25 seqtemberi

janmrTeloba erisa erTi udidesi saganTagania

saxelmwifo mzrunvelobisa. mravalgvari xelis Sewyoba da momarTva unda, rom janmrTelobis saqme erisa rigians fexzed dadges. mizezni, romelzedac damokideulia janmrTeloba erisa sazogadod da calke adamianisa sakuTrad, metad rTulni, erTmaneTSi gadabmuli da daxlarTulni arian da amitomac yvelgan es saqme cotad Tu bevrad hkoWlobs da xSirad abaTilebs kidec dids mecadineobasa. xolo am mraval da rTul mizezTa Soris xorageulobis avkargianobas da mis bevrad Tu nakleb wmindad da faqizad Senaxvas duqnebsa da erTob savaWro adgilebSi, saidamac xalxi am xorageulobas hyidulobs, ukanaskneli adgili ar uWiravs. haeri, wyali da xoragi, romelsac eri sazrdoda da sasmel-saWmlad hxmarobs, Tu faqizi, wminda da kargi ar aris, kacis agebuleba, rac unda magari da Seupovari iyos bunebiTad, ar SeiZleba TandaTan ar daiSalos, ar dairRvas, erTi sityviT, ar daiSxamos, ar moiwamlos udro-vo sikvdilisaTvis.

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am mxriT ar iTqmis, rom Cveni qalaqebi, dabebi da soflebi bevrs rasmes saimedos warmoadgendes. didi qalaqebi, magaliTebr, rogorc tfilisi da quTaisi, cotaa Tu bevri kidev mzrunvelobis qveS arian da Tu am qalaqebSi imodena sifaqize ar ari, raodenic SesaZlebelia da sanatreli, Tu amaeb-Siac xSirad hsaRdeba dampal-dumpali xoragi, wamxdari da gafuWebuli saWmel-sasmeli. sama-gierod, am qalaqebSi es mainc aris, rom zogierTi mzrunveloba da mecadineoba sCans am borotis acilebisaTvis. am zogierTs mzrunvelobas da mecadineobas moklebulni arian patara qalaqebi da daba-soflebi. nametnavad SesaniSnavi arian am mxriT Cveneburi soflebi. romels sofelSiac ginda SexvideT, pirveli, rac Tqvens Tvals ecema, wumpea, romelic Sxamavs haersa. es wumpe aucilebeli kuTvnilebaa nametnavad im soflebisa, saca venaxebia da sarwyavi miwebi da saca, amis gamo RvTis anabarad minebebul ruebidam dgeba gubeebi, wumpeebi da saflobebi. SexvalT Sig sofelSi Tu ara, auarebeli uwmindureba, nagavi, feini da sxva amisTana aseTs suns atrialebs garSemo, rom uneblied cxvirSi xels daicomT. xSirad TviT soflis sasmeli wyalic ki am uwmindurebasa da nagav-nugavobaSia. amaebs rom hxedavT, gikvirT, aq adamiani rogor scocxlobs, rogor ibrunebs sulsao. yovels amas isic daumateT, rom soflis saubedurod, duqanic aris sofelSi. xSirad Znelad warmosadgenia, am duqanSi ra xoragi, ra saWmel-sasmeli iyideba!...

marTalia, mTavroba avalebs soflis moxeleobas, rom es ase ar iyos da Tval-yuri adevnon adgilis sifaqizes da gasasyid xoragis sikeTesa, magram zogi mtknari umecreba, zogi daudevneloba, zogi naTel-mironoba meduqnisa da mosaxleobisa am friad saWiro movaleobas

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CrdilSi ayenebs da uqmad amyofebs. am uqmobis Sedegi mravalgvari seni da avadmyofobaa, romelic ara erTsa da ors Seiwiravs xolme udReod da winaswar.

peterburgisa da ruseTis gazeTebi am bolos dros gvauwyeben, rom mTvrobas miuqcevia yuradReba am borotisaTvis da ukve proeqtic Turme mzaddeba, rom Seivsos da Seswordes aw arsebuli kanonebi da wesebi am saganzed. samwuxarod Cvenda, proeqti jer marto im sasjelis gaZlierebazea Semdgari, romelic mosdevs sanitaruls da saveterinaro wesebis darRvevasa. am wesebis damrRvevelT daedebaT sasjelad damwyvdeva sams TTvemde da fulis jarima aT Tumnidam ocdaaT Tumnamde. Tu vinicobaa erTxel damnaSave meoredac Caidens danaSauls, jarima fulisa erTi orad gadaxdeba. proeqtiT Secvlilia exlandeli sasjelic imisTana xora-gisa da saWmel-sasmelis gasyidvisaTvis, romelnic savnebelia janmrTelobisaTvis. amaSi damnaSaveni damwyvdeul unda iqmnan sami TTvidam eqvss TTvemde da amas garda unda gadixadon ocdaaTi Tumani jarima; Tu meored Caidines igive danaSauli, im xniTve damwyvdevaa daniSnuli da jarima ki erTi-orad gadaxdebaT da Tu mesamed, aeyrebaT pativi da Rirseba da sxva kuTvnilni upiratesobani, sakuTrad Tu memkvidreobiT SeZe-nilni. ufro didi sasjelebia daniSnuli imaT-Tvisao, - ambobs erTi gazeTi, vinc siwmindiT da sifaqiziT ar iqoniebs gasasyids xorageulobasao.

sasjelis gaZliereba xsenebul danaSaulTaTvis imis cxadi magaliTia, rom mTavrobas hsurs am gziT xeli SeuSalos erTs dids mizezs, romelic metad sagrZnobelad hvnebs mkvidrTa janmrTe-lobasa. es survili mTavrobisa yvelas keTil-myofels da keTilmosurnes erisas TanasagrZnobad

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gamoiwvevs. rom am survilma Tavisi keTili bolo iqonios. sasurvelia, igi wesebi gadaTvalierdes, Seivsos da Seswordes, romelic mimarTulia amgvaris danaSaulobis aRmosaCenad wesierad gankiTxvisaTvis. sasurvelia, gaZlierdes mova-leoba zedamxedvelobisa. Tu movaleoba moxe-leobisa am saqmeSi isev im gziT ivlis, rogorc aqamde, bevri danaSauloba ver miaRwevs samarTlis karamdina, bevri brali miemaleba samarTalsa da imedi am mimalvisa da saqmis CafuCeCebisa ufro aqezebs borotmoqmedsa, vidre simcire sasjelisa. amisTana saqmeSi, rogoric eris janmrTelobaa, uqmad yofna davalebulTa moxeleTa didi dana-Saulobaa da rom am danaSaulobas Sesaferi pasuxisgeba mainc gauCinos, zedamxedveloba Tval-Rias bejiTs moxeles, soflisaa Tu qalaqisa, Znelad gamoepareba yovelive is, rac imis saxeloSi arRvevs kanonis mier dadgenil wesebs eris janmrTelobisas.

560

««««Seuwynarebeli gSeuwynarebeli gSeuwynarebeli gSeuwynarebeli gulgriloba ulgriloba ulgriloba ulgriloba

sazogado saqmisadmisazogado saqmisadmisazogado saqmisadmisazogado saqmisadmi»»»»

tfilisi, 29 seqtemberi

amas winad quTaisSi, momrigebel sasamarTloSi

gairCa erTi SesamCnevi saqme. Cven vambobT bb d. niJaraZisa da m. quTaTelaZis saqmeze, romelmac quTaisSi Zalian aaCoCqola sazogadoeba da gazeTebis yuradRebac miiqcia. amitomac Cvena vfiqrobT, rom urigo ar iqneba mkiTxvelebs saubari gavumarToT imaze, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs xsenebuls saqmes, riTia igi sayuradRebo. sanam amas SevudgebodeT, oriode sityviT movagonebT mkiTxvels TviT saqmes. b-nma niJaraZem Seuracxhyo quTaisis “saurTierTo kreditis sazogadoeba”, am sazogadoebis direqtori, b-ni m. quTaTelaZe da daswama mas im aTasis maneTis miTviseba, romelic viTomda am “sazogadoebaSi” dakargula. rasakvir-velia, quTaTelaZem mihmarTa sasamarTlos da moindoma niJaraZis dasja sasamarTlos wesiT, magram sasamarTlom damnaSaved ara scno niJaraZe, radganac, rogorc aRmoCnda mowmeTa Cvenebisagan, sazogadoebaSi bevri swamebda quTaTelaZes im saqciels. aRmoCnda, rom quTaisSi am aTasis maneTis Sesaxeb da b-ns quTaTelaZeze didi xania, rac laparakoben da mxolod niJaraZis wyalobiT

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gamoaSkaravda da gazeTebSi salaparako sagnad Seiqmna is aTasi maneTi.

eg saqme imiT aris SesaniSnavi, rom igi exeba sazogado bankis fulebis dakargvas da sazogadoe-bis mosamsaxure kacs, romlisaTvisac sazogadoebas arCevaniT miuniWebiaT sapatio adgili bankis direqtorisa. da ai, sazogado saqmis mwarmoebels, b-ns quTaTelaZes, TviT sazogadoeba, romelmac miando Tvisi saqme, swamebs bankis fulebis daCemebas... is ki ar ifiqroT, rom quTaTurebi aRSfoTebuliyvnen am fulebis dakargviT da quTaTelaZis saqcieliT, romlis sinamdvileze quTaTurebs eWvic ar auRiaT da scdiliyvnen igi Seuwynarebeli saqcieli gamoeaSkaravebinaT, aramed SinaobaSi laparakobdnen bankis direqtorzed da mis saqcielze, zurgs ukan aZagebdnen b-ns quTaTe-laZes da piriT ki aqebdnen da adidebdnen qebiTa mravalferiTa, ase, rom Tu ar ubralo SemTxveva, Tu ar b-n niJaraZis moqmedeba, SesaZloa, sruliad CaafuCeCebdnen am aTasis maneTis saqmes da b-ns quTaTelaZesac iseve uwindeburad aZagebdnen da adidebdnen. arc quTaisis sazogadoebam da arc “saurTierTo ndobis sazogadoebis” mmarTvelebma ara iRones imisaTvis, rom es saqme gamoerkviaT, b-ni quTaTelaZe an sruliad daexsnaT braldebi-sagan, Tu igi marTali gamodgeboda, anda scdi-liyvnen gaeZevaT igi sazogadoebisagan, viTarca iseTi kaci, romelsac SesZlebia bankis fulebis daCemeba. am SemTxvevaSi quTaTurebma da im “sazogadoebis” mmarTvelebma, wevrebma, gamoiCines Seuwynarebeli gulgriloba sazogado saqmisadmi, da agreTve kerZo kacis saxelisa da Tavmoyva-reobisadmi. arc sazogado interess miaqcies yuradReba da arc imas, rom samarTlianad da ubralod usafuZvlod swameben adamians, sazoga-doebis wevrs, bankis direqtors, “sazogadoebis”

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fulebis daCemebas Tu ara. piriqiT, albad imasa hfiqrobdnen, rom aTasi maneTi sadac unda daikargoso da adamianis saxelis usafuZvlod SebRalva, talaxSi gasvra, Tundac umizezoT ara aris rao; vin ar galanZRula am sofelSi da SebRaluls adamiansac SeuZlian, sofeli mosWa-moso. albaT hfiqrobdnen, rom “saxelis moxveWa” uqmi sityvaa da amitomac arc im aTasis maneTis beds gamoudgnen da ar ecadnen aexsnaT, Caidina Tu ara b-nma quTaTelaZem igi sazizRari saqcieli, romlis gamo quTaTurebi SinaobaSi imdens lapara-kobdnen, rom b-nma niJaraZem gabeda da saqveynod Seurachyo quTaTelaZe.

Cven jerjerobiT ufleba ara gvaqvs b-ni quTaTelaZe an gavamarTloT, an gavamtyunoT, rad-ganac jer saqme gamourkvevelia. CvenTvis mxolod saWiroa mkiTxvelis yuradReba mivaqcioT im garemoebaze, Tu raodenis gulgrilobiT epyroba Cveni sazogadoeba sakuTars saqmeebs, sakuTaris wevrebis saxelsa da piradobas. es garemoeba gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad gauwvrTelni varT sazogado saqmeTa samsaxurisaTvis...

imedi unda viqonioT, rom dReis iqiT mainc miaqceven quTaTurebi am saqmes jerovans yurad-Rebas, gamourkvevelad ar dastoveben im aTasis maneTis bedsa da arc imasa, Tu raodenad umar-Tlod, anda samarTlianad abraleben b-ns quTa-TelaZes am saqciels.

563

««««samrewvelo da sameurneo nawarmTa samrewvelo da sameurneo nawarmTa samrewvelo da sameurneo nawarmTa samrewvelo da sameurneo nawarmTa

gamofenis mowyobis Sesaxebgamofenis mowyobis Sesaxebgamofenis mowyobis Sesaxebgamofenis mowyobis Sesaxeb»»»»

tfilisi, 30 seqtemberi

ar viciT, Sexvedria Tu ara odesme Cvens mkiTxvels daswreba Cvenis tfilisis sabWoSi, roca iq cotad Tu bevrad didmniSvnelobiani sagani irCeva. Cven am SemTxvevaSi didmniSvnelobian sagnad vgulisxmobT imasa, roca gasarCevi sagani Seexeba imisTana saqmes, romelsac bunebiTad ase Tu ise, cotad Tu bevrad Sig Cawnuli aqvs Cvenis qveynis mkvidrTa saerTo interesebi da ara marto calke, gansakuTrebuli interesebi moqalaqeebisa. weliwadSi erTxel Tu orjel amisTana saqme Camouvardeba xolme Cvens tfilisis sabWos gasarCevad da Cvenda samwuxarod, unda vaRiaroT, rom arc erTxel Cveni sabWo amisTana saqmis sidides ver mimwvdara da imodena gonebagaxsni-lobiT ar daxvedria, ramodenasac TviT saqmis sigrZe-siganes iTxovs. qalaqs, rogorc nawils mTelisas, ese igi, rogorc calke asos qveynisas, Tvisi sakuTari calke moedani aqvs da mis warmomadgenelTa moqmedeba amazea ufro miqceuli. magram igiv qalaqi amave dros mowyvetili aso ki ar aris mTelisa, aramed Sexorcebuli asoa, nawilia, cxovrebis ZarRvebiT mravalgvarad da

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rTulad Sig CarTuli mTelTan da am mxriT, igi erT-xorci da erTasuli nawilia ama mTelisa.

amitomac Cvenis fiqriT, didi danaSaulobaa Cvenis qalaqis sabWosagan, Tu igi am organeburs kavSirs iviwyebs mTelTan, mTelis tkivilis, lxinsa Tu Wirsa Tavis sakuTar lxinad da Wirad ara sTvlis. mowyvetili, gancalkevebuli aso TavisaTvisac mkvdaria da mTelisaTvisac, imitom, rom nawili mTels unda acxovrebdes da mTeli nawilsa. asea Seqmnili bunebisagan yovelive sacocxlebeli agebuleba, romelic sicocxlisaT-vis, cxovrebisaTvis daniSnulia. am interesTa erTobis TvaliT unda gasinjva yovel im saqmes, saca mTeli metyvelobs da hRaRadebs. kidev, Cvenda samwuxarod, unda vsTqvaT, rom Cvenis sabWos wevrTa umravlesobas amodenad ar uWirs Tvali: umravlesoba im niWs, im unars aris moklebuli, romelic SemZlebelia Tvali da guli adamianisa pataridam didze, nawilidam mTelzed gadaitanos. rom sruli sigrZe-sigane, sivrce-sifarToe gonebas gamounaskvos gamosaxsnelad da gamosarkvevad. marto im niWs, im unars SeuZlian kacs daanaxvos igi rTuli SemaerTebeli ZarRvebi nawilisa da mTelisa, romliTac mTeli saerTod da nawili calked hsuldgmulobs erTmanerTis SemweobiTa, erTmanerTis garjiTa da mxneobiTa. am niWs, am unars marto gonebagaxsniloba iZleva da ai, swored es aklia Cvenis sabWos umravlesobas, am mxriT sabuTi gvaqvs vsTqvaT, rom igi umravlesoba Tavisis movaleobisaTvis uRonoa da Tavis daniSnulebisaTvis uadgilo.

marTalia, naTqvamia: “rogoric eri, iseTi berio”, rogornic amomrCevelni arian, iseTi amorCeulnica hyavT sabWoSi da am mxriT TviTon sabWos wevri ara ekiJineba ra. tyuilad ki ar aris naTqvami: “yoveli mzgavsi mzgavssa hSobso”.

565

magram sazogado saqmis gulSematkivarTaTvis am SemTxvevaSi es aforizmi veraferi nugeSia. nugeSi marto is aris, imav sabWoSi aris Tumca ricxviT metad mcire nawili, magram Zlieri RirsebiT da gonebagaxsnilobiTa. gulSematkivaris kacis Tvali mTels Tavis tkivils gulisas am nawilis yurebiT aamebs da anelebs. es mciredi nawili goneba-gaxsnili da Wkuafxizeli nawilia da yovels Tvalmokles, Wkvamokles da sulmokle sjas sabWosas win daaxvedrebs xolme far-xmals warma-tebulis Wkvisas da ganaTlebulis gulisas. rasakvirvelia, saca kenWia, iq umravlesoba imar-jvebs da Cvens sabWoSiac asea, magram rac unda sTqvaT, damarcxebuli marTali yovelTvis sjobia gamarjvebuls tyuilsa da is mciredi nawili, romelic jerxanad Cvens sabWoSi amaod ibrZvis da kedels cercvs ayris, miT aris sasaxelo, rom guls ar itexs da ibrZvis ufro da ufro Ronivrad da medgrad.

rom Cveni sabWo vera swvdeba Tvisis daniSnulebis simaRles, eg cxadad daamtkica warsulma orSabaTmac. am dRes kreba iyo sabWosi da sxvaTa Soris sakamaTo sagnada hqonda erTi imisTana saqme, romlis gagebas da gamorkvevas swored is niWi, is unari unda, rac dasanaxavad amzevebs saqmesa mTelis Tavis viTarebiTa, damo-kidebulobiTa da rTulobiTa.

saqme is iyo, rom jer SarSan kidev kavkasiis sameurneo sazogadoebas eTxovna qalaqisaTvis, 1888-s wels sasoflo da sameurneo nawarmoebTa gamofenas vapirebTo da qalaqma Semweoba mogvceso. amisaTvis ori aTasi Tumani uTxovniaT. dRes aqamomde es Txovna da mis mosaxdelad sdebia qalaqis gamgeobas Tavis samwerlos qvabSi da marto warsuls orSabaTsRa Seutania sabWoSi Tavisi dammoxdili azri am saganzed da, ra Tqma

566

unda, civi da mSrali uari warmouTqvams: qalaqs am xanebSi didi moulodneli xarjebi mouvida da RonisZieba ara aqvs, gamofenisaTvis raime fuli gadasdoso. eseTi civi da marTlada mSrali “atkazi” guls moxvda im mcire nawils sabWosas, romelic guSagad udga yovels sazogado mniSvnelobians saqmes da romelsac Tvisda sasa-xelod devizad aRebuli aqvs: saca “Cven” aris, iq “mes” xma ar amoeRebao. am nawilma SehniSna, rom uari xom uaria da ase ugulod gamoTqmuli uari sawyeniao. vsTqvaTo, uTxra Turme pasuxad am na-wilma: qalaqs dRes RonisZieba ara aqvs am saerTo sasargeblo saqmisaTvis, da gamgeobas erTi Tbili, tkbili sityva, erTi mcireodeni gulmtkivneuloba da TanagrZnoba mainc warmoeTqvao da amiT mainc gaenelebina mTeli simware uarisao. rasakvirvelia, es gulmtkivneuli sityva malamod ar daedeboda kavkasiis sameurneo sazogadoebis Txovnas, magram magisTana sityva imis niSani mainc iqneboda qveynis winaSe, rom qalaqis gamgeobas esmis mniSvneloba gamofenisa, swams misi sazogado sargebloba, mixvedrilia da mignebulia, ras moaswavebs da ris momavlinebelia, roca yovelTa winaSe gamofenilia qveynis naamag-nawarmoebi, qveynis ekonomikuri Zal-Rone, codna, xeiri da qveynis namoqmedaris avkar-gianoba, sididre da siRaribe.

sxvisis sityviT TuTiyuSsaviT viZaxiTo, uTxres Turme im mcire nawilis warmomadgenlebma: es Cveni qveyana mdidariao da nuTu TanagrZnobisa da gulmtkivneulobis Rirsi ar aris imisTana saqme, romelic TvaldaTval daanaxvebs yvelasa, risi SemZleblebi, ris momqmedni da risi patronebi varTo. aSkaraa, amis mTqmelebs da amazed samduravis gamomcxadeblebs azrad isa hqoniaT, rom marTlada am Seuwynarebels da saTakilo ugulobas gamgeobisas samarcxvinod ar

567

gaexadna TviTon gamgeoba qveynis winaSe da amis asacileblad iTxovdnen, erTi gulmtkivneuli sityva mainc ar daezogaT am saqmisaTvisao.

marTlada, sakvirvelia, es mSrali uari imisTana saqmeSi, rogoric gamofenaa qveynis warmoebisa, gamgeobis uars iqneba sabuTi hqondes, magram am ugulobas araviTari sabuTi ara aqvs, garda mtknaris uvicobisa, gonebagauxsnelobisa da saqmis gaugebrobisa. vinc sityvas Tavdapirvels saTaves usinjavs, is orSabaTs cxadad dar-wmundeboda, rom aqac igive mizezi moqmedebda, rac Cvenis qalaqis gamgeobas calke da sabWos umravlesobas saerTo Wirada sWirs dRes da sWirebia yovelTvis: qalaqi calkeobs da aravi-Tars kavSirs ara scnobs soflebTan. soflis xseneba raSime da qalaqis civs uarzed dadgoma erTia, TiTqo qalaqi da nametnavad Cveneburi qalaqi soflis Svili, soflis ZuZumwovara ar iyos da erTi ram gancalkevebuli, calked zRude-Semortymuli qveyanaa, romelic TavisiT scxov-robs, TavisiT suldgmulobs, amitomac ise hgoniaT, rom soflis avi da kargi qalaqis avi da kargi ar ariso. Cveneburi qalaqi. romelic TviTon arafers ar akeTebs, arafers ara hqmnis qveynis sididris samatad da marto sxvisis saqonliT aRebmicemobs, ufro damokidebulia sofelzed, soflis avkargianobazed, vidre sxvagneburi qalaqebi, romelTac Tvisi sakuTari mrewveloba aqvT, TviTon Tavis qarxnebiT da fabrikebiT akeTeben da hqmnian saqonelsa da savaWrosa. Cveneburi qalaqi marto stomaqia, romelic sWams da inelebs soflis nawarmoebsa da ara xeli, romelic hqmnis simdidres TavisTavisa da soflisaTvisac. amitomac soflis metnakleboba, soflis avkargianoba, soflis Wiri Tu lxini Cvenebur qalaqebisaTvis ufro Wkvad misaRebia,

568

ufro gulSematkivaria, ufro TanasagrZnobia. mTel Cvens qveyanaSi soflebis erTiani krebulia, qalaqi amis nawilia da vai nawils, romelic hlamis gangeb, Tu gaugebrad moswydes Tavis mTelsa.

ai, swored es kavSiri, romelic bunebiTad daarsebulia nawilisa da mTelis Soris, ar esmis Cvenis qalaqis sabWos, an esmis da ar unda Seiwynaros sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo. raki aqedam gamomdinarebs Cveni sabWos umravlesobis azri, maSin raRa sakvirvelia, rom yovels saqmeSi, sadac qalaqTan gareulia sofelica, igi umravlesoba ise moqmedobs, TiTqo ambobdes: oRond Sen ara hcxonde da mec jojoxeTSi wavalo. kavkasiis sameurneo sazogadoebis Txovnasac ise moeqca tfilisis saqalaqo gamgeoba. rao? soflis nawar-moebis gamofenaao!.. panCuri sofelsao, hkres panCuri da aq tkbili sityva mware panCurs wam-lad ver daedeba. ai, sad aris mizezi mSralis uarisa.

marTalia, sabWos jer uari ar uTqvams da arc daumtkicebia is argasaCeni ganaCeni gamgeobisa am saganzed, magram, sakvirveli ar iqneba, rom amanac uari ar iTakilos. jer kamisiaa daniSnuli am saqmisaTvis da vnaxoT, ras ityvis sabWo am kamisiis moxsenebis Taobazed. es kia, rom exlandel sabWosagan ara gagvikvirdeba ra, imitom rom:

kargi ram gvWirdes, gvikvirdes,

avi ra sakvirvelia.

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««««mamulebis gamosyidvis oqmis mamulebis gamosyidvis oqmis mamulebis gamosyidvis oqmis mamulebis gamosyidvis oqmis

Sedgenis xarjis gansazRvris Sedgenis xarjis gansazRvris Sedgenis xarjis gansazRvris Sedgenis xarjis gansazRvris

aucileblobaaucileblobaaucileblobaaucilebloba»»»»

tfilisi, 6 oqtomberi

glexTa ganTavisuflebis wesdebis ukanaskneli

azri is aris, rom glexkaci daabinavos Tavis sakomlo /nadeli/ mamulzed, romelic debulebis oqmiT hrgebia da daabinaos ise, rogorc xelSeuxebeli patroni da mosakuTre. amisaTvis mTavrobam daadgina wesi mamulebis gamosyidvisa mebatonisagan da TviTonac fuls aZlevs sesxad glexs, rom es gamosyidva SesaZlebel iqmnas. ai, es ocdasami weliwadia mas aqed, rac CvenSi ymoba gadavarda, magram dRemde es gamosyidvis saqme taatiT midis CvenSi da tfilisis gubernia am mxriT Tu yvela guberniebs ukan ar CamorCeba, bevrzed mainc ukana sdgas.

am dayovnebis mizezi bevria da sxvaTa Soris is aris mosaxsenebeli, rom TviTon es gamosyidvis wesi jer verc Cvens glexkacobas gaugia, rogorc rigia da verc Cvens mebatonesa. am saqneSi TiTo-orola mebatonis garda yvela bnelSi dadis, arc mebatonem icis Tavis ufleba da movaleoba, arc glexma da amitomac verc erTi hbedavs Setopvas am saqmeSi, didi survilic rom hqondes, da verc

570

meore. es aseTi yofa da mdgomareoba metad abrkolebs CvenSi gamosyidvis saqmes da glexic, romelsac wyurvili aqvs mamulebis gamosyidvisa da mebatonec, romelic hnatrobs am gziT moSvelebas da morigebas glexTan, oriveni gul-xeldakrefilni arian, radganac ar ician, sidam rogor mouaron TavianTs survilsa da gulis tkivilsa.

Sors rom ar wavideT, marto erTs magaliTs movixseniebT am arcodnisas, romelic metad hxvanjavs saqmesa da xels ucaravs mebatonesac da glexsac. mamulebis gamosyidvis oqmis Sedgenas wesdeba valad sdebs mebatones da, radganac mebatones amisi verc Tavi gaugia, verc bolo, amitomac Tu visme survili mosvlia mamulebi mihyidos Tavis naymevsa, momrigebel Suakacis codnas da gamocdilebas unda mihmarTos. ai, aq aris igi kargi foni, romelic erTs adgilas arCobs.

momrigebeli Suakaci am saqmeSi Tavis gasamrjelos moiTxovs xolme, viTom imitom, rom rac mebatones TviTon unda kanoniT gaekeTebina, Suakacs axvevs kiserzed da Suakacs akeTebinebs. Cvenis fiqriT, erTi udidesi movaleoba momrige-belis Suakacisa igia, rom am glexTa ganTavi-suflebis saqmes Tavisi sanatreli bolo moadges da glexi Tavis sakuTars mamulzed daabinavos. am upirveles da udides movaleobis aRsrulebisaTvis gasamrjelos aReba kerZo kacTagan rogorRac Seu-ferebeli gvgonia.

magram meti iqneba aq gamovekidoT imis gamor-kvevas, Tu ramodenad sabuTiania am SemTxvevaSi gasamrjelos gadaxdevineba. vsTqvaT, rom es ase unda iyos, xolo sakiTxavi es aris, vis, rogor da ra zomiT unda gamoerTvas es gasamrjelo. es sakiTxavi miT ufro pasuxis Rirsia, rom zogan

571

Suakaci marto mebatones axdevinebs am gasam-rjelos, zogan mebatonesac da glexsac cal-calke or zomad da zogan erTs zomad da xarjs Sua uyofs mebatonesa da glexsa. amas garda, TviTon zoma gasamrjelosi sxvadasxva aris: erTgan komlzed rva abazs iReben, meoreTgan To-Txmets abazs da zogan amboben, xuT manaTamdinac adiso. ara gvgonia, CvenSi kaci moipovebodes, romelmac gadawyvetiT giTxraT, ra daujdeba gamosyidvis oqmi, rom momrigebel Suakacs Seadgeninos. Cven SemTxveva gvqonia gvekiTxna am saqmesTan axlo mdgomel kacTaTvis da imaTac gadawyvetili am saganzed ara scodniaT ra: zogs erTi uTqvams, zogs sxva.

amisTana martiv da sada saqmeSi, rogorc gasamrjelos gadaxdevinebaa, kacs rom vera gaugia ra, ra unda gaigos im rTuls formalizmobaSi, romelsac iTxovs mamulebis gamosyidvis rTuli saqme.

Cven es magaliTi imisTvis moviyvaneT, rom ara erTs da ors mebatones, Tu glexs SemouCivlia CvenTvis amazed sityvis Camogdebis dros, rom ar viciT gamosyidvis oqmi bevri dagvijdeba, Tu cota da amitomac saqmisaTvis xeli ver mogvikidniao.

sasurvelia, rom Губернское по крестъянским

делам присутствие-m yuradReba miaqcios am gamourkvevlobas da yovelTa sacnobelad gamoa-cxados gamosyidvis oqmis xarji: 1/ vis unda gadaxdes, mebatones Tu glexsa cal-calke, Tu orives erTad da 2/ ra zomiT unda gadaxdes. am gziT momrigebel Suakacsac samduravis mizezs moaSoreben da mebatones da glexsac RonisZiebasac miscemen, TavianTi saqme winadve gamorkveulis angariSiT daiWiron.

572

««««siyalbe navTis mrewvelobaSisiyalbe navTis mrewvelobaSisiyalbe navTis mrewvelobaSisiyalbe navTis mrewvelobaSi»»»»

tfilisi, 7 oqtomberi

vaWroba, aRebmicemoba da yovelgvari mrewvelo-

ba da saqmianoba, romelnic vaWrobas da aRebmice-mobas asmeven da aWmeven, anu, uked vsTqvaT, asaz-rdoeben, kargi ram arian, magram gaafTrebuli da gamgelebuli xarboba da gaumaZRroba gamorComisa bevrs borots da avkacobas hbadavs xolme. vaWarni, Tu mrewvelni, gamorComis wyurviliT gatacebulni, ar eridebian arafers, rom qveyanas aasxliton rame: oRond ki gamorComa iyos da bevrs aras dagideven, motyuvdeba maTgan vinme, daziandeba, Tu zed weegliseba suliTa da xorciTa.

es xarboba da wyurvili gamorComisa iqamde gazviadebulia dRes yvelgan vaWrobasa da aReb-micemobaSi, rom kacs didi sifrTxile unda, sasargeblo nivTisa Tu saqonlis syidvis magier, erTi ram an gamousadegi, an mavnebeli da janmrTe-lobis damarRveveli da SemSleli ara iyidos ra.

am sixarbiT gamowveuli da xerxiTa da ostatobiT frTaasxmuli yalboba dRes yvelafers etaneba, yvelafers hryvnis, yvelafers CrCilsaviT uzis da afuWebs. arafers erideba, arc xora-geulobas, arc saWmels-sasmels, arc aras sxvas,

573

yvelgan eZiebs sixarbis gasaZRoms da Tund qva qvazed nuRar darCeba. es amisTana siyalbe dRes kerasinsac Seapares Turme baqoSi da amisaTvis ukve yuradRebac miuqceviaT. daudgeniaT, rom zedamxedveli kontroleri amoarCion navTis mxdelTagan da am kontrolerma Tval-yuri unda adevnos kerosinis Rirsebasa da avkargianobasa.

moskovis gazeTi “Русскиий Куръеръ”-i, saidamac es cnobebi mogvyavs, ambobs, rom bevri qseli da badeebi gaabes navTis mrewvelebma, rom rogorme es mexi moicilon Tavidam da uxeiro, argamosadegi kerosini isev ise hyidon ganukiTxvelad, rogorc aqamomdeo. navTis mrewvelTa, ra Tqma unda, ar daeficebaT yalboba kerosinis gamoxdasa da Serev-naSi, miT ufro, rom yalboba SeuniSnavT kidec da sakontrolod gaxdomiaT saqme. magram Sesawynare-beli ar aris is sabuTi, romelic pativcemul gazeTs mohyavs Tavisis azris dasamtkiceblad navTis mrewvelobis Sesaxeb.

saqme is aris, rom kontroleris amosarCevad navTis mrewvelTagan unda amorCeul iqmnas komiteti da am komitetma unda airCios kontro-leri. amas winadao, ambobs gazeTi “Русскиий

Куръеръ”-i, komiteti Sesdga da amoirCiao ufros kontrolerad b-ni doroSenko. meqarxneebma kerosinisam rogorRac Turme moaxerxes da es arCevani gaauqmes. gazeTi swamebs, eg imitom moaxdines, rom Tavisi kaci daeyenebinaTo. am TibaTTveSi xelaxlad SeudgeniaT komiteti da b-n doroSenkos magier amourCeviaT b-ni g. es kaci moZmea kerosinis meqarxneebisao da Tumca mis patiosnebazed eWvi ara gvaqvso, magram moZmis zedamxedveloba bevrs aras moaswavebso. ai, es mohyavs sabuTad Tavis azrisa.

574

Cvenis fiqriT ki, aq saqme imodenad xelis gulzea gadaSlili, rom advilad gamoirkveva marTali. TviTon gazeTi ambobs, rom 3/4 kerosinis meqarxneebisa imisTanani arian, romelTac b-ni g. moswonT da undaTo. raki esea, raki saqme arCevan-zea migdebuli da amomrCevelni kerosinis meqar-xneebi arian ricxviT 3/4 mTelis amomrCevelebisa, wesi, rigi da buneba arCevanisa erTob imas iTxovs, rom amorCeuli umravlesobis sasurveli kaci iyos. Tu am SemTxvevaSi b-ni g. am umravlesobis warmomadgenelia, arCevans marto qeba da dideba eTqmis da sxva araviTari wuni ar daedeba.

Cven amas imitom ki ar vambobT, rom gamosarCleba gvindodes kerosinis aRebmicemobaSi yalbobisa. RmerTma gvixsnas. Cven mxolod dedaazrs arCevanisas vesarClebiT: igi yovelTvis unda Seeferebodes umravlesobis survilsa da rac bevrsa hsurs, is unda iqmnas Sesrulebuli. kacis gonebas amazed ukeTesi Rone jer ar mougonia erTs saganzed oris azris gadasawyvetad. Amito-mac, saca arCevanzea mivardnili saqme, iq mTavroba marto umravlesobis xmas Seiwynarebs xolme. marTalia, iSviaTi ambavi ar aris qveyanazed, rom marTali zogjer umravlesobis mxareze ar aris, magram ras izamT: “xma erisa da xma mRvTisao”.

