v.vinnet

8/8/2019 v.vinnet

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vvinnet 1/17

BY:V VINEET KUMAR

REG NO. 11006917ROLL NO. E4002B32

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8/8/2019 v.vinnet


spacecraft is a machine designed for space orieorksnted research & works. Spacecraf t is used for a variety of purposes, including comunication, telecasting,earth observation, meteorology, nav igation, planetar y research and space tourism. Spacecraf t and space trav el are common themes in works of scientif ic world.On a sub-orbital spaceflight, a spacecraf t enters space and then returns to the surface, without entering into the actual orbit. For orbit spaceflights, spacecraf t enter closed orbits around the Earth or aroundother heav enl y bodies. Spacecraf t used for human spaceflight carr y people on spaceships as cre w , while those whoch are missioned for

robotic space operations are controlled automaticall y using cnc controlor through tele programming. Robotic space craf ts used for scientif icresearch which are cnc controled are called space probes. Roboticspacecraf t that remain in orbit around aplanetar y bod y are artif icialsatellites.

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The f irst reusable spacecraf t, the X-15, was air-launched on a suborbital

trajector y on Jul y 19, 1963. The f irst partiall y reusable orbital spacecraf t, the Space Shuttle, was launched b y the USA on the 20th anni v ersar y of Yuri Gagarin's flight, on A pril 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which hav e flown in the atmosphere and f i v e of which hav e flown in space.The Enterprise was used onl y for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a Boeing 747 and gliding to deadstick landings at Edward AFB,California.

The f irst Space Shuttle to fl y into space was the Columbia, followed b y the Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour . The Endeavour was built toreplace the Challenger when it was lost in Januar y 1986.

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W e can di v ide space craf ts in t wo domains

space craf t

Spacecraf t

Administrate support

General toolsupport

Adm support:they are technicall y utilised for research,security,ne v igation tasksExample : chandra y aan,& other nav igation satelites.

Gen tool support:they are specialliced for prov iding global& technical facilities tothe humans such as in the f ield of telecommunication,entertainment.Example:v insat3

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But technicall y & scientif icall y it is classif ied into t wo categories

spacecraf ts

Manned

spacecraf ts

orbital spacecraf tsEx: appollo-15

Transport spacecraf tsEx : vostok space craf ts

Space craf tsEx:sk y lab

SuborbitalEx: x-15

unmanned

LunarEx : Kagu y a

Planetar y

Ex : ikaros

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Lif e support:Spacecraf t intended for human spaceflight must also include a LSSfor the cre w so

that the research program can be easil y performed

A ttitude control : A Spacecraf t needs an A CS subsystem to be correctl y oriented in space andrespond to external forces . The A CS consists of IC SENSORS and ELECTRO

A CTUATERS, together with controlling algorithms. It allows proper targeting on the science objecti v e, sun pointing for acquiring solar power and earth-pointing for communications

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Guidance nav igation control :Gnc ref ers to the calculation of the commands needed to run & control the spacecraf t where it is desired to be. Nav igation means determining a spacecraf t's position. Control means adjusting the path of the spacecraf t to meet mission requirements.

Command and data handling

The CDH subsystem recei v es commands from the communications subsystem, performs varif ication and decoding of the commands, and transf er the commands to the appropriate spacecraf t subsystems and components. The CDH also recei v es housekeeping data and science data from spacecraf t subsystems and components, and packages the data for storageon a transmission

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PowerSpacecraf t need an electrical power generation and distribution subsystem forpowering the other spacecraf t subsystems. For spacecraf t within the solar limit power is generated b y using solar panels. Spacecraf t designed to operate extended limits,utilises radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG) to generate electrical power. Electrical power is supplied through power conditioning equipment before it passes through a power distribution unit ov er an electrical

bus to other spacecraf t components. Batteries are typicall y connected to the bus v ia a batter y charge regulator, and the batteries are used to prov ide electricalpower during periods when primar y power is not available, when settellite eclipse occurs.

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Thermal control :

Spacecraf t must be manufactured to withstand transit through the atmosphere and the space. They must operate in a vacuum with temperatures var ying across hundreds of degree Celsius as well as in the presence of plasmas. Material requirements are such that either high melting temperature, low density materials such as ber y llium and reinforcedcarboncarbon or tungsten or ablati v e carbon/carbon composites are used.Depending on operation, spacecraf t ma y also required to operate on the surface of other planetar y object. The thermal control subsystem can be passi v e, dependent on the selection of materials with specif ic radiati v e properties. Acti v e thermal control makes use of electrical heaters and certain actuators such as louv ers to control temperature ranges .

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Structures :Spacecraf t must be made to withstand launch loads imparted b y the launch v ehicle. Depending upon operation, the structural subsystem might need to withstand loads imparted b y entr y into other planetar y atmosphere, and landing on the surface of another planetar y bod y .

Pa y load:The pa y load is dependent upon the mission of the spacecraf t, and is typicall y regarded as the part of the spacecraf t "that pa ys the bills". T ypical pa y loads couldinclude scientif ic instruments.The ground segment, though not technicall y part of the spacecraf t, is v ital to the operation of the spacecraf t. It is utilised during normal operations including where the flight operations team conducts the operations of the spacecraf t, adata processing and storage facility, surface stationsto trancif y signals andrecei v e signals from the spacecraf t, and a voice and data communications net work to connect all mission elements.

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The LV is used to propel the spacecraf t from the Earth's surface, throughthe atmosphere, and into an orbit, the exact orbit is based upon mission perspecti v e. The launch v ehicle ma y be expendable.

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MannedOrion - capsuleSpace X Dragon - capsuleL ynx rocketplane - suborbitalISRO Orbital V ehicle- capsulePTK NP spacecraf t- capsuleDream Chaser - spaceplaneBoeing CST-100 - capsuleESA Advanced R eentr y V ehicle - capsuleSk y lon - single-stage-to-orbit spaceplane

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UnmannedCNES Mars Netlander James W ebb Space Telescope ESA Darwin probe

SatelliteExplorer 1 f irst US satelliteSOHO

Sputnik 1 world's f irst artif icial satelliteSputnik 2 f irst animal in orbit Sputnik 5 f irst capsule recov ered from orbit STEREO Earth en v ironment observationS yncom f irst geosynchronous communications satellite X-37 spaceplane

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LunarClementine US Nav y mission, orbited Moon, detected h y drogen at the polesKagu y aJPN Lunar orbiterLuna 1 f irst lunar fl y b y Luna 2 f irst lunar impactLuna 3 f irst images of lunar far sideLuna 9 f irst sof t landing on the MoonLuna 10 f irst lunar orbiter

Planetar y Akatsuki JPN a V enus orbiterCassini-Hu ygens f irst Saturn orbiter + Titan landerGalileo f irst Jupiter orbiter+descent probeIKAROSJPN f irst solar-sail spacecraf tMariner 9 f irst Mars orbiter

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They are utilised for fastest net working .They help us to crack the secrets of the uni v erse.contributes a major part in research oriented programs .

Helps in security ne v igation, wheather forecasting

Helps to forecast the natural e v ents occuring on the space.

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GoogleIsros yearl y research paperNasa infocomScience toda y

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