Vi Sinh Vat Hoc Cong Nghiep Bien Van Minh Diendandaihoc.vn 08035114062011

7/27/2019 Vi Sinh Vat Hoc Cong Nghiep Bien Van Minh Diendandaihoc.vn 08035114062011

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MC LC TrangChng1: M U

1. i tng ca vi sinh vt hc cng nghip. 42. Ni dung .. 4

3. Lc s pht tri n ca VSVHCN 54.V tr v yu cu mn hc.. 75. Vai tr ca VSV trong i sng 7Cu hi n tp . 8Chng2: C S KHOA HC C A VI SINH VT HC CNGNGHIP

1. c im ca vi sinh vt . 102. C s ha sinh ca vi sinh vt hc cng nghip. 133. C s di truyn vi sinh vt 18

Cu hi n tp. 36Chng 3: S PHN LOI S N PH M

1. Phn loi sn phmtheo tnh cht thng mi 382. Phn loi khc 403. Sinh trng v to thnh sn phm trong cc qu trnh cng nghip 454. Cc loi vaccine. 47Cu hi n tp 49Chng 4: CC PHNG PHP V K THUT LN MEN

1. Qu trnh ln men ... 53

2. Cc nhm VSV cng nghip ch yu.. 563. Ngun dinh dng v nguyn liu ban u... 604. Kh trng ........................................................................................... 626. Cc phng php nui ..................................................................... 62Cu hi n tp ....................................................................................... 66Chng 5: S N XU T SINH KH I VI SINH VT

1. Ging ban u cho cc quy trnh ln men VSV 672. Sn xut men bnh m .. 673. VSV dng cho cc mc ch y hc v k thut.. 71

4. Protein n bo (SCP) .. 76Cu hi n tp .. 80

Chng 6: CC SN PHM LN MEN

1. Ln men ethanol . 822. Ln men lactic . 93

3.Ln men 2,3 butadiol . 984. Ln men butanol -aceton ... 100Cu hi n tp . 101

Chng 7: CC CHT TRAO I BC MT

1. Nguyn l ca s t ng hp tha 103


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2. Cc phng php to ra th t bin tng hp tha .. 103

3. Amino acid . 1054. Sn xut cc purine nucleotide . 1085. Vitamin .. 113

Cu hi n tp... 114Chng 8: CC CHT TRAO I BC HAI

1. Cc cht khng sinh... 1172. Cc c t nm . 122Cu hi n tp. 128Chng 9: CC SN PHM CHUYN HA SINH HC

1. S chuy n ha cc steroid 1302. S to thnh phenyl-acetylcarbinol . 1323. Sn phm t vi khun acetic 133

4. Sn xut vitamin C .. 1345. Sn xut dextran . 1386. Sn xut arcrylamide .. 141Cu hi n tp .. 142Chng 10: X L NC TH I B NG BIN PHP SINH HC

1. Vi sinh vt hc ca cc ngun nc ung. 1442. X l nc thi 1463. Ln men methane ... 150Cu hi n tp 155

Chng11: S TUYN KHONG NH VI SINH VT1. Cc vi khu n ngm chit 1572. C ch tc ng ca vi khun .. 1593. Mt s qu trnh thy luyn kim sinh hc 1604. S tch ly kim loi nh vi khun v to . 164Cu hi n tp. 185

Chng 12: CNG NGH VI SINH V B O VMI TRNG

1.Nguyn nhn gy nhim mi trng. 1672.Mt s bin php vi sinh gp phn bo v mi trng. 169

3.Cng ngh vi sinh c nh m v phn vi sinh vt... 1704.Cng ngh x l rc thi hu c.. 183Cu hi n tp. 186Chng 12:CC BI TP C S V NNG CAO1. Phn cu hi 1882. Tr li mt s cu hi 196Ti liu tham kho chnh 199


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NHNG CH VIT TTADP Adenosine diphosphate

AMP Adenosine monophosphate

APG Acid 3-phosphoglyceric

A-1,3-DPG Acid 1,3 diphosphoglyceric

ATP Adenosine triphosphate

A-6PA Acid 6-penicillanic

CoA Coenzyme A

CKS Cht khng sinh

DNA Deoxiribonucleic acid

R-1,5-DP Ribulose-1,5-diphosphate

R-5-P Ribulose-5-diphosphate

RNA Ribonucleic acid

VSV Vi sinh vt

F-6-P Fructose-6-phosphate

FAD Flavin adenine dinucleotide

G-6-P Glucose-6-phosphate

GAP Glyceraldehyde phosphate

KDPG 2-Keto-3-deoxi-6-phosphogluconate

N Nitrogen

NAD Nicotinamid adenine dinucleotide dng oxi ha

NADH Nicotinamid adenine dinucleotide dng kh

NADP Nicotinamid adenine dinucleotide phosphat dng oxi ha

NADPH Nicotinamid adenine dinucleotide phosphat dng khPP Pentose phosphate

X-5-P Xylulose-5-phosphate


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Chng 1: M U

I. I TNG CA VI SINH VT HC CNG NGHIP

1. Khi nim chung

Vi sinh vt hc cng nghip (Industrial Microbiology) l mt ngnh ca Vi sinh hc,trong vi sinh vt (VSV) c xem xt s dng trong cng nghip v nhng lnh vckhc nhau ca k thut.

Vi sinh vt hc cng nghip (VSVHCN) gii quyt hai vn chnh tri ngc nhau:

Mt mt, n dn ti lm r hon ton nhng tnh cht sinh hc v sinh ho canhng c th sng l nguyn nhn c bn v trc tip ca s chuyn ho ho hc, nhng chtc c cht ny hay c cht kia. Trong trng hp ny, VSVHCN s dng nhng VSV thu nhng sn phm quan trng v c gi tr thc t bng con ng ln men. Phng php

sinh ho thu nhiu sn phm l phng php duy nht c li v kinh t.Mt khc, chng ta cng bit s ln men do VSV gy ra khng lun lun din ra

theo mt hng nh mong mun. S ph hu mt qu trnh ln men thng xy ra do s hotng ca nhng VSV l. Trong trng hp ny, iu rt quan trng l khng nhng phi bitnhng VSV gy ra qu trnh cn thit m cn phi bit c nhng VSV c hi gy tn tht cho sn xut. Nh VSVHCN c kinh nghim phi khm ph ra chng, lm r tnh cht c hi dochng gy ra v tm ra nhng phng php u tranh vi chng.

2. i tng nghin cu

2.1. Cc nhm vi sinh vt s dng trong vi sinh vt cng nghip1). Virus

2). Vi khun v c khun (Eubacteria v Archaea)

3). Vi nm (Microfungi)

4). Vi to (Microalgae)

5). Nguyn sinh ng vt (Protozoa)

2.2. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut mt s sn phm bng trn i tng vi sinh vt

3. Mc tiu mn hc

Sau khi hc xong hc phn ny, sinh vin cn hiu c cc ng dng cng nghipquan trng ca vi sinh vt, s khc bit gia cng ngh sinh hc vi sinh vt hin i v vi sinhvt hc truyn thng, phn bit c cc nhm sn phm v qu trnh cng nghip, vai tr cavi sinh vt trong tuyn khong v trong x l nc thi bng con ng sinh hc.

II. NI DUNG

1. Cc giai on pht trin ca vi sinh vt hc cng nghip

2. C s khoa hc ca vi sinh vt hc cng nghip

3. Phn loi sn phm

4. Phng php v k thut ln men5. S thu nhn sinh khi t bo


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6. Cc sn phm ln men

7. Cc cht trao i bc 1

8. Cc cht trao i bc 2

9. Cc sn phm chuyn ha

10. X l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc

11. S tuyn khong nh vi sinh vt

III. LC SPHT TRIN CA VI SINH VT HC CNG NGHIP

S pht trin ca VSVHCN c chia thnh 4 giai on chnh:

Giai on 1: Giai on trc Pasteur (n 1865)

Con ngi ng dng tim nng ca VSV sn xut cc sn phm khi cn cha nhnthc c s tn ti ca chng trong t nhin :

+ Sn xut ung cha ru nh ru, ru vang, bia,

+ Sn xut tng, nc mm

+ Sn xut thc phm ln men nh mui chua rau qu, chua thc n cho gia sc

Tuy mt s qu trnh c thc hin quy m rng ri, nhng nhng s thnh cng cn ph thuc vo s ngu nhin hay kinh nghim ca nhng ngi th gii truyn cho ccth h sau. Vai tr ca VSV trong s chuyn ho cc cht hu c c con ngi bit nkhong hn 100 nm trc y.

Giai on 2: Giai on pht trin ca cng nghip ln men tnh n 1940, bao gmcc cng trnh ca Pasteur (1865) v ln men v hc thuyt v mm bnh, Pasteur cng

ra phng php thanh trng Pasteur tit trng ru nho, bia m khng lm hng phmcht. Phng php ny hin nay c ng dng rt ln. Bi vy Pasteur c coi l ngi snglp ra VSVHCN; S pht trin ca ho sinh hc vi cc kin thc v trao i cht trung gian,s lm ch ngy cng nhiu hn i vi cc enzyme.

Vic nghin cu v s dng cc chng nm men thun khit Saccharomycescarlsbergensis trong sn xut bia (Emil Christian Hansen, 1883) c th xem l bc m u chocng nghip ln men da trn c s khoa hc.