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««««safrangeTis mTavrobis safrangeTis mTavrobis safrangeTis mTavrobis safrangeTis mTavrobis

daudgromelobadaudgromelobadaudgromelobadaudgromeloba» » » »

tfilisi, 8 oqtomberi

karga xania safrangeTi swamebs germanias, rom

mzveravebi da jaSuSebi Semogvisiao da saiTac fexs wamohkrav, an mzveravs waawydebi, an jaSuS-sao. safrangeTSi gaxSirebuli xma dadis, rom qali, kaci, xelzed mosamsaxure da sxvani amisTa-nani germaniis mTavrobisagan mosyidulni ariano da CvenSi rasac Tavis sakbilos hxedven, Tu gaigone-ben, yvelafers acnobeben xolme TavianT momav-linebelsao.

yovels saxelmwifos Tavisi saidumloni aqvs da am saidumloTa Soris yvelazed metad ga-safrTxilebeli da dasacveli igia, romelic ekuTvnis saomars mowyobilebas da samzadissa. yvela saxelmwifo, nametnavad igi, romelic sapolitiko saqmeTa daxlarTvis gamo, an sxvis zedmosevas moelodineba, an, Tu drom moiTxova, TviTon zeddacemas hlamis, imis fiqrsa da zrunvaSia, rom mters ukeTesis iaraRiT da mowyobilobiT daxvdes da SeeWidos saomars moedanzed.

saomaris xelovnebis pirveldawyebiTi moTxov-niloba is aris, rom mterma, rac SesaZloa, cotad

576

icodes, ris SemZlebelia da ra xerxisa da Ronisaa mopirdapire. aqedam, cxadia, raodeni sagnebi unda iyos saidumlod Sesanaxavi, romlis gacema SesaZloa Zvirad daujdes gacemulsa da zogjer mis damxobis mizezadac Seiqmnas. raki esrea, sakvirveli ar aris, rom erTma saxelmwifom meores jaSuSebi miuCinos da rac aSkarad xelTCaugdebelia, igi Cumad da ostatobiT xelT igdos jaSuSobisa da mzveravobis SemweobiTa. amitomac eWvis aRebas safrangeTisas germaniis mTavrobazed daujerebeli mizezi ara aqvs ra, miT ufro, rom T. bismarks ara daeficeba ra amisTanaebSi. mere TviTon Sinauri yofa-cxovreba safrangeTisa jaSuSobas da mzveraobas metad uadvilebs msurvelsa da es garemoebac ar SeiZleba ar aqezebdes mis mters amnair xelo-bisaTvis.

erTi didi Sinagani seni da saTave mraval ubedurebisa safrangeTSi is aris, rom safrangeTis cixe Sinidamve advilad gasatexia. amis mizezi is aris, rom safrangeTis Sinauri cxovreba zed eleva sapolitiko dasTa brZolasa da am brZolas ver asvlia, ver gasZRolia. es brZola Sinaur saqmeTa msvlelobasac abrkolebs da garedac uRonod hxdis Tavisufal moqmedebisaTvis. yoveli-ve eri, yovelive saxelmwifo Zlieria da gamZRo-li moyvrisa Tu mtrisa mxolod maSin, roca yvelas erTnairis gulmodginebiT erTmanerTisaTvis mxari aqvT micemuli. erTsul da erTxorc arian yovels saqmeSi, rac ki mTels ers, mTels saxelmwifos Seexeba.

safrangeTs, saubedurod, es ver eTqmis. safrangeTi gabzarulia, darRveulia mraval sapo-litoko dasTagan, romelnic erTimeores etanebian da eWidebian mflobelobisaTvis. amis gamo iSviaTi ambavia, rom erTi weliwadi mainc Tavi daiWiros

577

erTma saministrom, romelic safrangeTSi marto uecaris SemTxveviT gamarjvebuls dasis warmo-madgenlobas moaswavebs xolme xSirad. erTi dasi meoresa scvlis, meores uTxris ormosa da TviTon Sexteba xolme saministro taxtzed marto imisaTvis, rom TviTonac amrigadve da xandauyov-neblad CamobrZanebul iqmnas. es daudgromeloba mTavrobisa imis garda, rom ar aclis Sinaur saqmeebs gauZRves rigianad kaci, garedac pativs ukargavs safrangeTsa: rogorc martis dRes kaci ver endoba, isec safrangeTis mTavrobas, romelsac uxanoba da daudgromeloba Tana sdevs. erTi mizezi imisa, rom safrangeTi Znelad hSoulobs mokavSires da momxres evropaSi, es daudgro-meloba aris safrangeTis mTavrobisa imitom, rom ar ician, visTan daiWiron saqme, radganac dRes erTia da xvale sxva.

es amisTana garemoeba da yofa Zalian hxuTavs safrangeTis gamgeblobis da marTvelobis saqmesa da es miT ufro didi borotia, rom iqauri saminisrto iZulebulia xolme marto imas Sealios Tavisi niWi, SemZlebeloba da gamrjeloba, rom rogorme fexi ar mousxltes da ar daemxos. dasTa simravle, mravalkeci samtro mecadineoba TviTveulis maTganisa imodenad amZimebs TviTmyofobis saqmes saministrosas, rom mocla aRar aris sxva saqmeTaTvis da mTeli dro da mxneoba ministrebisa marto imaze midis da ixarjeba, rom Cems adgilzed fexi rogorme magrad movikidoo da Tanamdeboba, ufleba, bZanebloba aravin uecaris xerxiT xelidam ar gamomacaloso. vin ar icis, ra tkbilia yovelive ese adamianisaTvis da amitomac, visac bedi argunebs xolme am sitkbos, mere ZneladRa sTmobs.

raki dro da mocaleoba amazed ixarjeba, raRa sakvirvelia, rom verc erTob saministro da verc

578

TviTveuli ministri calke veRar iclis, rom Tavis saxelqveiTo kacebs da saxelo saqmes bejiTad da sakmao yuradRebiT Tval-yuri adevnos. garda amisa, es garemoeba, romelic TviTveuls ministrs calke da mTels saministros erTad marto TavisTavis darajad hxdis, iZulebul hyofs xolme, xelqveiTi kacni misda Rirsebisdagvarad ki ar amoirCion, aramed marto imis mixedviT, momxreoben saministros Tu ara. amitomac xSirad marto am momxreobis gamocxadebaa saWiro, rom kacma maRali ram Tanamdeboba xelT igdos imisda miuxedavad, avsulia Tu rigiani kacia.

amas saWiroa isic daematos, rom safrangeTis sapolitiko dasni TavianT sadaso saqmis gamarjvebas ufro hrCeoben, vidre bednierebas mTelis safrangeTisas da amis gamo marto imis cdaSi arian, ara Cveni dasi Sejdes saministros qandaraze da ara Cvenio. radganac amisTana mimarTulebis wyalobiT SesaZlo ara aris imodena xniT mainc gaministrdes kaci, rom dro hqondes raime saqveyno saqme gaakeTos, amitomac ukeTesni kacni safrangeTisa saministroSi Sesvlas uf-rTxian da eridebian. burTi da moedani imaTa hrCe-baT, visac marto saxeli ministrobisa, Tundac erTis dRis ministrobisa, hyofniT gasaZRomad da gulis mosafxanad.

aba, rasakvirvelia, amisTana mRvrie wyalSi advilia Tevzis Wera imisTana moxerxebulis kacisagan, rogorc T. bismarkia, romelic saca ujobs, arc erTs SemTxvevas ar gauSvebs, gamorCes rasme da cxadliv Tu Cumad Tavisi Tvali da xeli ar miawvdinos iq, saca patronis daudevneli Tvali da xeli ar aris, an aris da uqmobs ki.

rom es asea, amisi aSkara da utyuari sabuTi general kaffarelis saqmea. garda imisa, rom am generals swameben samxedro jildoebis darigebas

579

da fulzed gayidvas, zogierTi niSnebia, rom gamcemelic yofila mTavrobis saidumloebisa da radganac yovel amaSi reula da didi monawile yofila erTi qali, romelic mSvenivrad hlapara-kobs germanulad, daujerebeli ara aris ra, rom aq badea gabmuli T. bismarkisagan. amazed hRirs dawvlilebiT molaparakeba.

580

««««evropis saxelmwifoTaevropis saxelmwifoTaevropis saxelmwifoTaevropis saxelmwifoTa dadadadaintereseba intereseba intereseba intereseba

marokoTimarokoTimarokoTimarokoTi»»»»

tfilisi, 12 oqtomberi

evropa saocari qveyanaa. iq didi ganaTlebac

aris, didad ayvavebuli da gaZlierebuli mecniere-bac, metad mSvenieri xelovnebac, saswaulTmoqmedi xelosnobac, erTis sityviT, yvelaferi rac adamianis, kacobriobis saxelsa da didebas Seadgens. Tu kacobriobas Tavmosawoni rame aqvs, TiTqmis marto evropis madlobeli unda iyos, radganac dRes yvelafers da yvelgan win miuZRvis yovel saqmeSi mravalgvarad Zlevamosili da gamarjvebuli evropa.

am Zliers da gandidebuls yofa-cxovrebas rom uyurebs kaci, am ganaTlebuls msvlelobas, am yovlad SemZlebels mecnierebas, am auarebels simdidres, hgonia, rom Tu qveyanazed sikeTea sadme, am evropidam unda gamovideso. yvela, didi da patara, Ronieri da uRono, Raribi da mdidari, maRali da mdabali, yvela gauWirveblad suls unda ibrunebdes evropis wyalobiTa da meoxebiTao.

xom ese unda iyos, magram, Cvenda samwuxarod, ese ar aris. yovel am sikeTesTan evropas ori didi da jerxanad uZleveli Wiri sWirs: Suri da xarboba. kaci ityvis, maS ra gandidebuli da

581

saxelovania igi, vinc magisTana uRirss da samarcxvino grZnobas, magisTana sulmdablobis da sulmokleobis utyuars niSans gulSi inaxavs da gulSi atarebso? maS, ra ganaTlebaa is, rom Suri da xarbobac ver uZleviao? Cvenc es gvikvirs, xolo saqme ki esea.

evropas sxva danarCeni qveynebi upatrononi hgonia, anu uked vsTqvaT: ise aqvs miCneuli, TiTqo sxva yvela erTad da TviTveuli calke marto imisaTvis gauCenia RmerTs, rom evropama hRrRnas, evropama hxras. Tqma ar unda, roca evropa saRrRnelad da saxravad gaiwevs saiTme, fer-umarils kacTmoyvareobisas da gulmtkivneu-lobisas waigless xolme Surisa da xarbobis dasafaravad da ambobs: ganadirebuli eria, nadirT sacxovrebeli qveyanaa: codvaa, ar miveSveloT, civilizaciis sxivi ar movfinoT, nadirad qceuli kaci isev kacad ar vaqcioT, gaveranebuli qveyana ar avayvavoT misTa mkvidrTa sabednierod. amas ambobs xolme evropa da gulSi ki TviTonve dascinis Tavis Tavs am moklefexebian tyuili-saTvis.

am fer-umariliT waglesili Suri da xarboba evropisa ganuzomelia, samzRvardaudebelia. sakmaoa sadme raime mizezi mieces da xarboba evropisa svavsaviT pirs daaRebs xolme da imas ki aRara hkiTxulobs: ras verCi? ra minda? Cavarda sadme qveSagebad afrikaSi, aziaSi, Tu sadme sxvagan romelime sulTani, an mflobeli, evropa maSinve anderZs augebs xolme da xels iwvdis, memkvid-reoba Cemiao. saidam, rogor, risTvis? amas aRaravin hkiTxulobs. visac xerxi aqvs, didi da patara yvelani memkvidreobas hCemoben. TiTqo marTla asea gangebuli, asea gamCenelisganve wesad dadebuli.

582

ai, exlac: afrikaSi, gibraltaris pirdapir, ispaniis samxreTis mxriT, alJiris dasavleTiT erTi qveyanaa, romelsac 10 millionamde mkvidri hyavs da TavisTvina scxovrobs. am qveyanas marokkos eZaxian. amisi sulTani mullei-hasani avad gaxda da xma gavarda, imedi ar aris morCe-nisao. ispania, safrangeTi, italia, inglisi da TiTqmis germaniac fexzed wamodga, ara me gamovglijo am qveyanas saRrRnelad, ara meo. raTa, batonebo? mulei-hasani jer ar gardacvlila, adre da male rad iyofT mis avla-didebasa? es erTi. meore, mulei-hasans RviZli Svili hyavs; mamis samflobelo SvilisaTvis ufro upriani ar aris? Tqven vina xarT da saidam modixarT? mesame: TviTon iqaurT mkvidrTa aRarasa hkiTxavT? iqneba Tqveni Zalad cxovneba ara hsurs da Tavis sakuTars Wirs hrCeobs, vidre Tqvengan mitanils lxenasa. ras erCiT sawyals ers, TavisTvis avad Tu kargad mcxovrebelsa!

ganaTleba gvinda SemogitanoTo. ar gvindao eg Tqveni ganaTleba, ar dagvexsnebiTo, iZaxian. ra ganaTlebaa is ganaTleba, rom xarboba, eg Tviseba da unari mxecisa, ver daumorCilebia da yvelafe-ri magisaTvis unacvlebia, samarTalic, kacTmoyva-reobac da marto Zalmomreobas, TviTnebobas, Zarcva-glejas, mtaceblobas da xveWasRa afar-faSebs da axeirebs am umadur qveyanazedao. ra ganaTlebaa is ganaTleba, rom eCosaviT sul Tavisken iTlides, sul me da marto meo. aramcTu is, rac me mekuTvnis, aramed isic, rac sxvis kuTvniliao!

TviTveuls saxelmwifos, romelnic Cven zeviT movixsenieT, piri dauRia am marokkosaTvis da nerwyvi mosdis metismeti msunagobisagan. Se-23saZloa, rom es upatronod miCneuli qveyana gawew-gamowewon, gaglej-gamoglijon, magram

583

marokkos nugeSad isic SesaZlebelia, Tavi wamohyos erTmanerTis Surmac am saxelmwifoTa Soris. Suri, xarbobasTan xelixelgadabmuli, xom arc TviTona sWams, arc sxvas aWmevs. amaSi didi nugeSia marokkosaTvis da advili safiqrebelia, rom marokko Tavis sakuTaris bedis anabarad darCeba Tavis sabednierod, Tumca mada yvelas gam-gelebuli aqvs am msuqanis lukmis gadasaylapavad.

584

««««general kageneral kageneral kageneral kafffffarelis saqmefarelis saqmefarelis saqmefarelis saqme»»»»

tfilisi, 14 oqtomberi

mTeli qveyanaa da general kaffarelis ambavi.

mTelma Jurnal-gazeTobam evropiisam Cahkida kbili am ambavs da aTasnairada hReWavs. wasulia safrangeTis saqmeo, hyvirian amis gamo erTni da ifSveten sixaruliT xelebs. sad ar momxdara magisTana ambavi da vis rad ukvirso, iZaxian meoreni, ra moxda amisTana da ra aris da vin aris es generali kaffareli, rom amisTana ayal-mayali astexa da ese aaybeda mTeli qveyana?

generali kaffareli patara kaci ar aris. igia meore kaci dids StabSi, romelic ganagebs mTelis safrangeTis mxedrobis saqmesa. igi TanaSemwea didis Stabis ufrosisa. erTma samarcxvino xelobisa da qcevis dedakacma viRac limuzenma CaiTria da gaaba Turme Tavis badeSi es msxvili TarTi da mis meoxebiT da SemweobiT TviTonac qrTami aiRo da generalsac ara erTxel aaRebina.

yvelam icis, rom frangebi metad msunagni arian zizil-pipilebisaTvis. oRond gulzed raime niSani daikidon da amisaTvis dids fulsac ar dahzogven. es msunagoba daixvies xelzed am qalbatonma da am generalma da qrTamiT uriges niSnebi “sapatio legionisa.” es gaugo mTavrobam da generali

585

kaffareli gamoZiebis qveS Cavarda. gamoZiebam aRmoaCina mTeli gundi da mTeli qseli amisaTvis gabmuli. aRmoCnda, rom patiosans xelobas xels uwyobda senatori dandleca. prezidentis grevis siZes vilsonsac upoves, rom im saxelovan limuzenTan miTam didi miwer-mowera hqonia da amitomac vilsonic gaabes am samarcxvino saqmeSi.

radganac generali kaffareli bulanJes aeyvana Tavis saministroSi didis Stabis ufros Tana-Semwed, rasakvirvelia, axlodam da Soridam bulanJesac Cirqi moecxo, miT ufro, rom limu-zenis saxlSi bulanJes savizito baraTi ipoves. am saxiT, safrangeTis dasebs moedani gauvakdaT erTmaneTis waRma-ukuRma xsenebisaTvis.

Cvens mkiTxvelebs karga moexsenebaT, ra pativi da saxeli aqvs davardnili safrangeTSi bulanJes, romelic am bolos xanebSi ministrobisagan gadmoabZanes, sadRac miyruebul adgilas korpusis ufrosoba misces da Tavidam moiSores. amis saministrosagan gamoklebas maSinac mis mopi-rispire dasis oinebs abralebdnen. exlac, raki gamomJRavnda uwminduri saqcieli kaffarelisa, TviTon bulanJes da mis momxre dassa hgonia, rom yovelive es imitom gaazviades da mzeze gamohfines, rom bulanJes srulebiT gautexon abru da saxeli safrangeTSi da scdiloben Cirqi amasac moacxono. bulanJes es gamouTqvams kidec xalxSi da wamouZaxnia, rom exlandeli samxedro ministri ferroni oinebiT ormos miTxriso. es ambavi gazeTebma mosdes mTels qveyanas. ministrma ferronma iwyina da qaRaldiTa hkiTxa Tavis xelqveiTs bulanJes, marTalia Tu ara is, ris Tqmasac gazeTebi Sena gwamebeno. bulanJes pasuxad SemouTvlia, ar vici, me gazeTebi jer ar wamikiTxavso. ferronma daajaxa meore qaRaldi, sTqvi, ho Tu ara, sxva pasuxi aq uadgiloao. maSin

586

bulanJem moswera, marTalia, vsTqvio. bulanJe amis gamo ocdaaTis dRiT damwyvdeul iqmna da exla am sasjels ixdis.

prezidentis siZis vilsonis gabmas am uwmawur saqmeSi imas aweren, rom viTom Julferris dasi, romelsac exlandeli saministro ekuTvnis, didi-xania scdilobs prezidents respublikisas grevis adgili daaclevinos da prezidentoba viTom Julferris Caugdos xelSi. angariSi Turme aseTia: Tu vilsons daumtkiceben, rom am samarcxvino saqmeSi urevia, Cirqi TviT prezidentsac, rogorc vilsonis simamrs, moecxoba da amis gamo prezidenti grevi iZulebul iqmneba prezidento-bidam gadadgeso.

iqneba yovelive es tyuili iyos, magram rom dasTa brZola da dasebisagan erTmaneTis avad xseneba, erTmaneTisaTvis ormos Txra ar daeficeba safrangeTsa, es ueWvelia. raki es amisTana mizeziani saqme, rogorc generali kaffarelis saqmea, gamomzevda da raki TviTon bade mag saqmisa imisTanaa, rom SesaZloa kacma, Tu moindoma, mravalgvarad gaab-gamoabas, warmoidgineT, ra yofa iqmneba safrangeTSi, saca fexwamosakvrelad erTi dasi meores ara hzogavs. sakvirveli ar iqneba, rom am ambavma TviTon saministroc Searyios.

adrec gviTqvams da exlac vambobT, rom erTi didi ubeduroba safrangeTisa amaSia. sxva qveyanaSi, romelsac angariSi gasasworebeli aravisTan ara aqvs da romelsac xmalamoRebuli mteri Tavs ar adgas, es kaffarelis saqme, SinaobaSive apilpilebuli, Sinve Cahqreboda. bevrs amisTana saqmes daulevia Cailuris wyali sxvaganac, xolo safrangeTis garemoeba sul sxvaa dRes da am garemoebis mixedviT es kaffarelis saqme guls gautexs TviT safrangeTsa da frTebasxmuls imeds frTebs Seukvecavs. ar iqneba

587

ar ifiqron, rom mxedveloba, romelsac amisTana Tavi kacebi hyavs, Signidamve gatexili cixea da Znelad Tu gaumagrdeba imisTana ers, rogoric germaniis eria, saca patiosneba da movaleoba Tavis mamulis winaSe Seumwikvlelad, daurRvevlad umaRless wertilzea da saca kaffareloba SeuZlebelia. amiTi ufroa uZleveli germaniis mxedroba, rom iq patiosnad samsaxuri da movaleobisaTvis Tavdadeba Zvalsa da rbilSi aqvs TviTveuls gamjdari da kultamde aris ayvanili, amas rogorca sCans ver daiqadebs safrangeTi da misi uRonobac amaSia.

588

««««yalbi da namdviliyalbi da namdviliyalbi da namdviliyalbi da namdvili»»»»

tfilisi, 19 oqtomberi

kvirandels nomerSi Cvenma meTaurma werilma

SehniSna, rom dRevandels dRes loRika sadRac gahqcevia da adamianis Wkua-gonebas RerZi gastexiao. aman ise aSkarad arsad ar iCina Tavi, rogorc mwerlobisa da sazogado moRvaweobis sarbielzed.

Tu Tvali gidevnebiaT, SeuZlebelia ar SegeniSnoT imisTana mweralni, romelis rasac Sig TviTon sdevnian da jvars acmen, imis naaTals devnulobasac ki sxva qveyanaSi momakvdinebel codvada sTvlian da aris erTi Weqa da quxili im qveynis mtarvalobasa da barbarosobazed. gamodis, rom SesaZloa erTs qveyanaSi orjel ori xuTi iyos, Tu exeireba, rasakvirvelia, da sxvagan ki momakvdinebeli codva iqneba, Tu orjel ori oTxad ar aris miRebuli. amisi magaliTebi aTasia da uCvenodac gonebis Tvalwin gaitarebs mkiTxveli, Tu ki ar daizara.

ai, Tunda dRevandeli saministro aiReT inglisisa. igi saministro Sin irlandias hlamis suli amoarTos maSin, rodesac sagareod, sasxvisod ra sxvil-sxvils laparakobs, ra xel-gaSlilad ixarjeba!... magram aq inglisSi zogier-

589

Tis uloRikoba, Tundac is zogierTni gavlenianni kacni iyvnen, didxans vera hsZlebs. aq fxizeli eria da maSasadame, gamkiTxvelic. mis utyuars msjavrs vera kaci ver wauva, rac unda saxelganTqmuli iyos da SemZlebeli. amitomac aq sazogado moRvaweTa uloRikoba saSiSi ar aris: veravis waicdens xangrZlivad, veravis waityuebs.

amiT imisi Tqma ki ar gvinda, viTom aq ki RerZgatexili Wkua da loRikadakarguli goneba Tavs iSviaTad iCendes. amisi mcdelni aqac arian da xSiradac, magram alCu ar daujdebaT ise, rogorc sxvagan, Tumca xanmokled aqac uTendebaT xolme amisTana kacebs mziani dRe. aq amisTanaebs xangrZlivi bazari ara aqvs da arc bevri muStari hyavs. amisi cxadi magaliTi dRevandeli saministroa da misi erTguli monawile guSindeli liberali b-ni hoSeni. es b-ni hoSeni 6-s oqtombers gamosula da erTs krebazed warmouTqvams sityva da gamoucxadebia, rom mTels saministros moswons moqmedeba balfurisao. es balfuri irlandiis saqmeebis Tavi da Tavi gamgebelia. am balfurma sajarod laparakis neba TiTqmis CamoarTo irlandielebs da sxva bevri amgvari keTilic ar dahzoga maTTvis da amas uwonebs Turme saministro hoSenis sityviT. es kidev araferi. hoSeni amxilebs da hkicxavs glad-stonis momxreebs, rom tyuilubralod sZraxven exlandels saministros irlandiis saqmeTa gamo-vo. saministroo, uTqvams hoSens, scdilobs kanoni aRsrulebaSi moiyvanoso da, maSasadame, vinc amaSi saministros ewinaaRmdegeba, igi winaaRmdegia TviT kanonisao.

aba, exla Tirkmelebi gausinjeT am sityvebsa. romeli kanoni mohyavs aRsrulebaSi exlandels saministros qebulis balfuris xeliTa? igi, ro-melic saministrom miaRebina Tavis morCils

590

parlamentsa da romelmac daarRvia Zireuli da yvelazed uuZvirfasesi kanoni inglisis konstitu-ciisa. WeSmaritni liberalni amas sCivian da amas stirian da hoSeni ki, guSindeli liberali, romelsac erTs dros uqadagnia gamoCenilTa liberalTa dedaazrni da am dedaazrTaTvis Tavi gamoudvnia, dRes yovels amas Semoswyromia. eg kidev araferi. SesaZloa kacma azri, fiqri gamoic-valos imitom, rom rac guSin marTali hgonebia, SesaZloa dRes tyuili gamodges. xolo aq es hoSenis ambavi sxva gziT aris mosavleli da sxva gziT asawonavi. igi esarCleba saministrosagan kanonis darRvevas kanonis saxeliTave. misis sityviT gamodis, rom vinc kanonis darRvevas ewinaaRmdegeba, igi winaaRmdegia kanonisa. modiT da aq bolo Tavs gamoabiT ise, rom loRikas ara awyinoT ra. ai, amas vambobT, rom Wkua-gonebas RerZi gautydao! ai, amas vambobT, rom loRika Tavis budidam amofrTxa da sadRac gadikargao!

axla hnaxeT igive foSeni raebs ityvis, raebs gaabrtyelebs, Tu SemTxveva mieca da sxva qveynis gamo daiwyo laparaki amave saganzed! nacartutas aadens da miwasTan gaasworebs. ai, dRevandelis dRis satkivari romelia! mecxramete saukunem, ro-melmac aseTi Zlevamosiloba gamoiCina yvelaferSi, romelmac manZili da dro daimorCila, zRva yurmoWril ymad gaixada, uzarmazari mTebi gasWra da gaarRvia, ca da dedamiwa xelis gulzed gadiSala, am mecxramete saukunem vera uxerxa ra, rom bunebiT moniWebuli loRika sazogadod moRvawe kacs SehrCenoda.

es, rasakvirvelia, marto im calke kacebzed iTqmis, visac bedma arguna Tavis ase Tu ise gamoCena sazogado sarbielzed. ufros-erTni politikosebi da mweralni arian amaSi damnaSaveni.

591

xolo, amaT winaaRmdegi aris erTi arseba, romelsac ers eZaxian da romlis siRrmeSiac, rogorc zRvis ZirSi margaliti, Tavs inaxavs loRika da, maSasadame, marTalica. saca eg eri Tvalaxilebulia, iq didi manZili, didi sagzali ara aqvs uloRikod raxunsa da udedaazro saqmesa. amis magaliTs warmogvidgens igiv inglisis eri, romelic hoSenisTana kacebs imisTana mxne maomars mousevs xolme, rogoric saxelovani gladstonia.

hoSeni 6-s oqtombers xom amaebs hlaparakobda gladstonelebzed, imav 6-s oqtombers gladstoni Tavisis meuRliT da SviliT notinhemSi wamovida rkinis gziT erTis Tavis megobris saxlidam, saca igi stumrad yofiliyo, da aba hnaxeT, ra yofiT da ra ambiT egebeboda inglisis eri am saxelovans kacs yovels sadgurzed. yovels sadgurzed imodena xalxi mogrovila Turme, rom teva aRar yofila. sixarulis da aRtacebis yiJinas, taSiscemas, “gamarjvebis” Zaxils samzRvari ara hqonia. stokporotis* sadgurzed mTeli qalaqi zed dasdeboda da didis kiJiniT da xmaurobiT salams aZlebda gladstonsa. radganac am sadgurze axloa saxlebi, aq sifrTxilisaTvis nela dadis matarebeli da aqaoda gladstoni mobrZandebao, fanjrebi, karebi, moajirebi, erTis sityviT, saca ki dgoma da yureba SeiZleboda, sul gaWedili yofila xalxiTa da iyo Turme erTi ganuwyveteli griali sixarulis da aRtacebulis kiJinisa, taSiscemisa da misalmebisa. Seffildis vogzalzed aseTi Weda yofila xalxisa, rom didis SiSiT da sifrTxiliT ZlivZliobiT dasZres adgilidam matarebelio. am didis yofiT da ambiT daxvedram da mogebebam iqamde miaRwiao, rom gladstonma depeSa miswera notinhemSi, Tu SeiZleba * stokporoti samanufaqturo qalaqia.

592

momixerxeT Semimciron es yofa da ambebi, radganac metismetad damRala xelis CamorTmevam da sityvis Tqmamao. amisda miuxedavad, aramc Tu sadgurebze egebeboda xalxi, TviT liandagis orsav pirze mTels gzazed xalxi iyo gamwkrivebuli da erTis kiJiniT da taSiscemiT acilebda gladstonsa. ukanasknelad niu-arkaSi daxvdnen da moegebnen gladstons glexkacni taSiscemiT da ZaxiliTa. es niu-arki Turme is adgilia, saidamac gladstonma pirvel gamodga fexi sapolitiko sarbielzed. am yofiT da ambiT gladstoni misula notinhems.

ras moaswavebs yovelive es? imas, rom tyuils mokle fexebi aqvs; imas, rom rac gind ostaturad amrudo saswori WeSmaritebisa, adre iqneba Tu gvian, gamrudebuls saswors Tavis larzed daayenebs loRika erisa. igi aRtacebiT da didis pativiT miegeba gladstons da miT mxariRliv wuni dasdo hoSenisTana kacebsa. naTqvamia: Wkua rom daikargos, mTaSi monaxeo. ara, Wkua rom daikargos, xalxSi unda monaxoT. suliers ganZs kacobriobisas aqa aqvs Tavisi salaro da loRikac _ es ukeTesi. niWi adamianisa, _ aqa hpoulobs Tavis sadgursa.

593

««««dimitri yifianis gardacvalebadimitri yifianis gardacvalebadimitri yifianis gardacvalebadimitri yifianis gardacvaleba»»»»

tfilisi, 28 oqtomberi

Tavzaris dacemamde SemaZrwunebeli ambavi

dimitri yifianis ubedurad gardacvalebisa jer ganmartebuli ar aris dawvrilebiT, vrclad jer araferi axali ar Segvityvia.

mxolod es viciT, rom moWirnaxule patiosani moxuci moklul iqmna borotmomqmedTagan Tavis sadgurSi, qalaqs stavropols.

ra undodaT? ra ixarbes? ras moelodnen am yovlad gaRaribebul da dRemileul kacisagan!

misi simdidre marto is oriode dReRa iyo, romelic Rrmad moxucebuls kvlav darCenoda da borotmomqmedTa TiTqo esec SehSurdaT da waarTves.

hqonda sxva simdidrec, magram igi simdidre wasarTmevi da mosatacebeli ar aris. eg simdidre misi samsaxuri da Rvawlia. es simdidre magars cixeSia da am cixes xsovna hqvian: veravin Seamtvrevs, veravin Seangrevs.

maS, ras dahxarbda sxvas borotmomqmedeba avazakisa! mis gaxunebuls da daZvelebuls tanTsacmels? magisTvis gaimeta borotebam sixar-bisam pativsadebi, pativsacemi moxucebuloba, rom-

594

lis winaSe afTaric ki mowiwebiT muxls moidrek-da!

“eh, sofelo, ra Sigan xar!”... sadRaa SenSi codva da madli! nuTu eseni marto carieli sityvebiRaa da sagani ganqarda.

eh, adamiano ramodenad uwminduri xar!.. ramodenad suldabali xar!.. tyis nadirs, mxecs meti sibraluli eqmneboda, rom dainaxavda miss TovliviT aTeTrebuls Tmas, mis xneobiT danaoWe-buls Wkvians, mSvidobians da Rrma fiqriT, Rrma naRvliT aRbeWdils saxesa. Sen ki, RvTisa msgav-sebiT da saxiT Seqmnilo, ar Sedrki da wmindad misaCnevi moxucebuloba Sesvare sisxliTa da Seagine codviTa.

Tvalwin gvidga igi warmosadegi moxuci wamebulis gvirgviniTa. mis diadad metyvels da mxneobiT savse saxes zed dahfenia Saravandedi tanjviT moklulis...

misi samsaxuri da Rvawli yvelas anderZsaviT aqvs...

diax, batonebo, igi aRar aris... mokvda!.. gar-daicvala da ar gardicvalebian mxolod misi sam-saxurni, mini Rvawlni, misni saqmeni... amisTana iSviaTs kacebzea naTqvami:

“mokvda da Tavis anderZiT, aw isev saqmobs mkvdario”.

595

««««yrmobayrmobayrmobayrmoba

dimitri yifianisadimitri yifianisadimitri yifianisadimitri yifianisa»»»»

/miss sakuTar nawerTagan/

tfilisi, 31 oqtomberi

ara gvgonia Cvens mkiTxvelebSi bevrma icodes,

vin iyo an ra iyo Sipulini. sacodneli ki aris yovels qarTvelisaTvis, radgan am Sipulinis xelSi gauvlia ara erTsa da ors Taobas Cvenis mama-papebisas. Sipulini gaxldaT ufrosi egredwodebulis “keTilSobilTa saswavleblisa”, romelic am saukunis pirvel meoTxeds gamarTa rusis mTavrobam tfilisSi da romelic iyo pirveli saero saswavlebeli.

am saswavlebelSi miuRiaT rusuli ganaTleba im qarTvelebs, romelnic dRes an ar arian Cvens Soris, an Rrmad moxucebulan, an kide “naxevar cxovrebis gzaze” mainc meti gauvliaT ukve. imaTTvis ucxo ar aris Sipulinis saxeli; isini exlac xSirad moigoneben xolme am Sipulins, Tuki laparaki CamouvardebaT TavianT yrmobaze. siamovnebiT igoneben im dros, romelic Sipulinis xelSi gautarebiaT, imitom ki ara, rom TviTon Sipulinisagan axsovdeT rame siame da sikeTe,

596

aramed imitom, rom Sipulinis xsenebazed agondebaT TavianTis siymawvilis dReni da es dReni visTvis ar aris sasiamovnoni. xolo TviTon sakuTriv Sipulini ki sxvas ras da vis moagondeba, Tu ar imisTana kacs, romelsac mwvrTelad miaCnda brtyeli saxazavi da Camago-nebelad im saxazavis tylaSa-tyluSi xelis gul-ze.

Sipulini Zvelisa ki ara, Zalian Zvelis aRTqmis kaci iyo, uuZvelesisa da imisi pedagogia aSenebuli iyo im moZRvrebaze, romelic gveubneba, rom dasabami sibrZnisa ars SiSi pedagogisa. SiSiT ki, marTalia, daSinebuli hyvanda Segirdebi, magram sibrZnisa ki ra mogaxsenoT.

ai im Sipulinobaze ras mogviTxrobs TviT dimitri yifiani:

“1820 wlis dasawyisebSi baSvis naTesavebs orSi erTi unda amoerCiaT, Tu hsurdaT SvilisaTvis swavla ram mieRebinebinaT imitom, rom marto ori saswavlebeli iyo.

“ aq, rasakvirvelia, imis Tqma ki ar gvinda, sad, rogor aswavlidnen, amazed Zalian cota ram aris saTqmeli. sasuliero seminariaSi da keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSiac marto erTsa da imave wess adgenen, striqonidam striqonamde zepi-rad daswavla gaugeblad; da Tu ymawvili daaSavebda rasme, xelis gulze saxazavis tyapa-tyupi. ai, maSindeli pedagogiuri sibrZne.

“ pirvelad me mimces seminariaSi, ori wlis Semdeg gadamiyvanes keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSi.

“ damsves meore klasSi. miRebis Semdeg meore dRes Semovidnen klasSi aRmasrulebeli direqtoris Tanamdebobisa, pavle ivanes Ze Sipu-lini, maswavlebeli rusulis enisa petre stefa-nes Ze srotinski; amaT Tan mosdevda ramdenime Se-girdi ufrosis klasebisa, romelTa Soris,

597

rogorc maxsovs, iyo wamosadegi axalgazrda, Tavadi levan muxranski. eseni yvelani Semovidnen da gamoswies pirdapir ukana skamebisaken da, am ymawvilis CvenebiT, me wamomadgnen Tavsa.

“ maTi saxelebi me mxolod SemdegSi gavige, im dros ki me ar vicnobdi arc ufrosebsa da arc amxanagebs.

“ _ rogor gahbede da dahreke zari, rodesac SenTvis aravis ubrZanebia? _ muqariTa mkiTxa ufrosma.

“ me ar vicodi, ras medavebodnen da gaSterebuli Sevyurebdi,

“ Camavles yurebSi xeli, gamiwiv-gamomiwies da xelmeored Semomities.

“ _ me ar damirekia _ meTqi _ vuTxari. “ _ me e, swored aman ki dareka? _ hkiTxa

Sipulinma axalgazdasa. “ _ magan, maganao, _ upasuxa am axalgazdam da

imisi sityva daamowmes amxanagebma. “ _ oho! kidev roma hmalavs da ar unda

gamotydes? ver uyurebT!... mamitaT saxazavi aqa! “ da raRac ucnauris gaafTrebiT mirtyes da

mirtyes saxazavi xelis gulze. “ Tana mtkiva da javri momdis! “ _ risTvisa mcemen _ meTqi, vkiTxavdi Cems

Tavsa da cremli Rapa-RupiT Camomdioda loyebze. “ me imdenadve viyav damnaSave imaSi, rasac

mabralebdnen, rogorc Tqvena, Cemo mkiTxvelo. “ Secdoma iyo! sayvareli deda maswavlida, rom

Secdoma unda Seundos kacmao, da, mgoni, mec Sevunde: magram daviwyebiT ki ver daviviwye.

“ Semdeg Sipulinmac ki gaigo, rom Semcdari iyo; magram imdenad kacuri vaJkacoba ara hqonda, gaesworebina Secdoma da rogorme dayvavebiT momqceoda.”

598

es iyo pirveli laxti, romelic bedma moaxvedra pataraobiTve dimitri yifianis Sipulinis xeliT! am usamarTlobam, rasakvirvelia, Searyia baSvuri siwrfoeba metad mgrZnobelis yrmisa.

amis Semdeg dimitri yifiani mogviTxrobs kidev erTs ambavs.

maSin igi mexuTe klasis Segirdi yofila. im dros cota naklebad yofila CvenSi “civilizacia” da, warmoidgineT, tancaoba TiTqmis aravisa scodnia. yofilan aficrebica, magram im dros omi iyo sparselebTan da mTeli aficroba saomrad iyo gasuli. naxeT ubedureba: qalebs “kavalerebi” ara hyoliaT. im dros tfilisSi gubernatorad iyo xoveni da masTanave pirdapir ganagebda “keTil-SobilTa saswavleblis” saqmeebsac. motancave qa-lebis saameblad, xovenma gankarguleba moaxdina Turme, rom am saswavleblis ufros klasebidam darCeuls Segirdebs evloT wveulebaze da “ekavalernaT” qalebisaTvis tancaobaSi. amor-Ceul SegirdTa Soris mohyva Cveni dimitri yifianic.

