wdydr...44 fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h wdydr fuu mßÉfþoh wOHhkh lsÍfuka Tng" ksfrda.S Èúhla...
Transcript of wdydr...44 fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h wdydr fuu mßÉfþoh wOHhkh lsÍfuka Tng" ksfrda.S Èúhla...
44fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
wdydr
fuu mßÉfþoh wOHhkh lsÍfuka Tng"
♦ ksfrda.S Èúhla i|yd myiq" kj;djlska hq;a wdydr ms<sfh, lsÍu
♦ ffoksl wjYH;d i|yd fhda.H wdydr f;dard .ekSu
♦ iq¿ jHdmdrhla jYfhka wdydr ieliSu
♦ ieliq wdydr fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a lsÍu
hk lreKq ms<sn| wdydr fCIa;%hg wÞ< wfmalaIs; ksmqK;d ,nd .ekSug yels
jkq we;'
45fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
ñksia isref¾ meje;au i|yd wdydr w;HjYH fõ' tkï" isrer ukdj
jeãug ;a" tÈfkÞ ld¾hhkays kshe,Sug ;a" frda.j,ska wdrlaId ùug ;a" wm
ffoksl j .kakd wdydrj,ska buy;a fiajhla bgq fjhs'
fmdaIKh ms<sn| jeo.;a f;dr;=re f.k tk wdo¾Y jels lsysmhla my;
i|yka fõ'
v cd;shl moku" ksfrda.S orejd h'
v oefha Yla;sh" m%cd fmdaIKfhka ,efí'
v wdfrda.Hd mrud ,dNd
v ish¨ i;a;ajfhda wdydrfhka hefm;s'
v ksfrda.S ukila we;af;a ksfrda.S isrerla ;=< h'
v f.or ms<sfh, lr.;a wdydrfhka" Tfí fi!LHh /fla'
ksfrda.S Èúhla i|yd fmdaIKfha we;s
jeo.;alu by; i|yka wdo¾Y jelsj,ska Tnguekúka meyeÈ,s jkq we;'
lsis Èfkl fjf<|fmd<g f.dia ke;s i|,s" tla
Èkla uj;a iu. .fï fjf<|fmd<g .shd h'
fjf<|fmd<g hk w;r uj yd i|,s
w;r we;s jQ ixjdohl fldgils" fï'
uj (- ljÞj;a ke;=j Thdg wo fmd<g
tkak ys;=fKa fudlo ÿj@ Thd
tkjd kï ug;a fyd|hsfka'
i|,s (- b;ska wïud yeu Þ u fmdf<ka
wrf.k tkafka tl jf.a u
t<j¿ fka" lEu lk fldg tmd
fjkjd'
2ksfrda.S Èúhla i|yd myiq" kj;djlska hq;a
wdydr
l%shdldrlu 2'1
1' fuu wdo¾Y jels >k lvÞis u; meyeÈ,s wl=frka ,shd Tfí mka;s
ldurfha m%o¾Ykh lrkak'
2' fmdaIKhg wÞ< wdo¾Y jels yels;dla fidhd Tfí wNHdi fmdf;a
,shkak'
@
46fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
uj (- fudkjd lrkak o ÿfõ@ yeu Þ u tl u foaj,a fka fmdf<a ;sfhkafka'
i|,s (- Tõ" wïud tl u foaj,a ñ, § .;a;g lula keye' w¨;a tAjd f;dard
f.k tAjd w¨;a l%uj,g ms<sfh, lrkak ´k'
uj (- fudkj o ÿj w¨;a l%u lshkafka@ weÕg .=K kï fldfydu lEju
fudlo@
i|,s (- keye wïud uu kï myiqfjka lrkak mq¿jka w¨;a l%u okakjd' wms
m%dfhda.sl yd ;dlaI‚l l=i,;d úIhg yqÕdla foaj,a bf.k .;a;d'
wïud (- tfykï leu;s fohla wrf.k Thdg leu;s úÈylg yokakfld'
;d;a;;a leu;s fjhs fka" rig lEu lkak'
fmdaIHodhs fldia ñY%Kh
wjYH øjH
fldia uÿ¿ .a?ï 200
fldia weg .a?ï 50
úh<s yd,aueiaika .a?ï 50
lerÜ .a?ï 150
l;=reuqrex.d fld< .a?ï 25
f,dl= ÆkQ .a?ï 100
úh<s ñßia lr,a lsysmhla
rïfma" lrmsxpd
bÕ=re" iqÿÆkq iaj,amhla
f;,a iaj,amhla
¨Kq iaj,amhla
l%shdldrlu 2'2
1' i|,s fjf<|fmdf<ka ñ, § .;a wdydr øjH w;=ßka ilia lr .;a
kj;djlska hq;a wdydr j¾. folla my; olajd we;'
I fmdaIHodhs fldia ñY%Khla
II n;, Ñmaia
2' my; i|yka wuqøjH imhdf.k tu wdydr j¾. fol w;ayÞ n,kak'
@
47fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
idok l%uh
v fldia uÿ¿ iy fldia weg fnß fkdjk fia ;ïnd .kak'
v lerÜ" Ækq" isyska j lmd .kak'
v yd,aueiaika .eUqre f;f,a rkajka meye jk f;la neo .kak'
v f;,a iaj,amhla ;dÉÑhlg oud th r;ajk úg isyska j lmd .;a bÕ=re"
iqÿ Ækq" rïfma" lrmsxpd tla lr .kak'
v fuu øjH ;rula nefok úg l;=reuqrex.d fld< iy isyska j lmk ,o
lerÜ tla lr j¾Kh fjkia fkdjk fia neo .kak'
v fuu ñY%Khg len,s lr .;a úh<s ñßia o" neo.;a yd,aueiaika o" tl;=
lrkak'
v miq j ;ïnd.;a fldia o tl;= lr ri wkqj ¨Kq tla lrkak'
v WKqiqu ;sìh § u wdydrhg .kak'
n;, Ñmaia
wjYH øjH
n;, lsf,da .a?ï 1
fmd,af;,a ñ,s ,Sgr 400 hs
¨Kq l=vq .a?ï 25
ñßia l=vq .a?ï 50
idok l%uh
msßisÿ lsÍu
isyska ;Sre lemSu
foys hqI yd ¨Kq ñY% c,hg ±óu
ê
iaj,am fõ,djla ;nd bj;g .ekSu
rkajka mdg jk ;=re ne§u
WKqiqï j ;sìh § ¨Kq iy ñßia l=vq tl;= lsÍu
fmd,s;skaj, weisÍu
f;;ukh bj;a lsÍu
ê
ê
ê
ê
ê
ê
48fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