1 2 3

Hnh 1.1: Cc nh vi sinh vt hc cng nghip tin bi

1. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895); 2. Emil Christian Hansen (1842 - 1909);

3.
http://clendening.kumc.edu/dc/pc/hansen.jpghttp://clendening.kumc.edu/dc/pc/hansen.jpg


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Nm 1898 Eduard Buchner cng nghin cu tc dng ln men ca nhiu nmmen, vch ra mi lin h gia nm men v ho hc v men, v ng dng hot ng canm men vo sn xut tip ging ngoi. ng nghin nm men ly ra dung dch c menzymase v cho ln men ru.

Nh vy giai on th hai l giai on s dng cc hot tnh ca VSV- giai on nyc nh du bng vic t c s khoa hc cho qu trnh sn xut ung cha ru.

Giai on th ba: Giai on cng nghip khng sinh, ha cht v sinh tng hp iukhin c tnh 1941- 1970, bao gm s xut hin ca cc cht khng sinh, nhng tin b vdi truyn hc trong vic chn lc cc th t bin vi khun, s nghin cu cc iu kin lnmen ti u, k thut hc ln men, vic tch v tinh ch sn phm...

Giai on th ba c c trng bi s pht trin ca mt nn cng nghip VSV clp. Ngi ta iu khin c cc qu trnh siu tng hp VSV v to ra c hng lotcc chng t bin VSV. Nh cc thnh tu ny m ngi ta sn xut quy m ln m

chnh, lysine v nhiu loi amino acid khc.

1 2 3 4

Hnh 1.2: 1. Alexander Fleming(1881-1955); 2. Francis Crick (1916-2004);

3. James Dewey Watson (1928-); 4. Joshua Lederberg(1925-)

Giai on th t: (giai on hin nay) c nh du bng s pht hin ra ccenzyme ct gii hn restrictase v cc plasmid vi s gn cc gene l mang cc thng tintng hp cc protein c bit vo mt c th tr thnh mt phng php thng dng v skim sot ngy cng tt hn s biu hin ca cc gene ny.

1 2 3 4

Hnh 1.3: 1.Daniel Nathans (1928-1999); 2.Werner Arber(1929-);3.Hamilton Othanel Smith (1931-); 4.Herbert Boyer (1936-)


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IV. V TR V YU CU MN HC

Mn VSVCN nhm cung cp cho ngi hc nhng kin thc v k nng ng dngVSV trong mt s quy trnh cng ngh phc v khoa hc v i sng con ngi, ngoi ra cngip cho sinh vin phng php nmbt c mt s quy trnh k thut v gii thch c

qu trnh sn xut trn c s khoa hc, tin ti c th ch ng hng dn gup mt s cs sn xut trong nhng trng hp cn thit, ng thi cung cp thm nhng kin thc su,rng v VSV hc ng dng, gp phn y mnh sn xut, tng thm ca ci vt cht, ci thini sng cho nhn loi.

V. Vai tr ca vi sinh vt trong i sng

Hnh 1.4. Mt s ch li ca VSV trong nng nghip, thc phm

Hnh 1.5. ng dng ca vi sinh vt trong cng nghip-i a s vi sinh vt l bn:

+ V nng nghip: c nh m cho cy trng; tun hon cc cht dinh dng trongt; gip gia sc tiu ha c, rm thnh tht


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+ V thc phm: to cc thc phm ln men (bia, ru, fomage, yaourt); ko dithi gian bo qun; to cc ph gia thc phm

+ V cng nghip: to ra cc dung mi hu c, cc cht dinh dng, vitamin, sinhkhi

+ V y t: sn xut khng sinh, gip n nh h vi khun ng rut+ V mi trng: phn hy cc cht thi, ci thin mi trng b nhim thuc tr

su, thuc dit c

+ V nng lng: to kh methane dng lm nhin liu; to H2 t nng lng nhsng v cc ngun nng lng v c, hu c dng lm ngun nng lng ti sinh ca tnglai.

+ C vai tr khng th thiu trong Cng ngh Sinh hc hin i.

- Mt s t vi sinh vt l th:

+ Gy bnh trn ngi+ Gy bnh trn vt nui

+ Gy bnh trn cy trng.

+ Gy hhng cc dng c thit b

TM TT CHNG

Vi sinh vt hc cng nghip (VSVHCN) l mt b phn ca cng ngh sinh hc,trong vi sinh vt c xem xt s dng trong cng nghip v nhng lnh vc khc nhau

ca k thut - cng ngh.VSVHCN c ng dng rng ri trong y dc, lng thc thc phm, nng lng,

ha cht, vt liu mi, nng lm ng nghip v bo v mi sinh...gp phn ci thin ng kcuc sng con ngi. Nhiu ng dng to ln hn ang pha trc.

* Cu hi n tp

1. i tng nghin cu ca vi sinh vt hc cng nghip l g ?

2. Cc giai on pht trin ca vi sinh vt hc cng nghip ?

3. Giai on pht trin u tin ca vi sinh vt hc cng nghip c nh du bng

cng trnh ca Pasteur (1878) chng minh vi sinh vt l tc nhn ca s ln men, v sau lcc cng trnh ca:........................(1883) dng cc chng nm men thun khitSaccharomyces carlsbergensis trong sn xut bia, v ......................(1898) pht hin ra dchchit nm men c kh nng gy ra qu trnh ln men ru ( chng minh ln men thc cht lmt qu trnh enzyme).

4. Ti sao c ngi ni vi sinh vt va l ngi bn thn thit, va l k th nguyhim ca con ngi.

* Ti liu c thm

1.Kiu Hu nh, 1999.Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc cng nghip. Nxb KH&KT HNi.


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2. Nguyn Quang Ho, Vng Trng Ho, Bin Vn Minh, 1998. Vi sinh vt hccng nghip, NXBGD.

3. Nguyn Xun Thnh, Nguyn B Hin, Hong Hi, V Th Hoan, 2006. Giotrnh vi sinh vt hc cng nghip, NXBGD.

4.Lng c Phm, 1999. Cng ngh vi sinh vt. Nxb NN.* Ti liu tham kho

1. Kiu Hu nh, 2006. Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc L thuyt v bi tp gii sn songng Vit- Anh, phn 1& phn 2,NXB KH&KT, H Ni.

2. Nguyn Ln Dng, Nguyn nh Quyn, Phm Vn Ty, 1997. Vi sinh vt hc.NxbGD.

3. Phm Vn Ty, 2006. Cng ngh sinh hc tp 5 Cng ngh vi sinh v mi trng,NXBGD.

4. Prescot Harley Klein, 2002.Microbiology. W. C. Brown publisher, USA.5. http://vietsciences.net v http://vietsciences.free.fr

6. http://wikipeda

7. http://wikibooks

* Gii thch thut ng

Gene l mt onDNA mang mt chc nng nht nh trong qu trnh truynthngtin di truyn.

Plasmids(thng) l cc phn tDNA mch i dng vng nm ngoi DNA nhimsc th. Chng thng hin din trong vi khun, i khi cng c sinh vt c nhn tht(eukaryote) (v d nh vng 2 micrometreSaccharomyces cerevisiae). Chng c kch thckhong t 1 n hn 400kilobase pairs (kbp). Chng c th hin din ch mt bn sao, ivi plasmid ln, cho ti vi trm bn sao trong cng mt t bo.

Sinh vt nhn s, cn gi l sinh vt tin nhn (prokaryote) l nhm sinh vt mt bo khng c mng nhn. y l c im chnh phn bit vi cc t bo eukaryote.Prokaryote cng khng c cc bo quan v cu trc ni bo in hnh ca t bo eukaryote.Hu ht cc chc nng ca cc bo quan nh ty th, lc lp, b my Golgi c tin hnh trnmng sinh cht.

Sinh vt nhn chun (eukaryote), cn gi l sinh vt nhn thc, sinh vt nhnin hnh hoc sinh vt c nhn chnh thc l mt sinh vt gm cc t bo phc tp, trong vt liu di truyn c sp t trong nhn c mng bao bc.

Vi sinh vt : l nhng sinh vt n bo c kch thc nh, khng quan st c bngmtthng m phi s dng knh hin vi. Thut ng vi sinh vtkhng tng ng vi btk taxon no trongphn loi khoa hc. N bao gm c virus,vi khun,archaea,vi nm, vito,ng vt nguyn sinh.v.v.
http://vietsciences.net/http://vietsciences.free.fr/http://wikipeda/http://wikibooks/http://wikibooks/http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B4ng_tin_di_truy%E1%BB%81nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B4ng_tin_di_truy%E1%BB%81nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B4ng_tin_di_truy%E1%BB%81nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B4ng_tin_di_truy%E1%BB%81nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saccharomyces_cerevisiae&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saccharomyces_cerevisiae&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saccharomyces_cerevisiae&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilobase_pair&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilobase_pair&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BF_b%C3%A0ohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BF_b%C3%A0ohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A0ng_nh%C3%A2n&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A0ng_nh%C3%A2n&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A0o_quan&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A0ng_sinh_ch%E1%BA%A5t&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A0ng_sinh_ch%E1%BA%A5t&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%AFthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%AFthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnh_hi%E1%BB%83n_vihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxon&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxon&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%A2n_lo%E1%BA%A1i_khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archae&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vi_n%E1%BA%A5m&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vi_n%E1%BA%A5m&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vi_n%E1%BA%A5m&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vi_t%E1%BA%A3o&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vi_t%E1%BA%A3o&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vi_t%E1%BA%A3o&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_nguy%C3%AAn_sinhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_nguy%C3%AAn_sinhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_nguy%C3%AAn_sinhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_nguy%C3%AAn_sinhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vi_t%E1%BA%A3o&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vi_t%E1%BA%A3o&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vi_t%E1%BA%A3o&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vi_n%E1%BA%A5m&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archae&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%A2n_lo%E1%BA%A1i_khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxon&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnh_hi%E1%BB%83n_vihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%AFthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A0ng_sinh_ch%E1%BA%A5t&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A0o_quan&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A0ng_nh%C3%A2n&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BF_b%C3%A0ohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilobase_pair&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saccharomyces_cerevisiae&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B4ng_tin_di_truy%E1%BB%81nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B4ng_tin_di_truy%E1%BB%81nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B4ng_tin_di_truy%E1%BB%81nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://wikibooks/http://wikipeda/http://vietsciences.free.fr/http://vietsciences.net/


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Chng 2C S KHOA HCCA VI SINH VT HC CNG NGHP

I. CC C IM CA VI SINH VT

Vi sinh vt (Microogranisms) l tn gi chung ch tt c cc loi sinh vt nh b,

ch c th nhn r di knh hin vi quang hc hoc knh hin vi in t.