“mexuTe klasis Segirdebio _ gviambobs marad-saxsenebeli dimitri _ skolis aristokratiasaviT iyo mesame klasis Segirdebis TvalSi. xSirad Cven SevdiodiT mesame klasSi maswavlebelTa magier, roca isini ar movidodnen da gamoviWimebodiT xolme maswavleblis kaTedraze.

“tancaobis meore dRes saswavlebelSi wasvla momixda imav tanisamosiT, romelic mecva wveulo-baze da mxolod klasSi SevamCnie, rom yurTma-jebze maqvs TeTri laqebi, wminda sanTlis naRven-Ti. rasakvirvelia, kartofilis sanTeli maSin ar iyo jera. TvalSi eklad meCvena es ufaqizoba da mindoda laqebi rogorme gameSavebina. Cems axlos verc erTs amxanags ver vupove sawereli, amitom me gavedi mesame klasSi. iqve kars ukan stolze

599

Tvali movkar sawerels, amovawebe kalami da usvamdi laqian adgilebsa. rasakvirvelia, arcra xmauroba da arcra uwesoeba ara momxdara ra amiT.

xolo TaTrulis enis maswavlebels, mirza jafar TuSmalovs, romelic maswavleblis kaTed-raze mjdariyo, albad ewyina, rom misken zur-gSeqceuli videqi. swore giTxraT, ar vicodi, rom iq ijda, Torem gangeb zurgs rad Sevaqcevdi! risxviT da wyromiT damiyvira qarTulad:

“ _ Sen mand ras akeTeb? “ ras miyviris _ meTqi, vTqvi Cems gulSi,

radganac ar vicodi mizezi, da gaocebulma vupasuxe “magdens arafers!”. rac am sityvebs moh-yva, iqidama sCans, rom Cemi pasuxi metismet kad-nierebad miiRo mirza jafar TuSmalovma: wamoxta zeze, momvarda me: wamwvda orisave xeliT TmaSia da, ganZvirebulma rac Zali da Rone hqonda, aqeT-iqiT maTria, Tan tkivili marCobda da Tan gaupatiureba. gaviwie karebisaken, rom direq-torTan meCivlna, magram am dros wamskda cxviri-dam sisxli da derefanis kedels miveyude, manam Seswydemoda.

“mirza jafars dro mieca da TiTon gaiqca direqtorTan da SeeCivla, viTomc me imasa vsceme da ara iman me.

“igive gmiri pirvelis epizodisa, p. i. Sipulini, romlis winaSe marTali is iyo, vinc daaswrobda an saCivars, an dabezRebasa, damadga Tavze da Tavis Cveulebisamebr Semomitia:

“ _ rogor gabede, rogor!! “Sipulinma Sematyo, rom pasuxis Tqmac aRar

SemiZlian, aRaravis aRara hkiTxa, ubrZana mirza jafars _ Tan gamomyeo. da orniv erTad wavidnen, rom gubernators moaxsenon es ambavi: albad egona, rom mZime saqmea, da TiTon ver gabeda misi garCeva.

600

“maSinaTve damibares gubernatorTan. “manam mividodi, Sipulinsa da TuSmalovs,

rasakvirvelia, ise ganemartebinaT saqme, rom gubernatori gaececxlebinaT. raRa gacecxleba undoda maSindels samxedro gubernators, romelsac uamisodac SeTvisebuli hqonda, rom ufrosTan umcrosi mudam mtyuaniao.

“am gunebazed iyo generali xoveni, da misvlis umalve momaxala miwasTan gamasworebeli sityvebi:

“ _ rogor gahbede da xeli Seaxe maswavlebels?

“jer arc ki gaeTavebina es sityva, rom Semovida general-leitenanti Tavadi bagrationi, Zma gamoCenilis petresi da mama meore petresi, romelic SemdegSi gaxda ostzeis general-gubernatori.

“me guls miklavda, gonebas miSfoTebda is azri, rom udanaSaulod aseTi Seuracxofa momayenes, da masTan, rogorc etyoboda, meve unda mtyuani gamovsuliyav.

“manam generlebi erTmaneTs salams miscemdnen da manam roman ivanes Ze xoveni uambobda roman ivanes Zes Tavads bagrations Cems saqmesa, me imodenad damimSvidda guli, rom SevsZel da vuam-be, rogorc moxda saqme.

“bagrationi yuradRebiT mismenda, mere miubrunda gubernators da uTxra:

“ _ rogor SeiZleba roman ivanes Zev! keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSi xom aznauriSvilebi swavloben! Cemi Svilebic iq ar arian! ra ambavia, rogor SeiZleba? vin unda gabedos imaTi cema? mere TmiT Treva, gana igive cema ar aris? Tqveni nebaa, magram eg ki metismetia da magre ar SeiZleba!

“xovens maSinve gamoecvala gunebaca da azric.

601

“iman dauwyo darigeba da Cagoneba Sipulinsa da mirza jafars, rom Segirdebis cema ar SeiZlebao, da bolos, roca istumrebda, ubrZana, rom kvlav aRar iyoso.

“mere momibrunda me: “ _ Sen ki madloba uTxari RmerTsa da am

Tavadsa, rom magre advilad gadahrCi! mifrTxildi ki! kvlav aRar iyos _ meTqi! gesmis, aRar iyos _ meTqi! Torem vai, Seni brali!.. wadi da arsad ra sTqva amaze.

“Cemi uTqmeloba raRa saWiro iyo: Sipulins es ambavi moefina kidec da, manam me davbrundebodi, yvelas Seetyo saswavlebelSi, riTac gaTavda saqme. sagonebelSi _ ki Cavvardi da gavifiqre:

“ _ kvlav aRar iyoso!! “ gana rac ki iyo, Cemi bralia? an Cemi brali iqneba gana, Tu kidev iqneba ram magisTana mermeca?

“amaebze pasuxi CemTvis aravis moucia”* es meore laxtia, romelic usamarTlo bedma

kvlav moaxvedra yrmobis Jamsve dimitris. zemod moviyvaneT ori epizodi dimitri

yifianis cxovrebidam. “amiT ris Tqma undoda amis damwersao?”

ityvian zogierTni: “vis ar gadaxedia amisTana gardasavali pataraobisasao? patarisaTvis eg ambavi araferia: gaizrdeba da daaviwydebao”.

nu ityviT magas! cema, marTalia, didi araferia xorcisaTvis. “me es, mgonia, Sevundevo, _ ambobs aw gansvenebuli dimitri: da daviwyebiT ki ver daviviwyeo”. Seundo natkeni xorcisa, xolo kacs xorcis garda sulica aqvs da ai, amis tkivili ver daviviwyeo. am sityvebSi nagrZnobia gvemac sulisa, usamarTlobiT Seginebulisa, mere maSin,

* “Русская Старина” 1886 г. №3.

602

roca misis cxovrebis ganTiadis pirvel xanSive iyo.

iciT, ra aris, roca uborotos, mtrediviT ususurs, ubiwo baSvs Seugineben grZnobas samarTlianobisas! iciT, ra wva da dagvaa baSvuris siwrfoebisaTvis, roca marTali misda sagrZnobelad SebRalvulia da tyuilisagan Zleulia!.. es iseTi ryevaa, iseTi Zvraa sulisa da gulisa, rom an sruliad gaalayebs baSvs, an Cah-kiravs aRdgomis kvercxsaviTa, rom guldagul, gulmedgrad daxvdes yovels qartexils cxovre-bisas.

rom es ase moxdes, rom baSvi gamoiwvas xalass oqrosaviT, ubedurobis qar-cecxlSi gamojiqdes, gamagrdes Sav bedTan WidilisaTvis, TviTon baSvi madliani unda iyos. aseTni iSviaTni arian. ufros-erTsa amisTana gansacdeli miwasTan asworebs, suliTa hklavs da marto xorciTRa acxovrebs qveynierobazed da gvgonia uxeiroba mCvrad qceulis kacisa amaSi unda hpoulobdes Tavis mizezs, Tavis dasabams.

rac sxvas pirvelSive gaanadgurebda, pirqve daamxobda, iman dimitri yifiani gaamagra, fexzed ufro mkvidrad daayena, ze aaxeda. ai, aq aris naskvi, aq aris saTave im mtkice da mkvidr xasiaTisa, romelic ase amSvenebda dimitri yifian-sa da izidavda mis mimarT yovelis kacis gulsa.

miTxreso, ambobs igi: “kvlav aRar iyoso!.. an is ki, rac iyo, Cemi braliao? an is, rac kvlav kidev iqmneba, Cemi brali iqmnebao? amaebs vkiTxulobdi da pasuxi aravisgan miviReo”.

sxvisagan SeZulebuli, Seginebuli, gaupatiure-buli simarTle mas Seuyvarebia yrmobis dRid-ganve...

603

««««pirveldawyebiT skolebSi swavlebis pirveldawyebiT skolebSi swavlebis pirveldawyebiT skolebSi swavlebis pirveldawyebiT skolebSi swavlebis

gaumjobesebis sakiTxigaumjobesebis sakiTxigaumjobesebis sakiTxigaumjobesebis sakiTxi»»»»

tfilisi, 9 noemberi

saero ganaTleba iseTi sagania, romelic rac

unda kargad iyos dayenebuli, mainc mudmivs fiqrsa da cdasa Txoulobs, raTa erTs wertilzed ar Sedges da ukan ar daixios. dRevandeli pirveldawyebiTi saero ganaTleba, rasakvirvelia, bevrad ukeT mowyobili da win wasulia, vidre winad, magram iseTs mdgomareobaSi ki ar aris, rom imazed zrunva saWiro ar iyos. Tu marTla mxurvaled da Cafiqrebulad movepyrobiT ganaTlebis saqmes, SegviZlian yovelTvis aRmovaCinoT, Tu ra eWirveba pirveldawyebiT skolas, ra cvlilebaa saWiro imisaTvis, raTa saero ganaTlebam kidev ufro ixeiros da win waiwios. ai, amitomac mkiTxvelebis yuradRebas mivaqcevT erTs friad SesamCnevs garemoebas, romelsac SeuZlian didi samsaxuri gauwios saero ganaTlebas.

rodesac, pirveldawyebiT saero ganaTlebaze vlaparakobT, ueWvelia, mxedvelobaSi unda viyo-lioT eris umravlesoba, ese igi, is nawili erisa, romlis yofa-cxovreba agebuli da damyarebulia Sromaze, miwaTmoqmedebasa da xelosnobaze. ai, am

604

umravlesobisaTvis saWiroa swavla-ganaTleba, magram romeli da ragvari? aq arafers vityviT imaze, Tu rarigad aris mowyobili pirveldawyebiTi swavla; mxolod unda vsTqvaT, rom igi Sevsebuli da Sematebuli unda iyos imnairad, rom rac SeiZleba ufro Seeferebodes am umravlesobis mdgomareobasa da saWiroebas. unda vTqvaT, rom pirveldawyebiTi swavla, romelic dRes arsebobs, Tumca friad saWiro da Zlieri saxsaria eris warmatebisaTvis, magram marto igi sakmao ar aris, radganac dRevandeli pirvel-dawyebiTi skola mizdevs mxolod erTs mxares ganaTlebisas. saqme is aris, rom dRevandelma skolam yuradReba unda aTxovos xalxis umTavress saWiroebas, safuZvels xalxis cxovrebisas. skolam unda misces xalxsa, sxvaTa Soris, iseTi swavla-codna, romelic gauadvilebs Sromas da miscems mometebuls saxsars cxovrebisas, magali-Tad, xalxs, viTarca borotmomqmeds, esaWiroeba sameurneo swavla-codna, radganac imisi sakuTari sameurneo codna aris Sedegi swavla-codnisa ki ara, aramed gamocdilebisa da amitomac Seicavs mravals naklulevanebas. agreTve, saWiroa saxe-losno swavla-codnac. ai, amitomac saWiroa pirveldawyebiTi skola aZlevdes mozards Taobas sameurneo da saxelosno swavlasa, raTa Tan gauadvilos mSromels xalxs gza cxovrebisa da Tan imisaTvis, rom xalxma kidev ufro Seiyvaros swavla-ganaTleba.

imisaTvis, raTa pirveldawyebiTi skolas Sehmaton sameurneo da saxelosno swavla-codna, saWiroa Sesaferi cvlileba SemoiRon samas-wavleblo seminariebSi, ai, swored am azrze dam-dgara pskovis eroba, romelsac ganuzraxavs Sead-ginos komisia imis SesamuSaveblad, Tu ra Rone ixmaron imisaTvis, rom skolas Sehmaton sameurneo

605

da saxelosno swavla-codna da Sesaferi cvli-leba moaxdinon samaswavleblo seminariaSi. psko-vis erobas zogierT skolebSi ukve SemouRia sameurneo da saxelosno codnis swavleba da am swavlebas kargi nayofic moutania. is glexebi, romlebsac amgvar skolebSi uswavliaT, kargad ekidebian ojaxobas, meurneobas da baRosnobasa, da, rasakvirvelia, imaTi ekonomiuri mdgomareobac bevrad sjobnis imaT mdgomareobas, romelTac imaTeburi swavla-ganaTleba ar miuRiaT.

es saubari imisaTvis CamovagdeT, rom mkiTxvelis yuradReba migveqcia saero ganaTlebisaTvis Cvens qveyanaSi. Cveni qveyana gansakuTrebiT meurneobis qveyanaa. darwmunebulni unda viyvneT, rom Cveni ekonomiuri da sulieri warmateba Cqaris nabijiT wava win, Tu rom xalxSi gavrcelda sameurneo da saxelosno swavla-codna. maSin Cven rigianad, nayofierad gamoviyenebT Cvenis qveynis simdidres da siuxves da tyuilad ar davlevT Cvens sicocxles da sim-didres. rasakvirvelia, CvenTvis ufro saZneloa imis aRsruleba, rac pskovis erobas ganuzraxavs, radganac Cven iseTi uwyeba ara gvaqvs, rogoric erobaa, magram mainc saWiroa Cveni sazogadoeba Caukvirdes am sagans da daexmaros keTils saqmes, riTac ki mouxerxdeba.

606

««««ruvies saministros gadadgomaruvies saministros gadadgomaruvies saministros gadadgomaruvies saministros gadadgoma»»»»

tfilisi, 11 noemberi

jer, roca Cvens qalaqSi depeSiT ambavi movida,

general kaffarelisa da grevis siZis vilsonis oinebi gvauwya, maSinve vsTqviT, rom:

“raki amisTana mizeziani saqme, general kaffarelis saqmea, gamomzevda da raki TviTon bade am saqmisa imisTanaa, rom SesaZloa kacma, Tu moindoma, mravalgvarad gaab-gamoabas, warmoidgineT ra yofa iqneba safrangeTSi, saca fexwamosak-vrelad erTi dasi meores ara hzogavs. sakvirveli ar iqneba, rom am ambavma TviTon saministroc Searyios”.*

dRes ukve viciT, rom saministro aramcTu Searyia am ambavma, pirqve daamxo kidec da hlamis TviTon prezidenti grevic CamoabZanos prezidentobidam. diplomatiam yurebi acqvita da jer ena daiduma, aras ambobs. aras ambobs imitom, rom jer ar icis, ra gamova risgan. yvelani ki darwmunebulni arian, rom am xifaTians da gan-sacdelians droSi safrangeTis saministros gadad-

* ix. “iveria”, 1887 w. # 214.

607

goma da sxva kacTa mowveva saministros Sesad-genad metismetad didmniSvnelobiani saqmea.

es iseTi saqmea, rom SesaZlebelia evropis saxelmwifoTa erTmanerTSi ganwyoba da morigeba sul sxva fexzed daayenos, guSindeli mtrebi daamoyvros da moyvareni gadaamteros. Cvena gvgonia, rom general kaffarelis saqme marto sababia, romelsac xeli Cahkides da Sinagani mizezi ki is aris, rom sagareo politikas sxva gza aurCion, radganac igi gza, romelzedac TiT-qmis aSkarad vidoda ruvies saministro, WkuaSi aRar daujda safrangeTis ersa: razedac ruvies saministrom mihmarTa Tavisi mecadineoba, iqidam vera gamodna ra.

am mxriT Tvalis axileba safrangeTisa ueWveli iyo mas Semdeg, raki xelmwife-imperatorma ineba da mibZanda berlinSi germaniis imperatoris sanaxavad. Cven, rasakvirvelia, ar viciT, ra inebes da ra moilaparakes am orma SemZlebelma monar-xebma, magram diplomatiisagan didi xania miRebu-lia, rom orTa monarxTa erTmanerTTan Seyra daax-lovebis niSania. yovels amisTana ambavs, saca ger-maniaa gareuli, metismetad ufrTxis safrangeTi, romelsac germania TiTqmis xmalamoRebuli adgas Tavzed.

vin ar icis, rom ruvies saministro dRe yo-vel hcdilobda, rogorme ruseTis guli moego. amisaTvis arafersa hzogavda, yvelgan xels aw-vdida, rom safrangeTis eris moRvaweni waeqezebina ruseTTan daaxlovebisaTvis. amave dros arc T. bismarks eZina: rac ram xerxebi da ostatoba ico-da, yvela amoqmeda, rom ruseTi, viTarca Zlieri saxelmwifo, ar dahSoreboda germanias da ar daaxlovebiyo safrangeTsa, germaniis dauZinebels mtersa. amisaTvis jer bevri iostata, rom xel-mwife imperatori mibrZanebuliyo StetinSi, saca

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germaniis imperator vilhelmi unda dahxvedroda. es ver mouxerxda T. bismarksa da T. bismarkis mtrebi sixaruliT xelebs ifSvnetdnen am mar-cxisaTvis. bolos xom StetinSi armomxdari saqme Sesrulebul iqmna berlinSi da T. bismarkis mtrebma adreuli sixaruli dagvianebul mwuxare-bazed Sescvales.

amasTan esec sacodnelia, rom aw gadamdgari saministro ruviesi eurCeboda yovels meca-dineobas germaniisas safrangeTTan daaxlovebisaT-vis. T. bismarks es daaxloveba metismetad swyu-roda, magram ruvies saministro ganzed udgeboda. safrangeTSi germaniasTan daaxlovebis momxreni ga-moCenilni kacni bevrni arian. amaTi moTave Jul-feria, kaci ara uniWo da bevrs sxvazed ufro os-tati da moxerxebuli. Tumca am Julferis saxeli gatexili aqvs safrangeTSi imis gamo, magram ax-landelis saministros damxobas amis ostatobas abraleben. es advilad safiqrebelia. amboben, Jul-feri marto saministros damxobas ara hkmarobso da unda TviTon prezidenti grevi iqamde miiyvanos, rom prezidentobas daeTxovos. amisaTvis general kaffarelis saqmes da prezidentis siZis vilsonis monawileobas am uwmindurs saqmeSi gangeb aZ-lierebs da afuWebso, radganac Cirqi siZisa ar SeiZleba ar waecxos simamrsacao. ra Tqma unda, Tu Julferis am SemTxvevaSi alCu daujda, pre-zidentobis taxtzed axtomas cxvirs zeviT ar aicilebs da amisaTvis sakmaodac eqmneba gaxsnili mada.

es moxdeba Tu ara, amas mermisi gamoaCens. mxolod dRes marto is aris SesaniSnavi, rom ru-vies saministros dacema Zlier aSlis dip-lomatiis marTulebsa da evropaSi gaibmis didi da rTuli qseli imis gamo, Tu vin da romeli dasi iqmneba damokidebuli, saiT vin gaiwevs, vin visTan

609

gava da gamova. amitomac sabuTi migviZRvis vsTqvaT, rom sapolitiko mimarTuleba evropisa fersac icvlis da gzasac.

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««««venaxebis da Wirnaxulis wanaxedoba venaxebis da Wirnaxulis wanaxedoba venaxebis da Wirnaxulis wanaxedoba venaxebis da Wirnaxulis wanaxedoba

da misi sawinaaRmdego zomebida misi sawinaaRmdego zomebida misi sawinaaRmdego zomebida misi sawinaaRmdego zomebi»»»»

tfilisi, 12 noemberi

erTi didi naklulevaneba Cveneburis soflebisa is aris, rom araviTari wesi da rigi ara aqvs Wirnaxulis da naamagevis gafrTxilebisaTvis. wanaxedoba Wirnaxulisa, venaxebisa, baRebisa da bostnebisa metad did zians aZlevs soflebsa da es ziani miT ufro sagrZnobelia, rom uzRvevi hrCeba xolme. rasakvirvelia, amisi Tavdapirveli mizezi iqidam warmosdgeba, rom TiTqmis arc erTs sofels gansakuTrebulad ara aqvs gadadebuli adgili saZovrebisaTvis. saZovrad sofels hrCeba xolme marto is miwebi, romelic CvenSi miRebul Cveulebisamebr, isvenebs meore wlisaTvis. radganac amisTana miwebi SigadaSig aris xnulebsa da naTesebSi moyolili, amaTi gamoyeneba saZovrad uimisod ar iqneba, rom saqonelma gzad mainc saxnav-naTesoba fexiT ara hTelos, Tu ar gadasZovs.

Tqma ar unda, rom am SemTxvevaSiac SesaZlo aris kacma wamali ram dasdos soflis gaWirebas. amisaTvis sakmaoa sofelma erTxel da erTxel wesad daidginos, rom erTs weliwads marto erT mxriv moixnas da moiTesos miwebi da meore wels meore mxriv. maSin saqonelis saZovrad erTiani

611

naWeri eqmneboda sofelsa da saqonels mizezi aRar miecemoda saZovris misawdomad naxnav-naTesoba elaxa da efuWebina.

xolo marto egred erT naWrad dagdeba miwebisa saZovrad bevrs aras moaswavebs, Tu meore mizezsac ara eSvela ra. es meore mizezi is aris, rom xSirad soflisaTvis arasakmao saZovrebad sixarbe erTisa da oris soflad mcxovrebelisa dids Zalas farebs cxvrisas, Rorisas, zogjer jogisas da mocadis saqonlisas Caayenebs xolme soflis mamulebSi da yovelive eseni ise moscoxnian balaxsa, rom soflis muSa saqoneli veRar ikvebeba Tavisufal miwebzeda. imisTana sofeli, rogorc, magaliTebr, yvarelia Telavis mazraSi, am mizeziT iZulebulia muSa saqoneli SemodgomiT xolme Serekos venaxebSi da venaxis balaxiT hkvebos. Semodgoma imisTana xania, roca venaxebSi gacxarebuli barvaa da vazis wvena. aba ra xeirs daayris an nabars, an dawvenils, an axlad Cayrils vazis saqonlis fexi da saqonlis xeteba.

am gziT ise hfuWdeba venaxebi, ise amaod ekargeba venaxis patrons amagi da xarji, rom gvikvirs kidec, guli rogorRa hrCebaT iqaurebs venaxebis keTebisaTvis.ramdeni sxvagan aris amisTana ambavi. axla ifiqreT, ramodeni zarali mosdis amgvaris wyobilebisagan mTels mxares, ramodena mosavali akldeba qveyanasa!... Tu calke kaci Sesabralisi ar aris am SemTxvevaSi, didi codvaa, kacma ar Seibralos mTeli mxare, mTeli sofloba mainca. auarebeli simdidre iRupeba tyuilubralod marto imis gamo, rom am mxriT am sagans yurs aravin aTxovebs.

Cven gvaxsovs am Svidisa Tu rva wlis winad erTi amisTana sofeli, saca didZali venaxebia erTi-erTmanerTs zedmokidebuli, Seiyara da

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survili gamoacxada xsenebul ubedurebisaTvis rame Rone eRona. sofelSi rvaasi-cxraasi komli mkvidria da glexTa garda mebatonenic da samRvdeloTagani bevrni calke mamulis patronebi arian. sofelma esenic moiwvia da amaTis nebayoflobiT ganaCeni Seadgina da sxvaTa Soris daadgina, rom aramc da aramc venaxebsa da WirnaxulSi saqonelma saZovrad ar iaros. sofeli iseTi SemZlebeli da iseTi mowadinebuli iyo am saqmeSi wesi ram Camoegdo, rom ar daiSura da ocdarva kaci daniSna soflis movlisa da patronobisaTvis im ganaCenis Tanaxmad.

es ganaCeni, soflis sasixarulod da sabednierod, ramdensame xans moqmedobda da so-felma Zlivs moisvena gafuWebisa da wanaxe-dobisagan; xolo mere raRac xifaTi SeemTxva da is ganaCeni gauqmebul iqmna im mizeziT, viTomcda ukanonoao.

ramodenad ukanono iyo es ganaCeni soflisa, es iqidama sCans, rom TviTon b-ma SinasaqmeTa ministrma dRes yuradReba miaqcia soflis am mxriT umweobas da unugeSobas da cxadi survili warmosTqva, am saqmes Semweoba da nugeSi ram aRmouCinos. b-ns ministrs am saganzed Semdegi cirkuliari gaugzavnia sagubernio da samazro erobaTa krebaTaTvis, rom winadadebani cilkuliarisa gasinjon da TavianTi azri warmosTqvan:

zogierTma sagubernio da samazro erobaTa krebam iSuamdgomla saministros winaSe, rom :

1/ mindvrebisa da saTibebis dasacvelad winaxedvisagan daculi iqmnen aw momqmedni wesebi miT, rom nacvali (селъский староста) ima soflisa, romelsac ekuTvnis winaxedis ramdeni saqoneli, movale iyos aRmoaCinos da ipovos patroni saqonlisa da waxdenilis Wirnaxulis patrons

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neba mieces winaxedis sazRauri gadaaxdevinos mTels sofels misTa wevrTa urTierTis TavdebobiTa; 2/ davalebul iqmnas TviTveuli sofeli, sasoflo mwyemsi da mevelebi iyolios dasacvelad tyeebisa, saZovrebisa, baRebisa, venaxebisa da sxva mamulebisa upatronod Tavminebebul saqonlisagan. 3/ momrigebel-mosamarTleTagan dasadgen sasjelTa wesdebis 153 muxli* gauqmebul iqmnas im SemTxvevaTaTvis, Tu vinicobaa Wirnaxulis patronma wanaxedSi mohkla Sinauri pirutyvi, romelic, rogorc magaliTebr bati da Rori, yvelazed mets zarals aZlevs mindvrebsa, saTibebsa da venaxebsa.

ruseTis gazeTebi didis TanagrZnobiT miegebnen am marTla da sakeTilo survils b-n ministrisas da CvenSi ki eseve survili ukanonod cnobil iqmna. is ganaCeni, romelic Cven zemoT movixsenieT aramcTu am cirkuliaris dedaazrzed iyo mTlad agebuli, aramed TviTveuli muxli am cirkuliarisa Sig CarTuli iyo TiTqmis ise, rogorc dRes am cirkuliarSia. maSin, am Svidsa Tu rva wlis winad dadgenil oqms win gadaeRobnen da exla ki, roca TviT ministrs saWirod daunaxavs, imedi unda gvqondes, rom winandeli uvicoba am saqmes win veRar miegebeba gadasaRobeblad. Cven marto is unda visurvoT, rom am b-n ministrisagan keTilad ganzraxuli saqme Cvenc gvewvios Cveni soflebis sakeTildReod.

* am 153 muxlis ZaliT sasjelia dadebuli , vinc sxvis pirutyvs mohklavs an dasWris, Tunda wanaxedSiac moaswros.

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««««bismarkis orpiri politika ruseTis bismarkis orpiri politika ruseTis bismarkis orpiri politika ruseTis bismarkis orpiri politika ruseTis

mimarTmimarTmimarTmimarT»»»»

tfilisi, 23 noemberi

karga xania, rac ruseTi eWvis TvaliT Sehyu-

rebda da kidevac Sehyurebs germaniis megobrobas da momxreobas. ruseTis mwerloba mudmiv afrTxi-lebda marTeblobas da sazogadoebasa da yovel-Tvis imasa hRaRadebda, rom germanias ar SeuZlian ruseTs uerTguloso, Tumca ruseTs ganzraxva aqvs germaniasTan kargi ganwyobileba daiWiroso. TviT gansvenebulma katkovmac ki, romelic Tayvansa scemda bismarkis geniosobas da hqadagebda ruseTisa da germaniis kavSirsa, ukanasknels xans Tavisis moRvaweobisas, uarhyos winandeli azri germaniis Sesaxeb, xeli gauwoda germaniis mosisxle mters, safrangeTsa da sxva Jurnal-gazeTebTan erTad hRaRadebda, rom safrangeTia erTaderTi erTguli mokavSire ruseTisa, rom bismarki, miuxedavad ruseTis gulwrfelis megobrobisa, mainc scdilobs, ruseTis politikas xeli SeuSaloso da sxva.

marTlac rom am ukanasknels xans ruseTis sazogadoeba da mwerloba am azrs daadga, safrangeTmac ruseTisaken gamoiwia da sxvadasxva Rone ixmara ruseTTan daaxlovebisaTvis. saqme

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imrigad moewyo, rom kavSiri ruseTsa da safrangeTs Soris diaRac mosalodneli iyo. amasobaSi germania cdilobda, xeli SeeSala ruseTisa da safrangeTis SekavSirebisaTvis.

germaniis saqcieli da ganzraxva ruseTSi yvelas saeWvod eCveneboda; TiTqmis yvela imasa hfiqrobda, rom ruseTi safrangeTs unda miemxros da ara germaniaso. marTalia, germaniis zogierTi oficiozuri gazeTebi swerdnen, rom ruseTsa da germanias Soris kavSiri istoriis anderZiao, magram ruseTis kabineTi arc amas ujerebda. Turme am kabineTs xelTa hqonia yvela im qaRaldebis da depeSebis pirebi, romelsac bismarki swerda germaniis sxvadasxva warmomadgenelT. am qaRaldebiTgana sCans, rom germania erTis mxriT, ruseTs eubneboda... Seni megobari da momxre varo, da meore mxriT, TavianT warmomadgenlebs ruseTis politikis winaaRmdegad amoqmedebda. es ambavi amJamad kidevac gamouqveynebiaT da didi SfoTi da laparaki atexila mwerlobaSi. es ambavi gamouqveynebiaT mas Semdeg, rac xelmwife imperatorma, roca daniidgan peterburgs mobZandeboda, inaxula sxvaTa Soris Tavadi bismarkic. rasakvirvelia, bismarks arafrad esiamovneboda, roca Seityobda, rom ruseTis kabineTs imisi depeSebi da werilebi xelSi Caugdia. am garemoebis gamocxadeba metad gasaocari iyo, magram aranaklebad sakvirveli da moulodneli iyo, roca bismarkma saqveynod gamoacxada, rom es depeSebi da qaRaldebi yalbia da SeudgeniaT imaT, romelnic mowadinebulni arian ruseTsa da germanias Soris omi gamoiwviono. zogierTebma im qaRaldebis Sedgena daabrales ferdinands koburgisas da imis dedas, magram amaT xmamaRla aRiares, rom es ciliswamebaao. exla gamoZieba unda dainiSnos im

616

qaRaldebis siyalbisa da sinamdvilis dasam-tkiceblad. ase gasinjeT, bevrs ara sjera bismarkis simarTle da imis xriksa da oinsa hxedaven. amboben, rom bismarki iseTi kacia, romelsac SeuZlian, Tu moindoma, sinamdvilis qaRaldebis siyalbe daamtkicos, da Tu es, vinicobaa, ver SeZlo bismarkis ostatobam, maSin germaniis marTebloba, Tavisis saxelis aRsadgenad da ruseTis gulis mosapoveblad, iZulebuli iqmneba ruseTs miemxroso.

yalbia Tu ara is qaRaldebi, Zneli saTqmelia, magram zogierTebi ki dids eWvSi arian, radganac im qaRaldebma didi zedmoqmedeba iqonies ruseTis politikaze. Tu is qaRaldebi yalbia, winad ratom ar gamoacxades, maSin, rodesac im qaRaldebis mixedviT moqmedebdnen zogirTTa saxelmwifoTa warmomadgenelnio?

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««««safrangeTis zneobrivi ZalsafrangeTis zneobrivi ZalsafrangeTis zneobrivi ZalsafrangeTis zneobrivi Zal----Rone Rone Rone Rone

mamulis siyvarulSiamamulis siyvarulSiamamulis siyvarulSiamamulis siyvarulSia»»»»

tfilisi, 8 dekemberi

safrangeTma sakvirveli bewvis xidi gamoiara am bolos xanebSi da gamoiara ise, rom xidi fexqveS ar Caswydomia. Cveneburma glexkacma icis, rom amisTana xidze marto madliani kaci gaivlis, codvils ver gauZlebs da Cauwydeba xolmeo. albaT safrangeTic madliani yofila da ara iseTi codvili, rogorc imis mter-moyvareebs hgoniaT.

marTla, rom didi saqme moxda. pirqve daamxes ruvies saministro da es kidev araferi: TviTon patiosani da respublikis erTguli prezidenti grevi gamoimetes da prezidentis taxtidam Zirs gadmosves. ar gavida sami-oTxi dRe da sadi-karno amoirCies prezidentad da saqmeebi Tavis karSive da saqmeebi Tavis kvalSive Cahdga, TiTqo aq araferi momxdarao.

am ambavma daanaxva qveyanas, rom das-dasebad gabzarulma safrangeTma gaWirebis dros erTad Tavis moyra icis da safrangeTis saerTo siyva-rulis winaSe yovelive calke gulisTqma, calke wadili xmas gaikmends da gulze xelebs daikrebs xolme. eseTi zneobiani Zal-Rone safrangeTisa

618

iqneba ufro safrTxilebeli da saSiSari iyos imis mtrisaTvis, vidre mTeli SeTofiaraRebuli mxedroba.

ra aris saxelmwifosaTvis carieli mxedroba? marto xorcia usulo, ugulo, Tu eg zneobiani Zal-Rone, siyvaruli mamulisa, agebulebaSi sisxlsaviT an utrialebs yovels calke mamulisSvils, yovels calke jariskacsa.

es prezidentis krizisi amisi bewvis xidi iyo: mamulis siyvarulisaTvis saSineli gansacdeli iyo da dRes mamulis siyvarulma safrangeTSi saxelovanad gadixada es gansacdeli da uTqmelad SeuTvala Tavis mters, mifrTxildio da moyvares_momende, Zali Semwevs qadilisao.

am gansacdelisagan saxelovanad gamosuli safrangeTi sxva zrunva-naRvels mieca. saminis-tros Sedgena axalis prezidentisaTvis unda metismetad gaZnelebuliyo da asec moxda. palatis janmrTelma da SorsmWvretelma nawilma amisaTvis ori piroba dasdo, rogorc amboben gazeTebi: erTi isa, rom axals saministroSi ar unda miRebul iqmnan arc erTi, vinc ruvies saministroSi iyo da meore isa, rom axalma saministrom unda warmoudginos palatebs gansazRvruli da cxadi programma reformebisao.

klemanso, romelic exla dawinaurebul dasis niWier da Wkuadamjdar moTaved iTvleba, ambobso, mogviTxrobs erTi gazeTi, rom “Tu winandels kacebs kvlav davarCenT saministroSi, kacebs, cotad Tu bevrad ukanasknelis ambebiT Sercxve-nilebs, eg imas egvaneba, rom mZime gansacdeli pre-zidentobis gamocvlisa kukebis kamediad gar-dagveqcao. Tu saministroSi imisTana kacebs Seviy-vanT, romelTac araviTari unari ara aqvT, aravi-Tari gamorkveuli rwmena, gamorkveuli programa,

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eg imis niSani iqneba, rom Cven gvsurs mTavroba uRono, uazro, usulo viyolioTo.’’

ra Tqma unda, imis winaaRmdegi azric daZrulia safrangeTSi. oportunistebis gazeTi “Republique

Francaise”-is Zalian aupilpilda zemoTqmulsa da cxared iZaxis: ”vinc unda iyos axal saministroSi, CvenTvis sul erTia, yvelas erTnairad davuxvdebiT da xels gavuwvdiTo”.

exla rom Tvali moataros kacma safrangeTSi, marto am orTa azrTa brZolas da mdinarebas dainaxavs da romeli gaitans burTs saburTalo moednidam, dro gamoaCens.

