8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

1/34

Figure 8-1 The cell.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

2/34

Figure 8-2 The three types of muscle. Skeletal muscle, also called voluntary muscle, is found throughout the body.Cardiac muscle is limited to the heart. Smooth muscle, occasionally called involuntary muscle, is found within theintestines and surrounding the blood vessels.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

3/34

Figure 8-3 Percentage of total body weight due to water as distributed into various fluid compartments.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

4/34

Figure 8-4 Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesserconcentration.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

5/34

Figure 8-5 Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of higher WATER concentration to an area of lesserWATER concentration. Because water is a solvent, it moves from an area of lower SOLUTE concentration to anarea of higher SOLUTE concentration.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

6/34

Figure 8-6 Blood components.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

7/34

Figure 8-7 The percentage of the blood occupied by the red blood cells is termed the hematocrit

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

8/34

Figure 8-8 The effects of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions on red blood cells.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

9/34

Figure 8-9Acid-base ratios relevant to pH.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

10/34

Figure 8-10 The respiratory component of acid-base balance.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

11/34

Figure 8-11 Compensation for metabolic acidosis begins with an increase in respirations.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

12/34

Figure 8-12 Components of the circulatory system.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

13/34

Figure 8-13 Physiology of the natriuretic peptides.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

14/34

Figure 8-14 Glucose breakdown. (a) Stage one, glycolysis, is anaerobic (does not require oxygen). It yields pyruvicacid, with toxic by-products such as lactic acid, and very little energy. (b) Stage two is aerobic (requires oxygen). In aprocess called the Krebs or citric acid cycle, pyruvic acid is degraded into carbon dioxide and water, which producesa much higher yield of energy.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

15/34

Figure 8-15 The pathogenesis of shock in the human.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

16/34

Figure 8-16 The pathogenesis of cardiogenic shock.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

17/34

Figure 8-17 The pathogenesis of hypovolemic shock.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

18/34

Figure 8-18 The pathogenesis of neurogenic shock.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

19/34

Figure 8-19 The pathogenesis of anaphylactic shock.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

20/34

Figure 8-20 The pathogenesis of septic shock.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

21/34

Figure 8-21 Humoral and cell-mediated immunityan overview.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

22/34

Figure 8-22a Humoral immune response.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

23/34

Figure 8-22b Cell-mediated immune response.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

24/34

Figure 8-23 Some immunoglobulin (antibody) structures.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

25/34

Figure 8-24Antigen-antibody binding. The shape of the antigen fits the shape of the antigen-binding site on theimmunoglobulin (antibody) molecule like a key in a lock.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

26/34

Figure 8-25 The physiology of cytotoxic T cells.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

27/34

Figure 8-26 The immune response.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

28/34

Figure 8-27 The inflammatory response.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

29/34

Figure 8-28 The acute inflammatory response.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

30/34

Figure 8-29 Mast cell degranulation and synthesis.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

31/34

Figure 8-30 The complement cascade. The classic pathway is activated at C1 while the alternative pathway isactivated at C3.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

32/34

Figure 8-31 The coagulation cascade.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

33/34

Figure 8-32 The stress response: effects on the sympathetic nervous, endocrine, and immune systems.

8/3/2019 Vol1 Ch08 Ib

34/34

Figure 8-33 Interactions among the nerve, endocrine, and immune systems.