Vi sinh vt bao gm nhiu nhm khc nhau: Cc virus (nhm cha c cu to t bo),cc vi khun v vi khun lam (nhm sinh vt nhn s), cc vi nm (nhm sinh vt nhn chun)v c mt s ng vt nguyn sinh cng nh to n bo cng thuc nhm ny.

Gia cc nhm trn khng c mi lin h cht ch v mt hnh thi hay phn loi,nhng ngi ta gp chng li v chng cng c mt s phng php nui dng, nghin cuv hot ng sinh l gn ging nhau v u c cc c im chung.

1. c im chung ca cc vi sinh vt

1.1. Kch thc nh bVi sinh vt thng c o kch thc bng n v micromet (1m= 1/1000mm hay

1/1 000 000m).Virus c o kch thc n v bng nanomet (1nm=1/1 000 000mm hay 1/1000 000 000m).

Hnh 2.1. Cc phng php quan st th gii sng (t nguyn t n t bo)

1.2. Hp th cht dinh dng trc tip qua b mt t bo, chuyn ha nhanh

a s VSV l n bo nn chng nhn cc cht dinh dng bng hp th(absorbtion) qua b mt t bo, khc vi thc vt l t dng(autotrophic) v ng vt l nitiu ha(ingestion) qua ng tiu ha. Chnh iu ny m vic nui cc VSV c thc hind dng v nhanh chng.


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Mtvi khun lctic (Lactobacillus) trong 1 gi c th phn gii c mt lngng lactose ln hn 100-10 000 ln so vi khi lng ca chng. Tc tng hp proteinca nm men cao gp 1000 ln so vi u tng v gp 100 000 ln so vi tru b.

1.3. Kh nng sinh sn nhanh

Thi gianth h ngn:- 1 trc khunEscherichia coli trong cc iu kin thch hp ch sau 12-20

pht li phn ct mt ln.

- Nm men ru (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) l 120 pht.

- To Tiu cu ( Chlorella ) l 7 gi, vi vi khun lamNostoc l 23 gi...

Vi kunEscherichia coli

Nm menS. cerevisiae

Nm siAlternaria sp.

Vi toChlorella sp.

Hnh 2.2. Mt s vi sinh vt c s dng trong VSVHCN

1.4. Kh nng thch ng rt cao v pht sinh bin d mnh

Vi sinh vt a s l n bo, n bi, sinh sn nhanh, s lng nhiu, tip xc trc

tip vi mi trng sng. Do , rt d dng pht sinh bin d. Tn s bin d thng mc

10-5-10-10.

Khi mi pht hin ra penicillin hot tnh ch t 20 n v/ml dch ln men (1943) thnay c th t trn100 000 n v/ml.

1.5. Phn b rng, chng loi nhiu

Vi sinh vt c mt khp mi ni trn Tri t, trong khng kh, trong t, trn nicao, di bin su, trn c th, ngi, ng vt, thc vt, trong thc phm, trn mi vt...

Ngi ta c tnh trong s 1,5 triu loi sinh vt c khong 200 000 loi vi sinh vt

(100 000 loi ng vt nguyn sinh v to, 90 000 loi nm, 2500 loi vi khun lam v 1500loi vi khun). Tuy nhin hng nm, c thm hng nghn loi sinh vt mi c pht hin,trong c khng t loi vi sinh vt.

1.6. S a dng ca cc phn ng ha hc

Cc phn ng sinh ha trong c th VSV thng n gin hn nhiu so vi trong cth ng, thc vt. Nhng mi loi c mt s phn ng ring nn cc phn ng sinh ha cacc loi VSV khc nhau rt a dng. D mt hp cht c phc tp n u, trong thin nhinu c cc VSV s dng hoc phn hy chng. Sn phm do loi ny to ra c th c loi

khc s dng.


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Mi loi thng to ra mt s cht trao i th cp (secondary metabolites) c hiugip cho chng pht trin tt hn v km hm mt s loi khc. V d: cc loi nm men ruthch nghi vi nng ng cao v to ra ru l cht hn ch s pht trin nhiu loi khc.Do c im ny, sn phm khi b nhim s km hm s tng trng ca cc chng sn xut.

2. Nhng im khc bit gia cc t bo sinh vt nhn s v nhn chunBng 2.1. So snh cc c im ca t bo eukaryote vt bo prokaryote

c im T bo prokaryote T bo eukaryotes

Sinh vt in hnh vi khun, archaea protista, nm, thc vt, ng vt

Kch thc in hnh ~ 1-10 m ~ 10-100 m

Cu trc nhn t bovng nhn; khng c cu

trc in hnhcu trc nhn in hnh vi mng nhn c cc

cu trc l nhn

DNA genome /Nhim sc th

mt phn t (v thngdng vng)

mt hoc mt vi phn t DNA dng thngc bao bc bi cc protein histone trong cutrc NST

V tr xy ra qutrnh phin m v dchm

din ra ng thi trong tbo cht

tng hp RNA (phin m) nhn t botng hp protein (dch m) ti t bo cht

Cu trc ribosome 70S (50S+30S) 80S (60S+40S) nhn; 70S bo quan

Cu trc ni bo rt t cu trcc t chc phc tp v ring bit bi h

thng mng ni bo v b khung t bo

Vn ng t botin mao c to thnh

t cc ht flagellintin mao v tim mao cu to t tubulin

Ty th khng cmi t bo thng c hng chc ty th (ph

thuc vo cng h hp ni bo (mt s tbo khng c ty th)

Lc lp khng c c cc t bo to v thc vtMc t chc c

ththng l n bo

n bo, tp on, v cc c th a bo vicc t bo c bit ha r rt

Phn boPhn ct (mt hnh thc

phn bo n gin)Nguyn phn

Gim phn

[A] [B]

Hnh 2.3. Cu trc t bo vi khun [A] ; t bo nm men [B]

T nhng c im chung ca cc VSV va nu, trong sn xut cn lu :


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-Cch tt nht trnh nhim l to mi trng chn lc thch hp cho i tng snxut. Xu hng chnh hin nay l s dng cc VSV cc oan nhm hn ch cc vi sinh vt

bnh thng gy nhim.

-Sn xut bng cc VSV c nhiu bin ng v din bin nhanh, cn c cc binphp thch hp nhm x l kp thi.

II. C S HA SINH CA VI SINH VT HC CNG NGHIP1. ng phn.

ng phn l qu trnh phn hu phn t glucose (C6H12O6) to thnh acid pyruvicv NADH+ H+. im c bit ca ng phn l khng phi phn t glucose t do b phnhu m phn t ng glucose c hot ho bi vic gn gc P vo to dng ng

phosphate.

Qu trnh ng phn gm 2 giai on vi nhiu phn ng phc tp:

- Phn ct phn t glucose thnh 2 phn t triose l AlPG v PDA.

- Bin i 2 phn t triose thnh 2 phn t acid pyruvic.

Qu trnh ng phn c th tm tt theo s sau:

Hnh 2.4. S ng phn


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Kt qu ca ng phn c th tm tt l:

C6H12O6 + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2H3PO4 2CH3COCOOH + 2NADH+H

+ + 2ATP

Trong h hp hiu kh, acid pyruvic tip tc phn hu qua chu trnh Krebs, cn2NADH+H thc hin chui h hp to H2O.

2NADH+H+ + O2 2NAD+ + 2H2O

Phn ng ny km theo vic tng hp c 6ATP qua qu trnh phosphoryl ho.

Vy kt qu ca ng phn trong h hp hiu kh l:

C6H12O6 + O2 2CH3COCOOH + 2H2O

ng thi to ra c 8 ATP

Trong h hp k kh, 2NADH+H+s c dng kh CH3COCOOH (trong ln menlactic) hay kh CH3CHO (trong ln men ru) nn khng thc hin chui h hp. Phn ngln men lactic nh sau:

2CH3COCOOH + 2NADH+H+ 2CH3CHOHCOOH + 2NAD

+

Vy kt qu ca ng phn trong h hp k kh l

C6H12O6 2CH3CHOHCOOH

Qu trnh ny ch to ra c 2ATP

2. Chu trnh Krebs.

Chu trnh Krebs c tm tt qua s sau:

[1] [2]

Hnh 2.5.: [1] Krebs, Sir Hans Adolf (1900-1981);

[1] S minh ho chu trnh Krebs

Kt qu khi phn hu 1 phn t acid pyruvic qua chu trnh Krebs to ra 15ATP. Nuphn hu 2 acid pyruvic s to ra 30ATP, kt hp vi giai on ng phn th phn hu 1phn t glucose to ra c 38ATP.