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««««gazeT “mSakis” gamoxdomagazeT “mSakis” gamoxdomagazeT “mSakis” gamoxdomagazeT “mSakis” gamoxdoma»»»»

tfilisi, 9 dekemberi

CvenSi am bolos xanebSi erTi saocari ambavi

moxda: somxebma Tavis Jurnal-gazeTebSi mTeli somxoba samarcxvino boZzed gaakres: erTma Jurnalma erTi nawili somxobisa miwasTan gaaswora, meore gazeTma – meore nawili da am saxiT is gamovida, rom TiTqmis mTeli somxoba garyvnilia, wamxdaria da aRaraferSi gamosadegi aRar aris.

ese xelaRebiT damxoba mTelis erisa ar Seiwynara “Новое Обозрение”-m da gankicxulni Tavis safarvelqveS miiRo. am gazeTma samarTliani guliswyromiT SeuTvala somxur Jurnal-gazeTebs, rom yvela-yvelao da metismetia mTelis eris egre uwyalod gapentva, metismetia imisi Tqma, rom mTels erSi aravin ar varga da yvela wyalSi gadasayreliao. erTma somxurma gazeTma Turme es SenaTvali iwyina: daxe, sadamde mivida Cveni saqmeo, rom qarTvelebi esarClebian somxebsa da qarTvelebis saqomagodRa SeviqeniTo.

dRes imazea Turme Semdgari sityva, rom somxuri gazeTi qarTvelebis gamosarClebas hTakilobs, samarTlians gankiTxvas “Новое

Обозрение”-sas yurs aSorebs da raRaebsac hbodavs

621

TavSi dakrulsaviT. imas ki aRara hfiqrobs, rom tyuilad gabRinZuli amao Tavmoyvareoba veraferi Tamasuqia, veraferi sawyaoa TviTon imis RirsebisaTvis, vinc ibRinZeba. aq saqme imaSi iyo, “Новое Обозрение” marTalia Tu ara. amas somxurma gazeTma “mSakma” gza auqcia da marto imas mihxeda, rom qarTveli gveubnebao, nu hlanZravT xelaRebiT mTels Tqvens ersa, kargic yvelgan aris da cudicao da raki qarTveli gamogvesarCla, unda gveTakilebodeso. crupentela kaci yvelgan aseTia: raki safaneli Semoakldeba, sagzali Wkvadam-jdaris saubarisa gauwydeba, maSin, aqaoda mizez-mizez dos marili akliao, yalxzed Sedgeba, abelas fexebs gaikeTebs, gahbuvdeba, gadidguldeba da ukvirs _ ratom vera hxedven, ra simaRleze vdgavaro.

sacodaoba sulisa da gulis namcecoba amisTanaebSi iCens Tavs da amis gamomCeneli kaci ufro Sesabralisia, vidre gansakiTxi da mjavrdasadebeli. tyuilad ki ar aris aRiarebuli, rom ampartavnoba, cudmedidoba erTi momakvdi-nebeli codvaTagani aris da vwuxvar, rom “Smaks” swored am codvaSi wauyvia cxviri. Cven sxva ara dagvrCenia imis meti, ro “mSaks” vuTxraT: RmerTma galxinos!

sakvirvelia!.. sad uyidnia “mSaks” es sasacilo didguloba? rad uyidnia? Tu uyidnia, ratom Tavis sardafSi ar Seunaxavs da bazarSi rad gamoutania gasasyidlad. iqneba hgonia _ gavasaReb da movigeb rasmeo. veraferi saqonelia Cvens bazarSi gamosatanad da gasasyidad. CvenSi magis muStars ver iSovis da gvecodineba, ar izaralos. eg imisTana saqonelia, rom myvarsaviT marto suns auSvebs da Tu hgonia, qarTvelebs amiT movcxeb rasmeo, tyuilad garjila. Cven mag myvars

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axloc ar gavuvliT, Sua didi mzRvari gvidevs. “mSakma” unda icodes, rom:

qori myvars ara ikadrebs,

arca sdevs saWmlad ndomiTa.

isic unda icodes, rom arc myvaris patrons gamovekidebiT Zalian imitom, rom

sonRuli mamulTa Sepyrobad frTebsa ar gaSlis zomiTa.

623

««««evropis saomari mzadebaevropis saomari mzadebaevropis saomari mzadebaevropis saomari mzadeba»»»»

tfilisi, 10 dekemberi

evropis Jurnal-gazeTobas tyvia-wamlis suni

moedinaT, iqiT miixedven, mzadebaa, aqed moixedven, mzadebaa da am samzadisebis mayurebelni zogni enaWartalobiT, zogni kacobriobis siyvaruliT amboben, rom dRevandeli dRe metad gansacdeliani da gaWirebuli dReao da yovelive RmerTma gvaSoroso.

evropis saxelmwifoTa gamgebelni sul sxva TvaliT uyureben am Jurnal-gazeTobis mier atexils miTqma-moTqmas da imaTs laparaks “turis Cxavilad” sTvlian. germaniis momxreni iZaxian: guls razed ixeTqen es Jurnal-gazeTebi, sad ra ariso? raki T. bismarkma samTa kavSiri moaxerxa, italia, avstria SemoierTa, aq raRa SiSi unda iyoso? es samTa kavSiri Tavmdebia mSvidobianobis daurRvevelobisao; T. bismarks egre swams da rac T. bismarksa swams, xom iciT, dRes is iqnebao.

londonSi salusberi iZaxis, rom razed gaafuWes mcireodeni Crdili, romelic sapoliti-ko caze moefinao; fafisagan SeSinebuli dos uberavdao, swored ase mosdis Jurnal-gazeTobasao; safrTxali sad aris, rom egre frTxebiano. iqav igiv salusberi umatebs:

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marTalia, imazed ki Tvals ver davxuWavTo, rom zogierTi ram dRevandel dRes safaTerako da saxifaTo dReda hxdiso da yvelafers yuri unda avucqvitoT da ise vadevnoT Tvalio. moxerxebuli saxelmwifo kaci, es politikaSi gawrTvnili salusberi erTsa da imave dros erTsa da imave saganze TiTqo hosac ambobs da arasac. politikoss da diplomats sxva gziT laparaki ar SeuZlian imitom, rom iseTi orpiri ara aris ra exla qveyanazed, rogorc politika da diplomatia.

venaSi grafi kalnoki miTam yursac ar ibertyavs, arafers imCnevs, TiTqo marTla ZaRli hyefdes da qaravani ki Tavis gzazed midiodes. grafi kalnoki morigebis kaciao, iZaxian gazeTebi da minam avstriis imperators am kaczed guli ar auyria, im dromde nurvin ifiqrebs, rom imperatori avstriisa sagansancdelo politikas ahyveso. ai, sul sxva iqneba, Tu grafi kalnoki daTxovnil iqmna da grafi andraSi mrCevelad moiwvia imperatormao. es sul sxva kacia da maSin iqneba gatyveres rameo. gana ara, amas winad xma gavarda, rom kalnoki rogorRac fexzed magra veRara sdgaso da andraSis lamis kari gauRono. am bolos xanebSi es xmac miswyda da exlac iZaxian, rom grafma kalnokim fexi isev moimagra da imperatoro avstriisa kidev amis politikas hrCeobso.

italia ki iZaxis, me mxari miveci T. bismarks imisaTvis ki ara, rom Tu vinicobaa visme miesia da Tavs daesxa, xeli Sevuwyovo, aramed imisaTvis, rom Tu vinicobaa an avstrias, an germanias Tavs daecema vinme, maSin miveSveloo; maSasadame, me mSvidobianobisaTvis Caverevi am saqmeSi da ara Cxubis asatexadao, imitom, rom T. bismarki dRes im dReSia, rom marto veravis vera Sehbedavs ra

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uCemod da uavstriod da verc veravin T. bismarks gaubedavs, radganac am SemTxvevaSi meca da avstriasac angariSi unda gagviwioso.

dRes inglisi am samTa kavSirs, cota ar iyos, ganzed udgeba. T. bismarki Zalian hcdilobs inglisis gadmobirebas, magram frTxili inglisi amas uTvlis T. bismarksa: guliTa da suliT TqvenTana var, magram, ukacraod, pirobas ki veras mogcemo. me imisTana xasiaTisa varo, rom droTa mimavlobas vuyureb da marto JamTa viTarebas vemorCilebio. ar viciT, xval ra oqneba da am saxvaliod minda Tavisufali viyo da ara pirobiT xelSekrulia.

amboben, T. bismarki madridSiac raRacas hCxir-kedelaobs da ispaniasac iwvevs Turme meSvelad da momxred. erTi germanuli gazeTi amazed iZaxis: ”kargi kavSiri marto orTa Suaa SesaZlebeli, raki mesamec Camoereva, samarjvo aRar aris da Tu meoTxec gaeba, maSin xom sul SeuZlebeliao”.

rad unda, marTla, T. bismarks amdeni meSveli? TviTon amis pasuxad iZaxis, rom raki erTi mxare metismetad Zlieri iqneba, maSin meore mxare mtrobas veRar gahbedavs da maSasadame, mSvido-bianoba ar dairRvevao. meti ra gzaa, unda davuje-roT T. bismarksa. xolo Tu ukanasknelis depeSis sityva gamarTlda, rom lordi CerCili peter-burgSi midiso, ara gvgonia, T. bismarks es ambavi Zalian eWaSnikos.

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««««evropis politikur asparezze evropis politikur asparezze evropis politikur asparezze evropis politikur asparezze

myudroebam daisadguramyudroebam daisadguramyudroebam daisadguramyudroebam daisadgura»»»»

tfilisi, 16 dekemberi

mkiTxveli, rasakvirvelia, yuradRebas miaqcevda

im depeSebsa da ambebsa, romelsac gazeTebi hbeWdavdnen amas winad erTis mxriv ruseTisa da meores mxriv avstriisa, germaniisa da sxva saxelmwifoTa Sesaxeb. am ambebma Zlier daafiqra mTeli evropa, radganac isini miaCndaT mosalodnelis sapolitiko cvlilebaTa winamor-bedad. sul imas iwerebodnen, rom esa da es saxelmwifo saomrad emzadebao, amasa da amas amdeni da amdeni Zal-Rone aqvso da yvelas erTi Zneli sakiTxavi udga Tvalwin: riTi dasruldeba amdeni politikuri SfoTi da usiamovneba saxelm-wifoTa Sorisao, magram suraTi ucbad Seicvala da politikaSi myudroeba Camovarda.

saxelmwifoni cotaTi daSoSmondnen, ase rom bevrs imedi aqvs, rom mSvidobianoba erTa da saxelmwifoTa sakeTildReod darRveuli ar iqneba, magram imas ki aravin ambobs, rodemdis gastans es myudroeba, ramdenad damkvidrda saxelmwifoTa Soris Tanxmoeba da mSvidobianoba. amis Sesaxeb gadaWrils pasuxs aravin iZleva, radganac gamoc-

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dilebiT ician, rom politika erTob daudgromeli da cvalebadia.

aseTis uecaris sapolitiko cvlilebis gamo erTi sakiTxavi ibadeba: ra iyo imis mizezi, rom saxelmwifoTa megobruli ganwyobileba kinaRam SetakebiTa da sisxlisRvriT ar gaTavda; ra iyo imis mizezi, rom ucbad Camovarda mSvidoba da yvelas imedi mieca, rom jerjerobiT araviTari usiamovneba ar aris mosalodnelio.

amis Taobaze gazeTebs didi sja da laparaki aqvT da gamorkveviT ki vera gamourkveviaT ra, xolo aravin eWvobs, rom mizezi am aliaqoTisa istoriulia da amitomac arc Tavidgan asacilebelia. rac Seexeba mizezebs uecaris cvlilebisa da myudroebis Camovardnisas, zogi imas ambobs, rom is didi aliaqoTi bismarkma atexa, radganac ganzraxva hqonda esargeblna sa-xelmwifoebis aramegobrulis ganwyobilebiT imisaTvis, rom TviT germaniaSi moexerxebina axa-lis samxedro reformebis SemoReba. bismarks undoda TviT germania daefrTxo, raTa aiZulos da kidev ufro ganaZlieros Tavisi mxedrobao. zogni imasac umateben, rom es erTaderTi mizezi ar aris: marTalia, bismarkma kargad isargebla am SemTxveviT, magram mainc imisi ganzraxva erTaderTi mizezi ara yofila politikis gaZnelebisao.

meore azri is aris, viTom saxelmwifoTa ganwyobileba Sescvala inglisma, romelmac ganiz-raxa daswios sapolitiko saswori meore mxrisa-ken; amis sabuTad imas asaxeleben, rom lordi CerCili peterburgs movida, viTomda sapolitiko saqmeebzed mosalaparakebladao.

dasasrul, neba gvaqvs vikiTxoT, ramdens xans gastans exlandeli myudroeba evropis sakeTil-dReod?

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««««amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier

dagrovili Warbi simdidredagrovili Warbi simdidredagrovili Warbi simdidredagrovili Warbi simdidre»»»»

tfilisi, 17 dekemberi

im saxelmwifoebsac ki, romelnic Zlier da

SemZle saxelmwifoebad iTvlebian, mudmiv Tavs adgia ekonomiuri gaWireba. iSviaTia iseTi saxelmwifo, romelsac vali ara hqondes da romlis Semosavali aRematebodes gasavals. amis sabuTi TviT evropaa, sadac Zlierni saxelmwifoni ekonomiuris xelmokleobis gamo ver gasZRolian TavianTs saWiroebas, radganac Sinauri momqmedi, mwarmoebeli Roneni imdenad frTaSesxmulni ar arian, rom saxelmwifom maTis SemweobiT daik-mayofilos Tavisi saWiroeba. zogi qveyana mdidaric aris, magram eg simdidre xeirianad ver gamouyenebia; zogs ki imdeni rTuli saWiroeba aqvs, rom imisi Zal-Rone verasgziT vera swvdeba am saWiroebas. amitomac Zalian gvikvirs, roca SevityobT xolme, rom ama da am saxelmwifoSi Semosavali gasavalze metia da saxelmwifom ar icis, rogor gamoiyenos meti simdidreo. iqneba ifiqron, rom mets simdidres rad unda uCiodes vinmeo, magram saqmec is aris, rom meti da gamouyenebeli simdidre iseve mavnebelia, rogorc gardametebuli simsuqne da sisxlis siWarbe.

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amgvari sisxlmoWarbebuli saxelmwifo amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia. am saxelmwifom ar icis, ra uyos fuls, romelic saxelmwifo xazinaSi mogrovilia. 1885-s wels Semosavali aRemateboda gasavals oTxmocdaaT million frankiT; 1886-s wels ivnisis TTveSi – oras ormocdaxuT milion frankiT; 1887-s wlis ivnisSi _ oras samocdaTxuTmetis millioniT; gamoangariSebulia, rom momavals wels Semosavali gasavalze meti iqneba oTxas ormocdaaT millionis frankiT. ai, amdeni fuli grovdeba xazinaSi da ar ician, rarigad moixmaron; fuli ara swarmoebs da amitomac xalxsa da saxelmwifos sargebloba ki ara, aramed didi zarali eZleva, da xalxi TandaTan Raribdeba. amitomac marTebloba da sazogadoeba mowadinebulia saxelmwifo fuli awarmovos da amiT rogorme bolo mouRos am samwuxaro garemoebas; respublikelis dasis warmomadgenels blens da prezidents klivelands Tav-TavianTi programa SeudgeniaT am garemoebis mosaspoblad. blenis azriT, saWiroa mospon baJi Tambaqoze da im gardametebulis fuliT gaamagron atlantis okeanes napirebi. aqcizis gauqmeba SesaZloa, meti ar iqneba, radganac imis saSualebiT mcxovreblebs SeRavaTi unda mieces, magram atlantis okeanes napirebis gamagreba ki sruliad saWiro ar aris, radganac amerikac arsaidgan araviTari SiSi ar moelis, amis gamo blenis azri maincdamainc ar moswonebiaT amerikaSi. ufro SesaniSnavia klivelandis programa. klivelandis azriT, saWiroa proteq-cionulis sistemis gauqmeba, radganac amerika imdenad Zlieria vaWrobiT, warmoebiT, mrew-velobiT da mkvidrTa mxneobiT, rom mfarvelobas ar saWiroebs; dRes proteqcionuli sistema sru-liad metia da tvirTad awevs Raribsa da saSualo

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SeZlebis xalxs. satamoJno baJi SeerTebuls Statebs aZlevs weliwadSi cxraasi aTas millions franks da es fuli sruliad metia xazinisaTvis. xazina didis SromiTa da mecadineobiT agrovebs amdens fuls da moxmareba ki imisi saxelmwifosa da eris sasargeblod ver mouxerxebia.

am proeqtma Zalian Seafucxuna amerikeli kapitalistebi, romelTaTvisac metad sasargebloa proteqcionuli sistema; imaT ar undaT dauTmon TavianTi interesebi mkvidrTa umravlesobas. es ukanaskneli garemoeba didad daabrkolebs klive-landis programis ganxorcielebas, radganac kapi-talistebis dasi amerikaSi metad Zlieri da gavleniania.

631

««««baTumis havis avkargianobis SesaxebbaTumis havis avkargianobis SesaxebbaTumis havis avkargianobis SesaxebbaTumis havis avkargianobis Sesaxeb»»»»

tfilisi, 18 dekemberi

kavkasiis samkurnalo sazogadoebis ukanasknels

krebaze, mkurnalma n. xudadovma waikiTxa vrceli moxseneba imazed, Tu ramdenad margebelia baTumis hava sxvadasxva avadmyofTaTvis, romlebic xSirad mieSurebian baTumisaken janmrTelobis aRsadgenad. b-ma xudadovma yuradReba miaqcia im garemoebas, rom kavkasiis hava naklebad Seswavlulia, ase rom mkurnalebs saSualeba da sabuTi ar aqvT, am an im adgils wasvla urCion avadmyofebs, ris gamoiso-biT iZulebulni arian ixelmZRvanelon piradis SexedulobiT da zedmoqmedebiT. es garemoeba, ra-sakvirvelia, cudad moqmedebs TviT avadmyofebze, romlebic xSirad gankurnebis magier naCvenebs adgilSi saukuno gansvenebas hpoveben.

im cnobebiTgan, romelic b-is xudadovs Seukrebia, sCans, rom baTumi iseTi adgili ar aris, romelic rgebdes avadmyofs. amis mizezi, sxvaTa Soris, is aris, rom baTumis hava metad daudgromelia, baTumSi da imis maxloblad sxvadasxva qarebi hqris da metad nami icis. amgvar bunebiTis pirobaTa garda isic unda SevniSnoT, rom baTumi, Tumca am aTiode wlis ganmavlobaSi gamdidrda da gafarTovda, magram imis sanitaruls

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mdgomareobas TiTqmis araviTari momjobineba ar damCnevia. zogierTs adgilas baTumSi dagubebulia mTeli zRva uwmindurebisa, romlis suni hSxamavs mTels qalaqs. es imis braliao, rom arc TviT mcxovrebni da arc qalaqi araviTars yuradRebas ar aTxoveben qalaqis mdgomareobas da nebas aZleven mcxovreblebs yovelive uwminduroba cxvirwin waiyaron. agreTve, didad mavnebelia qalaqisaTvis is garemoebac, rom qalaqis maxloblad tbebi damdgara rkinis gzisa da gzadkecilis gayvanis Semdeg. saqme is aris, rom inJenerebs araviTari yuradReba ar uTxovebiaT qalaqisaTvis da roca gzebi gahyavdaT, araviTari Rone ar uxmariaT, raTa sinotie ar dagubebuliyo. garda amisa, momxsenebelis sityviT, baTumSi arc rigiani saxlebia da arc rigiani wyali, romelsac afuWebs qalaqs gared dagubebuli tba.

erTi sityviT, rogorc yvela cnobebiTgana sCans, baTumi verafriT argebs avadmyofebs; xudadovis azriT, saWiroa samkurnalo sazoga-doebam ixmaros yovelive RonisZieba da STaagonos, visac jer ars, ramdenad aucileblad saWiroa baTumi ganswmindon da gaasufTavon mkvidrTa sakeTildReod.

is sagani, romelsac b-ni xudadovi Seexo, diaRac RirsSesaniSnavia mTelis qveynisaTvis. marTladac jerjerobiT arc sakmod gamoukvleviaT sxvadasxva adgilebis janmrTeloba da arc Sesaferi da sakmarisi Sroma da mecadineoba uxma-riaT Cvenis qalaqebis gasasufTaveblad. aramcTu baTumi, romelic es aTiode weliwadia, rac Semog-vierTes, aramed sxva qalaqebic tfilisidgan moyolebuli, yvelani usufTaobiTa da uwmindure-biT savseni arian.

Cvens tfilisSiac, sadac sanitaruli komisia moqmedebs, SexvdebiT namdvil budes uwmin-

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durebisas; saxlebi, romelTa patronebi dRiTi-dRe mdidrdebian, imdenad uwmindurni da mouxer-xebelni arian, rom mkvidrTa umetesoba metad gaWirebuls mdgomareobaSia. rac Seexeba wyals, yvelas mogexsenebaT, ramdenad sadavidarabo gaxda wylis saqme. dRemdis ar viciT, romeli wyali vixmaroT, mtkvrisa Tu avWalisa, mcodne kacTa azrebi imdenad sxvadasxvaoben, rom im azrTa mixedviT, erTica da meorec namdvili sawamlavia. sxva qalaqebic ar arian maincadamainc sanatrels mdgomareobaSi, ase rom Cveni janmrTeloba mudmivs gansacdelSia.

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««««gazeTi “kavkazi” da qarTveli gazeTi “kavkazi” da qarTveli gazeTi “kavkazi” da qarTveli gazeTi “kavkazi” da qarTveli

xalxixalxixalxixalxi»»»»

tfilisi, 18 dekemberi

vis ar wagikiTxavT Cveni aqauri rusuli

gazeTi “Кавказ”-i, girCevT waikiTxoT. sul ki ara, RmerTma dagifaroT amisTana satanjavisagan. Cven girCevT waikiTxoT marto # 332, isic mTeli nomeri ara, esec sakmao satanjavia, marto meore gverdis meeqvsedis naxevari. es ki swored sasa-ciloa. Wkvadamjdari, darbaiseli “Кавказ”-i, Tumca yovelTvis sasaciloa, magram Znelad gaicinebs xolme da Tu gaicina, ise gaicinebs, rom marTla sicilia.

mas aqed, rac am bebers gazeTSi erTis juris publicistma daibuda da bina gaikeTa, axirebuli masxaraoba daiwyo gazeTma. es masxaraoba mTelma ruseTma SehniSna da marto amas hkvirobda, rom TviTon “Кавказ”-i Tavis masxaraobas warbSekruls Wkvianobas eZaxda. Tqven ra iciTo, SeuTvala “Кавказ”-ma imis mier gaocebuls mwerlobasa, Tqven ra iciT xurma ra xiliao. aigdes sasacilod “Кавказ”-i, magram “Кавказ”-ma yuric ar SeibRerta: geniosebs sikvdilis Semdeg icnoben xolmeo, moicadeT jer davixocneTo!

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RmerTma nu hqmnas, Sors Tqvengan avi Tvali, icocxleT mravalJamier sadideblad... neta vis sadideblad? Cven ar viciT da mainc RmerTsa vTxovT, icocxleT mravalJamier. ras brZanebT? rom eseni aRar iyvnen, vinRa gvetyoda imas, rac “Кавказ”-ma 332 nomerSi sTqva!

ai saqme raSia: b-nma zelinskim Turme erTi saSineli Wori moaWora: qarTveli qarTveli ariso, aba “Кавказ”-is mecnieri publicisti ras daanebebda Tavs amisTana Worsa... aman arc aciva, arc acxela da ase ukiJina wyevla-krulviT meWoresa:

Автор... делает, как мы сказали выше, обобщения преждевременные и неимеющие достаточных оснований.

Так, например, он устанавливает рубрику Картвелский

или Иверийский народ, отождестляется им с грузинами (daxe, ra Wori mougonia b-ns zelinskis!) и далее

причисляет к последним имеретин (es ra mosvlia zelinskis, _ gana, Кавказ-o!) мингрелцев, хевсур,

сванет da sxvani da sxvani. ras ityviT amazed? marTlada b-ns zelinskis

es ra Wori mougonia, rom qarTveli qarTveliao. mere rogor? es wignSiac daubeWdia, wignSi: Wori xom Woria, magram exla daakvirdiT, ra sibrZnea, ra loRikaa, ra Wkuadamjdari mecnierebaa “Кавказ”-is publicistisagan...

“Совершенно так же преждевременно причислятъ,

напр. сванет и мингрелъцев, равно и многие другие племена (magaliTebr: kaxeli, qarTleli, qiziyeli, xevsuri, fSaveli, guruli, imereli gana?)

к грузинам. Если между ними и последними и являются может бытъ некоторые сходные обычай , слова, то этого недостаточно ещё для такого заключения. Напротив, ети племена, равно и многие другие (kidev kaxeli, xevsuri, qarTleli, imereli, guruli, qiziyeli

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da sxvani gana? baSusta!) представляют таким резким

отличия типа и языка и даже обичаев и националъного костюма, что их нивкоим образом нелъзя причислятъ к грузинам”.

rogor mogwonT es “kostiumebis” Teoria? Tu “kostiumebis” Teorias gavyvebiT, ara gvgonia TviTon “Кавказ”-is bednieri publicisti gamodges im Teslisa, ra Teslsac TviTon ekuTvnis.

ara, b-no publicisto! am jaglag TeoriiT Sors ver waxvalT da Tu maincdamainc daiJinebT iqamde mixvalT, rom tulis guberniis glexkacsac CamoarTmevT rusobas, imitom rom tulis guber-niaSi sxvanair qudebs atareben da moskovisaSi sxvanairs. eg axali gazandris adli agiRiaT xelSi da RmerTma mSvidobaSi mogaxmaroT; Cven ki magiT veras gagazominebT.

“Кавказ”-i hkilavs b-ns zelinskis, rom jer adrea imisi Tqma, viTomc qarTveli qarTveli iyoso da Cven ki “Кавказ”-is mecniers publicists vetyviT: b-no, gvianRaa imisi Tqma, rom qarTveli qarTveli ar ariso.

davaneboT Tavi am sasacilo ambavs. gana amisTanaebs ganmartebaRa unda da amazed metad kvalSi Cadgoma! rac unda zizil-pipilebiT moirTos, roSva mainc roSvaa.

isa sjobia, zurgi SevaqcioT am gankerZoebul ambavsa da sazogado Wiri exlandelis droebisa avRniSnoT.

vis ar gaugonia erTi sasacilo zRapari Wala-Si momkvdari Citisa, romelic arc dids qvabSi eteoda da pataraSiac laRe iyo. swored am Citis ambavi daemarTa adamianis Wkuasa da loRikasa Cvens droSi: aRarc did TavSi eteva da pataraSiac layea Tu laRea. raebs aRar hbodven? raebs aRar layboben?

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ra daemarTa adamians? ar viciT. uWkoni, uloRikoni, sulelni gana winad ki ar yofilan, magram sulels Tavis dReSi suleli hrqmevia da yuri aravis uTxoebia. exla ki sulelobas TiTqo kai bazari aqvs, TiTqo kai fasad gadis da visac es ganZi blomad hqonia, sapalneebiT zedized ezideba gasasaReblad, TiTqo dros exarbeba, mazanda ar wahxdes, fasi ar dahvardes da ar daviRupovo.

suleloba xom sulels eqneba da sakvirveli es aris, sulels imodena goniereba vin misca, rom ase eSureba Tavisis ganZis gasaRebas. raki eSureba, sCans icis, rom sulelobis bazars didi xani ara aqvs da raki es icis, sCans suleli mTlad suleli ara yofila. maS ra xaTabala amoqmedebs amisTana kacs? Tu mTlad suleli ar aris, mTlad rada hsulelobs? aq marto erTi pasuxia: an sxvisi suleloba aqezebs, an sxvis gasulelebasa hlamis da amiT muStris Sovnasa. rac gindaT sTqviT da arc es aris mTliani suleloba. aqac angariSia da angariSi Seucdomeli, amisTana gambedaoba dRes Tanxaa da Tanxis triali unda, rom sargebeli aiRos, ibRartos, imatos. kai xelobaa da nu ggoniaT ki, rom subuqi xeloba iyos.

aq kacma sinidisic unda daiviwyos, namusic unda CvarSi gamohkras, patiosanebaca hgmos, erTi sityviT, yovels RvTaeburs niWs adamianisas unda gadudges da am xelobas ise mohkidos xeli. xumroba nu ggoniaT ase samarcxvinod Tavis gawirva, ase gabiabrueba, gaupatiureba sakuTaris Tavisa, sakuTaris kacobisa. amasac Rone unda, marTalia Rone sazizRari, Tavlafdasxmuli, SemaZrwmunebuli, magram mainc Rone. vai, rom amisTana Ronesac fasi aqvs da muStaric hyavs!

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««««xalxisxalxisxalxisxalxis CveulebaTaCveulebaTaCveulebaTaCveulebaTa SeswavlisSeswavlisSeswavlisSeswavlis

SesaxebSesaxebSesaxebSesaxeb»»»»

tfilisi, 22 dekemberi

am bolo dros Cvens ganaTlebul

sazogadoebaSi gaCnda erTi sayuradRebo movlena, romelsac didi gavlena unda hqodes xalxis gonebisa da cnobierebis ganviTarebazed, erovnul warmatebazed. es movlena saxalxo leqsebis Sekreba da beWdvaa Cvens Jurnal-gazeTobaSi. samwuxarod, rogorc TiTqmis yovelTvis da yvelaferSi, saxalxo sityvierebis nawarmoebis Sekrebis Sesaxebac calkerZi gataceba etyoba Cvens sazogadoebas. aqaoda saxalxo poezias didi mniSvneloba aqvso Cvenis mwerlobisaTvis da mdabio xalxis estetiuris gemovnebisa da azrovnobis gasacnobadao, xeli movkideT marto am poeziis Sekrebas da sxva sagnebi ki xalxis nawarmoebisa sruliad daviwyebuli gvaqvs. mdabio xalxis gonebiTi Tu sxvagvari saunje marto imis leqsebSi an poeziaSi rodi gamoixateba, ara, es saunje uxvad daTesili da darCenilia iseT nawarmoebebSi, romlebic srulebiT ar ekuTvnian poeziis sferas. amgvaria magaliTebr, xalxis Cveulebani, romelnic Seexebian ekonomiurs da iuridiuls cxovrebas.

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yvelas, visac ki ucxovria mdabio xalxSi, ecodineba, rom xalxs Tavisi sakuTari ekonomiuri wes-wyobileba da iuridiuli Cveulebani aqvs, romliTac xelmZRvanelobs, roca saWiroeba amas moiTxovs. mamulis gayidva da dagiraveba, saqonlis gabareba mosaSeneblad, erTurT Soris aReb-micemoba, sxvadasxva mcire danaSaulis gasamar-Tleba da aTasi amgvari movlena, sul xalxis Cveulebis ZaliT swarmoebs, xalxis adaTzea dafuZnebuli da am adaTs emorCileba. jer exlac, xalxma dawerilis kanonisa ara icis ra da sasoflo sasamarTloSi rom mixvideT, SeityobT, rom soflis msajulebi adaTiTa da CveulebiT xelmZRvaneloben saqmis gadawyvetis dros. marTalic aris. mdabio xalxis ekonomikuri da iuridiuli cxovreba jerjerobiT ise viwrod da mkvidrad Semofargluli wrea, romelsac magre male da advilad dawerili kanoni ver daarRvevs da ver Seuva. friad sasargeblo unda iyos yvela Segnebuli qarTvelisaTvis icodes, ragvar da rogor Cveulebebs misdevs mdabio xalxi Tavis ekonomiur da iuridiul urTierTobis Sesaxeb.es sfera cxovrebisa mTels suraTs uSlis Cvens mowinave sazogadoebas da cxovrebis suraTi kidev dagvanaxvebs xalxis avsa da kargs, imis Sexedulobas samarTalzed, erTurTs damoki-debulebazed da sxva.

sadac mdabio xalxis cxovrebis Seswavla namdvil gzazed aris dayenebuli, sadac Segnebuli aqvT, Tu ra saunjea darCenili sxvadasxva CveulebebSi, iq mdabio xalxis yovelgvar Cveule-bas, cxovrebis yovelgvar sagans jerovans yurad-Rebas aqceven da gamoukvlevelad arafers ar sto-veben. swored amgvar Seswavlas da gamokvlevas moaqvs sasargeblo da keTili nayofi, mxolod amnairis SeswavliT da gamokvleviT SeiZleba

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yovelmxriv SevignoT xalxis warsuli da awmyo, imisi avi da kargi imisi wadili, saWiroeba, sadac ase ar aris, iq yovelTvis SesaZloa SevcdeT da ver SevityoT, ra surs xalxs da ras aqcevs zurgs igi.

rogorc zemod vuCveneT, Cvenma inteligenciam xeli mohkida martodmarto saxalxo poeziis Sekrebas. es sakmao ar aris. araTu sakmao, iqneba bevrjel mavnebelic iyos da xalxis cxovrebis Sesaxeb SecdomaSi Segviyvanos am poeziam. risTvis, rogor? _ gvkiTxavs gancvifrebuli mkiTxveli. ai, visTvis da rogor: poezia, da metadre saxalxo poezia, Tqvenc mogexsenebaT, ufro fantaziis nayofia da fantazia kidev magrerigad ar ewyoba da ar emorCileba zneobiT kanonis moTxovnilebas. xSirad mdabio xalxi gatacebuli fantaziis aRmafreniT, damReris da dahxaris iseTs sagans da movlenas, romelic Zireulad ewinaaRmdegeba cxovrebis sikeTesa da crumorwmuneobazed aris aSenebuli. rasakvirvelia, marto poeziis mixedviT daskvna da msjeloba xalxis cxovrebis saWiroebazed da imis moTxovnilebazed Secdoma iqneba da am Secdomas sazaralo Sedegi unda mohyves. Tu am SemTxvevaSi Secdomis Tavidam acileba gvsurs, poetur Sexedulobis garda xalxis sxva Sexedulobas da msjelobasac yuri unda vaTxovoT da es SeiZlaba mxolod maSin, roca xalxis yvelagvari nawarmoebi Seswavlili gveqneba. Cveni dedaazri es aris: xalxis cxovreba yovelmxriv da harmoniulad unda SeviswavloT; imisi yovelgvari gonebiTi nawarmoebi unda SevkriboT. Cven amJamad davasaxeleT nawarmoebi oris sferidgan _ ekonomiuris da iuridiulis cxovrebidgan. es imitom, rom erTisa da meorisac Sekreba da Seswavla yvelasaTvis saadvilo saqmea da ufro bejiTobas da dakvirvebas Txoulobs,

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vidre specialurs codnasa da momzadebas. vinc cota odnad naswavlia da xalxSi trialebs, cxovrebs, Tval-yurs adevnebs imis ekonomiurs da iuridiuls Cveulebebs, is advilad SeniSnavs am Cveulebebs da imaTi qaRaldzed gadmoReba xom ufro advili saqmea.

erTis romelisame sagnis amoCemeba, imisi ”modad” daweseba da sxva sagnebis daviwyeba kargi aradros ara yofila da arc CvenTvis iqneba. saxalxo poezia kargia, magram roca marto imisi Sekreba izidavs mTelis inteligenciis yuradRebas, roca es Sekreba “modad” xdeba, maSin saWiroa, rom sxva sagnebisakenac miixedos ganaTlebulma sazogadoebam.

saWiroa, Cvenma naswavlma sazogadoebam erTad Tavi moiyaros, moilaparakos, aswon-daswonos yoveliferi am sagnis Sesaxeb da programa Seadginos xalxis zne-CveulebaTa Sekrebisa da SeswavlisaTvis, Tu yvelgan amas misdeven, gana CvenTvis ki dro ar aris?

642

««««qristeSobisqristeSobisqristeSobisqristeSobis molocvamolocvamolocvamolocva»»»»

tfilisi, 24 dekemberi

mogilocavT wminda dRes qristes Sobisas.

mogilocavT imas ki ara, rom es didebuli dRe SegiZlianT gaataroT uqmad, mogilocavT imitom ki ara, rom es dRe uqmobis dRed migvaCnia, aramed-imitom, rom am dResTan erTad moefina qveynierobas naTeli WeSmaritebisa da xorcisagan Zleuli suli aRmobrwyinda mTelis Tavis saocaris mSvenierebiTa. dRes iSva qriste RmerTi Cveni, Zed kacisad movlenili qveyanazed, rom kacs kacoba aswavlos, kacoba umoZRvros. dRes iSva RmerTi uangariSo saTnoebisa, mowyalebisa, RmerTi WeSmaritebisa da siyvarulisa.ai riT aris sasixarulo, kurTxeuli da misalocavi es dide-buli dRe, es didebuli dResaswauli ubinod So-bilisa, romelmac kacTmoyvareobasa da urTierTis siyvarulzed aaSena Tvisi didebuli moZRvreba kacTa xsnisa da macxovarobisa.

ai, dRevandelis dRis siyvarulma sad unda miawvdeninos Tvali adamiansa da ukve Casaxuli adamianis gulSi yovlad mxsneli siyvaruli moyvasisa aafrTovanos, gaaZlieros moqmedebisa da moRvaweobisaTvis. am mxriT, dRevandeli dRe aris dRe Sromisa, dRe Tavis Tavis gankiTxvisa. aq

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suli da guli adamianisaunda pasuxs aZlevdes im yovlad mowyale msajulsa, romelsac moZmeTa siyvaruli hqvian da romelic ase uangarod sti-ris mtiralTan, hxarobs molxinarTan, itanjvis tanjulTan, purs awvdis mSiersa, wyals awvdis mwyurvalsa, hmosavs titvel-SiSvelsa, oflsa swmends maSvralsa, nugeSs scems sneulsa da davrdomilsa, hpatronobs obolsa, asulmdgarebs devnulTa marTlisaTvis da aTbobs da anaTebs qveynierobasa xsnisa da cxonebisaTvis.

es dRe misalocavia da WeSmaritad sadidebeli marto imisaTvis, vinc gagebiT da codniT, guliT da suliT ityvis dRevandels dRes: “Sobaman Senman, qriste RmerTo Cveno, aRmoubrwyina sofelsa naTeli mecnierebisa, rameTu romelni varskvlavebsa hmsaxurebdnen, varskvlavebisagan is-waves Tayvaniscema Seni, mzeo simarTlisao, romeli aRmobrwyindi maRliT aRmosavleTiT, ufalo dideba Senda”.

