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Chemistry

Chemistry

Part I. Words & Phrases 常用词汇

Basic Concepts and Terms of Theories基本概念基本理论

acid

n.酸

strong acid

强酸

weak acid

弱酸

acid radical

酸根

acid salt

酸式盐

acid-base indicator

酸碱指示剂

acidic oxide

酸性氧化物

acidify

vt.使酸化,使成酸 vi.变酸

acidity

/

n.酸性

activate

vt.活化,使活泼

activation energy

/

n.反应活化能

alkaline manganese cell

/碱性锰电池

alkaline solution

碱溶液

alkalinity

/

n.碱度

alkalinization

/n.碱化

allotrope

/

n.同素异形体

allotropic

//

a.同素异形体的

allotropy

//

n.同素异形现象

alloy

n.合金;vt.使成合金

alpha particle

(粒子

amorphous

//

a.无定型的

amphoteric oxide

//

两性氧化物

anion

/

阴离子

anode

//

n.阳极, 正极

anodic

//

a.阳极的

aqueous

//

a.水的,含水的

aqueous solution

水溶液

atom

//

n.原子

atomic group

//

原子团

atomic mass

原子质量

atomic nucleus

原子核

atomic number

原子序数

atomic structure

原子结构

atomic weight

原子量

auto-oxidation-reduction

自身氧化还原

Avogadro's constant

阿伏加德罗常数

Avogadro's number

阿伏加得罗常数

balance

//

n.天平,平衡;vt.使平衡,称

balance of chemical equation

化学方程式的配平

balanced chemical equation

已配平的化学方程式

base /beis/ n.碱

strong base

强碱

weak base

弱碱

battery

//

n.电池

beta particle

//

(离子

biatomic acid

/

二元酸

bivalent

/

adj.二价的

bond

//

n.键

bond energy

键能

bond enthalpy

//

键焓

bond length

键长

bond pair

成键电子对

chemical bond

化学键

bonding between molecules

分子间键

bonding electron

成键电子

bonding inside molecules

分子内键

buffer solution

/

缓冲溶液

catalysis

//

n.催化作用

catalyst

//

n.催化剂

cathode

//

n.阴极

cathode reaction

阴极反应

cation

//

n.阳离子

changing state

状态变化

charge

//

n.负荷

charge on ions

离子所带电荷

chemical change

化学变化

chemical combination

化合

chemical compound

化合物

chemical element

化学元素

chemical equation

化学方程式

chemical equilibrium

//

化学平衡

chemical formula

化学式

chemical nomenclature

/

化学命名法

chemical oxygen demand( COD )

化学需氧量

chemical property

化学性质

chemical reaction

化学反应

chemical stability

化学稳定性

chemical symbol

化学符号

chemical weight

化学式量

chemistry

/

n.化学

chrome plating

/

镀铬

collide

vi.碰撞, 抵触

colligative property

溶液的)依数性

collision theory

碰撞理论

column

//

n.纵行,族

combination

/

n.结合,化合,化合物

combination reaction

化合反应

combine

/

v.(使)联合, (使)结合

combustion

n.燃烧

complete combustion

完全燃烧

common

/

adj.常用的

common ion effect

同离子效应

compound

/

n.化合物

concept

n.概念

conduct

/

v.传导(电,热)

conduction in metals

金属的导电性

conductivity

/

n.传导性, 传导率

conductivity in ionic substances

离子化合物的导电性

conservation of mass

/

物质守恒

contravalence

/

n.共价

contravalency

n.共价

copper extraction and purification

铜的提炼和提纯

covalence

/

n.共价

covalency

n.=covalence共价

covalent

adj. 共价的

covalent bond

n.共价键

covalent compound

共价化合物

covalent property

共价性

covalent substances

共价化合物

crystal

/

n.晶体

crystalline

/

adj.水晶的

crystalline hydrate

结晶化合物

crystalline solid

结晶固体

crystallization

n.结晶

crystallize

/

v.结晶

cubic

adj.立方体的, 立方的

decomposition

/

n.分解

decomposition reaction

分解反应

dehydrate

/

v.脱水

dehydration

/

n.脱水

deionized water

/

去离子水

deliquescence

/

n.溶解, 潮解, 液化

deliquescent

//

adj.溶解的, 溶解性的

deliquescent substance

易潮解的物质

delocalized electron

/

离域电子

deoxidizer

n.脱氧剂,还原剂

diamond

/

n.金刚石

diatomic molecule

/

双原子分子

displacement

/

n. 取代, 置换

displacement reaction

置换反应

dissolution

n.分解

double bond

双键

double covalent bond

共价双键

double decomposition reaction

复分解反应

dry battery/cell

n.干电池

ductile

adj.易延展的, 柔软的

ductility in metals

/

金属的延展性

dynamic equilibrium

/ 动态平衡

electric current

/

电流

electrical property

/,/

电性质

electricity

/

n.电

electrochemical cell

//

化学电池

electrode

/

n.电极

electrolyse

/

v.电解

electrolysis

/

n.电解

electrolyte

/

n.电解, 电解液

electrolytic cell

/

电解池

electrolytical

/

adj.(=electrolytic)电解质的

electrolytically

/

adv. 以电解地

electrolyze

/

vt.电解, 用电分解

electrolyzer

n.电解剂

electron

/

n.电子

electron affinity

/

电子亲和力

electron configuration

/

电子排布式

electron dot structure

电子式

electron energy level

电子能级

electron pair

电子对

electron shell

电子层

core electron

内层电子

out-shell electron

外层电子

electronegativity

/

n.电负性

electronic/

adj电子的

electronic configuration

//

电子排列

electronic structure

电子结构

electroplate

vt.电镀;n.电镀物品

electrostatic attraction

静电吸引力

electrostatic force

静电力

electrovalent bond

/

电价键

element

n.元素

elementary substance

单质

end point

(滴定)终点

endothermic reaction/process /

吸热反应

energy

/

n.能源

energy crisis

能源危机

energy level

能级

energy sources

/

能源

enthalpy

/

n.焓

enthalpy of combustion

燃烧焓

enthalpy of formation

生成焓

enthalpy of reaction

化学反应焓

entropy

/

n.熵

enzyme

/

n.酶

enzyme reaction

//

酶反应

chemical equation

化学反应式

equilibrium

/

n.平衡

equilibrium constant

平衡常数

excited state

激发态

exothermic change/process

/

放热变化

exothermic reaction

放热反应

factors affecting rate of reaction

影响反应速度的因素

family

/

n.家族,族

finely ground particle

微粒

force between molecules

分子间力

formula

//

n.分子式

free electron

自由电子

fuel cell

燃料电池

fullerence

富勒烯

gamma ray

(射线

gas

n.气体

gaseous state

//

气态

giant covalent structure

巨型共价结构

give up(electrons)