wdydr fõ,l wvx.= m%Odk fmdaIl fldgia
fmdaIKfhka wfma isrerg
1' flia" ksh jeãug
iu o meyem;a ùug
iú n, jeãug
.ksuq iun, wyr ieu úg
2' fldia fo,a w, n;,
iy,a" l=ryka .;a l,
Tn .f;a iú n,
jefvkq we;¦ l< yelsh jev m,
3' ì;a;r ud¿ uia
fidahd oU," lsß fldia
mßmamq o tla /ia
lrhs Tn .; fkdjvjd fÞia
4' m<d fld< m,;=re
kejqï t<j¿ jeks ire
lEj fyd;a ksr;=re
,efnhs úgñka - frda. lr ÿre
5' f;,a iy fïoh;a
muK ±k f.k .; fyd;a
WKqiqu;a iúh;a
/flkq we; Tfn jefvk isrefr;a
6' fmdaIKh imsreK
ri wyr f.k Èk Èk
c,h o ksis muK
îu jeo.;a fõ h ieu osk
l%shdldrlu 2'3
1' úúO uQ,dY% weiqfrka f;dr;=re ,nd f.k kj;djlska hq;a wdydr
jÜfgdare we;=<;a w;a fmd;la ilia lrkak'
2' tu wdydr jÜfgdare hy¿jka iu. yqjudre lrf.k yels muK
w;ayÞ ne,Sfuka Tfí l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .kak'
@
49fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
fuu lú mka;sh fyd¢ka ri ú`Èkak' tys i|yka lreKq o" Tn tÈfkÞ
Ôú;fha § ,nd .;a w;a±lSï o" m%fhdackhg .ksñka my; i|yka l%shdldrlfuys
fhfokak'
l%shdldrlu 2'4
1' my; i|yka j.=j mqrjkak' fï i|yd Tnf.a wNHdi fmd; Ndú; lrkak'
@
wdydrj, wvx.= m%OdkfmdaIH mÞ¾:
wvx.= wdydr
i;a;aj YdlfmdaIH mÞ¾:hka uÕska
bgqjk ld¾hhka
vfm%daàka uia fidahd YÍr j¾Okh" f.ù
ud¿ oU, .sh mgl w¨;a jeähdj
v'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
v'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
m%Odk wdydr fõ,a ie,iqï lsÍfï § fmdaIKuh jYfhka i,ld ne,sh
hq;= jeo.;a lreKq ;=kla we;'
v isrerg wjYH fmdaIH mÞ¾: iy tAjdfha jeo.;alu
v tu fmdaIH mÞ¾: wvx.=jk wdydr
v wdydr ldKav yd wdydr msróvh
by;ska i|yka jQ lú mka;sh wOHhkfhka o" 2'4 l%shdldrlu ;=<ska o"
wdydrfha wvx.= fmdaIH mÞ¾: iy tAjdfha ld¾hhka ms<sn| uQ,sl ±kqu Tn
,nkakg we;ehs is;uq'
wdydr ldKav
wm mßfNdackh lrkq ,nk wdydr"
v wdydr j¾.h
v wka;¾.; fmdaIH mÞ¾:
.ek ie,ls,a,g .ksñka ldKav lr we;'
50fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
wdydr j¾.
v OdkH yd w, j¾.
v t<j¿ yd m,;=re
v lsß yd lsß ksIamdÈ;
v i;a;aj wdydr yd udI fnda.
v f;,a iy iSks
v OdkH yd w, j¾.
Yla;sh ksmoùug wjYH ldfndayhsfâ%Ü m%Odk jYfhka wvx.= fõ'
óg wu;r j úgñka î ldKavfha ;hñka" le,aishï iy hlv jeks Lksc o
wka;¾.; fõ'
v t<j¿ yd m,;=re
YÍrh frda.j,ska wdrlaId lsÍug wjYH úgñka iy Lksc j¾. ,nd fok
m%Odk uQ,dY%hka fõ' thg wu;r j ;ka;= o wvx.= fõ'
v i;a;aj wdydr yd udI fnda.
YÍr j¾Okhg wjYH Wiia fm%daàka ,nd fok uQ,dY%hka h' uia" ud¿"
ì;a;r" oU," fidahd fndaxÑ" mßmamq" uqx weg" lv, hkdÈfhka fm%daàka nyq, j
,nd .; yels h'
v lsß yd lsß ksIamdÈ;
YÍr j¾Okhg wjYH fm%daàka o YÍrh frda.j,ska wdrlaId lsÍug
wjYH úgñka tA" î ldKavfha iuyr úgñka o" ã úgñka o" le,aishï jeks
Lksc j¾. o wvx.= fõ'
v f;,a yd iSks
fmd,af;,a" t<j¿ f;,a" ud.ßka" ng¾" t<.sf;,a hkdÈh u.ska YÍr Yla;sh
,nd §ug fuka u YÍr WIaK;ajh wdrlaId lsÍug o WmldÍ fõ' iSks iy me‚
ri wvx.= wdydr u.ska o YÍrhg wjYH Yla;sh ,nd .; yels h'
51fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
wdydr msróvh ;=< ffoksl j .; hq;= wdydr j¾. wkqmd;hka ±lafõ'
wju jYfhka ,nd .; hq;= wdydr
uOHia: jYfhka ,nd .; hq;= wdydr
jeämqr ,nd .; hq;= wdydr
wdydr msróvh
1
3
4
5
6
2'1 rEmh - - wdydr ldKav ±lafjk msróvh
2
52fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
l%shdldrlu 2'5
wdydr msróvh fyd¢ka wOHhkh lr my; i|yka m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re
imhkak ^ fï i|yd Tnf.a wNHdi fmd; Ndú; lrkak&'
1' wdydr msróvfha wxlj,ska ±lafjk wdydr ldKav fudkjd ±hs i|yka
lrkak'
2' Tnf.a Èjd wdydrh i|yd iqÿiq wdydr fõ,la ie,iqï lrkak'
3' tu wdydr fõf,ys jeä m%udKhla wvx.= l< hq;af;a l=uk ldKavhg
wh;a wdydr j¾. o" thg fya;= fudkjd o@
4' Tfí wdydr fõf,ys wvqfjka u we;=<;a l< hq;af;a l=uk wdydr j¾. o@
thg fya;= folla olajkak'
5' iSks wvx.= wdydr nyq, j .ekSu ydkslr úh yels frda.hla kï
lrkak'
6' OdkHj,g wu;r j YÍrhg jeämqr Yla;sh ,nd Èh yels wdydr j¾.