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««««quTaisiquTaisiquTaisiquTaisi saqalaqo areCevnebis saqalaqo areCevnebis saqalaqo areCevnebis saqalaqo areCevnebis

molodinSimolodinSimolodinSimolodinSi»»»»

tfilisi, 28 dekemberi

am ukanasknelis xanebSi quTaisi metad

aRSfoTebuli da gacxovelebulia momavali saqalaqo arCevanis molodinSi. Cven ramdenime werili davbeWdeT quTaisidgan da es werilebi naTlad da cocxlad gvixatavdnen iqaurs cxov-rebas, yovelisave RirsebiTa da naklulevanebiT, werilebi gvarwmuneben, rom ramdenadac ufro axlovdeba arCevani, miT ufro mets mouTmenlobasa da mousvenrobas iCenen qalaqis mkvidrni, yvelani im dRes moelian, roca unda gadawydes arCevanis saqme. yvela imasa hfiqrobs: Seicvleba Tu ara qalaqis mmarTveloba da Tu Seicvleba, rarigad unda Seicvaloso? zogni asaxeleben axals kan-didatebs, hkicxaven Zvels gamgeTa da axals kan-didatebis Rirsebas Cxreken, magram, rogorc dRemdisa sCans, mkvidrTa umravlesoba ver mori-gebulan verc Zvelis gamgeobisa da verc axalis Taobazed.

rasakvirvelia, sazogadoebis sifxizle da sicxovele sasiamovno da sagulisxmoa, magram Tu am sifxizles da sicxoveles Ziri da dasabami ar gausinjeT, Secdoma advilad SesaZlebelia. roca

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romelime sazogadoeba sicxoveles iCens rom-lisame saerTo saqmis gamo, usaTuod is unda viqonioT mxedvelobaSi, Tu ra mizezs gamouwvevia es sicxovele.

SeuZlebelia kacs es azri TavSi ar mouvides, roca quTaisis mkvidrTa moqmedebasa da saqmeebs Caukvirdeba. marTladac, mTeli qalaqi aRSfoTe-bulia, yvelani gardametebuls sicxoveles iCenen, yvelas enaze akravs sazogado saqme, yvela imas hRaRadebs, rom qalaqis bed-iRbali sxvafriv, mkvidrTa sakeTildReod unda davatrialoTo da sxvani. rasakvirvelia, mkvidrTa keTildReobaze laparaki da RaRadeba, qalaqis saqmeTa kargad, rigianad warmoebis survili diaRac pativsacebia, magram im dromde ki, sanam am laparaks da RaRadebas fesvebs ar gausinjavT. raki quTaTu-rebis sityvisa da laparakis sarCuls daxedavT, am sityva-laparakis Tvisebaze dids eWvs aiRebT. marTladac, CaukvirdiT im werilebs, romelnic Cven davbeWdeT. rogorc am werilebidgan sCans, quTaTurebis sicxovele yalbi da fSutea, radganac imisi mizezi sazogado saqmis siyvaruli ki ara yofila, aramed iseTi ram, rasac arc erTs rigians sazogadoebaSi, roca saqme sazogado saWi-roebaze mivardeba, adgili ar unda hqondes. quTaisSi ki, rogorc Cveni moambeni mowmoben, sazogado saqme, qalaqis saWiroeba, patiosaneba da sxva amgvari lamazi sityvebi mxolod fer-umarilia imaTTvis, visac sazogado saqme kitradac ar miaCniaT. QquTaTurebi danawilebulan das-dasad da TviTveuli dasi xmamaRlad gaiZaxis, saWiroa qalaqisaTvis vizrunoTo, magram qalaqad Tavisi Tavi miaCniaT da ara mTeli krebuli mcxovrebTa. erTis sityviT, Tavi iCina TviTmoyvareobam, naTesaobam, megobrobam da zogierTma qvena grZnobama.

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Tu ar vcdebiT, sarbielze arc erTi iseTi dasi ar gamosula, romelsac mxolod qalaqis saWiroeba hqondes mxedvelobaSi, romelic sazogado saqmes uyurebdes, viTarca wminda sagans, romlis winaSe yovelive qvena grZnobani unda dadumdes. vimeorebT, yvelasaTvis sasiamovno unda iyos saqmeTa rigianad warmoeba, yvelas imis survili unda hqondes, rom yovelive sazogado saqme rigian moxeleTa xelSi Cavardes. Cven mxolod imas vambobT, rom didi, Seuwynarebeli danaSaulobaa, roca adamiani sazogado saqmes fexiTa sTelavs da moZmeTa saWiroebas araviTars yuradRebas ar aTxovebs.

zemod vTqviT, rom quTaisSi arc erTma iseTma dasma ar iCina Tavi, romelsac azrad unda hqondes mxolod patiosani sazogado samsaxurio. amiT is ki ar unda gveTqva, viTom quTaisSi ar iyvnen iseTni moRvaweni, romlebsac guls ar uklavdes iqauri garemoeba! ara, amgvarni moRvaweni iq usaTuod unda iyvnen, magram saqme is aris, rom Tavi ver gamouCeniaT, radganac patiosani adamiani zogjer ver SeebrZoleba angarebas da binZurebas, raTa TviTonve ar gaisvaros da iZulebuli ar iqmnes, mihmarTos im Rones, ra Ronesac hxmaroben isini, visTvisac kisramde talaxSi svla samuri da sasiamovnoa.

is seni, romelic Cven quTaTurTa cxovrebaSi avRniSneT, marTalia, marto imaTi seni ar aris da imaze laparaki CamovagdeT mxolod imisTvis, rom im senma am ukanasknelis dros Zlier iCina Tavi quTaisSi.

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««««sazogado saqmis msaxurTa saxelis sazogado saqmis msaxurTa saxelis sazogado saqmis msaxurTa saxelis sazogado saqmis msaxurTa saxelis

dacvisaTvisdacvisaTvisdacvisaTvisdacvisaTvis»»»»

tfilisi, 29 dekemberi

Cveni gazeTi metad hfrTxilobs, rom ara

romelime kaci ar iyos gabiabruebuli, gaupa-tiurebuli arc marTlad da arc tyuilubralod. gabiabrueba, gaupatiureba visime sakadrisi ar aris arc calke kacisagan, arc literaturisagan, rome-lic marTebulobisa da rigianobis magaliTi unda iyos da Tu an erTi aklia, an meore, Rirsi ar aris wminda saxeli literaturisa ataros. WuWyiani sityva-pasuxi, WuWyiani gulisnadebi, ro-melic zed abeWdia xolme yovels kacs, sxvis gasabiabrueblad gamolaSqrebuls, metismetad cxadi niSania TviTon molaSqres uwmindurobisa da WuWyisa.

Cven amis Taobazed araerTxel gvqonia laparaki da isic dagvimatebia, rom es Cveni azri imas ki ara hniSnavs, viTomc kaci gankiTxuli ar unda iyos, roca gasakiTxavia. xolo gankiTxvac aris da gankiTxvac. gana gankiTxva adamianisa ar SeiZleba zrdilobiani, Tavaziani, da marTebuli iyos?! dRes WeSmaritad ganaTlebuli da guliT da gonebiT ganaTlebisagan gafaqizebuli da gamwmendili kaci iTxovs, rom adamianurad, adamianis Rirsebis Zirs

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dauSveblad eqcevodnen TviT avazaksac ki, romelic ukve wamoskupebulia damnaSaveTa skamzed da msjavri mis mier Seginebulis saTnoebisa ukve Tavs dastrialebs samarTlian zRvevisaTvis.

Tu avazaks ese unda moveqceT, maS rogor unda moveqceT erTmanerTs, roca bedi da garemoeba Segvaxvedrebs xolme erTmanerTis gansakiTxad? cxadia, rogorc, magram, Cvenda samwuxarod, CvenSi marTebul, zrdilobian gankiTxvisaTvis bevrs aklia safaneli, bevrs guli da goneba amisaTvis sakmaod ganwmendili, gawurTvnili ara aqvs. amitomac iseTs Tavzed xelaRebuls lanZRva-Trevas, iseTis sixaruliT kacis avad xsenebas arsad naxavT, rogorc CvenSi. sakmaoa CvenSi kacma kacs razedme sabuTiani uari uTxra, sakmaoa erTs romelsame azrzed ar daeTanxmo, sakmaoa Seni sakuTari azri iqonio, sxvis sityvas, sxvis saqmes samarTliani wuni dasdo, sakmaoa rac imas moswons, Tqven ar moiwonoT, erT-erTi amisTana sakmaoa-meTqi, rom momduravma kacma Tavisi kalami Tu ena lafSi amoavlos da zed Tavzed dagabertyoT. samwuxaro WirTa Wiri is aris, rom amis momqmeds baraqalis qudsa vxuravT da isic gabRinZuli da gamoWimuli dadis da usircxvilod hqadulobs Tavis samarcxvino saqciels.

dReEar gadis, rom zogierTi adgilebidam ese lafSi amovlebul kalmiT dawerili korres-pondenciebi ar mogvdiodes. zogi bazarniksa hlan-ZRavs, aseTi da aseTiao da samsaxuridam unda gag-debul iqmnaso, zogi mRvdelzed, zogi blaRoCin-zed, zogi mezobelzed, zogi mterzed, zogi moyvarezed. yovelis striqonidam gamohkrTis, rom aq nawyeni, gadamterebuli, damuqrebuli guli moqmedebs da ara gamkiTxveli, guldinji, Wkuadamjdari marTali.

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am lafis wvimis qveS, ra Tqma unda, ufro imisTanani hdganan, romelTac ubeduri sve SexvedriaT da gamosulan gasarjelad sazogado moedanzed sazogado samsaxurisaTvis SeZlebisa-mebr. imisTana unugeSo, umweo, xelTaRupyrobeli kaci ar aris CvenSi, rogorc sazogado saqmis moRvawe. rogorc gadatexils Robes, didi da patara misdgomia da sTelavs. aravis stkens guls es aseTi usamarTlo qceva, aravis ezizReba, aravis eTakileba. ise gabiabruebuli, ise gaupatiurebuli aravin aris CvenSi, rogorc sveubeduri msaxuri sazogado saqmisa. aqaoda moedanzed sdgas da niSanSi advili amosaRebiao, aRarafers veridebiT, vasorslebT talaxis gundas da pantasaviT Tavze vayriT.

ucdomeli aravin aris da SesaZloa sazogado moRvawe bevrSi scdebodes, bevrSi ar emarjvos, bevrSi imedi gaumtyundes da amasTanave SesaZloa, rom guli, namusi, sinidisi wminda hqondes, sur-vili, ganzraxva, gulisnadebi patiosanad erCodes. ar gamarjveba, imedTa gamtyuneba, Secdomileba sazogado moRvawisa Cven sasixarulo ambad migvaCnia imitom rom SemTxvevas gvaZlevs lanZRvis gudas piri movxsnaT da gabiabruebis, gaupatiure-bis sawamlavSi amovlebul isriT guli gavur-RvioT da ramdenad ufro satkenia, sawyenia es ambavi moRvawisaTvis, miT ufro bevrs baraqalas veubnebiT msrolelsa.

am WuWys moveridneT. kmara aseTi samarcxvino qcevis Sewynareba. samarTlianis guliswyromiT zurgi SevaqcioT sxvis gamaupatiurebels da yovelive lanZRva-TreviT gabiabruebuli Cvens safarvelqveS miviRoT da sarCli gavuwioT. amas iTxovs janmrTeloba sazogadoebisa, amas iTxovs namusi da patiosneba yvelasi erTad da TviT-veulisa calked. gulmtkivneulad momqmedi mar-

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Tebuli ganmkiTxvelia da ara Semaginebeli da mlanZRavi. pirvels mxari mivsceT da meore ki... meorem ki ilawlawos, vidre Tvis sakuTars lafSi suli Seugubdeba da dairCoba.

651

««««TviTmoqmedebisaTvisTviTmoqmedebisaTvisTviTmoqmedebisaTvisTviTmoqmedebisaTvis»»»»

tfilisi, 30 dekemberi

exlandeli dro iseTia, rom Tu kaci TviTon

ar aris, TviTon ara hSvelis Tavis Tavs, TviTon ar irjeba Tavis sikeTisa da bednierebisaTvis da Tavis sakuTars mxneobis gared eZiebs saxsars cxovrebis avkargianobis gasaZRolad, amisTana kaci gadadebulia ufro sasikdilod, vidre sasicocxlod.

sxvis imedis mqonebeli glaxaa, mTxovara da glaxamTxovareobiT cxovreba pirveli rom saTa-kiloa, TviTon adamianis Ronis momSleli da damdunebulia, da meore _ arc SemZlebelia, rom adamiani marTla fexzed daayenos, gamoabrunos da odesme TavisiT acxovros, TavisiT gamoakeTos.

glaxa, maTxovara, ramodenadac waqezebulia sxvis gulSematkivrobisagan, imodenad TandaTan ukan midis, imodenad suli da guli uRondeba, ukvdeba da bolos is gamodis, rom mTlad gadaeC-veva Tavis Tavis patronobas da movlas. am gadaC-vevas xom uRonoba, dauZlureba sulisa da xor-cisa mosdevs da es uRonoba, dauZlureba kdomaa, xrwnaa, agebulebis daSla da darRvevaa.

Tu es iTqmis calked kaczed, Tu es safiq-rebelia da marTalia calke kacisaTvis, ufro

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safiqrebelia da marTali maSin, rodesac romelime wodeba, an mTeli sazogadoeba amisTana seniT aris dasneulebuli. amazed uaresi seni Cven ar viciT, romels wodebasac Tu sazogadoebas, es seni Casjdomia gvamsa da agebulebaSi, futuro xesaviT dRedadRe ifxvneba da pirqve dasamxobad gamzadebulia da gadadebuli: Tavosnobas muxli eWreba, TviTmoqmedebas, gamrjelobas da mxneobas, am dedaboZebs warmatebisas, Ziri ulpebaT da aq darRvevisa da waqcevis mets ras unda moeloddes adamiani? es saSineli seni uqmobisa, Tavis Tavis arpatronobisa, Tavis Tavis arSvelisa, ise arsad ar aris xelaRebiT mokidebuli, rogorc Cvens TavadaznaurobaSi. ar aris arc erTi imisTana gaWireba, romelsac cxovreba karzed mogvayenebs xolme, rom Cvenma Tavadaznaurobam maSinve Tvali ar gaaxilos, imisaTvis ki ara, rom TviTon Tavis Taosnobasa mxneobaSi moipovos Rone xsnisa, aramed imisaTvis, rom Tavis gared, xelfexgaunZrevlad, gaurjelad, samadlod xeli visme gamoawvdevinos saSvelad. Tu es samadlod gamowvdili xeli ipova, xom ra kargi, Tu arada, daikrebs xolme gulzed xelebs da wuwunebs, vai ra meSvelebao, aravin ara mSveliso.

amisTana sakuTari sulmokleoba, marto sxvis sulgrZelobazed damyarebuli, kargs aras moaswavebs, piriqiT. ramodenadac didxans gastans da dids manZils gaivlis, imodenad gaaTaxsirebs, moadunebs, moakvdens TviTarsebobis Zal-Ronesa. wuTisoflis sufra wveulebis sufra ar aris: am sufrazed yvelam Tavis sakuTari kerZi TviTon unda moitanos da daidgas, TviTon unda mohTesos, mohxnas, moimkos, mozilos da gamoacxos Tavisi arsebiTi puri. amaebis iqiT xsna ar aris da tyuilad hfiqroben, viTomc exlandel droSi sxvisiT rCena SeiZlebides.wavida is dro

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samudamod da dRes vinc TviTon aris gamrjeli da mxne, burTi da moedani cxovrebisa, keTilisa da bednierebisa imisia da marto imisi.

Sors rom ar wavideT, aviRoT magaliTad swavla-ganaTlebis saqme. swavla-ganaTleba saWiroa yvelasaTvis da am saWiroebas Tavadaz-nauroba ufro unda didis tkiviliTa hgrZnobdes, vidre sxva vinme imitom, rom amisi gemo Tavadaznaurobas yvelazed uwina aqvs gaRebuli. ras vxedavT aq? arc erTi wodeba CvenSi ise gulgrilad ar ekideba CvenSi am saqmes, rogorc Tavadaznauroba. aqaoda mTavrobas skolebi da saswavlebeli aqvs sxvaTa Soris CvenTvisacao, da imasac ki aRara hfiqroben, rom mTavroba ver gaswvdeba, Zalianac mowadinebuli rom iyos, mTels im sidide saWiroebas, rogoric qveynis swavla-ganaTlebaa. aq ueWvelad TviTon eris, sazogadoebis Taosnoba da Svelac unda. es igrZno CvenSi TiTqmis yvela calke wodebam, moqalaqeebma Tavisi skolebi gaiCines, glexobam Tavisi, samRvdeloebam Tavisi, da marto Tavadaznauroba darCa wres gared da sxvis imedzed.

marTalia, tfilisisa da quTaisis banki or saTavadaznauro skolas inaxavs, marTalia, am bankebis sawarmoebeli fuli Tavis sasaxelod Tavadaznaurobam gamoiRo, magram yvelani hgrZno-ben, rom marto am skolazed ar unda SeCerebuli-yo Cveni Tavadaznauroba imitom, rom saWiroeba dRes saxsars gadametebulia. rom marTla am naklebulobasa hgrZnoben, amisi cxadi magaliTi is aris, rom Tavadaznaurobam saskolo fulis gawer-va moiwadina, magram es samagaliTo da mSvenieri wadili marto wadiladRa darCa da aravin hfiqrobs wadili saqmed aqcios.

amboben, Raribni varTo da weli ar mogvdevs swavla-ganaTlebisaTvis gamoviRoT rameo. jer amas

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vityviT, Raribni Tu varT, swavla-ganaTlebis uqonlobis mizezia. swavla-ganaTleba TviTon aris saTave simdidrisa. maSasadame, aq arafris dazogva ar unda, rom saTavidan simdidris wyaro movadinoT. mere erTia es vikiTxoT: marTla iseTni Raribni arian, rom amazed Sesdges Cveni lari da xazi? glexebi ki mdidrebi arian, rom Tavis skolebs Tavisis sakuTaris jibiT uZRvebian? vTqvaT, aqac sityvas Semogvibruneben da gvetyvian: glexebi bevrni arian, imaTs skolebsac bevri

xarji ara aqvT da subuqad uZRvebiano. Cvens samRvdeloebazed raRas ityviT, rom marto tfilisis guberniaSi Svids saswavlebels inaxaven Tavisis sakuTaris xarjiT Tavisis sakuTaris SvilebisaTvis? nuTu Cveni Tavadaznauroba Cvens samRvdeloebazed ufro Raribi da SeuZlebelia? Tavis dReSi amas ar davijerebT da maSasadame, siRaribis xelzed daxveva sxva ara aris ra, rom mizez-mizez dos marili akliao.

Tu guli hgulobs, qada oriv xeliT iWmeva. saqme is aris, guli ar hgulobs da tyuilad Robe-yores vedebiT. saqme is aris, rom Tavadaznauroba aqac, rogorc bevrSi sxvaSiac, daCveulia sxvisiT Tavis saqmis gasworebas da gaZ-Rolas: sul mTavrobas Sescqeris, muqTad gagvizardos Svilebio.

es Zveli Cveuleba Tu odesme Tavadaznaurobas xels uwyobda, dReis iqiT veRaras gamoadgeba. Tavadaznauroba bevria Tu cota, Tavis Svilebis swavla-ganaTlebas unda Tavisi jibiT mieSvelos. uamisod xsna ar aris da es saxsari rac male iqneba, miT ufro Zlier da uebar wamlad daedeba im wamwymedels tkivils, romelsac swavla-ganaTlebis uqonlobas eZaxian.

es Zveli weliwadi imiT gavaTavoT, rom masTan erTad gamoveTxovoT am Zvels Cveulebasac da

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axals weliwads mivegebneT im tkbilis imediT, rom Tavadaznauroba Cveni Tvals aaxels da sakuTaris mxneobiT Tavis Tavis morCenas moiwadinebs da Seudgeba.

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SeniSvnebi,

komentarebi

657

««««teqstisaTvisteqstisaTvisteqstisaTvisteqstisaTvis»»»»

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa sruli akademiuri

gamocemis winamdebare tomSi moTavsebulia 1887 wels gazeT “iveriaSi” gamoqveynebuli publicis-turi werilebi. sul 118 werilia.

tomSi Sesuli masala warmoadgens gazeTis meTaur werilebs, romlebic ibeWdeboda usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad. am werilebis nawili wina gamomcemlobisagan miCneuli iyo iliaseulad da Sedioda kidec mwerlis Txzuleb-aTa tomeulebSi, magram iyo didi nawili werile-bisa, romelTa atribuciis sakiTxi dasadgeni iyo. mkvlevarebi guldasmiT muSaobdnen am mimarTebiT da mwerlis publicisturi memkvidreobis moZiebasa da misi avtorobis dadgenaSi TvalsaCino Sedegebsac miaRwies. mkvlevarebma p. ingoroyvam, T. maWavarianma, pl. kveSelavam, al. kalandaZem, S. gozaliSvilma, n. SalutaSvilma, n. tabiZem da sxv. mniSvnelovnad gaamdidres i. WavWavaZis publicis-turi memkvidreoba.

muSaoba ilia WavWavaZis publicistur nawereb-ze kidev ufro gaizarda mas Semdeg, rac dRis wesrigSi dadga mwerlis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis momzadeba. muSaobis dros axali saarqivo masalebis gamovlenam, xelnaweri krebulebisa da avtoris droindeli gamocemebis Seswavlam SesaZlebeli gaxada sabolood dadgeni-

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liyo im werilebis sakiTxi, romlebic xel-mouwerlad an fsevdonimebiT ibeWdeboda gaz. “iveriasa” da “droebaSi”. am sakiTxebis garkvevasa da dazustebaSi didi wvlili Seitana mkvlevarma levan WrelaSvilma, romelmac zemoaRniSnul sakiTxs ramdenime werili miuZRvna* da metad sayuradRebo daskvnebi gaakeTa. axlad mokvleul masalebze dayrdnobiT mkvlevarma Seadgina i. WavWavaZis gaz. “iveriasa” da “droebaSi” xel-mouwerlad dabeWdili werilebis bibliografia, ris Sedegadac ilias publicisturi werilebis moculoba sagrZnoblad gaizarda da ramdenime tomi Seadgina.

werilebis guldasmiT Seswavlam da maTze dakvirvebam dagvarwmuna am sakiTxis gadaWris sisworeSi. werilebSi naTlad Cans mwerlis didi erudicia da misia, rogorc sazogado moRvawis interesebis farTo speqtri. iliasaTvis ar arsebobs didi da patara sakiTxi. is, rac exeba mSromel xalxs, misi qveynis keTildReobas, yvelaferi xvdeba mwerlis yuradRebis areSi.

am publicisturi werilebis Sinaarsi, Tematika, stili, iliaseul sityvaTa formebi, ilias pub-licisturi werilebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli enamax-viloba da gamanadgurebeli ironia, andazebis, rusTavelisa da sxva klasikuri literaturidan aforizmebis gamoyeneba, xSirad werilis leqsiT daboloveba da sxva Taviseburebani amis saimedo da ueWvel safuZvels iZleva.

l. WrelaSvilma dokumentebiT daamtkica, agreTve, rom i. WavWavaZe uSualod monawileobda Tavisi werilebis Jurnal-gazeTobidan amoweras,

* ix. levan WrelaSvilis werilebi “ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa atribuciisa da gamocemis istoriis sakiTxebi”- Jurn. “macne, enisa da literaturis seria”, 1981 w. #2, #3.

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rac safuZvlad unda dasdeboda mwerlis pub-licisturi werilebis gamocemas (kerZod, 1887 wlis werilebi gadmouweria pelagia wulukiZes, risTvisac gasamrjelo miuRia). amitom xelnawer krebuls, romelic inaxeba akad. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutSi, gansakuT-rebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba i. WavWavaZis pub-licisturi werilebis atribuciis sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi.

xelnawer krebulSi werilebi SerCeviTaa Seta-nili. es, Cveni azriT, imiT aixsneba, rom zogma maTganma droTa ganmavlobaSi dakarga Tavisi sim-wvave, aqtualoba, zogi sakiTxi ki SemdegSi sxvagvarad gaSuqda. amitom mwerals krebulSi maTi Setana saWirod aRar miuCnevia.

winamdebare tomSi, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, 118 werili Sedis, aqedan 90 maTgani pirvelad ibeWdeba. werilis pasportSi miTiTebulia Tu vin miiCnia igi iliaseulad, sad daibeWda pirvelad, ra saTauriT, xolo rac Seexeba 90 werils, romlebic tomSi mkvlevar levan WrelaSvilis gamokvlevebis safuZvelze moxvda, TviTveul maT-ganTan amaze aRar movuTiTebT, raTa Tavidan aviciloT xSiri gameoreba.

wina gamocemebTan SedarebiT tomSi zogi ram Casworda: zogan sityva iyo Secvlili, zogan ama Tu im sagnis rusuli Sesatyvisi sityva iyo gamotovebuli, zogan mTeli winadadebebi aklda, Secdoma iyo daSvebuli vrcel narkvevSi “qarTulad Rvinis dayeneba”, sadac XXI Tavidan bolomde teqsti areulad iyo dabeWdili.es narkvevic pirvelwyaros mixedviT gasworda.

tomis ZiriTad wyarod aRebulia gazeT “iveriis” teqsti. avtoris bolo nebis gaT-valiswinebiT, aRdgenilia mwerlis marTlwera, Casworebulia mxolod punqtuacia da kompozitTa

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daweriloba (garda im kompozitebisa, romlebic dRes ar ixmareba). danarCeni sityvebi ucvlelad aris datovebuli.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, werilebi usaTauroa, garda erTi werilisa “yrmoba dimitri yifianisa”. is saTaurebi, romlebic werilebs wina gamom-cemlebisagan aqvT micemuli, tomSi ucvleladaa gadmotanili, danarCeni werilebi Cven davasaTaureT ise, rom saTaurebi didad ar daSo-reboda werilebis saerTo tons da SeZlebis-dagavarad isini werilidan gamogvetana. aqve unda avRniSnoT, rom arailiaseuli saTaurebi brWyalebSia moTavsebuli.

tomSi Setanili yvela werili uTariRoa, isini gazeT “iveriis” 1887 wlis noembris meTaur werilebad aris dabeWdili. amitom werilis bolos gamoqveynebis TariRs ar vuTiTebT, Tve da ricxvi TviTeuli werilis dasawyisSia mocemuli.

samecniero aparatSi werilebs, romelTa teq-stic amas moiTxovs, pasportisa da SeniSvnebis Semdeg erTvis istoriul-literaturuli xasiaTis komentarebi ZiriTadi gverdis miniSnebiT.

toms erTvis sarCevi, Tematuri da pirovnebaTa, periodul gamocemaTa da geografiul saxelTa anotirebuli saZieblebi. UU _ aRniSnulia akad. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutSi daculi i. WavWavaZis publicisturi werilebis xelnaweri krebuli.

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«polemikuri werilebi “cxovreba da kanonis” gamo» (gv. 9)

werili pirveli

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w. #2, 4 ianvari,

gv. 1 werili daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTau-

rod da xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseburad miiCnies da mwerlis

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitanes p. ingoroyvam da al. abaSelma 1928 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VIII tomSi. aRniSnuli werili gamocemulia “iveriis” #55 da#56 meTaur werilebis saerTo saTauriT: “polemikuri werilebi “cxovreba da kanonis” gamo”. winamdebare tomSi ki werilebi qronologiuradaa ganlagebuli ( VIII tomSi p. ingoroyva SecdomiT uTiTebs, TiTqos aRniSnuli werilebi Setanil iyos xelnawer krebulSi).

.1 “am Svidi wlis winad “iveriam”, jer roca

Jurnali iyo, gamosTqva, rom sofeli erT wodebaTa gaurCevels sazogadoebas unda warmoadgendes” _ citata ilias aRebuli aqvs “cxovreba da kanonis” mexuTe werilidan, romelic man Jurnal “iveriis” 1879 wlis ##1_2-Si dabeWda.

gv.2 winadgrZnobam ar umtyuvna “iverias” da imav “iveriis” furclebzed erTma liberalma liberalobis saxeliT gamoilaSqra am azrzed da avtors retrogradoba Seswama __ ilias mxedvelobaSi hyavs n. xudadovi da misi werili saTauriT “usafuZvlo wadili (i. W._Zis “cxovrebisa da kanonis” gamo)”, sadac werilis avtori akritikebs ilia WavWavaZis mier

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“cxovreba da kanonis” mexuTe werilSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas soflis TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb. zemoaRniSnuli werili daibeWda Jurn. “iveriis” 1881 wlis meeqvse da meSvide nomrebSi.

«pureuliT vaWrobis saqme CvenSi» (gv. 12)

x e l n a w e r i: asli U #1052, gv. 527_531. n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w. #3, 6 ianvari

gv.1; #4, 8 ianvari, gv.1 werilis zemoT gadamwerisagan gansxvavebuli

xeliT, rbili lurji fanqriT weria: “о хлебной

мировой торговле”. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseulad miiCnia da mwerlis

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam 1956 wels -_ ilias nawarmoebis sruli krebulis VII tomSi, sadac es werilebi 1887 wels dabeWdil sxva werilebTan erTad gamoqveynebulia saerTo saTauriT “pureuliT vaWrobis saqme CvenSi”.

«bambis moyvanis saqme da bazris

sakiTxi» (gv. 19)

x e l n a w e r i: asli UU #1052, gv. 532_535; 535_537.

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w. #5, 9 ianvari, gv.1; #6, 10 ianvari, gv.1.

663

xelnaweris zemoT rbili lurji fanqriT aweria: “о хлопчатобум. промышлен.”

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilebad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseulad miiCnia da mwerlis

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam 1956 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VII tomSi zemoaRniSnuli saTauriT.

niJegarodis “iarmuka”_ Нижегородская ярмарка, es

bazroba adre wminda makaris savanesTan imarTeboda. 1817 wlis 15 Tebervlidan ki, xanZris Semdeg, igi gadaitanes niJni-novgorodis axlos. es Zalze popularuli bazroba iyo, rac aixsneboda niJni-novgorodis moxerxebuli adgilmdebareobiT.

roca Crdilo amerikis Stateb Soris omi astyda_igulisxmeba 1861-1865wlebis samoqalaqo omi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi.

«iase andronikaSvili» (gv. 26)

x e l n a w e r i: asli U, #1052, gv 537_541 n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w.,#7, 11 ianvari,

gv.1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseulad miiCnies da mwerlis Txzu-

lebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitanes p. ingoroyvam da al. abaSelma 1928 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VII tomSi zemo aRniSnuli saTauriT. am

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werilTan gaerTianebuli iyo meore i. andronikaSvilis iubiles amsaxveli werili, romelic mogvianebiT daibeWda “iveriaSi”. winamdebare tomSi igi ganTavse-bulia qronologiis mixedviT.

«bismarkis sityva samxedro kanonis

Sesaxeb» (gv. 30)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #8, 13 ian-vari, gv.1.

es xelmouwereli meTauri werili avtoris-

droindeli nabeWdis Semdeg wina gamocemebSi arsad dabeWdila.

werili winamdebare gamocemaSi pirvelad ibeWdeba. igi dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

T. bismarkma iqav parlamentSive amoiRo ubidam

brZaneba imperatorisa winadve momzadebuli _ impera-torSi igulisxmeba vilhelm I poencolerni (1797-1888), prusiis mefe 1861 wlidan. vilhelm I-is dros prusias, Semdeg ki germaniis imperias, faqtobrivad bismarki marTavda.

swyurodes, wyalsa vin dahRvris kaci uSmago, cnobili!

citata motanilia “vefxistyaosnidan”.

665

«safrangeTis saerTaSoriso

mdgomareobis

ganmtkicebisaTvis zrunva» (gv. 33)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #9, 14 ian-vari, gv.1.

es xelmouwereli da usaTauro meTauri werili

avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg arcerT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare gamocemaSi. igi dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

visac axsovs, rom safrangeTi damarcxebis Semdeg... gamoZevebul iqmna evropiis aeropagidam... _ igulisxmeba safrangeT-prusiis omi 1870-1871 wlebSi, romlis Sedegad damarcxebul safrangeTs germaniam CamoarTva elzasi da loTaringiis Crd-aRm. nawili.

ar dawynardeba qveyana da misi sanaxavebi. citata motanilia “qilila da damanadan”.

«aJiotaJi bismarkis sityvis gamo» (gv.36)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #10, 16 ian-vari, gv1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. mTeli evropa hcdilobs RviZli upovos bismarkis

sityvas... _ igulisxmeba bismarkis mier parlamentSi warmoTqmuli sityva, razedac saubaria werilSi: “bismarkis sityva samxedro kanonis Sesaxeb”(gv. 2).

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“an ra gvikvirdes sawuTrosi!” “an ra uqmnia uarako!”_ es sityvebi motanilia “vefxistyaosnidan”.

«belgiis saomari mzadeba» (gv. 39)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #11, 17 ianva-ri, gv1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. igi dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. 1866 wels, roca bismarkma daupira avstrias omi...

aqa-iq xmebi ismoda, rom bismarki napoleons dahpirdao... _ igulisxmeba napoleon III, lui napoleon bonaparti (1808-1873), safrangeTis imperatori 1852-70 wlebSi, napoleon I-is ZmisSvili.

«navTis saqme kavkasiaSi» (gv. 42)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 541_549 n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #12, 18 ianva-

ri, gv. 1-2; #13, 20 ianvari, gv. 1; #14, 21 ianvari, gv.1.

xelnaweris meore gverdze rbili lurji fanqriT

aweria: “О нефтян. пром”.

667

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.

werili iliaseulad miiCnia da mwerlis Txzule-

baTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam 1956 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VII tomSi zemoaRniSnuli saTauriT. «saSemosavlo gadasaxadis SemoReba»

(gv.53)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #15, 22 ian-vari, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«safrangeTsa da germanias Soris

urTierTobis gamwvaveba» (gv. 55) n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #16, 23 ian-

vari, gv.1-2. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

es meSvidmete weliwadia mas aqed, rac safrangeTi

daamarcxa germaniam... _ igulisxmeba 1870- wlebis safrangeTsa da prusias Soris.

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«evropis wvril saxelmwifoTa saomari

mzadeba» (gv. 60) n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #17, 24 ian-

vari, gv.1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. igi dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

daniis... samxedro ministrma bansonma... mourideb-lad sTqva: Cvenis qveynis erTi nawili, erTi nawili Cvenis sisxlisa xorcis erisa prusiis uRelqveS hkvnesiso _ igulisxmeba 1864 wels prusiasTan omis Sedegad Slezvigisa da holSteinis dakargva dani-isaTvis.

«WaWisagan aryis gamoxdaze SeRavaTiani

sabaJo wesebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb» (gv. 63)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #18, 25 ian-vari, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulis winamdebare

tomSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

669

«parlamenti Tu saministro» (gv. 66) n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #19, 27 ian-

vari, gv.1-2. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «salusberis saministros gasaWiri»

(gv.73)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #20, 28 ian-vari, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«bulgareTis saqmis mSvidobianad

damTavrebis cda» (gv. 76)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #21, 29 ian-vari, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

670

«italiis mier massovas dapyrobis

mcdeloba» (gv. 78)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #22, 30 ian-vari, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«“zemski naCalnikis” SemoRebis

aucilebloba» (gv. 81)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #23, 31 ian-vari, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«abisiniis saxelmwifos raoba» (gv. 83)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #24, 1 Te-bervali, gv. 1-2.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

671

«italiisa da abisinias Soris

urTierTobis

gamwvaveba massovas gamo» (gv. 87)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #25, 4 Te-bervali, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad. usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«daZabuli politikuri viTareba

evropaSi» (gv. 91)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #26, 5 Te-bervali, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «bismarkis avtoritetis Sesusteba

germaniaSi» (gv. 93)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #27, 6 Te-bervali, gv. 1.

672

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«ermolovi da Crdilo- kavkasiis

Rvinoebi» (gv. 98)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 550_553. n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #28, 7 Te-

bervali, gv.1. xelnaweris zemoT, rbili lurji fanqriT aweria:

“О виноград. на сев. Кавказ”. werili daibeWda meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseulad miiCnia da mwerlis TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi Seitana p. ingoroyvam 1956 wels _ i. WavWavaZis nawerebis sruli krebulis VII tomSi zemoaRniSnuli saTauriT. “Cveni mevena-xeobisa da meRvineobis saWiroebani”_ am saTauris qveS gaerTianebuli iyo ramdenime werili.

«evropis politikis cvalebadoba» (gv. 102)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #31, 11 Te-bervali, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

673

am samisa Tu oTxis kviris winad evropa, jer

SeSinebuli bismarkis sityvebisagan... _ igulisxmeba bismarkis sityva warmoTqmuli parlamentSi samxedro kanonis Sesaxeb. (ix. amave tomSi werili “bismarki samxedro kanonis Sesaxeb”).

«adgilobriv Sav navTze da ucxoeTidan

Semotanil

navTze baJis dadebis sakiTxis gamo» (gv.105)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #32, 12 Te-

bervali, gv. 1; #33, 13 Tebervali, gv. 1-2. werili daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad,

usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseulad miiCnia da mwerlis

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam 1956 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VII tomSi zemoaRniSnuli saTauriT.