失去(电子)

group

n.团体,组,团,基

half-cell

半反应电池

half-life

半衰期

half-reaction

半反应

Hall cell

电解槽

horizontal

adj.水平的

hydrogen bond

氢键

illustrate

/

v.说明;举例说明, 图解

immiscible

adj.不溶的

immiscible liquid

互不相容的液体

immiscible with water

和水不混溶的

inactive gas

不活泼气体

incomplete

/

adj.不完全的

incomplete combustion

不完全燃烧

incomplete octet

//

八隅体

indicator

/

n.指示剂

inert

adj.无活动的, 惰性的, 迟钝的

inert gases

惰性气体

inertial

/

adj.不活泼的, 惯性的

inertly

/

adv.不活泼地, 无生气地

inertness

/

n.不活泼, 没有生气

inorganic chemistry

/

无机化学

insoluble

/ /

adj. 不溶解的

insoluble salt

不溶性盐

instability

/

n.不稳定性

instantaneous dipole

// 瞬时偶极

insulator

/

n.绝缘体

intermolecular

adj.分子间的

intramolecular

存在(或作用)于分子内的

ion

/

n.离子

ionic

/

adj.离子的

ionic bond

离子键

ionic bonding

离子键

ionic compound

离子化合物

ionic lattice

/

离子晶格

ionic property

离子化合物的性质

ionic solid

离子晶体

ionic structure

离子化合物的结构

ionicity

/

n.电离度;离子性

ionisation potential/energy

电离能

ionization

/

n.离子化, 电离

ionization equation

电离方程式

ionize

/

vt.使离子化;vi.电离

isomerism

//

n.同素异形体

isotope

/

n.同位素

kinetic energy

/

动能

kinetic theory

分子运动论

lattice

/

n.晶格

law of conservation of mass

质量守恒定律

law of definite proportion

定比定律

Le Chatelier's Principle

勒沙特列原理

Lewis structure

路易斯结构

light energy

光能

liquid state

液态

lone pairs

孤对电子

lose

v.失去

loss of electrons

失电子

main group element

主族元素

mass

n.质量

mass fraction

质量分数

mass fraction of solute

溶质的质量分数

mass number

质量数

conservation of mass

质量守恒

matter

/

n.物质

melt

/

v.融化,熔化

melting

//

adj.熔化的, 融化的, 溶解的

melting point

熔点

metal

/

n.金属

metal oxide

金属氧化物

metal structure

金属结构

metallic

a.金属的

metallic bonding

金属键

metallic element

金属元素

metallic solid

金属晶体

metalloid

/

n.准金属

miscible liquid

/

互溶液体

mixture

n.混合, 混合物, 混合剂

moisture

/

n.潮湿, 湿气

molecular covalent substance

共价物分子

molecular formula

分子式

molecular solid

分子晶体

molecule

//

n.分子

molten

v.熔化 adj.熔铸的

monatomic ion

单原子离子

monobasic

/

adj.一元碱的,单(价)碱的

monovalent

//

adj.单价的,

negative

adj. 负的, 阴性的;

negative pole

负极

network solid

原子晶体

neutralise(neutralize)

/

v.使中立, 中和

neutralization

n.中和

neutralization reaction

中和反应

neutron

n.中子

non-bonding pair

非成键电子对

non-electrolyte

非电解质

non-metallic element

非金属元素

non-polar compound

非极性化合物

non-polar covalent bond

非极性共价键

non-polar molecule

非极性分子

nuclear chain reaction

核链反应

nuclear charge

核电荷

nuclear equation

核等式

nuclear fission

核裂变

nuclear fusion

/

核聚变

nuclei

n.(pl.)原子核

nucleus

n.原子核

null valence, null valency

零价

octahedral arrangement

八电子稳定结构排布

octet rule

/

八电子稳定排布规则

orbit

n.轨道

orbital

adj.轨道的

outmost

adj.最外面的, 最远的

outmost electron shell

最外电子层

overall

/

adj.全部的, 全面的

oxidant

/

n.氧化剂

oxidation

n.氧化

oxidation number

氧化数

oxidation reaction

氧化反应

oxide

/

n.氧化物

oxidizable

/

adj.可氧化的

oxidization

n.氧化

oxidize

/

v.(使)氧化

oxidizer

n.氧化剂

oxidizing agent

氧化剂

partial oxidation

不完全氧化

particle

n.粒子

period

/

n.周期

periodic

/

adj.周期的

periodic table

/

周期表

periodic table of the elements

元素周期表

PH indicator

PH值指示剂

pH paper

pH试纸

PH value

酸碱值

Phenolphthalein

/

n.酚酞

Photochemical

//

adj.光化学的

photochemical reaction

光化学反应

photochemical smog

光化学烟雾

photosynthesis

/

n.光合作用

physical change

物理变化

physical property

物理性质

planar

adj.平面的

polar

adj.极性的

polar compound

极性化合物

polar covalent bond

极性共价键

polar force

极性力

polar molecule

极性分子

polarity

/

n.极性

polyatomic ion

多原子离子

polyatomic molecule

多原子分子

positive

adj.正的,阳的

potential energy

势能

pressure

n.压强

pressure and equilibrium reaction

压强与反应平衡

pressure and rate of reaction

压强与反应速度

preventing rust

防止生锈

product

n.产品, 产物

protium

/

n.氕

proton

n.质子

pure substance

纯净物

qualitative analysis

定性分析

quantitative analysis

定量分析

quantitative chemistry

定量化学

radiation

n.发散,放射,

radical

adj.根本的, 基本的

radioactive substance

放射性物质

radioactivity

/

n.放射能

rare gas

稀有气体

rate of reaction

反应速度

reactant

n.反应物

reaction

/

n.化学反应

reaction rate

反应速度

reactivity

n.反应性

reactivity of metal

金属的反应性

reagent

/

n. 反应物, 试剂

redox

n.氧化还原作用

redox reaction

氧化还原反应

redox reaction equation

氧化还原反应方程式

redox titration

氧化还原滴定

reduce

/

vt. 还原

reduced

/

adj.被还原的

reducer

n. 还原剂

reducible

/

adj.可还原的

reducing agent

还原剂

reductant

/

n.=reducing agent

reduction

/

n.还原作用

reduction potential

还原电势

reduction reaction

还原反应

relative atomic mass

相对原子质量

relative molecular mass

相对分子质量

reversible

adj.可逆的

reversible reaction

可逆反应

room temperature and pressure(r.t.p.)

通常状况

row

/

n.排,行

rust prevention

防止生锈

sacrificial

/

adj.牺牲的

sacrificial protection

牺牲阳极保护法

salt

/

n.食盐;盐

salt bridge

盐桥

salt of metals

金属盐

saturated solution

饱和溶液

saturation

n.饱和状态

semiconductor

/

n.半导体

semi-metal

n.准金属

shared pairs of electrons

共用电子对

sharing of electrons between two atoms

原子间电子共用

shell of electrons

电子层

shielding effect

/

屏蔽效应,屏蔽作用

single covalent bond

单键

solid

n. 固体

solid state

固态

solubility

/

n. 溶解性

solute

/

n. 溶质

solution

n.溶液

solution with electrolyte

含有电解质的溶剂

solvent

n.溶剂

spectator ion

/

n. 旁观离子,不参加反应的离子

spontaneous

/

adj.自发的, 自然产生的

spontaneous reaction

自发反应

stability of compounds to heat

化合物的热稳定性

standard enthalpy of formation

标准生成焓

standard enthalpy of reaction

标准反应生成焓

standard enthalpy of reduction potential

标准电极电位式

standard solution

标准溶液

standard temperature and pressure(s.t.p.)