;=kla i|yka lrkak'
7' fm%daàka nyq, j ,nd Èh yels Ydluh wdydrhla i|yka lrkak'
8' lsß Ndú; lr ilikq ,nk wdydr j¾. ;=kla kï lrkak'
fhda.H wdydr u.ska ffoksl wjYH;d imqrd .ksuq
wfma isrer ;=< úúO Ôj l%shdldrlï
isÿ fõ' tA i|yd wjYH jk fmdaIl øjH imqrd
.ekSug fhda.H wdydr Èkm;d isrerg ,nd Èh
hq;= h'
@
53fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
wdrlaIl wdydr
m,;=re" t<j¿" ;o fld<
meye;s m<d j¾. " l=vd
ud¿
Yla;s ckl
wdydr
OdkH yd OdkH
ksIamdÈ;" w, j¾."
fldia" fo,a" f;,a
iy fïo iSks iy
me‚ ri wdydr
wm .kakd iEu wdydr fõ,l u ish¨ u fmdaIH mÞ¾: wjYH m%udKhkaf.ka
we;=<;a ùu wjYH fõ' wdydr ldKav ±lafjk msróvh wOHhkh lsÍfuka Tng
wdydr fõ,l jeämqr wvx.= l< hq;= wdydr" uOHia: jYfhka wvx.= l< hq;=
wdydr iy wju jYfhka wvx.= l< hq;= wdydr ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,efnkakg
we;ehs is;uq'tA wkqj ksfrda.S Èúhla i|yd fmdaIK .=Kfhka hq;a wdydr w;HjYH nj Tngjegfykjd we;'
wxl 1
;eïnQ iy,a n;a
lrj, neÿu
mßmamq jHdxckh
t<j¿ i,do
nKavlald
jHdxckh
w;=remi
uqojmq lsß iy
me‚
fmdaIK .=Kfhka hq;a wdydr
YÍr j¾Okh
YÍr Yla;sh
YÍr wdrlaIdj
j¾Ol wdydr
uia iy uia ksIamdÈ;" ud¿
iy ud¿ ksIamdÈ;" lsß iy
lsß ksIamdos;" ì;a;r"
fidahd" oU," mßmamq" uE"
lv," lõms
54fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
wxl 2
b¢ wdmam
ì;a;r jHxckhfmd,a iïfnda,
w;=remi
m,;=re i,doh
wdmam
iSks iïn,
ud¿ weUq,a;sh,alsß f;a
weUq,a flfi,a
wxl 3
l%shdldrlu 2'6
wxl 1"2 yd 3 hk rEm igykaj,ska m%Odk wdydr fõ,a ;=kla olajd we;' th
fyd¢ka wOHhkh lr § we;s m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
1' wxlj,ska olajd we;s m%Odk wdydr fõ,a ;=k kï lrkak'
2' tu wdydr fõ,aj, we;s tla tla wdydrfhys wka;¾.; m%Odk
fmdaIH mÞ¾: i|yka lrkak'
WÞ(- l=l=¿ uia - ♦ fm%daàka
♦ fïo
3' m%Odk wdydr fõ,a ;=kg wu;r j .; yels fjk;a wdydr fõ,a
i|yka lrkak'
4' Tn i|yka l< tu wdydr fõ,lg fhda.H wdydr j¾. kï lrkak'
@
55fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
fuu lreKq wOHhkh lsÍfuka"
v Èklg wdydr fõ,a lsysmhla .; yels nj
v wdydr fõ,a ;=kla ñka m%Odk jk nj
v yels;dla ÿrg ish¨ fmdaIH mÞ¾: we;=<;a jk fia wdydr fõ,a ie,iqï
l< hq;= nj
ms<sn| Tn ±kqj;a jkakg we;ehs is;uq'
wdydr u.ska we;s jk frda. y÷kd .ksuq
iuyr wjia:dj,§ ksis mßÈ ms<sfh, l< wdydr wkqNj fkdlsÍu fyda
isrerg fkd.e,fmk wdydr wkqNj lsÍu ksid" úúO frda. we;s úh yels h'
wdydr úI ùu
wid;añl;dj
wÔ¾Kh
mdpkh
mKq frda.
Tfí ±kqug"
tla wdydr fõ,lska wjYH fmdaIH mÞ¾: ish,a, u ,nd
.; fkdyels jQfha kï tu wvqj oji ;=< .kakd wfkla wdydr
fõ,a ;=<ska imqrd .; hq;= h'
wdydr
u.ska
we;sjk
frda.
56fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
by; i|yka frda.j,g wÞ< frda. ,laIK iy tajd we;sùug fya;= y÷kd .ksuq'
frda.h frda. ,laIK we;s ùug fya;=
v Èhr iajNdjhg
fkdlvjd u, msgùu
v YÍrh iS;, ùu
v Worfha fõokdj
v YÍrh wm%d‚l ùu
v úc,kh
v WK
v jukh
v wmsßisÿ wdydr wkqNjh
v wmú;% n÷ka Ndú; lsÍu
v wmsßisÿ c,h mdkh lsÍu
v wdydr msiSfï §
fi!LHdrlaIs; ms<sfj;a
wkq.ukh fkdlsÍu
v msiQ wdydr ksrdjrK j
;eîu ̂ hkdÈ lreKq
ksid mdpk frda. ldrl
Ô¾K moaO;shg we;=¿ùu&
wdydr úI ùu v Worfha fõokdj
v wêl jukh
v mdpkh
v lrleú,a,
v yqiau .ekSfï wmyiqj
v WK
v Tlaldrh
v uia msvq fõokdj
v úc,kh
v ysiroh
v uia" ud¿ jeks wdydrfyd¢ka fkdmsi wdydrhg.ekSu
v l,a bl=;a jQ wdydrwkqNjh
v m%ñ;sfhka f;dr wdydrwkqNjh
v wmsßisÿ wdydr wkqNjhv wkqNj l< wdydrj, úúO
úI øjH wvx.= j ;sîuv fkd±kqj;alñka úI ìï
u,a j¾." úI ud¿ j¾.wkqNjh
mdpkh
v iage*sf,da fldlia Tßhiaiy laf,diaà%ähïfndgHq,skï kue;snelaàßhd u.ska i%djhlrk OQ,l ^úI øjH&wdydr ;=< ;sîu
v ksÈu;.;sh
^úI jk foa wkqj
frda. ,laIK
fjkia fõ&
wid;añl;dj v mdpkh
v we;eï úg WK iE§u
v bÈóu
v ifï m¨ yg .ekSu
v iu r;= meye ùu
v iu leiSu
v wdydrj, we;s úúO øjH
YÍrfha we;s fm%daàkhlg
^ysiageóka& fkd.e<mSu
ksid tu wdydr isrer
u.ska m%;slafIam lsÍfï
,laIK
57fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
v YÍrfha ±ú,a,
v yqiau .ekSfï
wmyiq;dj
v we;eï úg jukh
fi!LH wdrlaIs; mqreÿ wkq.ukh lrñka wdydr ms<sfh, lsÍu
wf;a weÕs,s" w,a," msá w,a," weÕs,s lre iy ksh
inka oud fyd¢ka fidaÞ .ekSu'
v we;eï wdydr j¾. iuyr
mqoa.,hkag Èrùfï
wmyiqj
v wdydrfha wêl l=¿ nvq"
wï, iy fïo ;sîu
wÔ¾Kh v Wor fõokdj
v nv msmSu
v jukh
v wdydr wreÑh
v Tlaldrh
v YÍrh wm%d‚l ùu
v Èhr f,i u< msgùu
v kSrla;sh
^mqoa.,hka wkqj
wdydr flfrys wid;añl;d
fjkia fõ&
v nv msmSu yd fõokdj"
Tlaldrh" jukh
v mKqjka iys; fyda
rys; u, msgùu
v u, iu. f,a msgùu
v YÍrh iqÿue,s ùu
v fyd¢ka msiSug ,la
fkdl, uia iy ud¿
j¾. wkqNjh
v wmsßisÿ wdydr wkqNjh
v wmsßisÿ c,h mdkh lsÍu
v wdydr msiSfï § yd
mßfNdackfha § fi!LH
wdrlaIs; mqreÿ wkq.ukh
fkdlsÍu
v jeisls<s hk úg yd
t<suyfka weúÈk úg
mdjyka fkdme<£u
v jeisls<s hdfuka miq w;a
inka .d fkdfia§u
mKq frda.
58fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
ms<sfh, lsÍu yd msiSu i|yd Ndú;
lrk n÷ka fyd¢ka mú;% j ;nd .ekSu'
wdydr iu. .eàfï § ridhksl m%;sl%shd
isÿ fkdjk WmlrK yd fuj,ï Ndú;
lsÍu'
wdydr ms<sfh, lrkakd hym;a fi!LH
;;a;ajhlska hq;a whl= ùu'
wdydr msiSfï § thg WÑ; msßisÿ ldjdvula iy
ysia jeiaula me<§u'
wdydr ms<sfh, lsÍfï § msßisÿ c,h Ndú;
lsÍu'
59fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
wdf,dalh" jd;dY%h fyd¢ka
,efnk ia:dkhl wdydr
ms<sfh, lsÍu' tu ia:dkh
lDókaf.ka" ¥ú,s wdÈfhka
f;dr j mj;ajd f.k hdu'
i;=kaf.ka ydks fkdjQ" isÿre
fkdjQ" m¿ÿ fkdjQ yd krla
fkdjQ wdydr f;dard .ekSu'
tfukau wdydrj, wdfõksl
iajdNdjh g ydks fkdjQ wdydr
f;dard .ekSu'
wdydr ms<sfh, lrk ia:dkj,
fnfy;a øjH" lDñ kdYl
iy N+ñf;,a hkdÈh .nvd lsÍfuka
je<lSu'
60fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
úúO wdydr wdYs%; ksIamdokj,g foaYSh fuka u úfoaYSh fjf<|fmd< ;=< ;a
by< b,a¨ula mj;S' .fï fjf<|fmdf<a isg iqmsß fjf<|i,a olajd úúO