«Cveni sofluri meurneobis

SesaZleblobani

da biurokratizmi» (gv. 111)

xelnaweri: asli, U #1052, gv. 557-558 n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #34, 17 Te-

bervali, gv. 1.

674

werili daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.

werili iliaseulad miiCnia da mwerlis

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam 1956 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VII tomSi zemoaRniSnuli saTauriT.

«Rvino Cveni qveynis simdidris wyaro»

(gv.113)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 558-561. n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #35, 18 Te-

bervali, gv. 1. werili daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad,

usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.

werili iliaseulad miiCnia da mwerlis TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam 1956 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VII tomSi zemoaRniSnuli saTauriT “Cveni mevenaxeobisa da meRvineobis saWiroebani”, romelic ramdenime sxvadasxva dros daweril werilebs aerTianebda. es werilebi tomSi ganTavsebulia qronologiis mixedviT. zemo aRniSnuli werili dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«egvipte _ evropis saxelmwifoTa

erTmaneTSi

mourigeblobis mizezi» (gv. 117)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #36, 19 Te-bervali, gv. 1.

675

werili daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«Rvinis qarTulad dayeneba» (gv. 120)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 561-564; 564-567; 567-570; 570-572; 572-574; 574-577; 577-580; 580-582; 582-584; 584-586; 586-590; 590-593; 593-596; 596-600; 600-603; 603-606; 606-608; 608-610; 611-614; 614-616; 616-619; 619-621; 621-623; 624-626.

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #37, 20 Te-

bervali, gv. 1-2; #38, 21 Tebervali, gv. 1-2; #39, 22 Teberva-li, gv. 1. #41, 25 Tebervali, gv. 1; #44, 1 marti, gv. 1; #45, 4 marti, gv. 1; #46, 5 marti, gv. 1-2; #47, 6 marti, gv. 1-2; #49, 8 marti, gv. 1; #50, 10 marti, gv. 1; #52, 12 marti, gv. 1-2; #54, 14 marti, gv. 1; #57, 18 marti, gv. 1-2; #58, 19 marti, gv. 1-2; #59, 20 marti, gv. 1; #60, 21 marti, gv. 1-2; #62, 24 marti, gv. 1; #63, 25 marti, gv. 1-2; #65, 28 marti, gv. 1-2; #66, 29 marti, gv. 1. # 68, 1 aprili, gv. 1; #69, 2 aprili, gv. 1; #71, 14 aprili, gv. 1; #73, 16 aprili, gv. 1-2.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.

es vrceli gamokvleva iliaseulad miiCnia da

mwerlis TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam 1956 werls _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VII tomSi zemoaRniSnuli saTauriT.

676

p. ingooryvas gamocemul teqstSi zogan sityvaa gamotovebuli, zogan _ mTeli winadadebebi, zogan _ zogierTi terminis rusuli saxelwodeba. yvelaze mTavari ki is aris, rom XXI Tavidan bolomde, daaxloebiT 20-22 gverdi areulad aris dabeWdili, rac, ra Tqma unda, xels uSlis teqstis swor gagebas.

Cven aRvadgineT teqstis Tanmimdevroba, SemovitaneT gamotovebuli winadadebebi, sityvebi, rusuli terminebi. teqsti daviyvaneT zustad avtoris teqstamde.

... erTi patara wignaki, romelic SarSan daibeWda moskovSi rusulad am saxeliT: “О гвавнейших нуждах и

потребностях Кахетии” _ igulisxmeba 1886 wels moskovSi gamocemuli wignaki “О гвавнейших нуждах и

потребностях Кахетии”, romlis avtoria dimitri furcelaZe.

«bismarkis muqara» (gv. 199)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #40, 24 Tebervali, gv. 1.

werili daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad,

usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«Rirseulis dafaseba» (gv. 202)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 627-629.

677

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #42, 26 Te-bervali, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseulad miiCnies da mwerlis Txzule-

baTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam da al. abaSelma 1928 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebu-lis VII tomSi saTauriT “iase andronikaSvili”. am werilTan erTad gaerTianebuli iyo “iveriis” #7-Si gamoqveynebuli statia i. andronikaSvilze. (ix. winamdebare tomis gv. 18). werili dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«germaniis SeSfoTebis mizezi» (gv. 206)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #43, 28 Te-

bervali, gv. 1. werili daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad,

usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«mamulebis gamijvnis ukeT

mowyobisaTvis» (gv. 209)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #48, 7 mar-ti, gv. 1.

werili daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad,

usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.

678

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«safrangeTsa da germanias Soris

daZabulobis Senelebis cdebi» (gv.213)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #51, 11 mar-ti, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«avstriis orWofuli politika»

(gv.217)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #53, 13 mar-ti, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

hamsburgebis imperatorebi arasdros ar daiviwyeben, rom erT dros germaniis imperatorebi iyvnen da amav dros avstrias pirveli xma hqonda germaniaSi _ habsburgebis dinastias safuZveli Caeyara 1282 wels. maTi mravalsaukunovani gamgebloba avstriaSi 1918 wlamde gagrZelda.

679

... dRevandlamde avstrias imedi ar gadauwyvetia sadovis samagieros gadaxdisa _ avstriasa da prusias Soris 1866 wels moxda omi germaniaSi hegemoniisaTvis. 3 ivlisis gadamwyvet brZolaSi sadova-keniggrecis raionSi avstria sastikad damarcxda. «polemikuri werilebi “cxovreba da

kanonis” gamo» (gv. 221)

werili meore

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 629-632; 632-636.

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #55, 15 mar-

ti, gv. 1-2; #56, 17 marti, gv. 1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseulad miiCnies da mwerlis

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitanes p. ingo-royvam da al. abaSelma 1928 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VII tomSi zemoaRniSnuli saTauriT.

b-ma xudadovma Cvenis erTis meTauris gamo mogviZRvna werili _ igulisxmeba 1887 wlis 11 marts “iveriis” #51-Si dabewdili n. xudadovis “werili radaqciis mimarT”, sadac werilis avtori exeba amave wlis gaz. “iveriis” #2-Si gamoqveynebul ilias meTaur werils soflis TviTmmarTvelobis sakiTxze.

... igini ufro Seucdomelni hgonia, vidre maga-

liTad, redaqtori “iveriisa” _ aq ilia Tavis Tavs gulisxmobs.

680

... amisTana laxtis qneva avtoritetebis Sesamusravad cxonebul pisarevis Semdeg Semovida ruseTSi _ ilia gulisxmobs pisarevis kritikul damokidebulebas avtoritetebis mimarT, rac Tavis droze progresulad moazrovne axalgazrdobis mowonebas imsaxurebda, miT umetes, rom pisarevTan igi yovelTvis erwymoda mecnierebis dauflebisa da ganaTlebis gavrcelebis, ubralo xalxis cxovrebisa da Sromis pirobebis Semsubuqebis, pirovnebis ganTavisuflebisa da misi suverenuli uflebebis aRiarebisaken mowodebas.

«tragedia rkinigzaze» (gv. 231)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #64, 27 mar-ti, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«siwynare evropis politikur

sarbielze» (gv. 234)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #67, 31 mar-ti, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

681

«aRdgomis dResaswauli» (gv. 238)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #70, 5 aprili, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «evropis saomari mzadeba» (gv. 242)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #72, 15

aprili, gv. 1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

zarbaznis manqana krupisa ... _ udidesi samxedro metalurgiuli koncerni imperialisturi germaniisa. igi daarsda 1811 wels. ekuTvnoda krupebis ojaxs.

«zneobrivi siwmindis mniSvneloba

eris mermisisaTvis» (gv. 245)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 641-642. n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #74, 17 ap-

rili, gv.1.

682

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.

werili iliaseulad miiCnies da mwerlis

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam da al. abaSelma 1928 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VIII tomSi saTauriT “sazogadoeba da zneoba”. am saerTo saTauris qveS gaerTianebuli iyo sxvadasxva werilebi.

antoninebis saukune _ romis saimperio dinastia 96-192 wlebSi. saxeli ewoda antoninus piusis mixedviT. dmafuZnebelia imperatori nerva (96-98). maTi mmarTvelobis periodSi imperiam garkveul politikur stabilurobas miaRwia. antoninebis dinastiis dasasrulidan iwyeba romis imperiis istoriis axali periodi e. w. III s. krizisi.

«Snebeles saqme» (gv. 249)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #78, 22 ap-rili, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «gamofenis mowyobis uperspeqtivoba»

(gv.253)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #79, 23 ap-rili, gv. 1-2.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad.

683

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«kvlav Snebelesa da gauCis Sesaxeb»

(gv.258)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #80, 24 aprili gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «politikis feriscvaleba balkaneTis

naxevarkunZulze» (gv. 261)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #81, 25 ap-rili, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«avlabrelebis saqme» (gv. 265)

x e l n a w e ri: asli, U #1052, gv. 655-657; 657-659; 659-662; 662-666; 666-670; 670-674; 674-676.

684

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #82, 26 aprili, gv. 1; #83, 28 aprili, gv.1; #84, 29 aprili, gv. 1-2; #85, 30 aprili, gv. 1-2; #86, 1 maisi, gv. 1-2; #87 22 maisi, gv. 1-2; # 88, 3 maisi, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseulad miiCnia da mwerlis

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam 1957 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VIII tomSi zemoaRniSnuli saTauriT.

«kreditis roli qveynis ekonomikaSi»

(gv.292)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #89, 5 maisi, gv. 1-2.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. igi dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «Rvinis warmoebis gasaumjobesebeli

RonisZiebani» (gv. 296)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 676-678. n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #90, 6 maisi,

gv.1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad.

685

werili iliaseulad miiCnia da mwerlis

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam 1956 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VII tomSi saTauriT “Cveni mevenaxeobis da meRvineobis saWiroebani”, sadac randenime werilia gaerTianebuli. tomis “saredaqcio SeniSvnebSi” “iveriis” #90-is nacvlad SecdomiT miTiTebulia #96 da #97.

«evropis politikuri mdgomareoba» (gv.300)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #91, 8 maisi,

gv.1-2. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. ... erTma T. bismarkis brZanebis umorCilesma

gazeTma gamoacxada, rom germanias araviTari brali ara aqvs, rom avstria-vengriam berlinis kongreszed bosnia-hercogovina Caigdovo da amis brals ruseTsa sdebda. _ 1878 wels avstria-ungreTis da inglisis moTxovniT da germaniis mxardaWeriT mowveul iqna berlinis saerTaSoriso kongresi ruseT-osmaleTis 1877-1878 wlebis omis Semdgom dadebuli san-stefanos sazavo xelSekrulobis (1878 w.) pirobebis gadasasinjad. kongresis Sedegad avstria-ungreTma miiRo slavebiT dasaxlebuli bosniisa da hercogovinis okupirebis “ufleba”.

686

... san-stefanos morigeba ... _ igulisxmeba san-stefanos zavi, romelic 1878 w. daido ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris san- stefanoSi.

«germaniasa da safrangeTs Soris axali

xidis gadebis cda» (gv. 306)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #92, 9 maisi, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«bismarkis diplomatiuri svlebi» (gv.310)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #93, 12 mai-si, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«siwynare evropis politikaSi» (gv. 313)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #94, 13 mai si, gv. 1-2.

687

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «“bosniis saqmis” amotivtiveba» (gv. 318)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #95, 14

maisi, gv.1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«pureulis yidva samxedro uwyebis mier» (gv. 321)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 679-680; 680-681.

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #96, 17

maisi, gv. 1; #97, 19 maisi, gv. 1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseulad miiCnia da mwerlis

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam 1956 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VII tomSi zemoaRniSnuli saTauriT.

688

«germaniis mbrZaneblobas evropaSi

aRsasruli daudga» (gv. 326)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #98, 20 maisi, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«safrangeTis politika germaniisken

gadaixara» (gv. 330)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #99, 21 mai-si, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. Snebeles saqme _ ix. werili amave tomSi gv. 249.

«tokva evropis Tanasworobis

sasworisa» (gv. 333)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #100, 22 maisi, gv. 1-2.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad.

689

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba. igi dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. ... T. bismarkma jer egredwodebuli “samTa

imperiaTa kavSiri” moaxerxa da am SeerTebulis ZaliT mTeli evropa xelT igdo _ “samTa kavSiri” warmoadgenda germaniis, avstria-ungreTis da italiis samxedro-politikur bloks. germaniam gamoiyena italia- safrangeTis konfliqtis gamwvaveba da italia daiTanxma, xeli moewera germaniasa da avstria- ungreTTan. erTad saidumlo samokavSireo xelSekrulobaze 1882 wlis 20 maiss venaSi. xelSekruloba safrangeTisa da ruseTis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.

«inglisi indoeTis SesanarCunebeli

gzebis ZiebaSia» (gv. 338)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #101, 23 maisi, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

690

«kaliebis Semoseva siRnaRis mazraSi» (gv.342)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #102, 24

maisi, gv.1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba

sazogadoebis

wesieri agebulebis safuZvlis

qvakuTxedia» (gv. 346)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #103, 27 maisi, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. igi dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«Cveni mesaqonleobis saWiroebani» (gv.350)

xelnaweri: asli, U #1052, gv. 682-684; 697-700. nabeWdi: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #104, 28 maisi, gv.

1; #120, 16 ivnisi, gv. 1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. werilebi iliaseulad miiCnia da

691

mwerlis TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam 1956 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebuli VII tomSi zemoaRniSnuli saTauriT.

«safrangeTis orWofuli politika»

(gv.357)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #105, 29 maisi, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «xanZrisagan Senobebis dazRvevis

SemoReba» (gv. 361)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #106, 30 maisi, gv. 1; # 107, 31 maisi, gv. 1; #108, 2 ivnisi, 1-2; #109, 3 ivnisi, 1-2.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «romis papis brZola Zveli didebis

aRsadgenad» (gv. 377)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #110, 4 ivnisi, gv. 1-2.

692

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «tfilisis uRaribes mkvidrTaTvis

sakvirao skolis gamarTvis sikeTe» (gv.382)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #111, 5

ivnisi, gv. 1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «satamoJno politika evropaSi

fritrederoba da proteqcionoba» (gv.385)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 684-687; 687-690; 690-693; 693-696.

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #112, 6

ivnisi, gv. 1-2; #113, 7 ivnisi, 1-2; #115, 10 ivnisi, gv. 1; #116, 11 ivnisi, gv. 1-2.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad.

693

werili iliaseulad miiCnia da mwerlis TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam 1956 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VII tomSi zemoaRniSnuli saTauriT.

«morigebis mcdeloba inglissa da

osmaleTs

Soris egviptis Taobaze» (gv. 402)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #114, 9 ivnisi, gv. 1-2.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«inglisSi Seqmnil damxmare

sazogadoebaTa sikeTe» (gv. 407)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #117, 12 ivnisi, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

694

«dimitri sulxanis-Ze WavWavaZis

anderZi» (gv. 411)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #118, 13 ivnisi, gv.1; #119, 14 ivnisi, gv. 1-2.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «mTavar _ ministris Secvla serbiaSi»

(gv.421)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #122, 18 ivnisi, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «bismarkis zRvardaudebeli batonoba»

(gv. 424)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #123, 19 ivnisi, gv. 1-2.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

695

Cvena gvgonia, rom safrangeTi amazed xmas amoiRebs da Snebeles saqmezed aranakleb aalaparakebs safrangeTis ersa _ ix. werili amave tomSi gv. 249.

«germaniis mier arasworad gadadgmuli

nabiji» (gv. 429) n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #124, 20

ivnisi, gv.1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «mevenaxe glexTa mdgomareoba» (gv. 433)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 700-702; 702-706.

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #127, 24

ivnisi, gv.1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseulad miiCnia da mwerlis

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam 1956 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VII tomSi zemoaRniSnuli saTauriT.

696

«ra aris Tavisufleba» (gv. 442)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #129, 26 ivnisi, gv. 1-2.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«kanonis codna da misi farad

gamoyenebis aucilebloba» (gv. 446)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #130, 27 ivnisi, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «gazeT “iveriis” marcxi» (gv. 449)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 707-709. n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #134, 3

ivlisi, gv.1. xelnawer krebulSi werilis zemo kuTxeSi rbili

lurji fanqriT aweria “Илъя в роли моралиста”.

697

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.

werili iliaseulad miiCnia da mwerlis TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam 1956 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VII tomSi zemoaRniSnuli saTauriT.

yovelive es gvaTqmevina erTma SemaZrwmunebelma

ambavma, Cvenda samwuxarod, Cvens “iveriaSi” adgili hqonia _ ilia WavWavaZes mxedvelobaSi aqvs 1887 wlis maisSi, gazeT “iveriis” #22-Si s. mgalobliSvilis feletoni “rame-rume”( wvrilmani ambebi)” s. gumcaZis xelmoweriT.

feletonSi aseTi striqonebia: “axla tfilisSi rom “hoi, kvicos poezia” daibada da quCa-quCa xotbas gaiZaxian kvicebisas raWveli mestvireebi, gana CvenSi, am dalocvils gorSi, “qarTlis meTaurSi” aRar ikiTxavT, Tu ra poezia daibada? hm! fas, “hoi, kvicos poeziac” da aTasi sxvebica. goruls leqss “qal-vaJians” yvela poezia enacvalos!” rogorc gamoirkva, leqsi-paskvili “qal-vaJiani” Seexeboda mariam kereseliZisas, romelTanac TviT s. mgalobliSvili axlo, megobrul urTierTobaSi iyo. igi Zalian Sewuxda, rodesac mogvianebiT gaigo, vinc iyo paskvilis adresati.

mariam kereseliZe goris inteligenciis erT-erTi pativsacemi pirovneba iyo da, ra Tqma unda, misi Seuracxyofa bevrs sawyenad darCeboda. am ambavma ilias yuramdec miaRwia da swored aman gamoiwvia ilias risxviT aRsavse meTauri werilis dabeWdva.

SemdegSi gairkva am saqmeSi s. mgalobliSvilis udanaSauloba (am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ufro dawvrilebiT ixileT s. mgalobliSvilis “mogonebani”, tfilisi, 1938 w.).

698

«saxaso glexTa mamulebis gayidva»

(gv.452)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 709-710. n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #137, 7

ivlisi, gv.1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseulad miiCnia da mwerlis

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam 1957 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VIII tomSi zemoaRniSnuli saTauriT.

«politikuri amindis Secvla

gladstonis sasargeblod» (gv. 455)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #139, 9 ivlisi, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «swavla-ganaTleba eris warmatebis

sawindaria» (gv. 459) n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #140, 10

ivlisi, gv. 1-2. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad.

699

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «politikis sasworis ormxrivi tokva»

(gv. 463) n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #141, 11

ivlisi, gv.1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. igi dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. ... Snebeles saqme gamosacdeli niSani iyo ... _ ix.

gv. 219. «“saglexo bankis” garSemo» (gv. 469)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 711-713; 713-715; 716-718; 719-721; 721-725; 728-729; 730-732; 732-734; 734-736; 736-738; 738-741; 741-742; 743-745; 745-749.

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #142, 12

ivlisi, gv. 1; #143, 14 ivlisi, gv. 1-2; #144, 15 ivlisi, gv. 1-2; #145, 16 ivlisi, gv. 1; # 146, 17 ivlisi, gv. 1-2; #147, 18 ivlisi, gv. 1-2; # 148, 19 ivlisi, gv. 1; #149, 21 ivlisi, gv. 1; #150, 22 ivlisi, gv. 1; #155, 29 ivlisi, gv. 1-2; #156, 30 ivlisi, gv. 1; #157, 31 ivlisi, gv. 1; #158, 1 agvisto, gv. 1; #159, 2 agvisto, gv. 1. # 163, 8 agvisto, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod, da

xelmouwerlad. es vrceli werili avtorisdroindeli

700

nabeWdis Semdeg ilias TxzulebaTa arc erT gamocemaSi ar dabeWdila.

am werilebis avtori rom ilia WavWavaZea, amis

udavo dasturia is faqti, rom werilebi Setanilia xelnawer krebulSi, agreTve, isic mniSvnelovani sabuTia, rom “ iveriis” saredaqcio kompleqtSi yvelgan am werilebis qvemoT miwerilia “i.”

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi

dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

Cveneburis gazeTebis mkiTxvelTa ukve moexsenebaT, rom aqaurma gazeTma “Новое Обозрение”-m Tavisi gamgebelni gamoicvala _ gazeTi “Новое Обозрение” gamodioda TbilisSi 1884 wlidan; 1887 wlis 1 ivlisidan gazeTis redaqtor-gamomcemelis a. stefanovis avadmyofobis gamo igi o. nikolaZis xelSi gadavida. o. nikolaZe gazeTis gamomcemeli iyo, xolo redaqtorad mowveul iqna m. uspenski. faqtobrivad gazeTs 1887-1891 wlebSi xelmZRvanelobda gamomcemlis meuRle, cnobili sazogado moRvawe da mwerali niko nikolaZe.

gazeTis mesveurTa am Secvlazea saubari werilis dasawyisSi.

“Новое Обозрение”-m ... yovelT uwinares

wamoayena fexzed kreditis saqme CvenSi _ ilias mxedvelobaSi aqvs “Новое Обозрение”-s 1887 wlis 4 ivlisis # 1219-sa da 5 ivlisis #1220-Si “Крестъянский Банк”-is saxelwodebiT gamoqveynebuli ori xelmouwereli meTauri werili. aq wamoWril sakiTxebs, kerZod glexTa mier miwebis Sesyidvas, maTTvis kreditis mocemas da saerTo miwismfloblobis sakiTxebis mogvarebas ilia imdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebda, rom “Новое Обозрение”-s am or patara werils gaz. “iveriis” TxuTmeti nomris meTauri werili miuZRvna.

701

Юърев денъ _ iuris dRe, wminda giorgis pativsacemi saeklesio dResaswauli ruseTSi, aRiniSneboda 26 noembers (Zv. st.). XV-s-Si iuris dRe gadaiqca glexTa erTi feodalisagan meoresTan gadasvlis drod. TandaTan es periodi _ erTi kvira iuris dRemde da erTi kvira mas Semdeg _ dakanonda, rogorc glexTa gadasvlis erTaderTi vada. pirvelma saerTo rusulma saxelmwifo Zeglisdebam 1497 w. oficialuri kanonis Zala misca am wess. 1550 wels ki Zeglisdebam daamtkica igi. ivane IV-is dros, 1581 wels es kanoni gauqmda.

«mkurnali d. erisTavi» (gv. 521)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #161, 5 agvisto, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «bulgareTis istoriaSi axali xanis

dadgoma» (gv. 523)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #162, 6 agvisto, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

702

«saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos SemoRebis

aucilebloba» (gv. 526)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #164, 9 agvisto, gv.1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «kvlav bulgareTis Sesaxeb» (gv. 530)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #168, 14

agvisto, gv. 1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«bismarki da evropis politika» (gv. 533)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #185, 6 seqtemberi, gv. 1-2.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod, da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

703

«saTavadaznauro skolebSi swavlebis

xasiaTis

Zireulad Secvlis aucilebloba» (gv. 638)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #188, 11 seqtemberi, gv. 1-2; #189, 12 seqtemberi, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «gimnaziebis erTi didi nakli» (gv. 546)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #190, 13

seqtembe-ri, gv. 1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«iseTi dawesebulebis saWiroeba, sadac

SesaZlebeli iqneba garToba, gasaubreba,

dasveneba...» (gv. 549)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #195, 20 seqtemberi, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad.

704

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«germaniis politika bulgareTTan

mimarTebaSi» (gv. 552)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #196, 22 seqtemberi, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. mwerlis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad

ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«saqmis siyvaruli warmatebis

sawindaria» (gv. 555)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #198, 24 seqtemberi, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. mwerlis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad

ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «eris janmrTeloba saxelmwifos erTi

udidesi sazrunavia» (gv. 558)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #200, 26 seqtemberi, gv. 1-2.

705

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.

mwerlis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad

ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«Seuwynarebeli gulgriloba sazogado

saqmisadmi» (gv. 562)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #202, 30 seqtemberi, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg arc erT gamocemaSi ar dabeWdila.

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «samrewvelo da sameurneo nawarmTa

gamofenis

mowyobis Sesaxeb» (gv. 565)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #203, 1 oqtomberi, gv. 1-2.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. mwerlis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad

ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

706

«mamulebis gamosyidvis oqmis Sedgenis

xarjis

gansazRvris aucilebloba» (gv. 571)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 749-751. n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #207, 7

oqtomberi, gv. 1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. werilis iliaseulobas adasturebs is udavo

faqti, rom igi Setanilia xelnawer krebulSi. agreTve, mniSvnelovani sabuTia isic, rom “iveriis” saredaqcio kompleqtSi werilis QqvemoT miwerilia ilias iniciali “i”.

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«siyalbe navTis mrewvelobaSi» (gv. 574)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #208, 8 oqtomberi, gv. 1-2.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

707

«safrangeTis mTavrobis

daudgromeloba» (gv. 577)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #209, 9 oqtomberi, gv. 1-2.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «evropis saxelmwifoTa daintereseba

marokoTi» (gv. 582)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #212, 13 oqtomberi, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «general kaffarelis saqme» (gv. 586)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #214, 15

oqtomberi, gv. 1-2. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad.

708

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«yalbi da namdvili» (gv. 590)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 759-763. n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #218, 20

oqtomberi, gv. 1. xelnawer krebulSi saTauris zemoT rbili lurji

fanqriT aweria: “Илъя в роли моралиста”. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseulad miiCnia p. ingoroyvam da

mwerlis TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana 1957 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VIII tomSi saTauriT “yalbi da namdvili”, sadac igi gaerTianebulia “iveriis” #217-Si dabeWdil werilTan. ramdenadac es ukanaskneli exeba mwerlobas, igi amave saTauriT daibeWda ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa am gamocemis V(kritika) tomSi.

«dimitri yifianis gardacvaleba» (gv. 595)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #225, 29 oqtomberi, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

709

eh, sofelo, ra Sigan xar! _ citata “vefxistyaos-

nidan”. mokvda da Tvisis anderZiT aw isev hsaqmobs mkvdario _ citata d. guramiS-

vilis “daviTianidan”.

«yrmoba dimitri yifianisa» (gv. 597)

n a b e W di: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #228, 1 noemberi, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «pirveldawyebiT skolebSi swavlebis

gaumjobesebis sakiTxi» (gv. 605)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #235, 10 noemberi, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«ruvies saministros gadadgoma» (gv. 608)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #237, 12 noemberi, gv. 1.

710

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«venaxebis da Wirnaxulis wanaxedoba da

misi sawinaaRmdego zomebi» (gv. 612)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #238, 13 noemberi, gv. 1-2.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. werilis iliaseuloba daadgina T. maWavarianma da

zemoaRniSnuli saTauriT Seitana “iveriis” bibliogra-fiaSi (ix. “analit. bibliografia”, t. III, #1403).

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.

«bismarkis orpiri politika ruseTis

mimarT» (gv. 616)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #245, 24 noemberi, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. igi dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

711

«safrangeTis zneobrivi Zal-Rone

mamulis siyvarulSia» (gv. 619)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #258, 9 dekemberi, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «gazeT “mSakis” gamoxdoma» (gv. 622)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 771-772. n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #259, 10

dekemberi, gv. 1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseulad miiCnies da mwerlis

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitanes p. ingoroyvam da al. abaSelma 1928 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis IX tomSi, usaTaurod. SemdegSi p. ingoroyvas redaqciiT gamocemul i. WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa VIII tomSi, 1957 wels igi daibeWda zemoxsenebuli saTauriT.

ese xelaRebiT damxoba mTeli erisa ar

Seiwynara “Новое Обозрение”- m da gankicxulni Tavis safarvelqveS miiRo _ igulisxmeba 1887 wlis 28 noembris “Новое Обозрение”- s #1362-Si dabeWdili ilia xonelis vrceli werili saTauriT “Эскизы и

этюды. Армянские Малъбурги”. werilis avtors moaqvs

712

citatebi somxuri gazeTebidan, sadac somexi avtorebi b. ioanisiani da g. arwruni lafSi svrian somex xalxs. weren, rom isini arian mxdalebi, xarbebi, vercxlismoyvarulebi, eSmakebi, farisevlebi, Surianebi da sxva msgavsi Tvisebebis matarebelni. ilia xoneli Tavis werilSi icavs somex xalxs am braldebebisagan.

qori myvars ara ikadrebs, arca sdevs saWmlad ndomiTa. citata aRebulia ilias “orxmiani saaxalwlo

operetidan”, umniSvnelo variaciiT. sonRuli mumlTa Sepyrobad frTebsa ar gaSlis zomiTa. «evropis saomari mzadeba» (gv. 625)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #260, 11

dekemberi, gv. 1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. T. bismarkma samTa kavSiri moaxerxa ... _ ix. gv.

654 SeniSvna. «evropis politikur asparezze

myudroebam daisadgura» (gv. 628)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #265, 17 dekemberi, gv. 1.

713

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier

dagrovili Warbi simdidre» (gv. 630)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #266, 18 dekemberi, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «baTumis havis avkargianobis Sesaxeb»

(gv.633)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 773-774. n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #267, 19

dekemberi, gv. 1. ilias avtorobis damadasturebelia is faqti, rom

werili Setanilia xelnawer krebulSi. aseve mniSvnelovania da angariSgasawevi sabuTia isic, rom “iveriis” saredaqcio kompleqtSi werils QqvemoT miwerili aqvs “i”.

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

714

«gazeTi “kavkazi” da qarTveli xalxi»

(gv.636)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 774-777. n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #268, 20

dekemberi, gv. 1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseulad miiCnies da mwerlis

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitanes p. ingoroyvam da al. abaSelma 1928 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis IX tomSi, usaTaurod, xolo Semdeg p. ingoroyvas redaqciiT gamocemul ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa VIII tomSi, 1957 wels werili daibeWda zemosenebuli saTauriT.

vis ar wagikiTxavT Cveni aqauri rusuli gazeTi,

“Кавказ”-i, girCevT waikiTxoT sul ki ara, girCevT waikiTxoT marto #332, isic mTeli nomeri ara, ... marto meore gverdis meeqvsedis naxevari. _ ilias mxedvelobaSi aqvs gazeT “Кавказ”-is 1887 wlis 15 dekembris #332-Si moTavsebuli erTi xelmouwereli werili, sadac avtori mimoixilavs wignis “Свод

материалов по изучению экономического быта государственных крестъян Закавказского края”-s meore toms. im oTxi statiidan, romelic am tomSia moTavsebuli, avtori gansakuTrebiT amaxvilebs yuradRebas pirvel maTganze: “Племенной состав,

религия и происхождение государственных крестъян. С. П. Зелинского”.

715

«xalxis CveulebaTa Seswavlis Sesaxeb»

(gv. 640)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 777-780. n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #270, 23

dekemberi, gv. 1-2. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseulad miiCnies da mwerlis

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitanes p. ingoroyvam da al. abaSelma 1928 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis V tomSi zemoxsenebuli saTauriT.

«qristeSobis molocva» (gv. 644)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #272, 25

dekemberi, gv. 1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier.

«quTaisi saqalaqo arCevnebis

molodinSi» (gv. 646)

n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #273, 29 dekemberi, gv. 1-2.

716

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili

pirvelad ibeWdeba. dasaTaurebulia Cvens mier. «sazogado saqmis msaxurTa saxelis

dacvisaTvis» (gv. 649)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 780-785. n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #274, 30

dekemberi, gv. 1. werili iliaseulad miiCnia da mwerlis

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam 1957 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VIII tomSi zemomiTiTebuli saTauriT.

«TviTmoqmedebisaTvis» (gv. 653)

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 783-785. n a b e W d i: gaz. “iveria”, 1887 w., #275, 31

dekemberi, gv. 1. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, usaTaurod da

xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseulad miiCnia da mwerlis

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam 1955 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis IV tomSi saTauriT “Tavadaznaurobis gulgriloba swavla-ganaTlebis saqmeSi”, xolo 1957 wels ki VIII tomSi SecdomiT ganmeorebiT dabeWda saTauriT “TviTmoqmedebisaTvis”.