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Phosphoryl ho qua chui h hp: l qu trnh tng hp ATP nh nng lng thi raca cc phn ng trong chui h hp. Chui h hp xy ra nhiu phn ng, phn ng no thomn cc iu kin ca qu trnh phosphoryl ho th qu trnh tng hp ATP xy ra .

Trong chui h hp c 3 v tr iu kin tng hp ATP. Nh vy, c vn chuyn cH2t c cht n O2 s to ra c 3 ATP cho t bo.

4. S trao i protein, lipid, acid nucleic trong t bo vi sinh vt

4.1. S trao i protein

4.1.1. S tng hp protein

Tng hp protein l qu trnh rt phc tp nhng c vai tr rt quan trng trong hotng sng ca VSV. Con ng tng hp protein ch yu l tng hp theo c ch khun, tc

l qu trnh gii m. Phn t protein c m ho trong gene theo m b ba: c 3 nucleotidetrn mch khun ca gene m ho mt amino acids trn cu trc bc I ca protein. B ba mgc trn gene c phin m sang b m ho trn mRNA thng qua qu trnh phin m - tnghp mRNA. T mRNA l khun chui polypeptid-protein bc I s c tng hp tiribosome.

Qu trnh tng hp protein xy ra qua nhiu giai on:

- Hot ho amino acids nh ATP v gn amino acids vo tRNA;

- Tng hp chui polypeptid ti ribosome;

- Hon thin phn t protein.4.1.2. Phn hu protein

Protein trong t bo VSV lun lun c i mi. Bi vy qu trnh phn hu proteinxy ra thng xuyn cng vi qu trnh tng hp. S phn hu protein xy ra qua 2 giai on

- Thy phn protein thnh cc amino acids nh enzyme thy phn protease.

- Cc amino acids khng cn thit s b phn hu tip hay chuyn ho thnh ccamino acids cn thit khc.

S phn hu amino acids xy ra bng nhiu con ng: kh amin, kh cacboxyl,

chuyn v amin.4.2. Trao i acid nucleic.


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4.2.1. Tng hp acid nucleic

Tng hp acid nucleic l qu trnh quan trng trong c ch truyn t thng tin ditruyn. Tng hp acid nucleic gm tng hp DNA v qu trnh tng hp RNA.

* Sao chp DNA: T 1 phn t DNA gc qua sao chp to ra 2 phn t DNA mi

hon ton ging nhau vging DNA gc. Qu trnh sao chp xy ra bng nhiu c ch trong c ch bn bo th l ph bin v quan trng nht.

Trn DNA khun, hai chui c chiu ngc nhau do vy qu trnh sao chp xy ratrn hai chui khc nhau.

- Trn chui c chiu 3-5 caDNA gc: sau khi enzymee helicase tho xon, tch2 mch ca phn t DNA gc, trn mch 3-5 tin hnh tng hp mt on RNA mi ngnnh primase xc tc. T RNAmi cc nucleotide mi tip tc n ko di chui theo chiu5-3 nh DNA-polymerase III xc tc. Qu trnh ni cc nucleotide t do vo mch mitheo nguyn tc b sung vi mch gc. Sau khi tng hp b sung xong c mch, on RNAmi b ct b v thay vo bng mch DNA tng ng nh DNA-polymerase I xc tc.

- Trn mch c chiu 5-3 ca DNA gc: do trn mch ny chiu tnghp mch mingc chiu tho xon nn din ra phc tp hn.

Qu trnh tng hp mch b sung xy ra theo tng on ngn. C m xon mt onvi trm nucleotide qu trnh tng hp xy ra ngc chiu tho xon theotun t tng hp onRNA mi ri tng hp tip on DNA. Tng hp xong on ny, tho xon tip v li tng hpnh on trc . C nh vy trn mch ny DNA c tng hp theo tng on ngn -onOkazaki. Sau cc RNA mi c ct b, thay vo cc on DNA tng ng, nh ligase ni

cc on Okazaki li.* Phin m: xy ra qua 2 giai on. Giai on u phin m t gene thnh pro RNA.

Sau t pro-RNA s bin i thnh mRNA tng ng. RNA tng hp trn DNA khun haytrn RNA khun (vi virus cha RNA).

DNA khun nh RNA polymerase tho xon cc b to nn bng phin m. Bng

phin m c chiu di 30 cp nucleotide. Nh yu t sigma ( ) ca RNA-polymerase nhn

bit im m u v chui DNA dng lm khun. Nh li enzyme polymerase tin hnh tnghp chui RNA b sung vi chui khun trn DNA.

Qu trnh tip din cho n khi yu t rho ( ) nhn bit im kt thc trn DNA vkt thc qu trnh tng hp chui RNA b sung. RNA tch khi DNA khun to ra pro-RNA.

T proRNA qua nhiu bin i phc tp to mRNA trng thnh.

-Ni thm m;

-Ni thm ui;

-Nh enzyme ct ghp tin hnh ct b cc on khng m ho intron (I) v ni ccon m ho exon (E) li vi nhau s to ra mRNA.


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Kt qu l t 1 on DNA (gene) to nn mt phn t mRNA. Thnh phn trt tcc nucleotide trn cc on exon ca DNA qui nh thnh phn, trt t cc ribonucleotidetrn mRNA.

4.2.2. Phn hu acid nucleic

Trong t bo acid nucleic lun bin i, nht l cc phn t RNA. i sng cc phnt mRNA, tRNA rt ngn. Chng thng xuyn b phn hu thay th cc loi mi.

S phn hu acid nucleic xy ra qua 3 giai on:

- Thy phn acid nucleic thnh nucleotide nh cc nuclease tng ng xc tc;

- Thu phn nucleotidee thnh cc n phn (base-nitrogene, ng pentose vH3PO4) nh enzyme thu phn nucleotidease xc tc;

- Bin i tip base-nitrogene, ng pentose thnh cc sn phm khc nhau.

4.3. Trao i lipid

4.3.1. Tng hp lipidTrong t bo lipid ph bin nht l cht bo. Cht bo c tng hp t glycerin v

cc acidbo qua cc bc:

- Glycerin + ATP glycero-P + ADP

- Glycero-P + acid bo 1 monoglyceric.

- Monoglyceric + acid bo 2 diglyceric.

- Diglyceric + acid bo 3 Triglyceric + H3PO4.

4.3.2. Phn hu lipid.

Qu trnh phn hu cht bo xy ra qua 2 giai on

- Thu phn acid bo thnh glycerin v cc acid bo.

- Phn hu tip glycerin v cc acid bo.

+ Glycerin + ATP glycero-P + ADP

+ Glycero-P AlGP ng phn.

Cc acid bo phn hu bng nhiu con ng trong ph bin nht l phn hu

theo con ng -oxi ho. Cc acid bo phn hu theo con ng -oxi ho to nn cc

acetyl-CoA. T acetyl-CoA phn hu tip bng chu trnh Krebs.S phn hu acid bo to ra nng lng ATP kh ln cho t bo VSV. V d khi

phn hu acid palmitic to ra c 130 ATP.

III. C S DI TRUYN HC CA VI SINH VT CNG NGHIP

*Khi nim chung

Vt liu di truyn(genetic material) ch cci phn t ng vai tr lu gi v truyn thng tin ditruyn qua cc th h t bo, hoc th h c th. cp

tbo, vt liu di truyn l cc nhim sc th


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Hnh 2.7. Virus trn v virus c mng bao

Bng 2.2. Phn bit qu trnh truyn bnh AIDS, SARS, CM G

Bnh Acid

nucleic

Tn virus Vt ch Phng thc lan

truyn

AIDS RNA HIV1, HIV2 Ngi, kh

-Qua mu

-Quan h tnh dc

-M sang con

SARS RNA SARS Cy hng, ngi -H hp

CM G RNA H5N1 Gia cm-H hp, tiu ha

Hnh 2.8. Virus v ng truyn bnh AIDS, SARS, CM G

(HIVgy hi chng suy gim min dch mc phi (HCSGMDMP);

Virus SARS gy hi chng vim ng h hp cp (VHHC); H5N1 gy bnh cm g)

Bng 2.3. Dng acid nucleic v kch thc h gene mt s virus

Virus Vt ch Dng acid nucleicKch thc h gene

( s cp base)Phage MS2, f2, R17 E. coli RNA si n-thng 3.569Virus TMV Thuc l ~ 6.000

Cc Reovirus Th RNA si kp-thng ~ 50.000Phage X174 E. coli DNA si n-vng 5.375Virus SV40 Th DNA si kp-vng 5.243Baculovirus Cn trng (100-150)x10Adenovirus Ad5 Ngi DNA si kp-thng ~ 36.000Phage (Lambda) E. coli 48.502Phage T2, T4 E. coli ~ 200.000

Ghi ch:Cc virus gy bnh ngi v ng vt c h gene ch yu l DNA si kp-thng, nh: ccvirus thuc hAdenoviridae gy bnh ng h hp, h Herpesviridae gy mn rp herpes ngi, bnh u g,

hPoxviridaegy u ma, u b ... Hoc l RNA si n-thng, nh cc virus thuc hRetroviridae gy ung

th, AIDS, bch cu ..., h Paramyxoviridae gy si, quai b, bnh g toi, h Rhabdoviridae vi bnh di, h


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Orthomyxoviridaevi bnh cm, hPicornaviridaevi cc bnh vim ty xm, vim gan A do virus, bnh l mmlong mng tru b...

