Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and...

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Waves •Longitudinal and Transverse Waves •Transverse Waves on Strings •Periodic Waves •Reflection and Refraction of Waves •Interference and Diffraction •Standing Waves on a String
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Transcript of Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and...

Page 1: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

Waves

•Longitudinal and Transverse Waves •Transverse Waves on Strings•Periodic Waves•Reflection and Refraction of Waves•Interference and Diffraction•Standing Waves on a String

Page 2: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

簡介• 波與質點• 波的種類

– Mechanical Waves : 介質– Electromagnetic Waves : 場– Matter Waves : 量子

• 機械波的型態– Transverse : string wave– Longitudinal : sound wave

Page 3: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

橫波 (Transverse Wave)

Page 4: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

縱波 (Longitudinal Wave)

Page 5: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

波長 與 頻率wavelength & frequency

Page 6: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

常見之波動參數• 振幅 (amplitude)• 相位 (phase)• 波長 (wavelength)• 角波數 (angular wave numb

er)• 週期 (period)• 角頻率 (angular frequency)• 頻率 (frequency)

Page 7: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

kxtAtxy cos),(

2

k

+ is used for a wave traveling in the –x direction, and – is used for a wave traveling in the +x direction.

is called the wave number.

Note: it would also be valid to use the sine function in the above description.

kxt is called the phase.

Page 8: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

波傳速度 vs 質點波速

constantkx t

( , ) cosy x t A t kx

dx

dt k

0dxkdt

0( )

sin

dyx x

dtA t

0

0 0

( ),

( , ) cos

cos

at x x

y x t A t kx

A t

Page 9: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

疊加原理 (Superposition)

Page 10: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

反射 (Reflection)

Page 11: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

折射 (Refraction)

2

1

2

1

sin

sin

v

v

2

2

1

1

vv

f

Page 12: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

干涉 (Interference)

Page 13: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

繞射 (Difraction)

Page 14: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

駐波 (Standing Waves)

Page 15: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

弦上駐波方程式

• 弦上駐波可能之波長 :

),3,2,1(2

nn

Ln

• 弦上駐波可能之頻率 :

),3,2,1(2

nL

nf

nn

Page 16: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

聲波• Sound Waves• The Speed of Sound• Amplitude & Intensity of Sound Waves• Standing Sound Waves• Beats• The Doppler Effect• Shock Waves• Echolocation

Page 17: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

聲音• 人類對可聞聲的頻率範圍由最低約 20 Hz 到最高約 20,000 Hz. 但有些動物 , 如狗對於超過 20,000 Hz 的頻率還能聽見 ; 而有些動物則可聽見比 20 Hz 還低的聲音 .

Page 18: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

聲波的速度

• 一般而言 ,聲波的波速取決於回復力及慣性 .在流體中 ,回復力和容積彈性模量有觀 ,而慣性則決定於密度 .在理想氣體中 ,容積彈性模量正比於氣體的溫度與密度 ,因此在理想氣體中聲波的波速決定於密度 .

)( 在流體中慣性的大小

回復力的大小

B

Page 19: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

氣體中之聲速

理想氣體中的聲速 0

0 T

T

空氣中聲速的近似的公式

m/s)606.0331( CT

Page 20: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

固態中的聲速

Y

在固體中的聲速則是依賴於楊格彈性模量及剪變模量 .

Page 21: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

不同的物質中的聲速 (0°C, 1 atm 下 )

介 質 聲速 (m/s)

二氧化碳 259

空氣 343

氦氣 972

氫氣 1284

水銀 1450

水 1493

血液 1570

混凝土 3100

鋼 5790

花崗岩 6500

C)20(

C)25(

Page 22: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

平方反比定律

24 r

PI

面積功率

Page 23: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

聲波之振幅與強度Amplitude & Intensity

壓力振幅 00 sp

聲波的強度為 2

20pI

Page 24: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

分貝 (Decibel)

• 聲音的響度大約正比於其強度的對數 (或振幅 );而強度通常用貝耳 ( bel ), 或更常見的分貝 (十分之一貝耳 ,通常簡寫成 dB).

• 貝耳乃聲音強度與聽覺起點聲音強度的比值之指數(以 10為為 )的次冪數 ,因此聽覺起點定為 0 dB.