717

saZieblebi

1) pirTa saZiebeli

a abduraxman xaniabduraxman xaniabduraxman xaniabduraxman xani, _ abdurahmani (1844_1901), avRaneTis

amira 1880 wlidan. monawileobda Tavisi papis, dosT muhamedis gardacvalebis Semdeg taxtisaTvis gamarTul Sinafeodalur brZolebSi. igi damarcxda da 1869 w. Sua azias Seafara Tavi. 1879 w. dabrunda samSobloSi da 1880 w. gabatonda CrdiloeT avRaneTSi. 1880 w. 31 ivliss inglisma abdurahmani mTeli avRaneTis amirad cno, xolo avRaneTis sagareo politika dauqvemdebara Tavis kontrols, 315

aberdiniaberdiniaberdiniaberdini, _ grafi jorj hamilton gordoni (1784-1860), ingliseli saxelmwifo moRvawe. 1852-1855 wlebSi didi britaneTis premier-ministri, 395

aksakovi _aksakovi _aksakovi _aksakovi _ ivane sergis Ze (1823-1886), _ rusi publicisti da sazogado moRvawe slavianofilebis erT-erTi ideologi. redaqtori Jurnalebisa “dRe”, “moskva”, “Руссъ” da sxva. 1840-1850-ian wlebSi gamodioda batonymobis winaaRmdeg, 10

aleqsandre IIaleqsandre IIaleqsandre IIaleqsandre II, _ (1818-1881), ruseTis imperatori (1855-1884), nikoloz I-is ufrosi Svili. politikuri SexedulebiT konservatori iyo. mokles 1881 wlis 1 marts “narodnaia volias” aRmasrulebeli komitetis ganaCeniT, 286, 346, 426

andraSiandraSiandraSiandraSi, _ diula ufrosi (1823-1890), grafi, ungreli politikuri moRvawe, 1867 wels iyo avstria-ungreTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri. 1874 w. bismarkTan erTad xeli moawera germania-avstria-ungreTis xelSekrulebas, romelic safuZvlad daedo samTa kavSirs (1882), 300, 311, 318, 319, 625

andronikaSvili iase adamis ZeandronikaSvili iase adamis ZeandronikaSvili iase adamis ZeandronikaSvili iase adamis Ze, _ mosamarTle (msajuli), 26-29, 202, 204

aristotele, aristotelearistotele, aristotelearistotele, aristotelearistotele, aristotele _ (Zv. w. 384-322), Zveli berZeni filosofosi da mecnieri, 224

718

arsenieviarsenieviarsenieviarsenievi _ konstantine konstantines Ze (1837-1919), rusi publicisti, iuristi, peterburgis mecnierebaTa akademiis sapatio akademikosi (1900), 10,11

arRuTinskiarRuTinskiarRuTinskiarRuTinski, _ saxelmwifo moxele, 435, 436-438 arxipoviarxipoviarxipoviarxipovi, _ saxelmwifo qonebaTa saministros moxele,

297 asklepiadi _asklepiadi _asklepiadi _asklepiadi _ (Zv. w. 128-56), romaeli eqimi, warmoSo-

biT berZeni, 132 astrovskiastrovskiastrovskiastrovski, _ ostrovski mixeil nikolozis Ze (1827-

1901 w.w.), 1881-1893 wlebSi saxelmwifo qonebaTa ministri, rusi dramaturgis aleqsandre nikolozis Ze ostrovskis (1823-1886) umcrosi Zma, 296, 299

aqileosiaqileosiaqileosiaqileosi, _ aqilevsi, berZnul miTologiaSi da homerosis “iliadaSi” troas omis gmiri. miTis Tanaxmad Tetidam aqilevsis dedam, ukvdaveba rom mieniWebina, bavSvi amoavlo mdinare stiqsis wminda talRebSi. bavSvi dedas qusliT eWira, amitom ukvdavebis wyali qusls ar Seexo. SemdegSi swored quslSi moxvedrilma parisis isarma gangmira igi. aqedam modis gamoTqma “aqilevsis qusli”, romelic adamianis sust mxares gulisxmobs, 281, 282

axnazarovi yazaraxnazarovi yazaraxnazarovi yazaraxnazarovi yazar, 277 axnazarovi avetiaxnazarovi avetiaxnazarovi avetiaxnazarovi aveti, 277 axnazaroviaxnazaroviaxnazaroviaxnazarovi, 266-267, 281 axnazarovebiaxnazarovebiaxnazarovebiaxnazarovebi, 277-279, 281, 283, 285, 288-291 b babo lambertbabo lambertbabo lambertbabo lambert----ioseb leopoldiioseb leopoldiioseb leopoldiioseb leopoldi _ (1790-1862),

germaneli mecnieri, 183 bagrationi petre ivanes Zebagrationi petre ivanes Zebagrationi petre ivanes Zebagrationi petre ivanes Ze _ (1765-1812), Tavadi, rusi

generali infanteriisa. pirvel samamulo omSi meTaurobda meore armias; borodinos brZolaSi xelmZRvanelobda marcxena frTas. am brZolaSi igi sasikvdilod daiWra, 602

bagrationi roman ivanes Zebagrationi roman ivanes Zebagrationi roman ivanes Zebagrationi roman ivanes Ze, _ general-leitenanti, Zma petre bagrationisa, 602

719

balfuri _balfuri _balfuri _balfuri _ arTur jeims (1848-1930), ingliseli saxelmwifo moRvawe, 1902-1905 wlebSi didi britaneTis premier-ministri, konservatori. 1904 w. balfuris mTavrobam safrangeTTan dado xel-Sekruleba, romelic antantis safuZveli gaxda, 591

bansonibansonibansonibansoni, _ daniis samxedro ministri, 61, 670 bastiabastiabastiabastia. _ frederik (1801-1850), frangi burJuaziuli

ekonomisti, 396 battenbergibattenbergibattenbergibattenbergi _ aleqsandre (1857-1893), germaneli

princi, bulgareTis Tavadi (mmarTveli). 1879-1886 w.w. ukiduresi reaqcioneri, cdilobda bulgareTi balkaneTze avstria-germaniis dasayrdeni yofiliyo. bulgarel oficer-rusofilTa daJinebiT iZulebuli gaxda uari eTqva taxtze, 263, 534

bebuTovibebuTovibebuTovibebuTovi, _ Tbilisis qalaqis sabWos xmosani, 282, 283

beringiberingiberingiberingi, _ ingliseli oficeri, 118 berSi _berSi _berSi _berSi _ ioseb, germaneli avtori, 176-178, 184, 194 bikonsfildibikonsfildibikonsfildibikonsfildi, _ lordi, inglisis mTavar-ministri, 302 bismarkibismarkibismarkibismarki _ oto eduard leopold, Tavadi fon bismark-

Senhauzeni (1815-1898), germanel saxelmwifo moRvawe, iunkrul-burJuaziuli germanuli imperiis damaarsebeli da pirveli raixskancleri, 30-32, 34-40, 57, 58, 66, 67, 69-72, 91-97, 102, 103, 159, 199, 200, 206-208, 213, 214, 215, 219, 234, 243, 244, 250, 258-260, 263, 264, 300, 301, 302, 304-312, 316, 318, 319, 327-330, 332, 334-337, 379, 380-397, 400, 422-428, 431, 465-467, 533-534, 552-554, 578, 580, 581, 609, 610, 616-618, 625-627, 629

bossuetibossuetibossuetibossueti, _ bosue Jak benin (1627-1704), frangi mwerali, 442, 443

braitibraitibraitibraiti _ jon (1811-1889), cnobili ingliseli politokuri moRvawe, 395

brei (breide)brei (breide)brei (breide)brei (breide) _ grafi, germaniis elCi serbiaSi, 423 bristolibristolibristolibristoli, _ markizi, inglisis parlamentis wevri,

528

720

brouni _brouni _brouni _brouni _ jon (1735-1788), eqimi, erT-erTi samedicino fuZemdebeli, romelic cnobili iyo brounizmis saxelwodebiT, 132

bruadelibruadelibruadelibruadeli, _ bruardeli pol-kamil-ipoliti, frangi eqimi, 132

bulanJebulanJebulanJebulanJe _ JorJ ernst (1837-1891), frangi generali, politikuri moRvawe. 1886-1887 wlebSi safrangeTis samxedro ministri. 1887-1889 wlebSi xelmZRva-nelobda Sovinistur moZraobas, romelic bulan-Jizmis saxeliTaa cnobili, 35, 37, 60, 330-332, 337, 358-360, 465, 466, 587

bungebungebungebunge _ nikoloz qristinis Ze (1823-1895), rusi saxelmwifo moRvawe, ekonomisti, peterburgis mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi (1890), 1881-1886 wlebSi finansTa ministri. atarebda proteqcioniz-mis politikas, 53

bussengobussengobussengobussengo _ Jan batist (1802-1827), frangi qimikosi, agroqimiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, 134, 135, 186

g gagarinigagarinigagarinigagarini, _ Tavadi, Tbilisis guberniis gubernatori,

342, 343 gali ludviggali ludviggali ludviggali ludvig, _ galizaciis sistemis avtori, 128, 181 gambeta leongambeta leongambeta leongambeta leon _ miSel (1838-1882), frangi politikosi

da saxelmwifo moRvawe. 1870 w. seqtembridan 1871 w. Tebervlamde iyo “erovnuli Tavdacvis mTavro-bis” Sinagan saqmeTa ministri, 1879-1881 wlebSi deputatTa palatis Tavmjdomare, 1881-1882 wlebSi _ premier-ministri da sagareo saqmeTa ministri, 37, 213

garaSaninigaraSaninigaraSaninigaraSanini _ ilia (1812-1874), serbiis premier-ministri da sagareo saqmeTa ministri 1852-1853, 1861-1867 wlebSi, avtori sagareo politikis programisa, romelic iTvaliswinebda iugoslavebis ganTavisuflebas osmanTa Cagvrisagan da maT gaerTianebas serbiis monarqiis egidiT, 261, 262, 421, 423

721

garnie paJesgarnie paJesgarnie paJesgarnie paJes _ lui antuan (1803-1878), frangi finansTa ministri 1848 wlis mart-aprilSi, 396

garsoevigarsoevigarsoevigarsoevi, _ Tbilisis qalaqis sabWos xmosani, 361, 362, 365

gartingtonigartingtonigartingtonigartingtoni, _ inglisis parlamentis wevri, 340 gauCigauCigauCigauCi, _ germaniis policiis komisari, 250-252, 258 getoni finCgetoni finCgetoni finCgetoni finC, _ inglisis palatis deputati, 456 garCakovigarCakovigarCakovigarCakovi, _ gorCakovi aleqsandre mixeilis Ze (1798-

1883) Tavadi, rusi saxelmwifo moRvawe, diplomati, kancleri 1867 wlidan, sagareo saqmeTa ministri 1856-1882 wlebSi, 302

girgirgirgirsi _si _si _si _ nikoloz karloz Ze (1820-1895), rusi saxelmwifo moRvawe. diplomati, sagareo saqmeTa ministri, 220

gladstonigladstonigladstonigladstoni _ uiliam iuart (1809-1898), ingliseli saxelmwifo moRvawe. 1843-1845 wlebSi iyo vaWrobis ministri, 1845-1847 wlebSi _ kolo-niebisa, 1852-1855, 1859-1866 wlebSi finansTa ministri, 1868-1874 wlebSi ki _ premier-ministri. 1880-1885 wlebSi kvlav premier-ministri iyo. 1882 wels gladstonma jarebi gagzavna egviptis dasapyrobad. igi sastikad axSobda irlandiis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas. 1892-1894 wlebSi igi kvlav premier-ministri iyo, 73-75, 455-458, 536, 593, 594

gneistigneistigneistigneisti, _ germaneli mecnieri, 67 goble renegoble renegoble renegoble rene _ (1828-?), frangi politikuri moRvawe.

1882 w. iyo Sinagan saqmeTa ministri, 1885 wels saxalxo ganaTlebis monistri. 1886 wlis 11 noembridan 1887 wlis 17 maisamde iyo safrangeTis premier-ministri, 1888 wlis aprilidan 1889 wlis Tebervlamde flokes kabinetSi iyo sagareo saqmeTa ministrad, 33, 304-309, 330, 331, 337, 358, 465, 466

goSenigoSenigoSenigoSeni, _ ingliseli ministri, 74 gradovskigradovskigradovskigradovski _ aleqsandre dimitris Ze (1841-1889), rusi

iuristi, publicisti, peterburgis universitetis profesori, 10, 222

grantigrantigrantigranti _ ingliseli eqimi, 132

722

grevigrevigrevigrevi, _ Jiul (1807-1891), safrangeTis prezidenti 1879-1887 wlebSi, zomier respublikelTa lideri, 309, 359, 587, 588, 608, 610, 619

gurgeniZgurgeniZgurgeniZgurgeniZeeee, 168, 169 d d_andled_andled_andled_andle, _ frangi senatori, 587 darvinidarvinidarvinidarvini _ Carlz robert (1809-1882), ingliseli

bunebismetyveli, darvinizmis Semqmneli, 519 dariadariadariadaria _ dedofali, darejan dedofali? erekle meoris

Tanamecxedre, 265 demetre cinikidemetre cinikidemetre cinikidemetre ciniki, 247 depretisidepretisidepretisidepretisi _ agostino (1813-1887), italieli

burJuaziul-politikuri moRvawe. 1876-1887 wlebSi araerTxel iyo saxelmwifos meTauri, 83, 84, 88, 89, 206

deruledideruledideruledideruledi _ pol (1846-1914), frangi poeti da politikuri moRvawe. 1882 w. deruledma daaarsa e. w. “patriotTa liga”, sadac moiwvia yvela moqala-qe, ganurCevlad maTi partiuli rwmenisa. bulanJeSi deruledi xedavda germaniasTan omis momaval gmirs. 1889 w. igi deputatad airCies senatSi, 250

dingelSteti,dingelSteti,dingelSteti,dingelSteti, 254 diumadiumadiumadiuma _ Jan batist andre (1800-1884), frangi qimiko-

si, 188 doroSenko,doroSenko,doroSenko,doroSenko, 575 e erdierdierdierdi, _ inglisis palatis deputati, 457 erekle mefeerekle mefeerekle mefeerekle mefe, _ erekle II (1720-1798), 1744-1762

wlebSi kaxeTis, 1762-1798 wlebSi qarTl-kaxeTis mefe, 265, 283

erisTavi derisTavi derisTavi derisTavi d. _ daviT giorgis Ze (1847-1890), qarTveli mwerali. dramaturgi da Jurnalisti, avtori frangi dramaturgis sardu viqtorienis (1831-1901)

723

piesidan “flandria” gadmokeTebuli piesis “samSoblo”, 521, 522

ermolovi a. s.ermolovi a. s.ermolovi a. s.ermolovi a. s. _ ruseTis saxelmwifo qonebaTa saministros TanamSromeli, 98-100

v velingtonivelingtonivelingtonivelingtoni _ arTur uelsli (1769-1852), hercogi,

ingliseli mxedarTmTavari, saxelmwifo moRvawe, diplomati, feldmarSali, 1828-1830 wlebSi iyo inglisis premier-ministri, 396

verververversssspasianipasianipasianipasiani, _ verpasiane titus flavius (2-79), romis imperatori 69 wlidan, flaviusebis dinastiis damaarsebeli, 246

vilsonivilsonivilsonivilsoni, _ safrangeTis prezidentis grevis size, 587, 588, 608, 610

vilhelmivilhelmivilhelmivilhelmi, _ imperatori, vilhelm I hohencolerni (1797-1888), prusiis mefe 1861 wlidan da germaniis imperatori 1871 wlidan, 96, 200, 207, 208, 215, 431, 609

vindhorstivindhorstivindhorstivindhorsti _ ludvig (1812-1891), prusiis saxelmwifo moRvawe, 1871 wlidan kaTolikuri partiis xelmZRvaneli, 95, 96

volfi drumondvolfi drumondvolfi drumondvolfi drumond, 118 z zelinskizelinskizelinskizelinski, _ rusi mwerali, 636, 637 zubalovi n. dzubalovi n. dzubalovi n. dzubalovi n. d. _ Tbilisis qalaqis samWos xmosani,

280 T TaTulovi SaqroTaTulovi SaqroTaTulovi SaqroTaTulovi Saqro, 276, 279 TamamSovi m. i, TamamSovi m. i, TamamSovi m. i, TamamSovi m. i, 283 TeodoreTeodoreTeodoreTeodore, _ abisiniis mefe, 85

724

TuSmalovi _TuSmalovi _TuSmalovi _TuSmalovi _ mirza jafar, maswavlebeli, 601, 602 i iakobi, kardinali, iakobi, kardinali, iakobi, kardinali, iakobi, kardinali, 94-96 iakobi, Soas mefe, iakobi, Soas mefe, iakobi, Soas mefe, iakobi, Soas mefe, 85 ianovskiianovskiianovskiianovski, _ kirile petres Ze (1822-1902), kavkasiis

samoswavlo olqis mzrunveli 1878-1899 wlebSi, Savrazmeli, ibrZoda qarTuli enis gandevnisaTvis qarTuli skolebidan, 416

izmailoviizmailoviizmailoviizmailovi, _ qalaqis gamgeobis wevri, 282, 283, 286 ioanneioanneioanneioanne, _ abisiniis mefe, 88, 89 iSxanovi avetiqa, iSxanovi avetiqa, iSxanovi avetiqa, iSxanovi avetiqa, 276, 279 k kairolikairolikairolikairoli _ benedeto (1825-1889), italiis risorjimen-

tos monawile, gaerTianebuli italiis premier-ministri 1878 da 1879-1881 wlebSi, X

kalnokikalnokikalnokikalnoki, _ grafi avstriis imperatoris mrCeveli, 220, 626

kaffarelikaffarelikaffarelikaffareli, _ frangi generali, 579, 585-588, 607-610 kvintilianikvintilianikvintilianikvintiliani _ markus fabius (daaxl. 35-96),

saoratoro xelovnebis Teoretikosi Zvel romSi, 245

klavdiaklavdiaklavdiaklavdia, _ klavdiusi, tiberius druzus neron germanikus (Zv. w. 10 _ ax. w. 54), romis imperatori 41 wlidan, iulius klavdiusebis dinastiidan, 246

klemansoklemansoklemansoklemanso _ JorJ benJamen (1841-1929), safrangeTis politikuri da saxelmwifo moRvawe, safrangeTis akademiis wevri (1918). eswrafvoda safrangeTis imperializmis samxedro-politikuri Hhegemoniis damyarebas evropaSi, 620

klivelandiklivelandiklivelandiklivelandi _ klivend stiven grover (1837-1908), 22-e (1885-1889) da 24-e (1893-1897) prezidenti amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa, demokratiuli

725

partiidan. atarebda proteqcionizmis politikas, 631

kobdenikobdenikobdenikobdeni _ riCard (1804-1865), fritrederebis erT-erTi liderTagani did britaneTSi, samrewvelo burJuaziis ideologi, 395

koburgis princi, koburgis princi, koburgis princi, koburgis princi, 463, 464, 466-468, 523-525, 531, 532, 617

kordonikordonikordonikordoni, _ frangi oficeri, 426, 427 krispikrispikrispikrispi _ franCesko (1818-190), italiis saxelmwifo

moRvawe, advokati, italiis 1848-1849 wlebis revoluciis monawile. 1887-1891 da 1893-1896 wlebSi iyo italiis premier-ministri, 206, 244, 335

kromvelikromvelikromvelikromveli _ oliver (1599-1658), inglisis burJuaziuli revoluciis moRvawe, 396

krupikrupikrupikrupi, _ udidesi samxedro metalurgiuli koncernis mflobeli, 242

l lebenstein _ lebenstein _ lebenstein _ lebenstein _ lebeli, mkurnali, 132 leon XIIIleon XIIIleon XIIIleon XIII, _ papi, eriskacobaSi vinCenco joakino peCi

(1810-1903), romis papi 1878 wlidan, 378, 379, 381, 529

leopoldileopoldileopoldileopoldi, _ II (1835-1909), belgiis mefe 1865 wlidan. igi xelmZRvanelobda centraluri afrikis (kongo, Tanamedrove zaira) didi teritoriis dapyrobas, 41

lesepsilesepsilesepsilesepsi, _ lesefsi ferdinand mari de (1805-1894), frangi diplomati, ganaTlebiT iuristi, 215, 216

lefloleflolefloleflo, _ frangi generali, 358 limuzenilimuzenilimuzenilimuzeni, 586, 587 lobanovilobanovilobanovilobanovi, _ lobanov-rostovski aleqsi borisis Ze

(1824-1896), Tavadi, rusi saxelmwifo moRvawe, diplomati, 1882-1895 wlebSi elCi venaSi, 220

726

m makarovi petrusmakarovi petrusmakarovi petrusmakarovi petrus, _ siraji, 257 manCini,manCini,manCini,manCini, _ paskuale stanislao (1817-1888), italieli

iuristi, diplomati da saxelmwifo moRvawe, turinis, neapolis da romis universitetebis profesori, 528

marozovomarozovomarozovomarozovo, morozovi, rusi vaWari, 24 maCabeli maCabeli maCabeli maCabeli mixeil, qalaqis gamgeobis xmosani, 267, 268,

280, 289, 290, 353, 354 mahdimahdimahdimahdi, sudaneli muhamed ahmad (1844-1845),

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis beladi sudanSi (mahdistebis ajanyeba). sudanis mahdisturi saxelmwifos damaarsebeli, 78

mahomedimahomedimahomedimahomedi, muhamedi (mahamedi), evropul literaturaSi xSirad ixsenieba mahomedad, mahometad (daaxl. 570-632), islamis damaarsebeli, 235

mendeleevimendeleevimendeleevimendeleevi dimitri ivanes Ze (1834-1907), rusi qimikosi, mravalmxrivi mecnieri, pedagogi da sazogado moRvawe. aRmoaCina qimiur elementTa periodulobis kanoni, 47, 50

menelikimenelikimenelikimeneliki, Soas mefe, 85, 89 milanimilanimilanimilani, mefe (1854-1901), serbiis mTavari (1868-1882),

mefe milan I (1882-1889) obrenoviCebis dinastiidan, cdilobda daemyarebina TviTmpyrobeluri reJimi. atarebda avantiuristul sagareo politikas, 261, 262, 421, 423

milimilimilimili jon stuart (1806-1873), ingliseli pozitivisti, filosofosi, ekonomisti da sazogado moRvawe, 227, 228

miqelaZe, _ miqelaZe, _ miqelaZe, _ miqelaZe, _ qalaqis gamgeobis xmosani, 282, moltkemoltkemoltkemoltke, ufrosi, helmuT karl bern hard (1800-1891),

prusiisa da germaniis samxedro moRvawe, grafi (1870), genfeldmarSali (1871), samxedro Teoreti-kosi, 200,

mulleinmulleinmulleinmullein _ hasani, marokos sulTani, 584 muxranskimuxranskimuxranskimuxranski _ levan, 599

727

n napoleoninapoleoninapoleoninapoleoni, _ napoleon III, lui napoleon bonaparti

(1808-1873), safrangeTis imperatori 1852-1870 wlebSi, napoleon I-is Zmiswuli, 39, 40

natalia dedofalinatalia dedofalinatalia dedofalinatalia dedofali, _ (1859-?), serbiis dedofali, mefe milan I obrenoviCis meuRle, rusi polkov-nikis, keSkos qaliSvili, 261

naCeviCinaCeviCinaCeviCinaCeviCi, _ bulgareTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri, 262 nelinelinelinelidovi,dovi,dovi,dovi, _ ruseTis elCi osmaleTSi, 76 nervinervinervinervi, _ imperatori nerva markus koqceius (30 an 35-

98), romis imperatori 96 wlidan. antoninebis dinastiis fuZemdebeli, Zvel senatorTa gvaris warmomadgeneli. dawinaurda neronis dros, 245

neronineronineronineroni, _ nero lucius druzus germanikus cezar (37-68), romis imperatori 54 wlidan, iuliusebisa da klavdiusebis dinastiis warmomadgeneli, pativmoyva-re, garyvnili tirani, cnobili Tavisi araCveu-lebrivi sisastikiT, 246

niJaraZeniJaraZeniJaraZeniJaraZe, 562, 564 o oktaviaoktaviaoktaviaoktavia, _ oqtavia, imperator neronis meuRle, 245 oskarioskarioskarioskari, _ oskar II (1829-1907), Sveciis mefe 1872-

1907 wlebSi da norvegiisa 1872-1905 wlebSi. eyrdnoboda konservatorebs, iyo progermanuli orientaciisa, 62

p palmerstonipalmerstonipalmerstonipalmerstoni _ henri jon templ vikonti (1784-1865),

ingliseli saxelmwifo moRvawe. 1809 wlidan sxvadasxva dros. ekava samxedro saqmeTa, sagareo da Sinagan saqmeTa ministris postebi. 1855-1859 wlebSi iyo premier-ministri, 310

728

papovipapovipapovipapovi, _ popovi, bulgareli oficeri, 261, 262 papovipapovipapovipapovi, _ popovi, qalaqis gamgeobis wevri, 280, 281,

290 parneliparneliparneliparneli _ Carlz stiuart (1846-1891), irlandiis

politikuri moRvawe, homrulis lideri. igi moiTxovda irlandiisaTvis farTo avtonomiis miniWebas inglisTan konstituciuri kavSiris SenarCunebiT, 315

pasteripasteripasteripasteri _ lui (1822-1895), frangi mikrobiologi da qimikosi, Tanamedrove mikrobiologiisa da imunologiis fuZemdebeli, 147-149

petenkoferipetenkoferipetenkoferipetenkoferi, _ mecnieri, 181 petiopetiopetiopetio, _ frangi mecnieri, 179, 182 petrovipetrovipetrovipetrovi, _ bulgareli oficeri, 263 pili robertpili robertpili robertpili robert _ (1788-1850), didi britaneTis

saxelmwifo moRvawe, torebis partiis warmomadge-neli. igi iyo 1812-1818 wlebSi irlandiis saqmeTa ministri, 1822-1827, 1828-1830 wlebSi ki Sinagan saqmeTa ministri, xolo 1834-1835, 1841-1846 wleb-Si mas eWira premier-ministris posti, 396

pios IXpios IXpios IXpios IX, _ papi (1792-1878), romis papi 1846 wlidan. 1870 w. romze papis xelisuflebis likvidaciis Semdeg papma aRar cno gaerTianebuli italiis saxelmwifo, 377

pisarevipisarevipisarevipisarevi _ dimitri ivanes Ze (1840-1868), rusi publicisti da literaturis kritikosi, 229

plini umcrosiplini umcrosiplini umcrosiplini umcrosi, _ plinius umcrosi, gaius plinius cecilius sekundusi (61/62 _ 113/114), romaeli mwerali da saxelmwifo moRvawe, 245

pocolini, _ pocolini, _ pocolini, _ pocolini, _ italieli generali, 88 priskusi helvidipriskusi helvidipriskusi helvidipriskusi helvidi, 246 J Jirari Sarl, _ Jirari Sarl, _ Jirari Sarl, _ Jirari Sarl, _ frangi qimikosi, 181, 187, 188 Julferi, _ Julferi, _ Julferi, _ Julferi, _ frangi politikuri moRvawe, 588, 610

729

r rasrasrasras----aluli,aluli,aluli,aluli, _ _ _ _ abisinieli sardali, 80, 88 renanirenanirenanirenani _ Jozef ernest (1823-1832), frangi mwerali da

filologi, aRmosavleTmcodne. safrangeTis akade-miis wevri 1878 wlidan, 245-247

reumurireumurireumurireumuri, _ reomiuri rene antuan (1683-1757), frangi bunebismetyveli, romelmac 1730 w. SemoiRo tempe-raturis Skala, romelic misi saxeliTaa cnobili, 156

rizarizarizariza----bei,bei,bei,bei, _ _ _ _ osmaleTis samxedro komisari, 234, 235, 263

ristiCiristiCiristiCiristiCi _ iovan (1831-1899, serbiis premier-ministri 1873, 1878-1880, 1887 wlebSi, 262, 421-423

riCardi henririCardi henririCardi henririCardi henri, _ ingliseli saxelmwifo moRvawe, 527 robertsirobertsirobertsirobertsi, _ ingliseli generali, 341 robilanirobilanirobilanirobilani, _ italiis sagareo saqmeTa ministri, 79,

80, 83, 89, 206, 335 roinaSvili a. s. _ roinaSvili a. s. _ roinaSvili a. s. _ roinaSvili a. s. _ kerZo muzeumis damaarsebeli, 555-

557 ruvie, _ ruvie, _ ruvie, _ ruvie, _ frangi saxelmwifo moRvawe, 330-332, 466,

608-610, 619, 620 s saginovebisaginovebisaginovebisaginovebi, 43 sadisadisadisadi----karnokarnokarnokarno _ mari-fransua sadi (1837-1924), safran-

geTis saxelmwifo moRvawe, 1887-1894 wlebSi safrangeTis prezidenti, 620

sava dedofali, sava dedofali, sava dedofali, sava dedofali, 85 salusberisalusberisalusberisalusberi, _ solusberi, robert artur talbot

gaskon sesil (1830-1903), ihglisis saxelmwifo moRvawe, didi britaneTis premier-ministri 1885-1892 wlebSi, 73-75, 243, 303, 340, 403, 430, 455, 456, 527-529, 536, 625, 626

sanbefisanbefisanbefisanbefi, _ elzaseli saxelmwifo moRvawe, 250 svitenisvitenisvitenisviteni, _ mkurnali, 132

730

sidenhamisidenhamisidenhamisidenhami _ Jan Sarl leonar simond de (1773-1842), Sveicarieli ekonomisti, wvrilburJuaziuli poli-tikuri ekonomiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, 132

smitismitismitismiti _ adam smiTi (1723-1790), Sotlandieli ekono-misti da filosofosi, “politikuri ekonomiis mama”, 395

sobneri sentrisobneri sentrisobneri sentrisobneri sentri, _ amerikeli senatori, 528 solomonisolomonisolomonisolomoni, _ mefe, 85 sokolovskisokolovskisokolovskisokolovski, _ inJineri, 51 spasoviCispasoviCispasoviCispasoviCi _ vladimer danielis Ze (1829-1906), rusi

iuristi, sisxlis samarTlis specialisti, 1857 wlidan peterburgis universitetis profesori, 11, 229

spenserispenserispenserispenseri _ _ _ _ herbert (1820-1903), ingliseli filoso-fosi da sociologi, 224-226, 519

srotinskisrotinskisrotinskisrotinski _ petre stefanis Ze, maswavlebeli, 598 stokesistokesistokesistokesi, _ ingliseli mkurnali, 132 stuarti donaldstuarti donaldstuarti donaldstuarti donald, _ ingliseli generali, 341 stuarti galeistuarti galeistuarti galeistuarti galei, _ inglisis palatis deputati, 456,

457 sumarokovisumarokovisumarokovisumarokovi, _ grafi, sagangebod gagzavnili piri

venaSi, 302 t tardanitardanitardanitardani, _ frangi mecnieri, 150, 151 tatatataciticiticiticiti, _ tacitusi, publius kornelius (daax. 55-

116), cnobili romaeli mwerali, istorikosi, 245 tizengauzenitizengauzenitizengauzenitizengauzeni, _ tizenhauzeni, siRnaRis mazris ufro-

si, 344 tirarditirarditirarditirardi, _ safrangeTis ministri, 192 tisatisatisatisa _ kalman borosiene (1830-1902), gamoCenili

ungreli saxelmwifo moRvawe, 1875-1890 wlebSi ungreTis Sinagan saqmeTa ministri. amave dros iyo liberaluri partiis xelmZRvaneli, momxre iyo ungrul Tavad-aznaurTa da habsburgebis kavSirisa, mWidro urTierTobisa germaniasTan, 312, 315

731

tixievitixievitixievitixievi, _ ruseTis saxelmwifo qonebaTa saministros warmomadgeneli, 435

u uaitiuaitiuaitiuaiti, _ inglisis elCi osmaleTSi, 77 uelsleiuelsleiuelsleiuelslei, _ ingliseli generali, 341 f ferdinandiferdinandiferdinandiferdinandi, _ princi, igive princi koburgisa, ferdi-

nand I koburgi (1861-1948), bulgareTis mTavari (1887-1908), mefe (1908-1918), koburgebis dinastiis damaarsebeli bulgareTSi, 463, 530, 532, 618

feriferiferiferi _ Jiul (1832-1893), frangi politikuri da saxelmwifo moRvawe, advokati, publicisti. 1879-1883 wlebSi drodadro ganaTlebis monistri, 1883-1885 wlebSi sagareo saqmeTa ministri, 1880-1881, 1883-1885 wlebSi ki premier-ministris posti eWira, 309, 332

feroniferoniferoniferoni, _ safrangeTis samxedro ministri, 331, 587 fissunifissunifissunifissuni, 110 flokeflokeflokefloke _ Sarl Tomas (1828-1896), frangi politikuri

moRvawe, aqtiurad moRvaweobda barikadul brZolebSi 1848 wlis revoluciis dros. 1885 wlidan 1888 wlamde iyo deputatTa palatis prezidenti. 1883 wlis 3 aprils flokem radikaluri partiis wevrebisagan Seadgina kabineti. amis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen: goble - sagareo saqmeTa ministri, freisine - samxedro ministri, heitrali - finansTa ministri, lokrua – saxalxo ganaTlebis ministri, TviT flokem daikava Sinagan saqmeTa ministris posti, 33-35

fluransifluransifluransifluransi, _ frangi saxelmwifo moRvawe, 92, 309, 330

foderefoderefoderefodere, _ mkurnali, 132 foraqoviforaqoviforaqoviforaqovi _ daviT foraqiSvili, veqili, 276

732

forsteriforsteriforsteriforsteri _ georg (1754-1794), germaneli ganmanaT-

lebeli da revolucioneri demokrati, publicisti, 181

freisinefreisinefreisinefreisine, _ safrangeTis mTavar-ministri, 33, 309, 332 wm. frumentiwm. frumentiwm. frumentiwm. frumenti, _ man Seitana qristianoba abisiniaSi, 85 q qiSmiSoviqiSmiSoviqiSmiSoviqiSmiSovi _ iakob, 266, 267, 277-279, 281-283, 285,

286, 288-291 qriste iesoqriste iesoqriste iesoqriste ieso, 232, 233, 238, 240, 241, 245, 461, 462,

555, 644, 645 quTaTelaZequTaTelaZequTaTelaZequTaTelaZe, _ quTaisis “saurTierTo kreditis sazo-

gadoebis” direqtori, 562-564 y yifiani dimitri _ yifiani dimitri _ yifiani dimitri _ yifiani dimitri _ ivanes Ze (1814-1887), sazogado moR-

vawe, publicisti, mwerali, mTargmneli, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis erT-erTi mesveuri. mokles mefis agentebma stavropolSi gadasaxlebis dros, 595, 597, 598, 600, 603, 604

S SaptaliSaptaliSaptaliSaptali, _ frangi qimikosi, 190 SaRubaToviSaRubaToviSaRubaToviSaRubaTovi, 265 SeeliSeeliSeeliSeeli, _ Seele, karl vilhelm (1742-1786), Svedi

qimikosi, profesiiT afTiaqari. pirvelma miiRo bev-ri organuli da araorganuli naerTi, maT ricxvSi glicerini, 192

SeqspiriSeqspiriSeqspiriSeqspiri, _ uiliam (1564-1616), didi ingliseli drama-turgi, poeti, 254, 519

Sopulini pavle ivanes ZeSopulini pavle ivanes ZeSopulini pavle ivanes ZeSopulini pavle ivanes Ze, 598

733

SnebeleSnebeleSnebeleSnebele, _ safrangeTis policiis komisari, 249-252, 258-260, 263, 300, 307, 311, 312, 316, 331, 335, 336, 427, 465

Steini lorencSteini lorencSteini lorencSteini lorenc, _ germaneli mecnieri, 67-70 C CamberleniCamberleniCamberleniCamberleni, _ Cemberleni, jozef (1836-1914), didi

britaneTis koloniebis ministri 1895-1903 wlebSi. 1880-1886 wlebSi periodulad Sedioda mTavrobis SemadgenlobaSi. karieris dasawyisSi liberali iyo, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi _ konservatori: ingli-sis koloniuri eqspansiis erT-erTi ideologTa-gani, 73

CerCili randolfCerCili randolfCerCili randolfCerCili randolf, _ lordi, konservatorTa moTave, 73, 74, 457, 627, 629

c cankovi dragancankovi dragancankovi dragancankovi dragan, _ bulgareTis opozicionerTa moTave,

76 W WavWavaZe dimitri sulxanis Ze, WavWavaZe dimitri sulxanis Ze, WavWavaZe dimitri sulxanis Ze, WavWavaZe dimitri sulxanis Ze, 411, 416, 418, 420 WavWavaZe ivane,WavWavaZe ivane,WavWavaZe ivane,WavWavaZe ivane, 411, 413-418 WavWavaZe sulxan giorgis Ze WavWavaZe sulxan giorgis Ze WavWavaZe sulxan giorgis Ze WavWavaZe sulxan giorgis Ze 411-418, 416 WavWavaZeni, WavWavaZeni, WavWavaZeni, WavWavaZeni, 411-418 x xoveni roman ivanes Ze, xoveni roman ivanes Ze, xoveni roman ivanes Ze, xoveni roman ivanes Ze, 600, 602 xorvatoviCixorvatoviCixorvatoviCixorvatoviCi, _ serbiis saxelmwifo moRvawe, 262 xuxuxuxudadovi ndadovi ndadovi ndadovi n. _ nikoloz aleqsis Ze (1850-1907), eqimi

da sazogado moRvawe, 221-230, 633, 634

734

j jenejenejenejene, _ italieli generali, 79, 80, 88, 89 h habsburgebis dinastiahabsburgebis dinastiahabsburgebis dinastiahabsburgebis dinastia, _ romelic marTavda avstrias

1282 wlidan; iyvnen hercogebi, 1453 wlidan _ erchercogebi, 1804 wlidan avstriis imperatorebi. SeierTes ra 1526 w. CexeTi da ungreTi (sadac iyvnen mefeebad) da sxva teritoriebi, gaxdnen didi mravalferovani saxelmwifos monarqebi, 218

hekkelihekkelihekkelihekkeli _ ernest (1834-1919), germaneli biologi-evolucionisti. Carlz darvinis moZRvrebis momdevari da propagandisti, 224, 229, 520

heksliheksliheksliheksli _ (xaksli) Tomas henri (1825-1895), ingliseli biologi. Carlz darvinis mimdevari da TvalsaCino propagandisti misi moZRvrebisa. peterburgis mecnierebaTa akademiis ucxoeli wevr-korespondenti (1864). londonis samefo sazogadoebis prezidenti 1883-1885 wlebSi, 224-226, 228-229

herbertiherbertiherbertiherberti, _ safrangeTis elCi germaniaSi, 215 herkulesiherkulesiherkulesiherkulesi, _ berZnuli miTologiis gmiri, vaJi zevsisa

da Cveulebrivi mokvdavi qalisa alkmenisa. igi aRWurvili iyo araCveulebrivi ZaliT, 229

hilgerihilgerihilgerihilgeri, _ mecnieri, 181 hipokratihipokratihipokratihipokrati, _ hipokrate (daaxl. 460 _ daaxl. 370 Zv.

w.), berZeni eqimi, antikuri medicinis refor-matori, materialisti, 132

hoSenihoSenihoSenihoSeni, _ ingliseli saxelmwifo moRvawe, 591-594 humbertihumbertihumbertihumberti, _ italiis mefe, 88 humboltihumboltihumboltihumbolti _ aleqsandre (1769-1859), gamoCenili bune-

bismetyveli, geografi da mogzauri, 138 hussonihussonihussonihussoni _ kristof vilhelm (1762-1836), germaneli

eqimi, gerontologiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, 130 hufelandihufelandihufelandihufelandi _ kristof vilhelm (1762-1836), germaneli

eqimi, gerontologiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, 132 huqsamihuqsamihuqsamihuqsami, _ mkurnali 132

735

geografiul saxelTa saZiebeli

a abisiniaabisiniaabisiniaabisinia _ afrikis Tanamedrove saxelmwifos, eTio-

piis Zveli araoficialuri saxelwodeba. Zvelad saqar-TveloSi abaSeTs uwodebdnen, _ 84, 85, 87-89

avlabariavlabariavlabariavlabari, _ 265, 282, 283 avstraliaavstraliaavstraliaavstralia, _ 13, 14, 17 avstriaavstriaavstriaavstria, _ 31, 32, 39, 40, 58, 80, 83, 84, 89, 90,

92, 206, 217-220, 236, 244, 261, 262, 300-304, 311-318, 332-336, 358, 380, 381, 421-423, 463, 466, 524, 525, 534, 535, 625-628

avstroavstroavstroavstro----vengriavengriavengriavengria, _ 13, 32, 77, 300-302, 305, 311, 314

avRanistani, avRaniavRanistani, avRaniavRanistani, avRaniavRanistani, avRani, _ 235, 236, 243, 303, 315, 316, 339, 340, 341, 402, 536

aziaaziaaziaazia, _ 236, 338, 339, 341, 464, 538 alazanialazanialazanialazani, _ 162 algeTialgeTialgeTialgeTi, _ 355 alJirialJirialJirialJiri, _ 584 amgaraamgaraamgaraamgara, _ 84 amerikaamerikaamerikaamerika, _ 14-17, 21, 24, 43-50, 109, 528, 529, 630-

632 amieramieramieramier----kavkaskavkaskavkaskavkasiaiaiaia, _ 64, 82, 115 angriangriangriangri----pekvenipekvenipekvenipekveni, _ 553 araxsiaraxsiaraxsiaraxsi, araqsi, arezi, mtkvris udidesi Senakadi, _

114 arxangelis guberniaarxangelis guberniaarxangelis guberniaarxangelis gubernia, arxangelskis gubernia, _ 496 astraxaniastraxaniastraxaniastraxani, _ 100 astraxanis guberniaastraxanis guberniaastraxanis guberniaastraxanis gubernia, _ 115 asuriasuriasuriasuri _ igive asureTi Zveli saxelmwifo

dRevandeli erayis teritoriaze. Camoyalibda Zv. w. III aTaswleulSi, SuamdinareTis Crd. nawilSi da iarseba Zv. w. VII s. bolomde, _ 555

atlatlatlatlantisantisantisantis okeane okeane okeane okeane, atlantiis okeane, _ 631 afrikaafrikaafrikaafrika, _ 78, 79, 84, 86, 87, 89, 583, 584 aRmosavleT indoeTiaRmosavleT indoeTiaRmosavleT indoeTiaRmosavleT indoeTi, _ 13 axali gvineaaxali gvineaaxali gvineaaxali gvinea, _ 554