1.2. Phng thc sinh sn v vng i ca virus

y chng ta s tm hiu nhng nt chung nht trong chu trnh sng-sinh sn cavirus qua i din l cc phage k sinh E. coli. Thng thng c chia lm 5 giai on:Hp th Xm nhp Sao chp Thnh thc Phng thch, hoc 3 giai on nh sau:

(1) Phage bm bng phn ui trn b mt t bo vi khun v tit enzyme tiu hyvch t bo;

(2) Phage dng phn ui tim li acid nucleic (DNA) vo trong t bo ch;

(3) Trong t bo ch, ty loi DNA cc phage khc nhau m c th din ra mttrong hai trng thi: gy tan hoc tim tan.

Hnh 2.9. Chu trnh hot ng gy tan (lytic cycle) v tim tan (lysogenic cycle) ca phage E. coli.

+ i vi ccphage cnh T2 v T4, lc ny DNA ca chng s sao chp nhiuln v tng hp cc protein cn cho to v v ui, sau chng lp rp vi nhau to racc phage th h con. Sau , di tc dng ca lysozyme lm tan t bo ch v phng thchchng 100-200 phage con.

+ i vi virus thuc nhm retrovirus (virus gy ung th, gy bnh AIDS, gy bnhbch cu t bo T...) c chu trnh sng in hnh (hnh 2.11).


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Hnh 2.10. Chu trnh sng ca virus nhm retrovirus

y cn hai im quan trng lin quan cng ngh gene:

+Ti t hp:

Khi c nhiu virus nhim ng thi t bo ch th gia chng xy ra s trao igene, to ra cc th ti t hp. Nh vy c th lp bn di truyn virus. Dng ti t hpim c hiu gn DNA phage vo nhim sc th vi khun ch v tch ra ( khi b cm ngtia UV) c xc tc bi cp enzyme tng ng l integrase v excisionase.Li dng cim ny, ngi ta s dng phage lm vector trong k thut gene.

+ Sao chp:

Do vt liu di truyn ca cc virus rt a dng, nn s sao chp/sao chp ca chng

cng khc nhau, theo 3 con ng:DNA DNA; RNA RNA; v RNA cDNA kp RNA.

Trong , cc retrovirus c h gene RNA gy ung th, bnh AIDS (HIV), bnh bchcu t bo T (HTLV-I)...u c cha enzyme phin m ngc (reverse transcriptase) tnghp cDNA si n trn khun RNA ca n,ri sau l cDNA si kp c th xen vonhim sc th vt ch trng thi provirus n nh. Li dng enzyme ny tng hp v todng cDNA.

+Phin m:

Hnh 2.11. S minh ha qu trnh phin m mt s virus

2. Di truyn hc vi khun

2.1. Vt liu di truyn ca vi khun


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Vi khun l mt nhm ln ca Prokaryote, c cu trc t bo nhng cha c nhnin hnh. B my di truyn ca vi khun phc tp hn virus nhiu, thng gm 1 phn tDNA si kp-vng kch thc ln (v d E. coli l 4,6 x106cp base). Trong dch bo c rtnhiu phn t DNA trn si kp, dng vng, kch thc b bng khong 0,05-10% kch thc

nhim sc th vi khun v c kh nng sao chp c lp, gi l ccplasmid.E. colic nhiu loi plasmid vi tnh cht v s bn sao c mt khc nhau trong

t bo, y cp 2 loi:

- Cc plasmid khng thuc, gi l plasmid R (R-resistance), thng c mang nhiugene m ha cc enzyme c kh nng phn hy cht khng sinh tng ng c mt trong mitrng. V d, plasmid pBR322 (4362 cp base) c 2 gene khng ampicilline (AmpR) vtetracyline (TetR).

Loi plasmid ny thuc loi sao chp mnh, c th to ra khong 50 bn sao (copies)trong mt t bo. l nhng c im chnh m ngi ta li dng n lm cng c c lc

(vector) trong k thut di truyn.

- Cc plasmid gii tnh, tcplasmid F (F-fertility) c cha cc gene truyn v btbuc tham gia vo qu trnh tip hp E. coli. Cc t bo vi khun c mang plasmid F, khiu F+v t bo khng c F, k hiu F-. Nhn t F c kch thc ln (khong 100.000 cpnucleotide), c sao chp ch 1 ln trong chu k t bo (nh xen vo trong nhim sc th vikhun) v phn ly v c 2 t bo con. Cho nn trong 1 t bo F+in hnh thng c 1-2 bnsao ca plasmid F.

- Gn y ngi ta cn pht hin cc plasmid mi nh: Col-plasmid, cha gene m

ha cho s tng hp colchicine, mt protein c th git cht cc vi khun khc; Plasmid phnhy, gip phn hy cc cht l nh toluene hay salicylic acid;Plasmid mang c tnh, lm chosinh vt tr thnh sinh vt gy bnh.

Mt plasmid c th thuc mt hoc nhiu nhm chc nng k trn.

2.2. Ba phng thc trao i vt liu di truyn vi khun

Ln u tin, nm 1946 Lederberg v Tatum pht hin ra s ti t hp vi khun.Cho n nay, ta bit rng vi khun c cc qu trnh sinh sn tng ng sinh sn hu tnh,gi l cn hu tnh(parasexuality), l: tip hp, bin np v ti np. Cc qu trnh ny ccc c im sau:

(1) Truyn thng tin 1 chiu t t bo cho (donor) sang t bo nhn (recipient);

(2) To ra hp t tng phn (merozygote), v th cho ch truyn sang th nhn mtphn b gene ca n;

(3) V b gene ch l mt phn t DNA trn nn ch c mt nhm lin kt v ti thp v thc cht l lai phn t.

Nhng hiu bit su sc v cc qu trnh sinh sn cn hu tnh vi khun gpphn quan trng trong s pht trin ca di truyn hc phn t cng nh ca k thut gene sauny.

a) Tip hp (Conjugation)


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+ Tip xc t bo nhn

+ Xm nhp vo bn trong

+ Lin kt vi DNA ca t bo kh np (dng plasmid hay dng episom)

+ T bo kh np nhn ln DNA bin np c nhn ln.

1 2 3 4

Hnh 2.12. 1. Frederick Griffith (1881-1941); 2. Oswald T. Avery (1877-1955);

3. Colin MacLeod (1909-1972); 4. Maclyn McCarty (1911-)

-Bin np nhn to

Sau khi to DNA ti t hp, vic tip theo l a n vo li t bo cha mangplasmid. Bin np nhn to c thc hin vi nhiu cch khc nhau

+ Dung hp t bo trn (protoplast fusion): Dung hp 2 t bo loi b thnh tbo

+ Habin np: X l CaCl2 lnh, km sc nhit (420C trong 2 pht)

+ in bin np: c th n 109- 1010th bin np/1gDNA. on bin np c kchthc 25-135kb (hnh 2.14.a)

+ Vi tim: Tim thng DNA ti t hp vo t bo (hnh 2.14.b)

+ Bn DNA vo t bo bng sng bn DNA (hnh 2.14.c)

Ngoi ra cn nhiu phng php khc a DNA ti t hp vo t bo nh dngmng lipid (liposome) bao DNA a vo t bo.

Hnh 2.13. Mt s thit b chuyn DNA ti t hp vo t bo

a.My in bin np(Electroporation);

b. Vi tim(Microinjection); c. Sng bn DNA (Biolistis apparatus)


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v thc khun th thay v b gene ca n. Nhng RNA virus khng c kh nng ng giDNA nn thng khng to ra nhm ln trn.

Khi ly gii t bo, nhng virion b ng gi nhm cha DNA vi khun c th gnvo mt vi khun khc v bm phn DNA c ng gi vo t bo, v nh vy v tnh

chuyn DNA vi khun t t bo ny sang t bo khc. Phn t DNA ny c th tr thnh mtphn ca DNA nhim sc th trong t bo mi, v t c di truyn li mt cch n nh.

C 2 kiu ti np: ti np chung v ti np c hiu.

* Ti np chungl trng hp phage truyn bt k gene no ca vi khun cho sangvi khun nhn E. coli, phage P1l phage ti np chung c nghin cu k. Trong khinhim vo vi khun, phage P1sn ra nuclease ct DNA vi khun ch thnh tng on mtcch ngu nhin. V sau, trong qu trnh lp rp v protein vi DNA phage, c khong 10-3 -10-2ht phage con mang on DNA vt ch. Khi cc phage ti np ny xm nhp vi khunkhc, s xy ra s ti t hp tng ng vi NST vt ch mi. on gene ti np thng cha

khong 50 gene v ti np c th c dng lp bn gene.

* Ti np c hiu l trng hp phage ch truyn i nhng gene nht nh t vikhun cho sang vi khun nhn. Kiu ti np ny c mt s c im sau:

c thc hin biprophage lambda ( );

Nhng gene c chuyn nm st ch prophage xen vo;

Do kt qu ca s ct sai ca phage khi tch khi NST vt ch;

Cc vi khun ti t hp c th lng bi mt phn. Tuy nhin, do s ct sai caphage lambdart him nn ti np c hiu c tn s thp.