uÜgfï m%ñ;Skaf.ka hqla; wdydr ksIamdÈ; ±lsh yels h' wdydr ilia lsÍfï
úúO l%u jeä ÈhqKq ùfï m%;sM,hla f,i úúO wdydr ieliSu iq¿ jHdmdr
f,iska .%dóh uÜgñka ÈhqKq ù we;'
iq¿ jHdmdrhla jYfhka wdydr ieliSfï § úúO l%u fhdod .ekSfuka
id¾:l m%;sM, ,nd .; yels h' Tn wg jk fYa%‚fha § wdydr fCIa;%hg wÞ< j
wdydr ieliSfï úúO l%u ms<sn| w;a±lSï ,nd we;'
m%foaYfha nyq, j we;s wdydr
kj jk fY%a‚fha m%dfhda.sl yd ;dlaI‚l l=i,;d úIh W.kajk pdkaokS
.=re;=ñh tÈk mka;s ldurhg meñ‚fha Y%S ,xldfõ is;shula o w;e;s j h' weh
mdvu wdrïNhg m%:u mka;s ldurh bÈßfha is;shu m%o¾Ykh lf<a isiq orejkaf.a
l=;=y,h o okjñks' my; ±lafjkafka tu is;shfï wdlD;shls'
wdydr ieliSfuka iq¿ jHdmdrhla weröu3
wdydr ieliSfï úúO l%u ie,iqï lrhs'3'1
3'1 rEmh - - YS% ,xldfõ m<d;a j¾.SlrKh
W;=re m<d;
W;=re ueo
m<d;
jhU m<d;
uOHu m<d;
kef.kysr
m<d;
niakdysr m<d;
inr.uq m<d;
W!j m<d;
ol=Kq m<d;
61fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
is;shu m%o¾Ykh lrñka .=re;=ñh isiqkg bÈßm;a lf<a YS% ,xldfõ tla
tla m<d;a ;=< nyq, j olakg we;s wdydr j¾. ms<sn| lreKq h'
nyq, j we;s wdydr j¾.m<d;
W;=re m<d; ;,a" wU" ud¿" r;= Ækq" ñßia" flfi,a" fk,a,s"
ñÈ" iy,a" ishU,d
W;=re ueo m<d; iy,a" ñßia" lcq" udIfnda." Èjq,a"
my;rg t<j¿" nvbßÕ=
jhU m<d; fmd,a" lcq" iy,a" my; rg t<j¿" biaika" ud¿
udIfnda." foys" wU
uOHu m<d; Wvrg t<j¿" w¾;dm,a" w,s.eg fmar" mSpia"
fmhd¾ia" iafg%dafnß" f;a" idÈlald" lrdnq keá"
lr|uqx.=" jeks,d" ¥ßhka" flfi,a" ls;=,a" lsß
kef.kysr m<d; ud¿" biaika" ll=¿jka" iy,a" nvbßÕ=
niakdysr m<d; fmd,a" fldia" fo,a" iy,a" uex.=ia" iem;s,a,d"
wkakdis" rUqgka" lcq" ¥ßhka" flfi,a" .ïñßia"
ishU,d" fldams" ud¿" ì;a;r
W!j m<d; Wvrg t<j¿" f;a" iy,a" flfi,a" mefmd,a"
w,s.eg fmar" fÞvï" rg lcq
inr.uq m<d; ls;=,a" ¥ßhka" fldams" tkid,a" lrdnq keá" f;a
ol=Kq m<d; ud¿" ó lsß" ishU,d" l=re÷" Èjq,a"
flduvq" flfi,a" iy,a iy fjk;a úúO
OdkH j¾." my; rg t<j¿
by; lreKq wOHhkh l< Tng YS% ,xldfõ tla tla m<d;aj,
nyq, j we;s wdydr j¾. ms<sn| lsishï wjfndaOhla ,efnkakg we;ehs is;uq'
62fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
by; i|yka l%shdldrlu ;=<ska Tn Ôj;a jk m%foaYfha nyq, wdydr j¾.
ms<sn| ±kqj;a jkakg we;ehs is;uq'
m%foaYfha ±lsh yels wdydr mokï lr .;a l¾udka; iy jHdmdr
m%foaYfha ±lsh yels wdydr mokï lr .;a l¾udka; yd jHdmdr ms<sn|
wOHhkh lsÍug m%:u l¾udka;hla iy jHdmdrhla hkq l=ula ±hs y÷kd .ksuq'
l¾udka;
lsishï jHdmdr fCIa;%hl fhojqï" ksuejqï njg m;a lsÍfï l%shdj,sh
l¾udka;hla f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' my; i|yka jkafka tjeks l¾udka;
lsysmhlg WÞyrK h'
v ëjr l¾udka;h
v m<;=re áka lsÍfï l¾udka;h
v fhda.Ü l¾udka;h
jHdmdr
ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd bgq lrk ́ kE u l%shdj,shla jHdmdrhla hkqfjka
ye¢kafõ' my; i|yka jkafka" tjeks jHdmdr lsysmhlg WÞyrK h'
v NdKav ksIamdokh lsÍu
v m%jdyk fiajd iemhSu
v rlaIK fiajd iemhSu
v is,a,r fjf<`Þu
l%shdldrlu 3'1
1' Tn Ôj;a jk m%foaYfha nyq, j we;s wdydr j¾. ms<sn| úuis,su;a
fjñka fuys i|yka j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak ^fï i|yd Tnf.a wNHdi
fmd; Ndú; lrkak&'
@
udIfnda.m<d; m%foaYh
nyq, j we;s wdydr j¾.