标准状况

state of matter

物质状态

state symbol

状态符号

substance

//

n.物质

surface area and rate of reaction

表面积和反应速度

surface catalyst

表面(活性)催化剂

suspension

n.悬浮液

symbol

n.符号, 记号, 象征

symbols for elements

元素符号

tetrahedral

adj.有四面的, 四面体的

tetrahedral arrangement

四面体排布

thermochemical equation

热化学方程式

titration /

n.滴定

transition

n.过渡

triatomic molecule

三原子分子

triple bond

三键

unpaired electron

不成对电子

unsaturated solution

不饱和溶液

UV radiation

UV放射

valence

n.(化合)价, 原子价

valence shell

价电子层

valence state

价态

valence(shell) electron

价电子层电子

valency

n.价,化合价

van der Waals' force

范德华力

vaporization

/

v.汽化,蒸发

vapour

/

n.蒸汽

vary

//

v.变化,改变

vertical

//

adj.垂直的

vibrate

//

v.(使)振动, (使)摇摆

viscosity

/

n.粘性

volatile

//

adj.挥发性的n. 挥发物

volatile compound

易挥发的化合物

volatility

/

n.挥发性

voltaic cell

伏打电池

VSEPR ( valence shell electron pair repulsion) theory

VSEPR理论

water-insoluble

/

不溶于水的

water-soluble

/

水溶的

zinc-carbon cell

锌碳电池

zwitterions

/

n.两性离子

Elements and their compounds元素及其化合物

acid rain

酸雨

activity

/

n.活动性,活泼性

activity series

活动顺序

aerial contamination

/,/空气污染

alkali

n.碱;adj.碱性的

alkali earth metal

碱土金属

alkali metal

碱金属

aluminium

n.铝;adj.铝的

aluminum chloride

三氯化铝

aluminum hydroxide

氢氧化铝

aluminum oxide

氧化铝

amalgam

/

n.汞齐,汞合金

ammonia

n.氨, 氨水

ammonium ion

铵离子

anhydride

/

n.酐

anhydrous

/

adj.无水的

anhydrous calcium chloride

无水氯化钙

anionic

/

n.阴离子的

anion

/

n.阴离子

antimony

/

n.锑

aqua fortis

/

n.硝酸

argon

n.氩

arsenic

/

n.砷, 砒霜

asbestos

/

n.石棉

astatine

n.砹(元素符号At)

autoignition

/

n.自动点火, 自燃

barium

/

n.钡

barium ion

钡离子

barium salts

钡盐

base

/

n.碱

basic oxide

碱性氧化物

basic salt

碱式盐

bauxite

n.铝土矿

beryllium

/

n.铍(元素符号Be)

bicarbonate

/

n.酸式碳酸盐

biodegradable

adj.生物所能分解的

bismuth

n.铋

bleach

v.漂白, 变白

bleacher

/

n.漂白者, 漂白剂

bleaching solution

漂白水

blast furnace

/

n.高炉

blue vitriol

/

胆矾,蓝矾

bluish

/

adj.带蓝色的

bluish green

蓝绿色

boiling point

沸点

boron

/

n.硼

brass

/

brine

/

n.盐水

brittle

a.易碎的, 脆弱的

brittleness

/

n.脆

bromide ion

/

溴离子

bromine

/

n.溴

bronze

/

n.青铜

burned lime, quicklime, caustic lime

生石灰,氧化钙

caesium

//

n.铯

calcium

/

n.钙(元素符号Ca)

carbamide, urea

尿素,脲CO(NH2)2

carbon

//

n.碳(元素符号C)

carbon cycle

碳循环

carbon dioxide

/

二氧化碳

carbon monoxide

/

一氧化碳

carbonate ion

/

碳酸根离子

carbonic acid

/

碳酸

cast iron

生铁

caustic

//

adj.腐蚀性的,

caustic potash

苛性钾

caustic soda

苛性钠

ceramics

/

n.陶瓷

chalk

//

n.白垩

chlorate

/

n.氯酸盐

chloride

//

n.氯化物, 氯离子

chlorinate

//

v.氯化

chlorine

n.氯

chlorine water

氯水

chromium

/

n.铬

clay

/

n.粘土, 泥土, 陶土

coal

n.煤;v.加煤

cobalt

n.钴(符号为Co)

coke

/

n.焦碳

copper

//

n.铜

cryolite

n.冰晶石

cupric subcarbonate

碱式碳酸铜

cyanide

n.氰化物

deoxygenation

/

n.脱氧

deuterium

n.氚

diamond

/

n.金刚石

ferrous

/

adj.二价铁的

ferroferric oxide

四氧化三铁

ferric

/

adj.三价铁的

fixation of nitrogen

固氮

flame

/

n.火焰

flame test

焰色反应

flammable

/

adj.易燃的, 可燃性的

flammable gas

可燃性气体

fluoride

n.氟化物

fluorine

n.氟

francium

//

n.钫

gallium

n.镓

germanium

/

n.锗

gold

n.金adj.金的

group I

第一族

gypsum

/

n.石膏

halide ion

/

卤离子

halogen

n. 卤素

hard water

硬水

hardness

n.硬, 硬度

hardness of metals

金属的硬度

hardness of water

水的硬度

helium

n.氦(化学元素, 符号为He)

hematite

/

n.赤铁矿

hydrochloric acid

/

盐酸

hydrogen

/

n.氢

hydrogen chloride

氯化氢

hydrogen halide

卤化氢

hydrogen peroxide

/

过氧化氢

hydrosulphuric acid

/

氢硫酸

hydroxide

/

n.氢氧化物

hydroxide ion

氢氧根离子

iodide ion

碘离子

iodine

//n.碘, 碘酒

ion exchange

离子交换

iron

/

n.铁

iron nail

铁钉

iron(ll) ion

亚铁离子

iron(lll) ion

铁离子

kali salt

//

钾盐

krypton

/

n.氪

lanthanum

//

n.镧

lead

//

n.铅

less reactive metal

较不活泼的金属

lime

/

n.石灰

limestone

//

n.石灰石

lime water

石灰水

lithium

//

n.锂

magnesium

/

n.镁

magnetism

n.磁性

magnetite

/

n.磁铁矿

malleable

adj.有延展性的, 可锻的

malleability in metals

/

金属的延展性

manganese

/

n.锰(元素符号为Mn)

manganese dioxide

二氧化锰

manganese steel

锰钢

mantle

/

n.地幔

marble

/

n.大理石

mercury

/

n.水银, 汞

mild steel

低碳钢

mineral

n.矿物

more reactive metal

较活泼的金属

neon

/

n.氖

nickel

/

n.镍;vt.镀镍于

nickel-cadmium cell

镍镉蓄电池

nitrate

/

n.硝酸盐

nitric acid

/

硝酸

nitrifying bacteria

硝化细菌

nitrogen

/

n.氮

nitrogen cycle

氮循环

nitrogen dioxide

二氧化氮

nitrogen monoxide

一氧化氮

nitrosamine

//

n.亚硝胺

noble gas

稀有气体

normal saline

生理盐水

ore

/

oxygenation

//

n.以氧气处理, 氧化

oxyhydrogen

/

adj.氢氧的

oxygen

/

n.氧气

ozone

/

n.臭氧

ozone layer

臭氧层

ozonosphere

n.臭氧层

permanganate

n.锰酸盐

phosphoric acid

/

n.磷酸

phosphorus

/

n.磷

yellow phosphorus

黄磷

white phosphorus

白磷

platinum

/

n.白金, 铂

platinum wire

铂丝

potassium

/

n.钾

potassium carbonate

碳酸钾

potassium permanganate

高锰酸钾

precious metal

贵金属

precipitate / n.沉淀

precipitation / n .沉淀

quartz

//

n.石英

radium / n.镭

radon / n.氡

rustless steel 不锈钢

scandium n.钪,元素符号为Sc

schist n.片岩

sediment // n.沉积岩

sedimentary rock / n.沉积岩

selenium // n.硒(元素符号 Se)