736

aaaaxali zelandiaxali zelandiaxali zelandiaxali zelandia, _ 13 b bavariabavariabavariabavaria, _ 218 bazelibazelibazelibazeli, _ 189 baTomi, baTumibaTomi, baTumibaTomi, baTumibaTomi, baTumi, _ 49-52 balkanis, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulibalkanis, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulibalkanis, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulibalkanis, balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli, _ 76, 102,

261, 263, 301, 332, 421, 464-466 batenbergibatenbergibatenbergibatenbergi, _ 263 baqobaqobaqobaqo, _ 42-52, 109, 575 belgiabelgiabelgiabelgia, _ 39-41, 55, 61, 103, 104, 118, 213, 215,

463 berliniberliniberliniberlini, _ 300-302, 312, 327, 336, 405, 530-532,

609-610 besarabia,besarabia,besarabia,besarabia, istoriuli olqi, mdinareebis dneprsa da

pruts Soris (axla moldaveTis teritoriis ZiriTadi nawili da odesis olqis samxreT nawili), _ 115

birmaniabirmaniabirmaniabirmania, _ 78 bolgariabolgariabolgariabolgaria, bulgareTi, _ 31, 38, 60, 62, 73, 76, 77,

83, 92, 102, 201, 219, 234, 235, 242, 243, 262, 263, 302, 303, 313, 314, 336, 402, 463-467, 523, 525, 530-533, 552, 554

bordobordobordobordo, _ 192 bosniabosniabosniabosnia,,,, _ 302-319, 336 bosniabosniabosniabosnia----hercogovinahercogovinahercogovinahercogovina, _ 300-336 braziliabraziliabraziliabrazilia, _ 23 breslavibreslavibreslavibreslavi, _ 443 bruseli, briuselibruseli, briuselibruseli, briuselibruseli, briuseli, _ 528 burgundiaburgundiaburgundiaburgundia, istoriuli provincia safrangeTSi, _

179, 187 buxarabuxarabuxarabuxara, _ 22 g gavrigavrigavrigavri _ havri, _ 306 geokCaigeokCaigeokCaigeokCai, mdinare azerbaijanSi, _ 114 germaniagermaniagermaniagermania,,,, _ 12, 30, 31, 36-41, 55-78, 83-97, 102-104,

198-629

737

gibraltarigibraltarigibraltarigibraltari, _ 584 golandiagolandiagolandiagolandia, holandia, _ 12 gondargondargondargondariiii, qalaqi CrdiloeT eTiopiaSi. 18-20

saukuneebSi eTiopiis dedaqalaqi iyo, _ 84 gorigorigorigori, _ 557, 700 grodnis guberniagrodnis guberniagrodnis guberniagrodnis gubernia, grodnos gubernia, _ 82 d daniadaniadaniadania, _ 55, 58, 61 dasavleT indoeTidasavleT indoeTidasavleT indoeTidasavleT indoeTi, _ 12 daRestanidaRestanidaRestanidaRestani, _ 115, 354 deddeddeddedoflis wyarooflis wyarooflis wyarooflis wyaro, _ 342, 344 donidonidonidoni,,,, _ 115 dublinidublinidublinidublini, _ 132 duSeTiduSeTiduSeTiduSeTi, _ 555 e egvipteegvipteegvipteegvipte, _ 23, 79, 87, 117-119, 201, 302, 303, 314,

316, 339, 402-406, 552-554 evropaevropaevropaevropa, evropia, _ 15, 16, 21, 30, 32, 36, 45, 46,

53, 55-62, 76, 78, 87-92, 102, 116-130, 135-159, 162, 171, 182, 193-237, 242-263, 303-316, 326-396, 421-465, 523-630

v vengriavengriavengriavengria, ungreTi, _ 314 vilenis guberniavilenis guberniavilenis guberniavilenis gubernia _ vilenis olqi ruseTis

imperiaSi. 1920 w. moskovis xelSekrulebiT Sevida litvis SemadgenlobaSi, magram maSinve poloneTma daipyro. 1939 w. igi kvlav litvas daubrunda, _ 82

vislis midamos guberniavislis midamos guberniavislis midamos guberniavislis midamos gubernia, _ 82 vladikavkavi, vladikavkasivladikavkavi, vladikavkasivladikavkavi, vladikavkasivladikavkavi, vladikavkasi, _ 100, 354 z zegaanizegaanizegaanizegaani, _ 142 zemo xodaSenizemo xodaSenizemo xodaSenizemo xodaSeni, _ 43

738

T TeTri (kaspiis) zRvaTeTri (kaspiis) zRvaTeTri (kaspiis) zRvaTeTri (kaspiis) zRva, _ 42 Telavis mazraTelavis mazraTelavis mazraTelavis mazra, _ 435-436, 453, 454, 613 TelaviTelaviTelaviTelavi, _ 453, 454 TergiTergiTergiTergi, _ 100 Tergis mxareTergis mxareTergis mxareTergis mxare, _ 64 TianeTis mazraTianeTis mazraTianeTis mazraTianeTis mazra, _ 353 TrialeTiTrialeTiTrialeTiTrialeTi, _ 351, 354 TuqurmiSaTuqurmiSaTuqurmiSaTuqurmiSa, _ 43 TuSTuSTuSTuS----fSavfSavfSavfSav----xevsureTxevsureTxevsureTxevsureT----kaxeTikaxeTikaxeTikaxeTi, _ 353, 355 i ivris xeobaivris xeobaivris xeobaivris xeoba, _ 354, 355 imereTiimereTiimereTiimereTi, _ 20, 22, 23, 114, 115,198 imierkavkasiaimierkavkasiaimierkavkasiaimierkavkasia, _ 98, 99, 115 inglisiinglisiinglisiinglisi, _ 12-16, 23, 24, 41, 57, 67, 68, 73-79, 83-

85, 103, 104, 117-235, 243-249, 303-318, 328, 338-341, 380-396, 402-407, 455-466, 528-537, 552-554, 590-594, 627, 629

indoeTiindoeTiindoeTiindoeTi, _ 14, 16, 17, 23, 117, 338-341 ioriioriioriiori, _ 355 irlandiairlandiairlandiairlandia, _ 12, 243, 315, 380, 430, 455-458 ispaniaispaniaispaniaispania, espaneTi, _ 12, 78, 189, 190, 379, 387, 529,

584, 627 italiaitaliaitaliaitalia, _ 12, 77-89, 130, 190, 206, 236, 244, 335,

358, 377, 387, 535, 584, 625, 626 k kavkasiakavkasiakavkasiakavkasia, _ 29, 42, 43, 63, 98, 100, 254, 323, 324,

567-570, 633 kavkasiis olqikavkasiis olqikavkasiis olqikavkasiis olqi, _ 418 kanadakanadakanadakanada, _ 13 kaxkaxkaxkaxeTieTieTieTi, _ 43, 114, 115, 138, 142, 153, 198, 355, 454 kelnikelnikelnikelni, _ 96 kvaTanikvaTanikvaTanikvaTani, _ 459, 460, 462 kievikievikievikievi, _ 522

739

kipris kunZulikipris kunZulikipris kunZulikipris kunZuli _ kviprosis kunZuli, mdebareobs xmelTaSua zRvaSi. masze mdebareobs kviprosis respublika. ZiriTadi mosaxleoba berZnebi da Turqebi. dedaqalaqi niqozia, _ 405

kovenis guberniakovenis guberniakovenis guberniakovenis gubernia, _ 82 korolinis kunZulebikorolinis kunZulebikorolinis kunZulebikorolinis kunZulebi, _ 78, 379 kritis kunZulikritis kunZulikritis kunZulikritis kunZuli _ kretas kunZuli, xmelTaSua

zRvaSi. Sedis saberZneTis SenadgenlobaSi, 303 kuinikuinikuinikuini, _ 555 kukiakukiakukiakukia, _ 272 kumakumakumakuma, _ 100 l lanCxuTilanCxuTilanCxuTilanCxuTi, _ 459, 460, 462 lapllapllapllaplataataataata, la-plata _ 13 leifcixileifcixileifcixileifcixi, leifcigi _ 427 liverpuliliverpuliliverpuliliverpuli, _ 74 lilolilolilolilo, _ 174 londonilondonilondonilondoni, _ 528, 553, 625 luqsemburgiluqsemburgiluqsemburgiluqsemburgi, _ 38, 214 m

madridimadridimadridimadridi, _ 627 manglisimanglisimanglisimanglisi, _ 355, 356 marokomarokomarokomaroko, _ 582, 584 masmasmasmassovasovasovasova, masava, qalaqi Crd. eTiopiaSi, porti

wiTel zRvaze, _ 78 meqsikameqsikameqsikameqsika, _ 12 mecimecimecimeci, _ 251 mewamuli zRvamewamuli zRvamewamuli zRvamewamuli zRva, _ 78, 84, 87, 88 minskiminskiminskiminski, _ 323 minskis guberniaminskis guberniaminskis guberniaminskis gubernia, _ 82 miunxenimiunxenimiunxenimiunxeni, _ 94 moskovimoskovimoskovimoskovi, _ 25, 81, 125, 253, 295, 368-370, 373,

575, 638 mtkvarimtkvarimtkvarimtkvari, _ 355, 635

740

n naTluxinaTluxinaTluxinaTluxi, navTluRi, _ 272 neapolineapolineapolineapoli, _ 80 niJegarodiniJegarodiniJegarodiniJegarodi, niJegorodi, _ 21 niuniuniuniu----arkaarkaarkaarka, _ 594 norvegianorvegianorvegianorvegia, _ 55, 61, 62 notinheminotinheminotinheminotinhemi, _ 593, 595 nuxinuxinuxinuxi _ qalaq Sekis saxelwodeba 1968 wlamde, qa-

laqi, CrdiloeT azerbaijanSi, _ 112 o odesaodesaodesaodesa, _ 369 ozurgeTis mazraozurgeTis mazraozurgeTis mazraozurgeTis mazra, _ 521, 522 osmaleTiosmaleTiosmaleTiosmaleTi, osmalo, _ 13, 76-79, 87, 117, 118, 234,

235, 302, 303, 314, 316, 319, 402-405, 525, 530-532 p paniepaniepaniepanie, _ 249-252 paddingtonipaddingtonipaddingtonipaddingtoni, _ 457 pariJipariJipariJipariJi, parizi, _ 181, 188, 193, 214, 467 peruperuperuperu, _ 13 peterburgipeterburgipeterburgipeterburgi, sank-peterburgi, _ 10, 32, 53, 99,

253, 316, 370, 515, 560, 617, 629 portugaliaportugaliaportugaliaportugalia, _ 12 prusiaprusiaprusiaprusia, _ 39, 40, 58, 61, 66, 69, 103, 214, 217,

252, 326, 327, 443, 444 pskovipskovipskovipskovi, _ 606, 607 r rionirionirionirioni, _ 114 romiromiromiromi, _ 245-247, 377, 555 romis imperiaromis imperiaromis imperiaromis imperia, _ 245 rostovirostovirostovirostovi, _ 100, 370 roCdeliroCdeliroCdeliroCdeli, _ 409

741

rumeliarumeliarumeliarumelia _ saerTo saxelwodeba 14-16 saukuneebSi Turqebis mier dapyrobili balkaneTis qveynebisa. axlandeli saxelwodeba TurqeTis evropuli nawilisa, stambolis gamoklebiT

ruminiaruminiaruminiaruminia, rumineTi, _ 13, 531 ruseTi, _ 10, 13, 17, 19-53, 63, 76, 77, 100, 109,

111, 115-119, 141, 161, 198, 207, 217-229, 244, 253, 256, 261, 295-340, 357-468, 496-515, 524-537, 547, 552-560, 609, 616-628, 636

ruseTis imperiaruseTis imperiaruseTis imperiaruseTis imperia, _ 54 s saatisisaatisisaatisisaatisi, _ 80 saberZneTisaberZneTisaberZneTisaberZneTi, _ 555 sadova, qalaqi CexoslovakiaSi, romlis midamoebSi

1866 w. avstria-prusiis omis dros prusielebma sas-tikad daamarcxes avstria-saqsonelTa armia, _ 219

samtrediasamtrediasamtrediasamtredia, _ 50 samxreT amerikasamxreT amerikasamxreT amerikasamxreT amerika, _ 13 sansansansan----stefanostefanostefanostefano, _ 302 safrangeTisafrangeTisafrangeTisafrangeTi, _ 31, 33-40, 56-61, 79, 83, 84, 92, 117,

119, 129, 133, 181, 188-218, 234, 244-620 saqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelo, _ 20, 125, 179, 254, 279, 353, 452,

555 serbiaserbiaserbiaserbia, _ 261, 302, 421-423 siRnaRisiRnaRisiRnaRisiRnaRi, _ 342, 453, 454 siRnaRis mazrasiRnaRis mazrasiRnaRis mazrasiRnaRis mazra, _ 162, 344, 435, 453 siciliasiciliasiciliasicilia, _ 12, 636 somxiTisomxiTisomxiTisomxiTi, qvemo qarTl eZaxdnen somxiTs, _ 114, 115,

138 sofiasofiasofiasofia, _ 262 spaldingispaldingispaldingispaldingi, _ 456, 457 sparseTisparseTisparseTisparseTi, _ 13, 236, 555 stavropolis guberniastavropolis guberniastavropolis guberniastavropolis gubernia, _ 64 stambulistambulistambulistambuli, stamboli, _ 76, 77, 302, 305 stokporotistokporotistokporotistokporoti, _ 593 suakimisuakimisuakimisuakimi, _ 80, 87

742

sudanisudanisudanisudani, _ 78, 79 suezis arxisuezis arxisuezis arxisuezis arxi, suecis arxi, _ 79, 117-119, 338 suramisuramisuramisurami, _ 446-448 t takacetakacetakacetakace, _ 84 tigretigretigretigre, CrdiloeT eTiopiis provincia, _ 84 tigresis samefotigresis samefotigresis samefotigresis samefo, _ 84, 88 tonkinitonkinitonkinitonkini, _ 78 tulis guberniatulis guberniatulis guberniatulis gubernia, _ 638 turiscixeturiscixeturiscixeturiscixe, _ 142 tfilisitfilisitfilisitfilisi, Tbilisi, _ 9, 12, 15, 19, 23, 26, 30, 33,

36, 39, 42, 43, 46...174, 254, 271, 279, 345, 354, 384, 411, 500-515, 559, 565, 570, 597, 600, 634-636, 655

tfilisis guberniatfilisis guberniatfilisis guberniatfilisis gubernia, _ 271, 342, 412, 493, 571, 600, 656

tfilisis mazratfilisis mazratfilisis mazratfilisis mazra, _ 354 u uraliuraliuraliurali, _ 253 f faSaanifaSaanifaSaanifaSaani, _ 142 foTifoTifoTifoTi, _ 50, 108 fona,fona,fona,fona, sofeli rikoTis uReltexilis dasavleT

kalTaze, _ 231 q qabuliqabuliqabuliqabuli, _ 334 qarTliqarTliqarTliqarTli, _ 115, 138, 198, 436 qarTlqarTlqarTlqarTl----kaxeTikaxeTikaxeTikaxeTi, _ 20, 23, 343, 436 quTaisiquTaisiquTaisiquTaisi, _ 493, 539, 541, 544, 559, 562, 563, 646-

648, 655 y

743

yairiyairiyairiyairi, _ 119 yandaariyandaariyandaariyandaari, _ qalaqi samxreT avRaneTSi. mis daarsebas

miaweren aleqsandre makedonels, _ 340, 341 yarsiyarsiyarsiyarsi, _ qalaqi Crd.-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi, igi

qarTul wyaroebSi moxsenebulia karis saxelwodebiT, _ 354, 355

yizlariyizlariyizlariyizlari, _ 98, 100, 101, 299 yirimiyirimiyirimiyirimi, _ 115, 310 yubaniyubaniyubaniyubani, _ 64, 115 S Savi zRvaSavi zRvaSavi zRvaSavi zRva, _ 42, 114 SamaxaSamaxaSamaxaSamaxa _ Sumaxa, Semaxia, adgili azerbaijanSi, _

114 SamqoriSamqoriSamqoriSamqori _ qalaqi azerbaijanSi, _ 265 SSSSaqrianiaqrianiaqrianiaqriani _ sofeli yvarlis raionSi SefildiSefildiSefildiSefildi _ qalaqi did britaneTSi, _ 593 SveicariaSveicariaSveicariaSveicaria, _ 12, 55 SveciaSveciaSveciaSvecia, _ 55, 61, 62, 528 Sida aziaSida aziaSida aziaSida azia, _ 20, 22, 23, 25 Sida amerikaSida amerikaSida amerikaSida amerika, _ 12 SiraqiSiraqiSiraqiSiraqi, _ 342, 344, 354 SlezvigSlezvigSlezvigSlezvig----golSteinigolSteinigolSteinigolSteini _ Slezvig-holSteini, amJamad

Sedis frg-Si, pirvelad or damoukidebel nawils warmoadgenda: Slezvigis sahercogo da holSteinis sagrafo. me-19 saukunis Sua xanebSi daiwyo germaneli mosaxleobis nacionalur-gamanTavisuflebeli brZola. 1864 w. holSteini gadaeca avstrias, xolo Slezvigi _ prusias. 1866 w. avstria-prusiis omis Semdeg Slezvig-holSteini gaxda prusiis provincia. 1949 wlidan igi federaciuli germaniis SemadgenlobaSia, _ 58, 61

SoaSoaSoaSoa _ provincia eTiopiis centralur nawilSi. administraciuli centri adis-abeba, _ 84, 85, 89

Stetini _ qalaqi da porti poloneTSi, _ 609, 610

Sua aziaSua aziaSua aziaSua azia, _ 339, 340, 536

744

C CernogoriaCernogoriaCernogoriaCernogoria _ Cernogoriis socialisturi respub-

lika, Sedis iugoslaviis SemadgenlobaSi, _ 64, 302 CiliCiliCiliCili, _ 13 CineTiCineTiCineTiCineTi, _ 236, 257 Crdilo amerikis StatebiCrdilo amerikis StatebiCrdilo amerikis StatebiCrdilo amerikis Statebi, _ 13, 21-23 CrdiloeT amerikaCrdiloeT amerikaCrdiloeT amerikaCrdiloeT amerika, _ 20 CrdiloeT kavkasiaCrdiloeT kavkasiaCrdiloeT kavkasiaCrdiloeT kavkasia, _ 98, 99 CrdiloeT paddingtoniCrdiloeT paddingtoniCrdiloeT paddingtoniCrdiloeT paddingtoni, _ 457 w wifawifawifawifa, _ 231 x xarkovixarkovixarkovixarkovi, _ 253 xersonis guberniaxersonis guberniaxersonis guberniaxersonis gubernia, _ 496 xmelTaSua zRvaxmelTaSua zRvaxmelTaSua zRvaxmelTaSua zRva, _ 79, 338, 535 h habebihabebihabebihabebi, _ 84 hebrijis kunZulebihebrijis kunZulebihebrijis kunZulebihebrijis kunZulebi _ arqipelagi atlantiis okea-

neSi, Sedis didi britaneTis SemadgenlobaSi, _ 536 hercogovinahercogovinahercogovinahercogovina _ hercegovina, _ 300-302, 315, 336 holandiaholandiaholandiaholandia, _ 214, 215, 528

745

perioduli gamocemaTa saZiebeli

“iveria”“iveria”“iveria”“iveria” _ qarTuli politikuri da literature-

li organo, gamodioda TbilisSi 1877-1906 w.w. (1877-1878 wlebSi _ kvireuli gazeTi, 1879-1885 wlebSi _ Jurnali, 1886 wlidan yoveldRiuri gazeTi). misi damaarsebeli da redaqtori ilia WavWavaZe. Tanare-daqtorebi _ s. mesxi (1881 w. “droebisa” da “iveriis” redaqtorebis gaerTianebisas), i. maCabeli (1882-1884), a. sarajiSvili (1901 wlis 4 dekembridan), g. yifSiZe (1903-1905), Semdeg gazeTis daxurvamde (1906 w. 27 agvistomde) _ f. gogiCaiSvili, 9, 10, 221, 226, 446-451, 555

““““Биржевые Ведомости”””” _ birJis finansTa, savaWro, politikuri gazeTi 1880 w. 1 ianvridan scemda properi p.s. makarovis redaqciiT. 1885 wlis 13 noembridan gamodioda yoveldRe. “Вестник Европы” _ rusuli yovelTviuri Jurnali, romelic 1866-1918 wlebSi gamodioda moskovSi. igi iyo burJuaziul-liberaluri mimarTulebisa, 51

““““Кавказъ”””” _ yoveldRiuri politikuri da litera-turuli gazeTi, gamodioda 1846-1918 wlebSi Tbi-lisSi, rusul enaze. Tavdapirvelad igi kerZo, arao-ficialuri gamocema iyo, 1850 wlidan ki gazeTs kavkasiis mefisnacvlis kancelaria scemda, 384, 470, 636-638

““““Московские Ведомости”””” _ uZvelesi rusuli gazeTi (1756-1917), 1863 wlidan _ reaqciulia (red. m. katkovi da p. leontievi), 214

“mSaki”“mSaki”“mSaki”“mSaki” _ somxuri literaturul-politikuri gazeTi, gamodioda 1872-1920 wlebSi, TbilisSi. daaarsa g. arwrunim, 622-624, 714

“Новое обозрение” _ yoveldRiuri rusuli gazeTi, gamodioda TbilisSi 1884 wlidan. burJuaziul-progresuli organo. gazeTis gamocemas 1887-1891 wlebSi saTaveSi edga n. nikolaZe, 280, 469, 470, 473, 487, 493, 521, 622, 623

746

“Русские Ведомости” _ yoveldRiuri rusuli gazeTi, gamodioda moskovSi 1863-1918 wlebSi, 372

““““Русский Куръер””””, 575 “Daily News”, inglisuri gazeTi, 340 “De Luvzy” , “Matin”, franguli gazeTi, 219 “Memorial Diplomatique”, franguli gazeTi, 303 “Nation”, franguli gazeTi, 249, 252 “odi“odi“odi“odiekiekiekieki””””, serbiis gazeTi, 262 “Англо-Руский торговый журнал”, 13 “Republique Francaise”, franguli gazeTi, 621 “Post”, germanuli gazeTi, 262

“Standart”, inglisuri gazeTi, 104

“St-James Gazette”, inglisuri gazeTi, 318 ““““Times””””, inglisuri gazeTi; yoveldRiuri, gamodis

1785 wlidan londonSi, 249, 252, 302, 307, 316 ““““Jurnal Des Debats””””, 117, franguli gazeTi, 304 ““““Jurnal Official”, franguli gazeTi, 359

747

Tematuri saZiebeliTematuri saZiebeliTematuri saZiebeliTematuri saZiebeli

I politika

bismarki samxedro kanonis Sesaxeb, 30-32 bismarkis diplomatiuri svlebi, 310-312 bismarkis da evropis politika, 533-537 bismarkis avtoritetis Sesusteba evropaSi, 93-97 safrangeTi, 33-35, 213-216, 357-360, 577-581 safrangeTis saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba, 33-35 general kafarelis saqme, 586-589 ruvies saministros gadadgoma, 608-611 safrangeTsa da germanias Soris urTierTobis

gamwvaveba, 55-59, 306-309, 330-332 inglisSi politikuri amindis Secvla gladstonis

sasargeblod, 455-458 inglisi indoeTis SenarCunebis ZiebaSi, 338-341 evropis politika, 91-92, 102-104, 234-241, 300-

305 evropa didi omis molodinSi, 60-62, 242-243, 625-

627 berlinis kongresi, 300-305 evropisa da sxva saxelmwifoTa saSinao da sagareo

politika, 313-317 abisinia, 83-90 avstria, 217-220 balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli, 261-264 belgia, 39-41 dania, 55-62 maroko, 582-585 norvegia, 55-62 serbia, 420-422 Svecia, 55-62 ruseTi, 9-19, 63-77, 98-199, 207-229, 295-340,

616-628 “bulgareTis saqme”, 76-77, 523-525, 530-532, 552-

554 “bosniis saqme”, 318-320

748

Snebelesa da gauCis Sesaxeb, 249-252, 258-260 romis papis rolis gaZliereba evropis politikaSi,

377-381 parlamenti Tu saministro, 66-72 sasoflo TviTmmarTveloba, 9-11 quTaisis saqalaqo arCevnebi, 646

II samarTali

dava avlabris mamulebze, 265-291 “zemski naCalnikebis” SemoRebis Sesaxeb, kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba, 346-349 saxaso glexebis miwebis gayidvasTan dakavSirebuli

sakiTxebi, 452-454 mamulebis gamosyidvis oqmis Sedgenis xarjis

dadgena, 571-573 saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos daarsebis aucilebloba,

526-529

III istoria

abisiniis saxelmwifo, 83, 90 kavkasiis arqeologiuri da istoriuli muzeumi,

555-557

IV religia

aRdgomis dResaswauli, 238, 241 qristeSoba, 644, 645

V ekonomika

pureuliT vaWroba, 12-18, 321-325 navTis saqme kavkasiaSi, 42-52, 105-110, 574-576 imier-kavkasiis Rvinoebi, 98-101 mamulebis gamijvna, 209-212 saSemosavlo gadasaxadis SemoReba, 53-54 kreditis roli, 292-295

749

xanZrisagan Senobebis dazRvevis aucilebloba, 361-376

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Warbi simdidre, 630-632

samrewvelo da sameurneo nawarmTa gamofenis mowyoba, 253-257, 565-570

fritrederoba da proteqcionoba, 385-401 “saglexo banki” , 469-520 soflis meurneoba, 111-112 bambis moyvana, 19-25 mevenaxe glexebis mdgomareoba, 433-441 kaliebis Semoseva, 342-345 Rvino, 113-115, 296-299

a)venaxisaTvis adgilis SerCeva, 612-615 b)Rvinis keTebis aRwera, 120-198 g)Rvinis Senaxva, 151-158 d)qvevris sikeTe, 146-173 e)Rvinis gamZleoba, 142-192 v)Rvinis gamgebloba, 113-116 z)yalbi Rvino, 134-298 T)Rvini keTebis evropuli xerxebi, 136-139,

173-175

VI swavla-ganaTleba

Tbilisis uRaribes mkvidrTaTvis sakvirao skolis sikeTe, 382-384

gimnaziis erTi didi nakli, 546-548 saTavadaznauro skolebSi swavlebis Zireulad

Secvlis aucilebloba, 538-545 pirveldawyebiT skolebSi swavlebis gaumjobesebi-

saTvis, 605-607 WavWavaZianT sagvareulo erTobis dafuZneba Svi-

lebis aRzrdis saqmeSi, 411-420 xalxis zne-CveulebaTa Seswavlis Sesaxeb, 640-643

VII literatura

yrmoba dimitri yifianisa, 597-604

750

VIII morali

Rirseulis dafaseba, 202-205 avtoritetis mniSvneloba, 221-230 zneobrivi siwmindis mniSvneloba eris momavli-

saTvis, 245-248 dimitri WavWavaZianT anderZi, 411-420 Tavisuflebis raoba, 442-445 kanonis uzenaesoba, 346-349 gazeT “iveriis” marcxi, 449-451 kanonis codnis aucilebloba, 446-448 qarTveli kacis saqebari zne, 495-497 gazeT “Кавказ”-i da qarTveli xalxi, 636-639 safrangeTis zneobrivi Zal-Rone, 619-621

IX medicina

eris janmrTelobis Sesaxeb, 558-561 mkurnali d. erisTavi, 521-522

X ekologia

baTumis havis avkargianoba, 633-635

751

s a r C e v i

«polemikuri werilebi “cxovreba da kanonis” gamo» werili pirveli......................................................................................................................9 «pureuliT vaWrobis saqme CvenSi»....................................................................... 12 «bambis moyvanis saqme da bazris sakiTxi»....................................................... 19 «iase andronikaSvili»..................................................................................................26 «bismarkis sityva samxedro kanonis Sesaxeb» ................................................30 «safrangeTis saerTaSoriso mdgomareobis ganmtkicebisaTvis zrunva» ......................................................................................... 33 «aJiotaJi bismarkis sityvis gamo» ......................................................................36 «belgiis saomari mzadeba .......................................................................................... 39 «navTis saqme kavkasiaSi» ............................................................................................ 42 «saSemosavlo gadasaxadis SemoReba»................................................................... 53 «safrangeTsa da germanias Soris urTierTobis gamwvaveba»................. 55 «evropis wvril saxelmwifoTa saomari mzadeba»...................................... 60 «WaWis aryis gamoxdazed SeRavaTiani sabaJo wesebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb» ........................................................................................63 «parlamenti Tu saministro»...................................................................................66 «salusberis saministros gasaWiri» ...................................................................73 «bulgareTis saqmis mSvidobianad damTavrebis cda» .................................76 «italiis mier massovas dapyrobis mcdeloba».............................................78 «“zemski naCalnikis” SemoRebis aucilebloba»..............................................81 «abisiniis saxelmwifos raoba»............................................................................... 83 «italiisa da abisinias Soris urTierTobis gamwvaveba massovas gamo» ............................................................................................87 «daZabuli politikuri viTareba evropaSi» ...................................................91 «bismarkis avtoritetis Sesusteba germaniaSi».......................................... 93 «ermolovi da Crdilo-kavkasiis Rvinoebi» ................................................... 98 «evropis politikis cvalebadoba».....................................................................102 «adgilobriv Sav navTze da ucxoeTidan Semotanil navTze baJis dadebis sakiTxis gamo» ................................................................105 «Cveni sofluri meurneobis SesaZleblobani da biurokratizmi»... 111 «Rvino _ Cveni qveynis simdidris wyaro» ......................................................113 «egvipte _ evropis saxelmwifoTa erTmaneTSi mourigeblobis mizezi»...............................................................................................117 «Rvinis qarTulad dayeneba» ...................................................................................120 «bismarkis muqara»........................................................................................................199 «Rirseulis dafaseba» ...............................................................................................202 «germaniis SeSfoTebis mizezi» ............................................................................206 «mamulebis gamijvnis ukeT mowyobisaTvis»................................................. 209 «safrangeTsa da germanias Soris daZabulobis Senelebis cdebi»..............................................................................213 «avstriis orWofuli politika»........................................................................217 «polemikuri werilebi “cxovreba da kanonis gamo”» werili meore ....................................................................................................................221 «tragedia rkinigzaze» ...............................................................................................231

752

«siwynare evropis politikur sarbielze»..................................................234 «evropis saomari mzadeba» ......................................................................................242 «zneobrivi siwmindis mniSvneloba eris mermisisaTvis».......................245 «Snebeles saqme» ........................................................................................................... 249 «gamofenis mowyobis uperspeqtivoba».............................................................. 253 «kvlav Snebelesa da gauCis Sesaxeb»............................................................... 258 «politikis feriscvaleba balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze» ....................261 «avlabrelebis saqme»..................................................................................................265 «kreditis roli qveynis ekonomikaSi» ........................................................... 292 «Rvinis warmoebis gasaumjobesebeli RonisZiebani»............................... 296 «evropis politikuri mdgomareoba».................................................................300 «germniasa da safrangeTs Soris axali xidis gadebis cda»............306 «bismarkis diplomatiuri svlebi» .....................................................................310 «siwynare evropis politikaSi» ........................................................................... 313 «““““bosniis saqmis” ” ” ” amotivtiveba»...........................................................................318 «pureulis yidva samxedro uwyebis mier».....................................................321 «germaniis mbrZaneblobas evropaSi aRsasruli daudga»................... 326 «safrangeTis politika germaniisken gadaixara»....................................... 330 «tokva evropis Tanasworobis sasworisa» ....................................................333 «inglisi indoeTis SenarCunebis gzebis ZiebaSia»..................................338 «kaliebis Semoseva siRnaRis mazraSi» ............................................................342 «kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba sazogadoebis wesieri agebulebis safuZvlis qvakuTxedia».................................................................346 «Cveni mesaqonleobis saWiroebani» .................................................................... 350 «safrangeTis orWofuli politika»................................................................ 357 «xanZrisagan Senobebis dazRvevis SemoReba».................................................361 «romis papebis brZola Zveli didebis aRsadgenad»................................ 377 «tfilisis uRaribes mkvidrTaTvis sakvirao skolis gamarTvis sikeTe ......................................................................................... 382 «satamonJo politika evropaSi, fritrederoba da proteqcionoba»...............................................................................................................385 «morigebis mcdeloba inglissa da osmalebs Soris egviptis Taobazed»......................................................................................402 «inglisSi Seqmnil damxmare sazogadoebaTa sikeTe»..............................407 «dimitri sulxanis-Ze WavWavaZis anderZi».................................................... 411 «mTavar-ministris Secvla serbiaSi».................................................................421 «bismarkis zRvardaudebeli batonoba» ...........................................................424 «germaniis mier arasworad gadadgmuli nabiji»...................................... 429 «mevenaxe glexTa mdgomareoba» ............................................................................ 433 «ra aris Tavisufleba» ..........................................................................................442 «kanonis codna da misi farad gamoyenebis aucilebloba».................446 «gazeT “iveriis” marcxi» ....................................................................................... 449 «saxaso glexTa mamulebis gayidva»..................................................................452 «politikuri amindis Secvla gladstonis sasargeblod»................. 455 «swavla-ganaTleba eris warmatebis sawindaria» ......................................459 «politikis sasworis ormxrivi tokva» ........................................................463 «“saglexo bankis” garSemo».................................................................................. 469 «mkurnali d. erisTavi» ..........................................................................................521

753

«bulgareTis istoriaSi axali xanis dadgoma» ........................................ 523 «saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos SemoRebis aucilebloba» ....................... 526 «kvlav bulgareTis Sesaxeb» ................................................................................. 530 «bismarki da evropis politika» .........................................................................533 «saTavadaznauro skolebSi swavlebis xasiaTis Zireulad Secvlis aucilebloba» ...................................................................538 «gimnaziebis erTi didi nakli»............................................................................546 «iseTi dawesebulebis saWiroeba,sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba garToba, gasaubreba, dasveneba...» .....................................................................549 «germaniis politika bulgareTTan mimarTebaSi» ......................................552 «saqmis siyvaruli warmatebis sawindaria» ..................................................555 «eris janmrTeloba saxelmwifos erTi udidesi sazrunavia»..........558 «Seuwynarebeli gulgriloba sazogado saqmisadmi».............................. 562 «samrewvelo da sameurneo nawarmTa gamofenis mowyobis Sesaxeb» ....................................................................................................565 «mamulebis gamosyidvis oqmis Sedgenis xarjis gansazRvris aucilebloba» ................................................................................................................. 571 «siyalbe navTis mrewvelobaSi» .......................................................................... 574 «safrangeTis mTavrobis daudgromeloba».....................................................577 «evropis saxelmwifoTa daintereseba marokoTi» ....................................582 «general kaffarelis saqme».................................................................................. 586 «yalbi da namdvili»...................................................................................................590 «dimitri yifianis gardacvaleba» ......................................................................595 «yrmoba dimitri yifianisa»....................................................................................597 «pirveldawyebiT skolebSi swavlebis gaumjobesebis sakiTxi».......605 «ruvies saministros gadadgoma» ........................................................................608 «venaxebis da Wirnaxulis wanaxedoba da misi sawinaaRmdego zomebi».................................................................................................612 «bismarkis orpiri politika ruseTis mimarT» ..........................................616 «safrangeTis zneobrivi Zal-Rone mamulis siyvarulSia».................. 619 «gazeT “mSakis” gamoxdoma»....................................................................................622 «evropis saomari mzadeba» ......................................................................................623 «evropis politikur asparezze myudroebam daisadgura»................... 628 «amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier dagrovili Warbi simdidre» ..................................................................................630 «baTumis havis avkargianobis Sesaxeb» ............................................................. 633 «gazeTi “kavkazi” da qarTveli xalxi»..........................................................636 «xalxis CveulebaTa Seswavlis Sesaxeb» .......................................................640 «qristeSobis molocva» ...........................................................................................644 «quTaisi saqalaqo areCevnebis molodinSi».................................................646 «sazogado saqmis msaxurTa saxelis dacvisaTvis»................................. 649 «TviTmoqmedebisaTvis»................................................................................................ 653 SeniSvnebi da komentarebi.........................................................................................658 «teqstisaTvis»...............................................................................................................659 saZieblebi...........................................................................................................................719

754

ИЛЪЯ ГРИГОРЪЕВИЧ ЧАВЧАВАДЗЕ

ПОЛНОЕ СОБРАНИЕ CОЧЕНЕНИЙ В 20-ТИ ТОМАХ

ТОМ IX

(На Грузинском языке)

ТБИЛИСИ

“ИЛИАС ФОНДИ”

2006

gamomcemlobis redaqtorebi: ivane amirxanaSvili, uCa SerazadaSvili. koreqtori: elene bedukaZe teqsti aawyo: naTela beriSvilma daakabadona: giorgi beriSvilma

tiraJi 300

fasi saxelSekrulebo