i;a;aj
wdydr
Ydl wdydr
t<j¿ m,;=re OdkH
WÞ-( uOHu kqjrt<sh lsß îÜ"
lerÜ"
,Slaia
fmhd¾ia"
mSpia"
iy,a
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63fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
wdydr ieliSfï l%shdj,sh
jHdmdrhla fyda l¾udka;hla f,i wdydr ieliSfï § tA tA wdydr wkqj
úúO l%u Wmfhda.S lr .kq ,nhs' tfy;a iEu wdydr ieliSfï l%uhl § u
wkq.ukh lrk fmdÿ l%shdj,shla we;' tu fmdÿ l%shdj,sh y÷kd .ksuq'
l%shdldrlu 3'2
1' Tn Ôj;a jk m%foaYfha wdydr mokï lrf.k mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nk
l¾udka; yd jHdmdr ms<sn| o;a; /ia lr .kak' tu /ia lr .;a o;a;
wdY%fhka my; i|yka j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak ^fï i|yd Tnf.a wNHdi
fmd; Ndú; lrkak&'
2' Tn m%foaYfha ieliQ wdydr i|yd we;s b,a¨u ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd
.ekSug iqÿiq m%Yakdj,shla bÈßm;a lrñka fCIa;% wOHhkhl fhfokak
^fï i|yd .=re;=ud$;=óf.a iydh ,nd .kak&'
ikSmdrlaIl mqreÿ wkq.ukh lsÍu
kejqï wuqøjH f;dard .ekSu
wkjYH øjH bj;a lsÍu
fia§u
wjYH;dj mßÈ ilia lsÍu ^len,s$ fm;s$ hqI$ l=vq&
msiSfï l%shdj,sh
weisÍu
f,an,a lsÍu
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ilikq ,nk wdydrl¾udka;h fyda
jHdmdrh y÷kajd we;s
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fhdÞf.k we;s øjH
iðks ksIamdolfhda wU cEï
pÜks
fldaäh,a
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64fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
ê
ó lsß Èhrh w¨;a iïmQ¾K fhdoh iys; lsß
idiamdklg fmrd .ekSu msßisÿ n÷klg ^u, fkdnef|k
jdfka& msßisÿ ÿyq,a frÈ lvla ;=<ska
fmrd .ekSu
r;a lsÍu hka;ï fmK k.sk WIaK;ajhg
fkdkj;ajd ye¢ .Eu leá .eiSu je,elaùug ,S yekaola
Ndú;h
,sfmka nd u|laa ksfjkakg ;eîu WIaK;ajh wvq ùug
uqyqka tl;= lsÍu uqojk ,o lsß yÜáhl ueo
fldgiska ,nd.;a uqyqka
fyd¢ka ñY% lsÍu uqyqka lsßj,g fyd¢ka ñY%ùug
ueá n÷ka$ùÿre fnda;,aj,g n÷ka fyd¢ka ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍu
wjYH muKg ±óu
fyd¢ka jeiSu msßisÿ fmd,s;ska Ndú;fhka
meh 12la ;eîu lsß ñoùug wdrlaIs; ia:dkhl
fkdfid,ajd ;eîu
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wdydr ieliSfï l%shdj,sh iïnkaOfhka mq¿,a wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug
my; i|yka jk uqojdmq lsß ksIamdok l%shdj,sh wOHhkh lrkak'
uqojmq lsß ksIamdokh
fokqkaf.ka fodjd .kq ,nk lsß" WKq lr" ksjd" thg uqyqka fhdÞ" msßiqÿ
^ÔjdKqyrKh lrk ,o& ueá n÷kaj, fyda ùÿre fnda;,aj, fyda wiqrd" fmd,s;Ska
wdjrKhla fhdÞ" ñfok ;=re wdrlaIs; ia:dkhl ;eîfuka uqojdmq lsß ilid
.; yels h'
wjYH øjH
w¨;a fkduqyqka ó lsß ,Sg¾ 4 1$2
w¨;a uqyqka ñ,s ,Sg¾ 225
ó lsß
65fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
m%dfhda.sl yd ;dlaI‚l l=i,;d úIhh hgf;a úúO wdydr ilia lsÍfï
yelshdj m%.=K lr .;a fikqß m%Œ; rihlska hqla; m,;=re îu ksIamdokh
lsÍug wfmalaId lrhs' —fikqß m%Œ; m,;=re îu˜ kñka ksIamdok fjf<|fmd<g
bÈßm;a lsÍug weh ;=< woyila my< ù we;' ;u m%foaYfha fjf<|fmd< ;=<
m,;=re îu i|yd m%n, ;r.ldß;ajhla ;snqK o" kj l%u Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka
m%Œ; rihlska hq;a m,;=re îu ksIamdokh lsÍu wehf.a b,lalh fõ' fuu
ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh 1980 wdydr mk;g wkql+, úh hq;= nj o weh wjOdrKh
l<d h' fuys § jHdmdßlfhla f,i ;u ksIamdÈ;hla fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a
lsÍug m%:u jHdmdr ie,iqula ilia lr .ekSu wjYH h'
jHdmdr ie,eiaula iE§ug m%:u iEu jHdmdßlhl= u miq l< hq;= mshjr y;rla
we;'
1' fjf<|fmd< wjia:d .fõIKh
jHdmdrh i|yd ie,eiau ilia lsÍug m%:u fjf<|fmd< .fõIKfhka
wfkl=;a ;r.ldÍ ksIamdokhka ms<sn| f;dr;=re tla /ia lr .; hq;= fõ'
Tfí ±kqug"
Ø lsß ,sm ;nd jeä fõ,djla r;alsÍfuka lsß leá .eiS th iajdNdjfhkayd yevfhka úm¾hdihlg Ndckh fõ ^úiajNdùlrKh&' tfuka ulsßj, we;s iSks leru,SlrKh ù lr rila we;s fõ'
Ø lsßj, we;s fïoh leá .efik ksid ^fhdoh iE§u& th j<lajd.ekSug fkdlvjd ye¢ .d .; hq;= h'