sewage treatment

/ 污水处理

shale n.页岩

silica gel

/ 硅胶

silicate

/n.硅酸盐

silicon

/ n.硅, 硅元素

silicon dioxide 二氧化硅

silver

// n.银

silver nitrate solution 硝酸银溶液

slaked lime 熟石灰

soda

n.苏打, 碳酸水

sodium

n. 钠

sodium carbonate 碳酸钠

sodium chloride 氯化钠

sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠

sodium hypochlorite 次氯酸钠

softening water 软水

steel

/n.钢, 钢铁

sulfuric acid 硫酸

sulfurous acid

亚硫酸

sulphur

/n.硫磺

sulphur dioxide 二氧化硫

sulphur trioxide 三氧化硫

sulphuric acid 硫酸

tail water 废水

temporary hardness

// 暂时硬度

tin

/ n.锡, 马口铁;vt.涂锡于;

adj.锡制的

tip /tip / v.倾倒

titanium

n.钛

town gas n. 民用燃气,民用煤气

toxic

/ adj.有毒的, 中毒的

transition element

过渡元素

tritium

/ n.氚

tungsten

// n.钨

uranium

/n.铀

vanadium

/ n.钒

vanadium(v) oxide 五氧化二钒

water

/n.水

water cycle 水循环

water gas 水煤气

water of crystallization 水结晶

water pollutant 水污染物

water pollution 水污染

water softening 水软化

water treatment 水处理

xenon n.氙(惰性气体的一种,元素

符号Xe)

zincn.锌;vt.涂锌于

zinc block 锌块

phosphoric acid 磷酸

calcium dihydrogen phosphate 磷酸二氢钙

sodium dihydrogen phosphate 磷酸二氢钠

sodium hydrogen phosphate 磷酸氢钠

sodium phosphate 磷酸钠

Organic Chemistry 有机化学

acetate / n.醋酸盐

acetic acid / 乙酸, 醋酸

acetic acid ( absolute acetic acid) 无水乙酸

acid derivative / 酸的衍生物

addition n.加,增加, 加法

addition polymer 加聚物

addition polymerization / 加聚反应

addition reaction 加成反应

alcohol n.乙醇

aldehyde / n.醛, 乙醛

alkane /链烷,烷烃

烯烃链烯

alkyne /.炔

alkyl group n.烷基, 烃基;

adj.烷基的, 烃基的

amide / n.氨基化合物

amine n.胺

amino acid 氨基酸

aromatic hydrocarbon / n. 芳香烃

asphalt / n.沥青

Aspirin / n.阿斯匹林(解热镇

痛药), 乙酰水杨酸

benzene / n.苯

bitumen/asphalt n.沥青

branched chain alkane 有支链烷烃

butadiene /n.丁二烯

butane n.丁烷

butene n.丁烯

carbohydrate /n.烃

carbon black 炭黑

carbonyl compound 羰基化合物

carbonaceous n.含碳的

carbonize v.炭化,焦化,使与碳

化合

carboxylic acid // n.羧酸

catalytic cracking /催化裂解

charcoal // n.炭,木炭

CFCs(chlorofluorocarbons) n.氯氟烃

Chloroform // n.氯仿;vt.用氯仿麻醉

chlorophyll / n.[生化]叶绿素

cis isomer / 顺式异构体

citric adj.柠檬的

citric acid 柠檬酸

coal /n.煤

coal tar, coal-tar oil 煤焦油

coal gas 煤气

condensation polymer 缩聚物

condensation reaction 缩聚反应

cracking n.裂化;裂解

cracking (catalytic) 催化裂化

cross link 交联

cross-linking adj.交联的

crude / adj.天然的, 未加工的

n.天然的物质

crude oil n.原油

crust of Earth 地壳

cycloalkane 环烷烃

diesel /n.柴油机

diesel fuel /oil, gas oil

柴油

diol / n.二醇

electrophilic addition 亲电加成反应

electrophile 亲电试剂

elimination reaction 消去反应

empirical formula 实验式

ester n.酯

esterification // n.酯化作用

ethane / n.乙烷

ethanoic acid 乙酸

ethanol (ethyl alcohol) n.乙醇, 酒精

ethane n.乙烯

fats and oils 脂肪和油

fatty/ adj.脂肪的

fatty acid 脂肪酸

fossil n.化石

fossil fuel 化石燃料

fraction n.馏分

fraction of crude oil 原油馏分

fractional distillation 分馏

fractionation / n.分别, 分馏法

free-radical reactions of alkenes 烷烃的自由基反应

functional group 官能团

gasoline n.汽油

general formula 通式

geometric isomer 几何异构体

glucose /

n.葡萄糖

glycerol // n.甘油, 丙三醇

glycerine n.甘油, 丙三醇

haloalkane 卤代烷烃

halogenation / n.卤化

halogenated hydrocarbon 卤代烃

hardening of oils 油的硬化

heptane / n.正庚烷

homologous series 同系物

hydrate / v.水合,水化

n.氢氧化物

hydrocarbon n.烃, 碳氢化合物

hydrogenation // n.加氢,氢化(作用)

hydrogenate v.氢化

hydrolysis / n.水解

isomer n.异构体

isomerism / n.异性

isomery / n.同分异物现象

kerosenen.煤油, 火油

ketone n.酮

lactose n.乳糖

lead free petrol 无铅汽油

linear adj.线的, 直线的,

线性的

lubricate / vt.润滑;v.加润滑油

lubricating oil n.润滑油

macromolecular n.高分子的

macromolecular substance 高分子物质

methane / n.甲烷, 沼气

methanoic acid 甲酸

methanol(methyl alcohol) n.甲醇

molecular formula 分子式

monomer n.单体

monosodium glutamate // 谷氨酸钠

naphtha 石脑油

natural fiber 天然纤维

natural gas 天然气

natural polymer 天然聚合物

nitration / n. 硝化

nucleophile 亲核试剂

nylon / n.尼龙

optical isomer 光化学异构

octane number,(O.N.) / 辛烷值

organic acid 有机酸

organic base 有机碱

organic chemistry 有机化学

organic chlorides 有机氯化物

organic compound 有机化合物

organic solvent 有机溶剂

Paracetamol n.药〉扑热息痛

paraffin wax 石蜡

pentane / n.戊烷

perspex / n.有机玻璃

pesticiden.杀虫剂

petrochemical industry 石油化学工业

petrol n.<英>汽油

(=<美>gasoline)

petrol with lead 含铅汽油

petroleum n.石油

petroleum gas 石油气

phenylamine n.苯胺(=aniline)

plastics n. 塑料

polyamide / n.聚酰胺

polyester / n.聚酯

polymer n.聚合体

polymerization n.聚合

polypeptide / n.[生化]多肽

polyunsaturated fatty acid 聚不饱和脂肪酸

polypropylene 聚丙烯

polystyrene 聚苯乙烯

polythene 聚乙烯

primary /adj.第一位的,原

来的

primary alcohol 一级醇,伯醇

primary amine 一级胺,伯胺

primary haloalkane 一级卤代烃,伯

卤代烃

propane n.丙烷

propanoic acid 丙酸

propanol / n.丙醇

protein n.蛋白质;