3. Di truyn hc vi nm

Hin nay, S. cerevisiae v Schizosaccharomyses pombeang c nghin cu rngri mc phn t. Chng c chu trnh sng n gin c lin quan ti tt c pha n bi (n) v

pha lng bi (2n). i vi cc t bo (2n) din ra nhng phn chia gim nhim thng thng to ra cc bo t (n). Ton b 4 sn phm ca gim phn c bc bn trong mt ci nangdy c chia . iu cho php kim tra cc on NST trao i cho thun nghch ring bit.

Cc t bo nm men S. cerevisiae phn chia bng qu trnh ny chi lm tch cct bo cha m ra khi cc t bo con (chi) ca chng. Ngc li, S. pombe l nm men phn

i (fission), cc t bo cha m sinh trng v sau ngt i to ra 2 t bo ging nhau vhnh thi.

Trung bnh h gene n bi ca nm men S. cerevisiaec cha khong 14 x 106cpbase, ngha l c hm lng DNA ln hn E. coli khong 3,5 ln, trong khi rui gimDrosophilaln gp 25 ln v cc t bo thc vt bc cao cha nhiu gp t nht l 1.000 ln.Nh vy, dng nm men trong nghin cu di truyn nhn chun qu l n gin v r hn. S. cerevisiae DNA c phn phi trong 16 NST vi khong 5 - 6 ngn gene, trong khi S.

pombech c 3 NST khc nhau. Tnh n 1996, c 6000 gene ca S.cerevisiae c lpbn .


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Chut l nhng ng vt c bit d bo trong vic chp nhn gene theo cch ny.Phi ca chut th tinh c cy ccgene quy nh cc hocmon sinh trng ca ngi sinh ra cc con chut khng l ln gp hai so vi chut bnh thng.

Trong mt th nghim khc, cc hp t ca chut do mang mt khim khuyt di

truyn thng lm cho chng b bnh run, c sa cha nh cha gene bnh thng mic a vo.

Ngnh chn nui nhanh chng tip thu mt s trong s k thut ny. Nm 1987,phi ln c cy bng gene hormon sinh trng ca b trong mt th nghim nhm tngtc sinh trng ca ln v ct gim lng m to thnh trong khu phn tht. Nhng conln u tin c t m hn, song tht khng may, chng cng c nhng vn v sc khonghim trng: vim khp, bnh tim v bnh thn.

Khuynh hng gn y nht trong cc th nghim chuyn gene l thit k trng th tinh ca cc ng vt nui nh ln, cu vi cc gene ca ngi. Cc ng vt ti t hp

ny s c dng lm cc h thng sng sn sinh ra mt lng ln cc protein c gi trca ngi nh hemoglobin, yu t ng mu v hormon.

5. Cng nghDNA ti t hp

Nh bit, hai s kin ni bt nht trong giai on u ca Sinh hc phn t l skhm ph ra cu trc phn t DNA nm 1953 bi James Watson v Francis Crick (nhn gii

Nobel-1962) v s gii m thnh cng h thng mt m di truyn nm1966 bi MarsallNirenberg v Har Gobind Khorana nhn gii Nobel-1968 cng vi nhiu nh khoa hc khc.

Giai on tip theo ca nh cao pht trin sinh hc phn t l s ra i ca Cng

ngh DNA ti t hp (recombinant DNA technology), vo gia thp nin 1970, vi cc tn gikhc nh: cng ngh gen, k thut di truyn(genetic engineering).

Cng ngh DNA ti t hp bt u nh mt khoa hc t 7/1972 khi nhm nghincu ca Paul Berg (Vin hn lm khoa hc quc gia M) hon thnh vic ch to b gen laigia virus SV40 ca kh vi phage lambda.

Ln u tin kt ni hai virus khc nhau hon ton v mt di truyn thnh mtchnh th v c nhn ln di dng plasmid trong t bo vi khun. Phn t DNA lai chacc thng tin di truyn ca virus SV40, thng tin iu khin qu trnh t sao ca DNA phagelambda cng nh ton b chc nng ca operon galactosidase ca vi khunE. coli.

1 2 3 4Hnh 2.17. 1. Har Gobind Khorana (1922-); 2. Temin, Howard Martin (1934-1994);


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3. Daniel Nathans (1928-1999); 4. Paul Berg (1926-)

5.1. Khi nim cng ngh DNA ti t hp

l cng ngh bao gm mt tp hp cc k thut nh phn ct v lai ghp cc

phn t nucleic acid nh cc enzyme gii hn, ligase...nhn dng DNA trong cc plasmidhoc virus c tng cng vi khun hoc t bo nm men; xc nh trnh t nucleotideDNA on c nhn dng; biu hin ca gen c nhn dng di dng sn phm

protein...

S ra i ca cng ngh DNAti t hp v gn y l cng ngh chp DNA, sinh tinhc, nui cy t bo gc, cng ngh nano gn lin vi cc s kin khoa hc sau:

Nm 1965, Xc lp c cc gen khng thuc vi khun nm trong cc plasmid.

Nm1967, SB Zimmerman v cng s tch chit thnh cng DNA-ligase.

Nm1970, Hamilton Smith v cc cng s phn lp c enzyme gii hn utin t vi khunHaemophylus influenzaec gi l Hind II.

Nm1970, Har Gobind Khorana tng hp c mt gen nhn to u tin , n 1973mt gen nhn tokhc c th hot ng bnh thng trong t bo sng, l gene m hatRNAtyrvn chuyn cu tyrosin E. colic chiu di khong 200 cp nucleotide.

Nm1971, Temin, Howard Martin, pht hin ra enzyme phin m ngc(reversetranscriptase) m ra s tng hp gene nhn to.

Nm 1972, Paul Berg kin to c phn t DNA ti t hp u tin trong ngnghim.

Nm 1973, H. Boyer, S. Cohen, A. Chang v R. Helling - ln u s dng plasmid to dng DNA E. coli.

Nm 1977, xut cc phng php ha hc (Maxam v Gilbert) v phng phpenzyme hc (Frederick Sanger v cng s) xc nh trnh t nucleotide ca nucleic acid.

Nm 1977, Thnh lp hng cng ngh gen u tin M (Genetech) sn xut ccch phm y hc bng phng php DNA ti t hp.

Nm 1978, Gii thng Nobel u tin trong lnh vc khm ph v s dng enzymegii hn c trao cho Daniel Nathans; Werner Arber; Hamilton Othanel Smith.

Nm 1981, Stanley B. Prusiner(1942- )pht hin ra cc c trng ca Prion

Nm 1982, pht trin vaccin ti t hp chng vim gan B.

Nhng nm 1982-1983, Thomas R. Cech v Sidney Altman pht minh ra RNA xctc.

Nhng nm 1983-1984, Robert Gallo v Luc Montagnier phn lp v nh loi virusgy suy gim min dch ngi


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1 2 3Hnh 2.18. 1.Luc Montagnier ;2. Robert Montagnier ; 3. Stanley B. Prusiner(1942- );

Nm 1983, Gii thng Nobel c trao cho b Barbara McClintock pht hin rayu t di truyn vn ng hay gen nhy.

Nm 1986, Binnig, Gerd Karl (Nh khoa hc c, gii Nobel 1986) khm ph raloi knh hin vi hot ng khng theo nguyn tc quang hc, m u cho cng ngh nano.

Nm 1990, bt u th nghim ln u tin liu php gen (gene-therapy) trn ngi.

Nm 1992, th nghim u tin trn ngi liu php i ngha (antisense therapy).

Nm 1995, Venter, Smith gii trnh t h gen ca vi khunHaemophilus influenzae.Thng 4 nm1996, men n bt m S.cerevisiae gii m xong gm 6.000 gene

Nm 1997, pht hin ra loi vi khun ln nht Thiomargarita namibiensis; Giitrnh t h gen vi khunEscherichia colic 3 200 gene.

Nm 2000, Edward Delong pht hin ra Archea bin.

Thng 12/ 2002, tp on Genome Sequencing Chut quc t hon thnh mt bntho genome chut v so snh vi genome ngi c khong 3.000 gene chung.

- Nm 2005, gii Nobel Y hc 2005 c trao cho hai nh khoa hc Australia -

Barry J. Marshall v J. Robin Warren - do khm ph ra vi khunHelicobacter pylori v vaitr ca chng trongbnh vim lot h tiu ho (chng vim d dy, lot d dy hoc t trng

1 2 3 4

Hnh 2.19. 1. Frederick Sanger (1918-); 2. Barbara McClintock (1902-1992);

3. Binnig, Gerd Karl (1947- ); 4. Paul C. Lauterbur (1929-)

Gii Nobel Y hc 2006 dnh cho hai nh khoa hc M Andrew Z. Fire v Craig C.Mello ca M c cng khm ph cch v hiu ha nh hng ca cc genec bit.


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Hnh 2.20. Craig C. Mello (1960-)(Tri) vAndrew Z. Fire (1959-) v cch v hiu ha gen

5.2. Cc enzyme thng dng trong k thut di truyn

Nm 1962, Werner Arber ln u tin chng minh rng c nhng enzyme c bithot ng trong t bo vi khun, chng c kh nng phn bit DNA "ca mnh" v DNA "l"ca phage. Cc enzyme ny c kh nng hn ch s nhn ln ca phage l trong t bo vikhun bng cch phn hy chng mt cch c hiu, do c gi l "restriction enzyme".Ch restrion (hn ch) c ngun gc lch s t v c dng n nay.