0

log)dB10(I

I

Page 25: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

聲波的駐波

•兩端開口之管 .•一端閉口之管 .

Page 26: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

兩端開口之管•兩端開口之管在兩端均為壓力之節點 (位移之反節點 ),因此其基音波長為管長的兩倍 .

Page 27: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

聲音駐波 ( 兩端開口的細管 )

n

Ln

2

,3,2,1

2 1

n

nfL

nfn

n

其中

Page 28: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

一端閉口之管•一端閉口之管其一端為節點 ,另一端為反節點 .其基音波長為管長的四倍 .

Page 29: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

聲音駐波 ( 一端閉口的細管 )

n

Ln

4

,7,5,3,1

4 1

n

nfL

nfn

n

其中

Page 30: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

管絃樂器

Page 31: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

音色 (Timbre)

• 使得我們可以分辨出不同樂器所演奏的相同曲調的稱之為音質或音色 .其可以讓我們分辨出相同音調的小提琴或喇叭的聲音 .當兩樂器演奏相同曲調時 ,其基音雖相同 ,但其組成的泛音或波形並不相同 (所組成的泛音不同或強度不同 ).

• 任何一週期波均可分解成各不同頻率諧波 ( 正弦或餘弦波 ) 的組合 , 這樣的步驟稱之為富立葉分析 ( Fourier analysis). 相反的 ,利用簡單的諧波可以合成較複雜的波形 ,這樣的步驟稱之為富立葉合成 ( Fourier synthesis).

Page 32: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

Flute, Oboe, Saxophone

Page 33: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

響度 (Loudness)

• 所感受的聲音之響度取決於其強度 , 但也和其頻率有關 . 人耳對頻率介於 3 及 4 kHz 的聲音感覺特別靈敏 , 對於頻率高於 10 kHz及低於 800Hz 的聲音的感覺則較不敏銳 .

Page 34: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

等響度曲線

Page 35: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

拍 (Beats)

• 當兩聲波頻率接近 (但不相同 ), 當兩波產生疊加干涉時 ,便會產生拍 .拍可由聲音響度的變化感受得到 .

• 拍的頻率乃為兩波頻率的差 , 當拍頻小於15Hz 時才能由聲音響度的變化感受得到 ;超過 15Hz 以上時 , 其則成為另一特別的音調 .

• 鋼琴的調音師可利用琴弦和音叉所產生的拍來調音 .

Page 36: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

拍的頻率

fTf beatbeat /1

拍的頻率為兩個波的頻率差

Page 37: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

都卜勒效應 (Doppler Effect)

• 當一聲源相對我們有移動時 ,我們將感覺到其音調有所改變 ,此稱之為都卜勒效應 .

• 當聲源靠近時 , 其音調會變高 ,當音源遠離時 , 其音調會變低 .

Page 38: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

ss

o /1

1ff

Page 39: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

so

o 1 ff

Page 40: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

聲源及觀察者均有運動

•倘若聲源及觀察者均有運動時 , 當考慮觀察者的頻率時 , 兩者的運動均應考慮進來 .

(12-14) ss

oo /1

/1ff

記得 與 若與波前進的方向同向,則其為正,若不然,則其為負。

o s

Page 41: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

震波 (Shock Waves)

• 當聲源移動的速度比聲速快時 ,其所發出的聲波的波前就會重疊在一起 ,而產生激波 .在空氣中 ,此激波便是音爆 , 在水面上便是船行過的痕跡 .

Page 42: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

(a) 飛機低於音速時所形成的波前; (b) 飛機以音速飛行時的情形;因為飛機向右移動的速度與波前相同,所以波前在飛機的右方重疊在一起; (c) 超音速飛機所產生的激波。

Page 43: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

回波定位 (Echolocation)

• 蝙蝠及一些動物利用回波定位來鎖定獵物及其它物體 .這些動物會發出音波 ,並利用反射波來決定距離 .

• 船隻利用相同的原理所製成的聲納 (s

onar), 可用來決定船隻與水底物體的距離及求出海床的深度 .

Page 44: Waves Longitudinal and Transverse Waves Transverse Waves on Strings Periodic Waves Reflection and Refraction of Waves Interference and Diffraction Standing.

一船利用聲納來測量海床的深度。由船底發射器發射超聲波脈衝,經由海底的砂層反射回船底接收器。