adj.蛋白质的

PVC 聚氯乙烯

refinery gas 石油气

reforming // v.重整

residue n.残余, 滓,

滤渣, 剩余物

salicylic adj.得自水杨酸

的, 水杨酸的

salicylic acid 水杨酸

saponification / n.皂化

saturated / adj.饱和的

saturated compound 饱和化合物

saturated fatty acid 饱和脂肪酸

saturated hydrocarbons 饱和烃

secondary / adj.次要的,中

级的, 第二的

secondary alcohol 二级醇,仲醇

secondary amine 二级胺,仲胺

secondary haloalkane 二级卤代烃,

仲卤代烃

skeletal formula 键线式

space-filling model 比例模型

soap /n.肥皂

spectroscope /n.[物] 分光镜

starch // n.淀粉

stereoisomer / n.立体异构体

straight chain alkenes 直链烷烃

structural formula 结构式

structural isomers 结构异构体

structure and boiling point 结构和沸点

substitution reaction 取代反应

sulphonation / n.磺化

synthesis / n.综合, 合成

synthetic drug 合成毒品

synthetic fiber 合成纤维

synthetic rubber 合成橡胶

tertiary alcohol / 三级醇,叔醇

tertiary amine 三级胺,叔胺

tertiary haloalkane 三级卤代烃,

叔卤代烃

thermoplastic / adj.热塑性的;

n.热塑性塑料

thermosetting / adj.热硬化性的

thermosetting polymer 热固性聚合物

thermosoftening polymer 热塑性聚合物

trans isomer

反式异构体

triglyceride / n.甘油三酸酯

triol n.三元醇

(如甘油等)

unsaturated compound 不饱和化合物

unsaturated fatty acid 不饱和脂肪酸

unsaturated hydrocarbons 不饱和烃

vinegar n.醋

wax n.石蜡

Units in Calculation 计算

density / n.密度

gramn.克

gram atom 克原子

indicate 表示

joule // n.[物] 焦耳

Kelvin temperature scale // n.[物]绝对温标,

开氏温标

kilojoule // n.千焦

molar mass / 摩尔质量

molar volume 摩尔体积

molarity n.摩尔浓度

mole n.摩尔

number of moles 物质的量

percentage / n.百分数,

百分比

percentage composition 百分组成

relative atomic mass 相对原子质量

relative molecular mass 相对分子质量

stoichiometric equation / n.化学计算等式

stoichiometry 计量

unit n.(计量)单位,

基本单位

Experiments 实验

activated charcoal /活性炭

admix /v.掺和,混合

adsorption /n.吸附

agitate 搅拌

air leakage /漏气

alcohol burner 酒精灯

alcohol-water blend 酒精水溶液

analysis // n.分析, 分解

apparatus // n.器械, 设备,

仪器

apparatus(laboratory apparatus) n.实验仪器

arrangement /n.安排,装置

asbestos, asbestos .石棉

bake / v.烘干

balance /n.天平

balance scale // 天平标尺

balance pan arrest /天平托盘

balance rider /天平游码

balance indicator /天平指针

balance(table balance) 托盘天平

beaker /n.烧杯

blow hole 气孔

boiling flask 烧瓶

bottom product 残留产物

bubble / n.气泡

Bunsen burner 本生灯(即

煤气灯)

Bunsen flask 平底烧瓶

burette /n.滴定管

burette clamp 滴定管夹

burette stand 滴定管架

burn / v.燃烧

burn-up 燃烧,烧尽

bust // v.爆裂,打碎

calcination /n.煅烧

chromatography // n.层析法

clarification / n.澄清,净化

cleaning, wash n.洗涤

colorimeter /色度计

colorimetric analysis 色度分析

combustible gas // 可燃气体

combustion-supporting gas 助燃气体

common salt 食盐

condensation / n.冷凝

condense / v.(使)浓缩

condenser n.冷凝管

conditioner / n.调节者,

调节装置

connecting tube 导管

container 容器,贮存器

crucible pot // 坩埚

crucible tongs // 坩埚钳

crystalline hydrate 结晶水合物

crystallization // n.结晶

water of crystallization 结晶水

deaquation / / n.脱水(作用)

decant /v.轻轻倒出, 移

入其他容器

decanting /n.倾析

dehydration / n.脱水

deliquescence /n.潮解

delivery conduit // 导出管

detonating gas /爆鸣气

dilute /v.稀释;

adj. 稀释的

distil v.蒸馏

distill v.蒸馏

distillate / n.蒸馏液, 馏

出物, 馏分

distillation / n.蒸馏

drain // v.排出(水等);

消耗

dropper /n.滴管

dropping bottle 滴瓶

dry powder 干粉

drying agent 干燥剂

dull / v.使迟钝, 使

阴暗, 缓和

efflorescence, efflorescency / n.风化

evaporate // v.(使)蒸发,

消失

evaporation // n.蒸发

expel /v.排出

explosion / n.爆炸

explosion limit 爆炸极限

expulsion of water / 脱水

filter n.过滤器

v.过滤

filter liquor 滤液

filter off 滤出

filtrate n.滤液v.过滤

filter operation 过滤操作

filtrationv.产生,导致,造成

glass tube // 玻璃管

graduated flask // 量筒,量杯

gravimetric analysis n. 重量分析

heat /hi:t/ v.n.加热

ignition /n.灼烧;点火

spontaneous ignition 自燃

impurity /n.杂质

iron filings /铁屑

ladle /n.药匙,(长柄)勺

light green 浅绿色

lightning // n.点燃

litmus / n.石蕊

litmus paper 石蕊试纸

measuring cylinder /量筒

melting pot 坩埚

mix /miks/ v.混合

observation n.观察, 观测, [pl.] 观察资料(或报告)

operate // v.操作

operation /n.操作

pale /pl/ adj.苍白的, 暗淡的vi.变苍白, 失

色;vt.使变苍白, 使失色

pale green 浅绿色

pipette /n.吸液管

purity /. n.纯度

pure // adj.纯净的

reagent // n.试剂

reagent bottle 试剂瓶

release // v.放出,释放,排放

residue // n.残留物,残渣

retort n.曲颈甑, 曲颈瓶, 蒸器

sampling /n.取样

semi-permeable membrane /半透膜

separating mixtures 混合物分离

smog /n.烟雾

spectrophotometern.分光光度计

stirring rod / 搅拌棒

subduction /n.潜没

sublimate / v.升华; n. 升华物

sublimation / n.升华, 升华物

sublimation point 升华点

sublime / v.(使)升华

test for water 水的测试

test paper 试纸

test solution 试液

test tube 试管

titration n.滴定

titration curve 滴定曲线

titre n浓度测定, 滴定量

uniformity // n.均匀性

unknown solution 未知溶液

universal indicator 通用试剂

U-shape pipe U型管

vessel // n.容器,器皿

vigorously adv.剧烈

volatilization /n.挥发

voltage // n.电压

voltmeter n.伏特计

volume fraction // 体积分数

volumetric analysis 定体积分析

watch glass 表面皿

volumetric flask 容量瓶

weathering n.风化

weigh /wei/ v.称量

weight /weit/ n.砝码

wide neck flask 广口瓶

zero adjustment 零点调整

Part II. Related Sentences 相关句子

1.The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. 原子核内质子的数目即原子序数或称质子数,用Z表示。原子呈电中性,其电子数等于原子序数,等于质子数。