Thng thng, khi cp n cc enzyme c s dng trong k thut di truyn,ch yu l ni n cc enzym gii hn (restriction endonuclease, hay gi tt l restrictase),tc cc enzyme t vi khun c kh nng nhn bit v ct DNA ti nhng v tr xc nh vngoi ra l nhm hn hp cc polymerase, ligase v nuclease.

Nhn chung, c hai kiu ct: ct thng v ct so le.

+ Kiu ct thng to ra cc u bng (blunt ends): Mt s enzyme gii hn ct hai mchDNA ti cng mt im, v d: AluI, SmaI (Bng 3.2).

+ Kiu ct so le to ra cc u dnh (cohesive ends): Mt s enzyme gii hn cton DNA nhn bit ti v tr so le trn hai mch. Kt qu l to ra cc u si n cha vi

base b sung c th dnh chp tr li. Cc enzyme ny c s dng rng ri trong k thutti t hp DNA. V d: BamHI, EcoRI, XmaI (Bng 3.2).

Bng 2.4. Mt s enzyme gii hn v on nhn bit ca chng (mi tn ch v tr ct)

Vi sinh vtEnzym gii

hnon 5/ 3/nhn bit 3/ 5/

Arthrobacter luteus AluI AGCTTCGA

Bacillus amylolyquefaciens H BamHI GGATCCCGTAGG

Escherichia coli RY13 EcoRI GAATTCCTTAAG

Serratia marcescens Sb SmaI CCCGGGGGGCCC

Xanthomonas malvaccarum XmaI CCCGGG


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GGGCCC

* Cc enzyme thng dng khc

Trong k thut di truyn, bn cnh s dng cc enzyme gii hn nh con dao m

tinh vi, cn phi dng ti nhm enzyme sau:- Cc DNA- v RNA-polymerase: xc tc cc phn ng tng hp DNA v RNA.

Chng c dng khi cn thit to ra mt s lng ln cc bn sao acid nucleic ( to ccmu d, xc nh trnh t nucleotide...). Trong phi k n DNA polymerase I ca E.coli, enzyme phin m ngc t cc retrovirus, enzyme transferase u cng.

- Cc DNA- v RNA-ligase xc tc phn ng ni hai u ca cc on DNA hocRNA thng dng trong to dng.

- Cc nuclease. y l nhm enzyme phn ct DNA (DNase) v RNA(RNase) khngmang tnh chuyn bit cao nh cc enzyme gii hn.

5.3. DNA ti t hp v cc vector

5.3.1. Khi nim DNA ti t hp

DNA ti t hp l phn t DNA c ti to trong ng nghim bng cch kt hpDNA t cc ngun khc nhau theo mt qui trnh k thut nht nh. Thng thng, mt phnt DNA ti t hp gm mt DNA ca plasmid hoc phage nguyn vn (gi l vector) cmang mt on DNA cn cho nghin cu (gi l DNA ngoi lai).

5.3.2. Khi nim vector:Vector (th ti, th truyn) l mt phn t DNA ng vai trl vt trung gian mang mt on DNA cn nhn dng c kh nng xm nhp vo t bo ch

v mn b my t bo ch to ra nhiu bn sao ca vector.Cc ng dng ch yu ca vector l:

- To dng nhm khuych i s bn sao ca mt on DNA xc nh (nhiu bn saoging nhau).

-Nghin cu s biu hin ca mt on trnh t ca DNA.

- a gen vo t bo hay c th (nhm bin i c tnh di truyn mong mun sinhvt c truyn gen).

- Sn xut RNA vi s lng ln t DNA c to dng.

- Sn xut protein vi s lng ln t DNA c to dng.5.3.3. Cc c tnh ca mt vector

- C kh nng xm nhp vo t bo ch v tn ti c qua nhiu th h.

- C kh nng t sao chp mnh v c lp vi s ti bn ca b gen t bo ch.

- Phi c cc c tnh (c m ha bi cc gen chn lc) cho php d dng phthin t bo ch c cha chng.

Chng hn, nu vector l plasmid th t bo ch c th c pht hin theo kiu hnhca plasmid c mt trong t bo ch, tc c tnh khng thuc gip vi khun sng c trn

mi trng c cht khng sinh tng ng.5.3.4. Cc loi vector chuyn gen


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C nhiu loi vector c s dng trong k thut di truyn: plasmid, phage M13,cosmid, vector l virus ca eukaryotes, YAC (nhim sc th nhn to ca nm men).

* Cosmid l vectorc cu to nn t plasmid c gn thm gene cos ca phage .

Gene cos gip cho DNA ca phage t dng thng ni u li thnh dng vng. Cosmid c

kh nng cha on gene l di n 45kb hin c dng lp thvin gene rui dm,chut, ngi.

* Phage M13 l phage th si c DNA mch n dng lm vector nhm:

+ Xc nh trnh t nucleotide ca gene;

+ Sn xut cc mu th (hay mu d);

+ Thc hin t bin im nh hng.

* Phagemid l vectorc cu to t plamid gn thm mt on DNA ca phageM13.

Vic la chn loi vector ty thuc vo kch thc on DNA cn to dng v mcch to dng, y ch cp hai loi vector thng dng: plasmid v phage.

- Cc plasmid ni chung c kch thc 2-5kb, nn ch cha rt t gene chn lc v ch c th nhn 8-9 kb DNA cn to dng.

- Cc phage l nhng virus xm nhim v lm tan vi khun ch. Vic s dng phagelm vector c nhiu u im hn vector plasmid ch hiu qu xm nhim mnh v khnng sinh si ny n nhanh; kch thc on DNA m vector c th tip nhn c l ln hnrt nhiu. Tuy nhin, thao tc trn phage th phc tp hn trn plasmid.

Trong s cc phage c s dng lm vector, phn ln bt ngun t phage lambda(h gene cha 48.502 cp base, c gii xong nm 1983; n chai u dnh t nhin khong

12 cp base, cho php DNA- ng vng sau khi xm nhp vo t bo ch).

5.4. Cc phng php thnh lp phn t DNA ti t hp

5.4.1. Phng php s dng cc u dnh

Bt k on DNA no nu c ct bi cng mt loi enzyme gii hn (v dEcoRI) to cc u dnh th c th dnh lp li vi nhau v c ni bi DNA ligase (hnh3.4). Nm 1973, H. Boyer v tp th ca S. Cohen to ra c phn t DNA ti t hp utin gm vector l plasmid nh pSC101 caE. coliv DNA ngoi lai l mt plasmid khc.

Chnh s kin ny t ra trin vng to ln cho k thut DNA ti t hp sau ny.

5.4.2. Phng php ni trc tip hoc tng hp cc u b sung

i vi cc on DNA c to ra bng vic s l enzyme gii hn ct thng, nhHindII chng hn, th vic ni cc on DNA u bng c thc hin theo mt trong haicch sau:

(1) Ni trc tip nh DNA-ligase ca phage T4

(2) Tng hp b sung cc u dnh vo cc u 3 mt s nucleotid, v d: poly (dA)vo u 3 ca on ny v poly(dT) vo u 3 ca on kia, nh enzyme transferase u

mt. Sau cc on ny c ni li nh xc tc ca DNA-ligase vi khun.


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5.5. To dng DNA ti t hp

Mc ch ca vic to dng l nhm thu c mt s lng ln bn sao ca mton DNA xc nh.

V nguyn tc, mt quy trnh k thut DNA ti t hp (to dng) gm cc bc c

bn sau :Bc 1: Tch DNA v plasmid ra khi t bo, chn lc v x l DNA thuc cc

ngun khc nhau, mt lm vector v mt cn cho to dng.

i vi vector, vic chn lc ty thuc nhiu yu t: kch thc on cn to dng,mc ch to dng... i vi DNA cn to dng, cn chn s khi cc on c kch thc gnnhau v tng ng vi loi vector. Sau , x l c hai loi DNA trn bi cng mt loienzyme gii hn (v d: EcoRI) to ra cc u (dnh) so le.

Bc 2: Kin to phn t DNA ti t hp trong ng nghim.

Trn chung vector v DNA cn to dng c x l theo mt t l nht nh vis c mt ca ligase. Nh s xc tc ca DNA-ligase m vector ti t hp s c to thnh;sau c tinh sch qua tch chit v ta.

Bc 3: a vector ti t hp vo t bo ch.

C hai loi t bo ch thng dng nht l: (1) T bo vi khun, thng lE. coli; (2)T bo sinh vt nhn chun, v d nm men S. cerevisiaehoc t bo ng-thc vt nui cy.Ty loi t bo ch m s dng k thut bin np thch hp.

Bc 4:Pht hin dng DNA ti t hp c hiu.

pht hin dng cn tm, ngi ta c th s dng cng c l mu d(probe). Mud c th l mt khng th c trng cho protein c m ha bi gen cn tm hoc mt onDNA hoc RNA b sung cho gen cn tm.

5.6. ng dng ca cng ngh DNA ti t hp

Hnh 2.17. Phng php cha bnh bng gen


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Trong sut hai thp k qua, cng ngh DNA ti t hp mang li nhng tin b toln cho sinh hc. Nhng ng dng ch yu ca n l:

- Sn xut cc protein, enzyme, vaccine... hu ch; to ra cc vi khun, nm men ckh nng tng hp cc cht c ngha v mt kinh t.

- Gy ra nhng bin i kiu gen cc c th sinh vt lin quan n nhng c tnhmong mun. To ngun DNA v RNA cho cc nghin cu.