Ø ó lsß fidhd .ekSug wmyiq m%foaYj, t<lsß Ndú; lr uqojmq lsßidÞ .; yels h'
Ø uqyqka fïi ye¢ 1} ñ,s ,Sg¾ 10 - 12 m%udKhlg fuu wkqmd;hg uek .ekSfuka ksjerÈ j uqyqka fhdÞ .; yels h'
Ø fuu uqyqkaj, wvx.= lsß ñoùug ls%hd lrk nelaàßhd úfYaI 02 ls'
1' iafg%mafgd fldlia ;¾fud*s,ia
2' ,elafgd neis,ia
fi!LH wdrlaIs; mqreÿ wkq.ukh lrñka fmdaIHÞhS f,i wdydr
ieliSug Tng yelshdjla we;s kï"
tu wdydr i|yd fjf<|fmd< ;=< fyd| mdßfNda.sl keUqrejla
we;s lr .; yels jk w;r" m%cd fi!LHh o wdrlaId lr .; yels h'
ieliq wdydr fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a lsÍu 3'2
66fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
2' iqÿiq jHdmdßl wjia:djla u;= lr .ekSu i|yd úl,am úi÷ï ud¾. ms<sn|
f;dr;=re fiùu
WÞ(- w tla tla m,;=re j¾. fjk fjk u Ndú; lr îu ksIamdokh
lrkafka o@
w m,;=re lsysmhla tla lr ñY% m,;=re îu ksIamdokh lrkafka o@
w îu fjf<|fmd<g ±ófï § th l=uk l%uhg weiqreï lrkafka o@
hkd§ úúO f;dr;=re /ia lr .; hq;= h'
3' ish¨ u úi÷ï ud¾. ms<sn| j f;dr;=re fidhd tAjdfha jdis wjdis ;=,kd;aul j
i,ld ne,Su'
4' jHdmdr woyia u;= lr .ekSu'
by; lreKq ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd .ksñka ;ud wdrïN lsÍug woyia
lrk jHdmdrh l=ula o@ hkak ksjerÈ j ;SrKh lsÍu'
jHdmdßl ie,iqï yd fhdackd
jHdmdrhg u. fmkajk ud¾. is;shula f,i jHdmdr ie,eiau ye¢kaùug
mq¿jk' jHdmdrh i|yd fhdÞ .kq ,nk iïm;a ksis f,i yiqrejd .ekSug
jHdmdr ie,eiau WmldÍ fõ'
hï ksuejqula fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a lsÍug m%:u tA ms<sn| lsishï o<
ie,eiaula f.dvk.d .; hq;= nj fikqßg w;a±lSï we;'
tA wkqj fikqß ilik m%Œ; m,;=re îu fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a lsÍug
m%:u tA ms<sn| ksjerÈ ie,eiaula ilia lr .; fyd;a wehg th id¾:l j
l%shd;aul lr .ekSug yelshdjla ,efnkq we;'
kj jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍug wjYH Kh uqo,a ,nd .ekSu i|yd nexl=j
fj; hdfï § jHdmdr ie,eiau wksjd¾hfhka u /f.k hd hq;= h'
fikqß úiska ilik ,o jHdmdr ie,eiafuys my; i`oyka lreKq wka;¾.;
lr we;'
v meyeÈ,s bu
v .kqfokqlrejka y÷kd .ekSu
v b,lal
v jHdmdr Èß .ekaùu
v fjf<| kduh
v weiqreïlrKh
v f,an,a lsÍu
67fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
v ikaku fyda fjf<| ,l=K
v ñ, lsÍu
v fnÞyeÍu
v m%j¾Okh
fikqßf.a jHdmdr ie,eiafuys wka;¾.; tla tla lreKq fjka jYfhka
y÷kd .ksuq'
meyeÈ,s bu
;ud i;= iajYla;Ska fudkjd o@ ;u jHdmdrh wdrïN lrkafka l=uk
wdldrhg o@ ;ks j o@ tfia ke;akï yjq,a j o@ jHdmdrh jeä ÈhqKq lr .kafka
flfia o@
+ .kqfokqlrejka y÷kd .ekSu
b,lal lrk .kqfokqlrejka ljq o@ .kqfokqlrejkaf.a jqjukd yd wjYH;d
fudkjd o@ uq,a wjia:dfõ § f;dard.;a fjf<|fmd< fldgilg ;u ksIamdok
bÈßm;a lrkafka o@
b,lal
fï jk úg fikqß iqÿiq .kqfokqlrejka y÷kdf.k we;' ;u b,lalh
lrd <Õd fjkafka flfia o@ uq,a wjia:dfõ fikqßf.a ksIamdÈ; ish,a, u
fjf<|fmdf<a wf,ú jqj fyd;a tys id¾:l;ajhla we;ehs is;sh yels h' tA wkqj
fikqßg ;u b,lal lrd <Õd ùug yelshdjla mj;S' fikqßg ;u wdÞhu uek
.ekSug ñka mq¿jk' wehg mek k.sk W.%;u .eg¨j ;r.hg uqyqK§u h' th
y÷kdf.k id¾:l j uqyqK fokafka ljr wdldrfhka o@ hkak weh ;SrKh l<
hq;= h'
jHdmdr Èß .ekaùu
jHdmdrh wdrïN lr th mj;ajd f.k hdfï § jHdmdßlhka fm<Uùu
i|yd fokq ,nk Wmldrl Èß .ekaùu f,i ye¢kafõ' fuu Èß .ekaùï uQ,H yd
uQ,H fkdjk jYfhka fldgia follg j¾. l< yels h'
uQ,H Wmldr - - —fikqß m%KS; m,;=re îu˜ jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍug fuka
u tu jHdmdr mj;ajd f.k hdug o" fikqßg uqo,a wjYH fõ' fuu m,;=re îu
ksIamdokh lrk jHdmdrfha jHjidhlhd fikqß h' fuys § weh jd‚c nexl="
iKi nexl= jeks uQ,H wdh;k u.ska ;u jHdmdrhg wjYH uqo,a ,nd .ekSug
wfmalaId lrhs' l=vd" uOHu iy úYd, hk mßudKj, jHdmdr Èß .ekaùu i|yd
úfYaI uQ,H wdOdr l%u mj;S' iykÞhS l%uhg fuu uQ,H wdh;k u.ska uqo,a
imhhs'
68fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
uQ,H fkdjk Wmldr - fikqßg fuu m,;=re îu ksIamdokh ms<sn| ukd