2.What is represented by the symbol AZX is an atomic species called a nuclide of the element X, having an atomic number Z and a mass number A. 符号AZX代表的是元素X的一种核素,其原子序数是Z,质量数为A。

3.It is read as " X having an atomic number Z and a mass number A." or " X with left subscript Z and (left) superscript A" 它读作“原子序数Z、质量数A的X元素”或“左下标为Z、坐上标为A的X元素”。

4.Isotopes of an element are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers. As they are atoms of the same element, they still have the same chemical properties. 元素的同位素是指具有相同质子数不同中子数的原子。同一元素的同位素有相同的原子序数不同的质量数。因为它们只是同一元素的不同种原子,所以它们具有相同的化学性质。

5.An atom is the smallest particle unique to an element. 原子是元素组成的最小微粒。

6.Atoms have a dense central nucleus containing protons and neutrons, which much lighter electrons move rapidly around the nucleus. 原子内有高密度的原子核,核内包含质子与中子,核外质量轻得多的电子,它绕核作高速运动。

7.Protons are positively charged; neutrons are uncharged; and electrons are negatively charged. 质子带有正电荷,中子不带电荷,而电子带负电荷。

8.Atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons, so have no net charge. Ions are charged. They can be formed by atoms losing or gaining electrons. Cations are positive ions; anions are negative ions. 由于原子内的质子数与电子数相同,所以原子不带电荷。原子得失电子形成各种离子,离子带电荷。阳离子是带正电荷的离子,阴离子是带负电荷的离子。

9.Elements with the same number of electrons in the outermost shell of their atoms are found to have similar chemical behaviour, e.g. Mg(2,8,2) and Ca(2,8,8,2) are metals which form 2+ ions. 我们发现,原子最外层电子数相同的原子具有相似的化学性质,例如镁(2,8,2)和钙(2,8,8,2)都属于金属,都能形成+2价的离子

10.When such elements are arranged in columns, we get the Periodic Table as we know it today. Elements in the same column are said to be in the same group. Elements in the same row are in the same period. 把这些元素按一个个纵行排列,我们就得到了我们现在所知的周期表。同一纵行里的元素称作同一族元素,同一横行的元素称作一个周期元素。

11.Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties, but elements in the same period have different chemical properties. 同一族元素的化学性质相似,但是同一周期的元素具有不同的化学性质。

12.The larger the circle the higher the energy level. Electrons in the same circle have approximately the same energy. 电子绕核运动越远,能级越高。同一层内的电子有相近的能量。

13.Electrons will fill the lowest energy levels first. Once a stable number of electrons is reached, the next level begins to be filled. 电子首先排满最低能级,只有达到了所需的电子数,才开始排下一级。

14.Electrons at the same electron energy level are also said to be in the same electron shell. 同一电子能级的电子被称作同一电子层的电子。

15.Atoms bond together to obtain a stable number of electrons in their outermost electron shell (the highest energy level that is occupied by electrons). The electrons in the outermost occupied shell are called valence electrons. H2 has been formed because the two H atoms share electrons. The atoms are said to be joined by a covalent bond. A covalent bond is formed between two atoms when the atoms share valence electrons. 原子的最外层达到稳定的电子数目从而使原子间成键(电子占据了原子的最高能级)。在原子最外层共用的电子被称作价电子。两个氢原子共用电子对形成氢分子。我们说这两个原子通过共价键而连接。两个原子共用价电子时就形成一个共价键。

16.This representation of H2 is an example of an electron dot or Lewis Structure. Such a structure shows the arrangement of valence (outer) shell electrons within the molecule. 氢气的这种表示方法就是电子式或称路易斯结构。这种结构表明了分子内外层价电子的排布。

17.Helium does not form He2. The outer shell of a helium atom has the stable number of two electrons; it cannot accommodate any more. 氦原子不形成He2,氦原子的外层已排满了两个电子,不能再排入更多的电子。

18.In the H2 molecule, the two atoms are identical. They have equal attraction for the bonding electrons. The bond is a non-polar (or pure) covalent bond. 在H2分子里,两个原子相同。它们吸引成键电子的能力相同,这样的键是非极性(或纯)共价键。

19.In non-polar covalent bonds the bonding electrons are shared equally by the atoms. 在非极性键里,成键电子被原子均一地共享。

20.In polar covalent bonds the bonding electrons are shared unequally. 在极性键里,成键电子不是均匀分布。

21.In ionic bonds the bonding electrons are completely gained by one atom. 在离子键里,成键电子由一个原子全部获得。

22.Atoms of the same element form non-polar covalent bonds by equal sharing of bonding electrons. 非极性共价键内同一种元素的原子共享成键电子。

23.Atoms of different elements combine to form compounds. Bonding between atoms in a compound is either polar covalent or ionic. 不同元素原子化合形成化合物。化合物内的键不是极性键就是离子键。

24.Covalent bonds between atoms result in molecules. These bonds are intramolecular. 原子间通过共价键形成分子。共价键是属于分子内部的一种作用力。

25.Polar bonds can result in one side of a molecule having a slight positive electrical charge(δ+) ,while the other has a slight negative charge(δ–). Such molecules are called polar molecules. 极性键使得分子的一部分带有部分正电荷,另一部分带有部分负电荷。这种分子称作极性分子。

26.However, the polar bonds in a molecule may be arranged in such a way that the overall molecule does not have a positive side and a negative side. Such molecules are called non-polar molecules. 但是分子内的极性键可以被排布成整个分子不是部分正电荷,部分负电荷。这样的分子称作非极性分子。

27.Molecules with polar bonds can be non-polar if the centre of negative charge coincides with the centre of positive charge. 如果分子内负电荷中心与正电荷中心重合,极性键形成的分子就是非极性的。

28.Methane is a non-polar molecule because the centre of the positive charges on the four hydrogen atoms coincides with the carbon atom which is the centre of negative charge. 甲烷是一个非极性分子,因为四个氢原子的正电荷中心与碳原子的负电荷中心重合。

29.The physical properties of solids give information about both the nature of the particles and the forces between them. These physical properties are melting (and sublimation) point, electrical conductivity, solubility and hardness. 固体的物理性质表明了形成微粒的本质与微粒间的作用力。这些物理性质是熔点(升华温度),导电性,溶解性和硬度。

30.A solid melts when it turns into a liquid. A solid sublimes when it turns into a gas without going through a liquid state. The element ioldine sublimes. 固体融化时就形成液体。当一种固体不经过液态就变成气态,它发生了升华。单质碘发生升华。

31.Melting partially disrupts the forces between particles in a solid and allows particles to flow. Subliming completely disrupts the forces so that particles move independently of each other. 熔化时固体内部的微粒间作用力被部分破坏,使得微粒可以流动。升华则完全破坏了这种作用力,使得微粒可以相互之间自由地运动。

32.Solubility gives information about the polarity of particles in a solid and the strength of the bonds between them. Like dissolves like! 溶解性说明了固体内微粒间的极性与微粒间键的强弱。相似相溶。

33.A crystalline solid is made up of a lattice (regular arrangement) of particles held together by different attractive forces. The four main types of crystalline solids are molecular, ionic, metallic and network solids.晶体是由点阵微粒通过不同吸引力作用形成的。晶体的四大主要类型是:分子晶体,离子晶体,金属晶体和原子晶体。

34.Molecualr solids are made up of molecules or atoms with Van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonds holding them together. 分子晶体由分子或原子通过范德华力或氢键形成。

35.Van der Waals forces are the weakest forces which hold particles together. They are easily broken. As these forces act between molecules, they are intermolecular bonds. 范德华力是把微粒连结在一起的最弱的一种力。它们很容易被破坏,因为这种作用力在分子间作用,是分子间的键。

36.Van der Waals are attractive forces between slightly polar molecules. With non-polar molecules, the moving electrons may be nearer to one side for an instant. At that moment, the molecule is polar and can affect another molecule. 范德华力是微极性分子间的吸引力。对于非极性分子,高速运动的电子会在瞬间移向一端,在那时刻,分子是极性的而且可以影响另一个分子。

37.The heavier the molecules the stronger the Van der Waals forces between them. Cl2 is smaller and lighter than Br2, which in turn is smaller and lighter than I2. 分子越重,分子间的范德华力越强。氯分子比溴分子小也轻,溴分子又比碘分子小而轻。

38.Molecular solids with weak Van der Waals forces between molecules: 分子晶体是分子通过分子间弱的范德华力形成:

have low melting points and some sublime (weak forces between molecules) 熔点低,部分升华(分子间弱作用力)

do not conduct electricity ( no charged particles) 不导电(没有带电荷的微粒)

dissolve in non-polar solvents (molecules are non-polar or slightly polar)溶于非极性溶剂(分子是非极性或弱极性)

are easily broken up and can often be cut with a knife ( weak forces between molecules).容易破碎用刀易切(分子内弱作用力)

39.Ionic solids with strong electrostatic attraction between ions: 离子晶体是离子通过强静电吸引力而形成:

have moderately high melting points( strong attraction between ions) 有较高的熔点(离子间强的吸引力)

do not conduct electricity in the solid state( ions held in rigid positions) 固态时不导电(离子被固定在晶格上)

do conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water( dissolved ions move freely) 熔化时或溶于水时能导电(溶解的离子能自由移动)

are more soluble in water than in non-polar solvents( ions are charged particles) 易溶于水,不溶于非极性溶剂(离子是带电荷的微粒)

shatter when hammered (bonds are strictly between neighbouring oppositely charged ions). 敲打易碎(相邻带电离子间的键)

40.Network solids with strong covalent bonding: 原子晶体由强共价键形成:

have very high melting points( strong network of bonds) 有很高的熔点( 强键形成网络)

do not dissolve in any solvent ( no solvent has attractive forces strong enough to break the covalent bonds). 不溶于任何溶剂(没有溶剂有足够强的吸引力可以破坏其中的共价键)。

do not conduct electricity( no charged particles) 不导电(无带电荷微粒)

are extremely hard and brittle( each covalent bond is strong and localised between two atoms). 极其坚固(每个共价键强而且固定于两个原子之间)

41. Metal atoms are packed close together in a lattice. Outer electrons from one atom can move freely to another atom. Metals can be described as a regular array of positive ions in a sea of mobile electrons.金属原子在晶格点阵里紧密堆积。一个原子的外层电子可以自由的运动到另一个原子。金属可以描述为阳离子有规则排布在自由移动电子的海洋中。

42.Metallic bonding results from the attraction of the nucleus of a metal atom for the outer electrons of all its closest neighbours. Because the force is not in any particular direction, metallic bonding is said to be non-directional.金属键即金属原子的核与它周围最近的金属原子的外层电子的吸引力,因为这种力没有任何特殊的方向,所以说金属键是无方向性的。

43.Metallic bonds are relatively strong and mercury is the only metal that is a liquid at room temperature. All other metals are solids. Metals have a wide range of melting points. 金属键相对来说是强的,水银是室温下唯一的液体,所有其他的金属是固体。金属有一个广泛的熔点范围。

44.Metals with relatively strong non-directional metallic bonding: 金属由较强的无方向性的金属键形成:

have fairly high MPs(strong bonds) 有相当高的熔点(强键)

conduct electricity in the solid and liquid states(electrons free to move) 固态液态时导电(电子自由移动)

conduct heat (electrons in heated section pass energy to neighbouring atoms) 导热(已受热区域的电子传递能量给邻近的原子)

are malleable ( bonds non-directional) 具有延展性(键无方向性)

do not dissolve in any solvent ( metallic bonds are too strong to be broken by the attraction of any solvent). 不溶于任何溶剂(金属键太强以致不可能被任何溶剂的吸引力而破坏)

45.Graphite is made up of sheets of covalently bonded carbon atoms. In a sheet, each carbon atom is bonded to three others in linked six-carbon rings. The atoms are all in the same plane. Weak Van der Waals forces hold the sheets together. 石墨由多层共价碳原子组成。每层中,每个碳原子与另外三个原子成键形成六圆环。所有这些原子都在同一个平面上,层与层之间通过范德华力而连接。

46.Each carbon atom uses three of its four outer electrons to form covalent bonds like those in diamond. Those bonds are strictly between the bonded atoms. The remaining electron is in another type of covalent bond and is free to move throughout the graphite network. 每个碳原子利用四个外层电子中的三个来形成共价键,就象金刚石一样。那些键在成键原子间稳定存在成键原子中。剩余的电子则参与另一种共价键,自由地运动在石墨中。

47.The atoms of the noble gas elements all have a stable number of elctrons in their outermst shells, so they tend to be unreactive. The stable number of electrons is two for helium and eight for all the other elements. 稀有气体单质的原子的外层电子都达到了稳定结构的数目,所以它们都趋于不活泼。氦的电子稳定数目是2,其他元素都是8。

48.Inorganic chemistry deals with the chemistry of all elements and compounds except for carbon compouns. However, the chemistry of some carbon compounds such as carbon dioxide and carbonates is regarded as inorganic chemistry. 无机化学是研究所有元素及其化合物,除碳的化合物。但是碳的化合物象二氧化碳和碳酸盐还属于无机化学。

49.A period is a row of elements across the Periodic Table. Period 2 is the row of elements from Li to Ne. Period 3 consists of the row of elements from Na to Ar. 一个周期是在周期表中每一横行的元素。第二周期是从锂到氖的一系列元素。第三周期是指从钠到氩的一系列元素。

50.Period 3 elements will be studied to illustrate how the properties of elements change with their position along a period. 我们将以第三周期元素来研究元素在一周期里随着位置的变化而发生性质的变化。

51.Across a period, the number of positively charged protons in the nuclei of the atoms increases. Similarly, the number of negatively charged electrons moving around the nuclei of the atoms increases across a period, but the additional electrons are all located in the same electron energy level or shell. 在一个周期里,原子的核电荷数和核外电子数递增,但是另外的电子都排布在同一电子能级或电子层中。

52.The properties of elements change across a period because the increasing attraction of the nucleus for outer shell electrons outweighs the forces of repulsion between the increasing number of electrons.在一个周期里随着核对外层电子的吸引力超过了电子之间的斥力的作用,元素的性质发生变化。

53.An element, ion or compound undergoes oxidation by gaining oxygen, or by losing electrons. 一种单质,离子或是化合物得氧,或是失电子,就发生了氧化反应。