±kqula we;' tfy;a jHdmdrh mq¿,a fjf<|fmd<lg hdfï § ;j;j;a úúO
;dlaI‚l l%u Wmfhda.S lr .ekSug isÿ jkq we;' ;dlaI‚l WmfoaYk" jHdmdrh
,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu" kS;s Wmfoia ,nd .ekSu iy wf,ú m%j¾Ok l%u hkdÈh fuys §
b;d jeo.;a h' fï i|yd "
v ld¾ñl ixj¾Ok uKav,h
v ld¾ñl ;dlaI‚l wdh;kh
v ;reK lghq;= wud;HdxYfha l=vd jHdmdr ixj¾Ok wxYh
v cd;sl wdOqksl;aj yd jD;a;Sh mqyqKq wêldßh
hk wdh;kj, isák jHdmdr ie,iqïlrKh ms<sn| m%ùK mqoa.,hkaf.ka
wjYH Wmfoia ,nd.; yels h'
fjf<| kduh
.kqfokqlrejka wdl¾IKhjk mßÈ ksIamdÈ;hg iqÿiq fjf<| kduhla
fhdÞ .ekSu o" jeo.;a lreKls' tu kduh fjf<|fmdf<a we;s fjk;a ksIamdÈ;hl
kduhla fkdúh hq;= h' fikqßf.a jHdmdrfha fjf<| kduh—fikqß m%Œ; m,;=re
îu˜ hkak h'
weiqreïlrKh
m,;=re îu ksIamdok fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a lsÍug fmr .kqfokqlrejka
wdl¾IKhjk mßÈ ;a" ksIamdÈ;fha wdrlaIdjg iy l,a meje;aug ;a" wju
msßjehlska iqÿiq weiqreï l%u Ndú; l< hq;= h'
weiqreïlrKh hkq" hul nyd,Sula f,i fyda ±jgqï lsÍula f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'
weiqreïlrKfha jdis lsysmhla y÷kd .ksuq'
v ksIamdÈ;h mßfNdackh lrk f;la wdrlaId lr .ekSu'
v is;a weo.kakdiq¨ njla we;s lsÍu
v jákdlu jeä lr fmkaùu
v ksIamdÈ;hlg m%j¾Okhla ,nd §u
v mßfNdackh jeä lsÍu
v .=Kd;aulNdjh jeä lsÍug
v th m%udKd;aul j fjka lr .ekSug
WÞ (- .%Eï 50" .%Eï 100" .%Eï 250 hkdÈ f,i
v lsishï ksIamdÈ;hla fjf<|fmdf<a § wfkl=;a ksIamdokj,ska fjka fldg
y÷kd .ekSug
v m%jdykh myiq ùug
69fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
f,an,a lsÍu
.kqfokqlrejkaf.a úYajdih Èkd .ekSu i|yd lsishï ksIamdÈ;hlg
f,an,hla fhdÞ .ekSu b;d jeo.;a h' NdKavh ms<sn| f;dr;=re mdßfNda.slhka
fj; ikaksfõokh lsÍug Ndú; lrk WmlrKh f,an,alrKh f,i y÷kajhs'
Tn wg jk fYa%‚fha § fï ms<sn| lsishï wjfndaOhla ,nd we;' ;j ÿrg;a my;
i|yka lreKq wOHhkh lrkak'
v NdKavh mßfNdackh lrk wdldrh
v mßfNdackh l< hq;=" fkdl< hq;= ld, iSudj ^ksIamdÈ; Èkh iy l,a
bl=;aùfï Èkh&
v ksIamdÈ;fha wka;¾.; øjH
v ksIamdÈ;fha wka;¾.; m%udKh
v ksIamdÈ;h .nvd l< hq;= wdldrh
v .=Kd;aulNdjh iy m%ñ;shg wkql+, nj (SLS/ISO jeks)
v m%jdykh l< hq;= wdldrh
ikaku fyda fjf<| ,l=K
ksIamdÈ;h i|yd iqÿiq weiqreula f;dard .;a miq thg ikakula fyda fjf<|
,l=Kla fhdÞ .kafka kï" ;u NdKavh ms<sn| mdßfNda.slhdf.a ms<s.ekSu yd
úYajdih jeälr .; yels h' ksIamdÈ;hla fndfyda úg b,a¨ï lrkafka tys
ikaku Ndú; lrñks' ikakfuys jeo.;a u ,laIKh úh hq;af;a WÉpdrKh l<
yels kduhla ;sîu h' tu.ska ksIamdÈ;hg wkkH;djla ,efí' hï NdKavhla
ye¢kaùu i|yd Ndú; lrk i,l=Kla fjf<| ,l=Kla f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'
fnÞyeÍu
NdKavhla fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a l< yels wdldr lsysmhla we;' fikqßg
wehf.a ksIamdok l%u lsysmhlg fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a l< yels h' tkï" ;u
ksIamdok Rcq j u mdßfNda.slhdg fnÞyeÍu' WÞ(- ;u jEka r:fhka mdi,a
wi,g" i;s fmd< wi,g f.dia Rcq j u ;u îu wf,úlr .; yels h' fikqßf.a
jHdmdr ÈhqKq jQ miq is,a,r iy f;d. fjf<÷ka u.ska" fjf<| ksfhdað;hka
u.ska ;u ksIamdok fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a l< yels h'
70fkdñf,a fnÞ yeßu i|yd h
m%j¾Okh
fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a lrk NdKavh ;j ÿrg;a wf,úh j¾Okh lr
.ekSu i|yd úúO úl=Kqï Wml%u fh§u ñka woyia flf¾' tjeks Wml%u ms<sn|
Tn wg jk fYa%‚fha jHdmdr fCIa;%h hgf;a bf.kf.k we;'
fikqß ;u m%j¾Ok lghq;= i|yd uq,a wjia:dfõ úYd, uqo,la jeh
lsÍug wfmaCId fkdlrhs' f.hska f.g f.dia ;u îu j¾.h ms<sn| y÷kajd
§ug ;a" mdi,a iy i;s fmd<j,a wdikakfha úYd, m%udKfha nek¾ m%o¾Ykh
lsÍug ;a weh woyia lrhs'
jHdmdr woyila l%shd;aul lsÍfï § mQ¾j iQÞkula f,i jHdmdr ie,eiau
jeo.;a fõ' fikqß" ;u jHdmdr ie,eiau fuf,i ilia lr .ekSfuka wef.a
jHdmdr i|yd fhdÞ.kq ,nk iïm;a ksis f,i yiqrejd .ekSug ;a" jHdmdrfha
id¾:l;ajhla ,nd .ekSug ;a wehg yelshdj ,efnkq we;'