54.In gaining oxygen, a substance loses electrons or a share of electrons. Losing electrons results in the charge on an atom or ion getting more positive. 一种物质得氧时会失去电子或是电子对偏移, 失去电子使得原子或离子所带电荷偏正。

55.The addition of oxygen to aluminium is an example of oxidation. The reaction is therefore an oxidation reaction. Alumiium is said to be have been oxidised. 铝得氧就是一个氧化反应的例子.既然这是一个氧化反应,所以说铝被氧化了。

56.Oxygen caused the aluminium to be oxidised. Oxygen is therefore an oxidant or oxidising agent. 氧气使得铝被氧化,所以说氧气是一种氧化剂。

57.Any reaction which results in the removal of oxygen from a compound or ion is called a reduction reaction. In the reaction below oxygen is removed form aluminium oxide by electrolysis to give aluminium. Aluminium oxide is said to have been reduced. 2Al2O3(s)→4Al(s)+3O2(g) 任何一个有化合物或离子失氧的反应就是一个还原反应.在下面的反应2Al2O3(s)→4Al(s)+3O2(g) 中,通过电解的方法氧化铝失氧形成铝,我们说,氧化铝被还原。

58.Oxidation can be regarded as the addition of oxygen to form an ion or compound. Reduction can be regarded as the removal of oxygen to form an element, ion or compound. 氧化反应可以看作是得氧形成离子或是化合物,还原反应则是失氧形成原子、离子或是化合物。

59.Oxidation can be regarded as the loss of electrons(increase in charge) from an atom in an element, ion or compound. Reduction can be regarded as the gain of electrons (decrease in charge) by an atom in an element, ion or compound. 氧化反应是从一种原子、离子或化合物中失去电子(电荷增大)的过程,还原反应是从一种原子、离子或化合物中得到电子(电荷减小)的过程.

60.Oxidation can also be regarded as an increase in the oxidation number of an atom in an element, ion or compound. 氧化反应中原子、离子或化合物中得原子的化合价升高。

61.Reduction can be regarded as a decrease (reduction) in the oxidation number of an atom in an element, ion or compound. 还原反应中原子、离子或化合物中得原子的化合价降低。

62.The extended definitions of oxidation and reduction are given below.氧化反应和还原反应的广义定义如下:

oxidation gaining oxygen losing electrons increase in oxidation number

reduction losing oxygen gaining electrons decrease in oxidation number

氧化反应 得氧

失电子

氧化数升高

还原反应 失氧

得电子

氧化数降低

63.Examples Working Out Oxidation Numbers 计算氧化数的例子

Example1 Find the oxidation number of Ca in CaSO4 算出硫酸钙中钙元素的氧化数

Applying the Rules 1. Is the atom in an element? No. 应用规则1,它是单质中的原子吗?不是

2. Is the atom in one of the groups listed in Rule 2? Yes, the atom is in Group 2. 它是规则2中的一种原子吗?是,它是第二族中的一种原子。

Answer: +2 oxidation number. 答案:氧化数是+2价。

64.If oxidation take place in a reaction , reduction must occur at the same time. Such a reactions known as an oxidation-reduction reaction or redox reaction. 如果一个反应中有氧化反应,同时必定有还原反应发生,像这样的反应称作氧化还原反应。

65.If an element forms a compound, it must have changed its oxidation number. The reaction must be an oxidation-reduction reaction. 如果一种单质形成一种化合物, 其氧化数一定变化,它必定是发生了氧化还原反应。

66.Under conditions of room temperature and pressure, sulfuric acid is neither an oxidant nor a reductant. Hydrochloric acid is a reductant (Cl( is oxidised to chlorine) while nitric acid is an oxidant (NO3( is reduced to various oxides of nitrogen, eg, brown NO2 gas) 常温常压下,硫酸既不是氧化剂也不是还原剂,浓盐酸是一种还原剂(氯离子被氧化成氯气)而硝酸是一种氧化剂(硝酸根离子被还原成氮的各种氧化物,例如二氧化氮气体)。

67.An atom is oxidised when it gains oxygen or loses electrons or when its oxidation number increases. 当它得氧或失电子或是其氧化数升高,该原子就是被氧化了。

68.An atom is reduced when it loses oxygen or gains electrons or when it oxidation number decreases. 当他失氧或是得电子或是其氧化数降低,该原子就是被还原了。

69.An oxidant or oxidising agent accepts electrons from another substance. A reductant or reducing agent donates electrons to another substance. 氧化剂从另一种物质获得电子,还原剂提供给另一种物质电子。

70.The solubility of the hydroxides increases as the elements get heavier. Magnesium hydroxide is less soluble than calcium hydroxide(limewater). 随着元素的质量增加, 氢氧化物的溶解度逐渐减小. 氢氧化镁的溶解度小于氢氧化钙(石灰水)。

71.Any solid that dissolves in water will give a clear solution. Light is able to pass through the solution in a test tube. A solution of common salt is colourless and clear, just like water. A solution of copper sulfate is blue and clear. 任何可溶于水的固体都可以得到一种澄清的溶液.光线可以通过试管内的溶液, 食盐溶液就象水一样是无色澄清的, 硫酸铜溶液是蓝色澄清的。

72.Some compounds are insoluble in water. They are powdery solids which prevent light passing through.有些化合物不溶于水,它们的粉末阻碍了光的通过。

73.An insoluble solid which forms when a raction occurs between ions which were in solution is called a precipitate(ppt). If the solid which forms is like broken-up jelly, then it described as a gelatinous precipitate. 当水溶液中离子之间反应生成了不溶的固体,这种不溶物称作沉淀. 如果这种固体形成胶状固体,我们称其为胶状沉淀。

74.The sodium ions Na+ were dissolved in the solution at the beginning of the reaction and are still there in solution at the end. So are the Cl- ions. These ions were not involved in the reaction. They do not need to be written in the equation for the reaction. Chemists call them spectator ions. 钠离子在反应初始是溶于水,反应结束时也溶于水,氯离子也是如此,这些粒子不包括在反应中,不需要在反应方程式中书写出它们,所以化学家称其为旁观离子,不参加反应的离子。

75.From now on, spectator ions will not be written in chemical equations. 从现在开始,不参加反应的离子不写在化学方程式中。

76.The percentage composition of a substance gives the mass of each component in 100 grams of that substance. 物质的百分组成给出100克那种物质中每一成分的质量。

77.The empirical formula of a compound is the simplest ratio of the different atoms present. 化合物的实验式给出了分子内不同原子的最简比。

78.As the formula for an ionic compound just states the ratio of atoms present, the formula is the empirical formula. 因为离子化合物的分子式只说明了所存在原子的比例,所以这个分子式是实验式。

79.The molecular formula gives the actual numbers of the different atoms present in a molecule. For example, the molecular formula for ethane C2H6 indicates that each molecule consists of 2 carbon atoms and 6 hydrogen atoms. 分子式给出一个分子内不同原子的实际数目,例如, 乙烷的分子式说明了每个分子含两个碳原子,六个氢原子。

80.The molecular formula of a compound can be found if its empirical formula and molar mass M are known. 如果一种化合物的实验式和分子量M已知,它的分子式就可以求得。

81.% composition gives the masses of different atoms in 100 g of a compound. The empirical formula gives the simplest ratio of atoms in the compound. The molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms in a moleucle. 化合物的百分组成给出了100克分子内不同原子的质量. 实验式给出了化合物内原子的最简比.分子式给出了分子内实际的原子数目。