- To ra kh nng sa cha cc khuyt tt di truyn ng vt v ngi (liu phpgen hnh 2.17)

- Chn gene kho vo trong ribonucleic acid (RNA)ca Retroviruses;- Chorestrovirus tip cn t bo b bnh;

- Thm gene kho vo deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) t bo b bnh;

- Tim vo bnh nhn.

Cng ngh DNA ti t hp m ra mt trin vng to ln trong tng lai gn gipcon ngi khm ph b n ca cth vi sinh vt v con ngi, trn cs c th nng caonng sut vt nui, cy trng v bo v sc khe con ngi.

TM TT CHNG

Thc cht ca VSVCN l ng dng cc qu trnh sng ca VSV vo sn xut quym cng nghip.

Nghin cu cc c im v hot ng sng cng nh c s sinh ha, c s ditruyn ca VSV l nhm lm nn tng cho cc qu trnh to chng ging, nui cy , nhnging ln men sn xut t hiu qu tt hn.

*Cu hi n tp

1. Vi sinh vt c nhng c im chung no ?

2. Hy gii thch ti sao trong thin nhin vi sinh vt tng ln khng tng ng vitc sinh sn v cng nhanh chn ca n.

3. Vt liu di truyn ca virus ? Mi quan h di truyn gia virus v t bo vt ch ?

4. Vt liu di truyn sinh vt nhn s khc vi sinh vt nhn chun nhng cim no ?

5. Th no l tip hp, bin np v ti np ? Ti sao ni cc qu trnh ny tngng vi sinh sn hu tnh sinh vt bc cao ? ngha ca vic pht hin ra hin tng

bin np vi khun.

6. Th no l enzyme hn ch ? Chng c cc vai tr v tnh cht no c coi lquan trng i vi k thut DNA ti t hp ?

7. Bng hai v d v enzyme ct gii hn, hy chng t rng t nht c hai phngphp thnh lp cc phn t DNA ti t hp trong ng nghim (in vitro).

8. Th no l phn t DNA ti t hp, vector tch dng ? Hy nu cc bc ca quytrnh to dng v cho s minh ha.


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* Ti liu c thm

1. Kiu Hu nh, 1999. Vi sinh vt hc cng nghip, NXBKHKT, H Ni.

2. Phm Thnh H, 2005. Nhp mn cng ngh sinh hc, NXBGD.

* Ti liu tham kho

1. Nguyn Quang Ho, Vng Trng Ho, Bin Vn Minh, 1998. Vi sinh vt hccng nghip, NXBGD.


3. Phm Vn Ty, 2006. Cngngh sinh hc tp 5 Cng ngh vi sinh v mi trng,NXBGD.

4. Prescot Harley Klein, 2002.Microbiology. W. C. Brown publisher, USA.

5.http://vietsciences.net v http://vietsciences.free.fr

* Gii thch thut ng

DNA ti t hpl phn tDNA c to thnh t hai hay nhiu trnh t DNA cacc loi sinh vt khc nhau. Trong k thut di truyn, DNA ti t hp thng l c tothnh t vic gn nhng on DNA c ngun gc khc nhau vo trong vect tch dng.

Nhng vect tch dng mang DNA ti t hp ny c th biu hin thnh cc protein ti thp trong cc sinh vt. Th d mt s dc phm l hormone peptide c to ra t cngngh DNA ti t hp l insulin,hormone tng trng, v oxytocin. Nhngvaccine cng cth csn phm bng phng thc ny. Sinh vt chc s dng ph bin nht trongcng ngh DNA ny lEscherichia coli.

Enzyme gii hn (restriction enzyme, RE) l mt enzyme endonuclease c v tr

nhn bit im ctDNA c hiu.Episomesl nhng plasmid c kh nng gn xen vo DNA nhim sc th ca sinh

vt ch . Nh kh nng ny, chng c th tn ti trong mt thi gian di, c sao chp cnglc vi DNA nhim sc th khi t bo phn chia, v tr thnh mt phn trong b my ditruyn ca t bo. Thut ng ny khng cn c dng cho plasmid, v gi y ngi ta

bit trnh t tng ng (homology) vi nhim sc th trn plasmid, nhtransposon, binplasmid thnh episome (gip plasmid gn xen vo nhim sc th).

Genome l tp hp cha ng ton b thng tin di truyn ca mt c th sinh vtc m ha trong DNA ( mt s virus c th l RNA). B gen bao gm nhng vng chagene ln nhng on khng phin m. Thut ng genomec Hans Winkler gii thiu lnu tin.

Intronl nhng an DNA bn trong mt gene nhng khng tham gia vo vic mho protein. Nhng vng cn li ca gene c gi l exon. Cc intron ch yu c mt trongcc t bo eukaryote

Plasmids(thng) l cc phn t DNA mch i dng vng nm ngoi DNA nhimsc th. Chng thng hin din trong vi khun, i khi cng c sinh vt c nhn tht(eukaryote) (v d nh vng 2 micrometreSaccharomyces cerevisiae). Chng c kch thckhong t 1 n hn 400kilobase pairs (kbp). Chng c th hin din ch mt bn sao, ivi plasmid ln, cho ti vi trm bn sao trong cng mt t bo.

Vct tch dng (vector cloning) l mt phn tDNA c kch thc nh cho phpci gn mt on DNA ngoi lai vo nhm mc ch nhn on DNA ngoi lai ln vi s

lng ln.
http://vietsciences.net/http://vietsciences.net/http://vietsciences.net/http://vietsciences.free.fr/http://vietsciences.free.fr/http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%A0ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%A0ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%A0ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vect%C6%A1_t%C3%A1ch_d%C3%B2nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vect%C6%A1_t%C3%A1ch_d%C3%B2nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vect%C6%A1_t%C3%A1ch_d%C3%B2nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_t%C3%A1i_t%E1%BB%95_h%E1%BB%A3p&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_t%C3%A1i_t%E1%BB%95_h%E1%BB%A3p&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_t%C3%A1i_t%E1%BB%95_h%E1%BB%A3p&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_ph%E1%BA%A9m&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_ph%E1%BA%A9m&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hormone_peptide&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insulin&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insulin&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hormone_t%C4%83ng_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hormone_t%C4%83ng_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hormone_t%C4%83ng_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxytocin&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxytocin&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%AFc-xinhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%AFc-xinhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_ch%E1%BB%A7&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_ch%E1%BB%A7&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._colihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._colihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._colihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enzyme&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endonuclease&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transposon&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transposon&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transposon&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saccharomyces_cerevisiae&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saccharomyces_cerevisiae&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saccharomyces_cerevisiae&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilobase_pair&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilobase_pair&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BF_b%C3%A0ohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BF_b%C3%A0ohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BF_b%C3%A0ohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilobase_pair&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saccharomyces_cerevisiae&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transposon&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endonuclease&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enzyme&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._colihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_ch%E1%BB%A7&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%AFc-xinhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxytocin&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hormone_t%C4%83ng_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insulin&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hormone_peptide&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_ph%E1%BA%A9m&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_t%C3%A1i_t%E1%BB%95_h%E1%BB%A3p&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_t%C3%A1i_t%E1%BB%95_h%E1%BB%A3p&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_t%C3%A1i_t%E1%BB%95_h%E1%BB%A3p&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vect%C6%A1_t%C3%A1ch_d%C3%B2nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%A0ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://vietsciences.free.fr/http://vietsciences.net/


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Cng ty Cng nghip ho cht Takeda (Nht Bn) sn xut v cung cp loi thuckhng sinh validacina dng phng tr nhiu loi bnh hi cy trng do nm gy ra.Validacina c bit c hiu lc vi bnh kh vn la, trc tip bo v, lm tng nng sut vcht lng la. Thuc khng gy bt c hin tng ng c no cho cy trng, rt an ton cho

ngi, vt nui, c... v nhng ng vt c ch khc; khng tn d trong t v nng sn sau khithu hoch. Validacina c th hn hp vi hu ht cc loi thuc khc phun. Thuc validacinac cc dng thng phm: Validacin 3L, Validacin 5L, Validacin 5SP.

Hnh 3.1. Cng thc ha hc validamycin (tri) v ch phm thuc tr nmKasumin (phi)

Bng 3.1: Mt s enzyme cng nghp v ng dng

Enzyme Ngun ng dng chnh

AmylaseAspergillus, Bacillus,

RhizopusB sung vo bt, cng nghp dt, tr gip tiu

ha

Catalase Micrococcus, Aspergillus Phng oxy ha thc phm, sn xut phomatCellulase Aspergillus,Trichoderma Thy phn g, tr gip tiu ha

Citocrom c Candida Dng trong chn on

Glucooxydase AspergillusLoi glucose hoc oxy trong thc phm, xc nh

glucose lm sng

Hialuronidase Nhiu loi vi khunLm sch vt thng, chng dnh trong phu

thut

Pectinase Aspergillus, Sclerotinia Lm trong vang, dm, bia, dch qu

Penicillinase Aspergillus Loi penicillin trong nghin cu

ProteaseAspergillus, Bacillus,Streptomyces

Lm trong sake, ch bin tht, loi gelatin

Rennin Mucor Lm ng sa trong sn xut fromage

Streptokinase Streptococcus Lm lnh cc vt thng vt bng

4. Cc ha cht c bit v cc cht iu v thc phm

Cht iu v thc phm: bt ngt nhn to aspartam l mt dipeptide gia asparticacid v phenylalanin, c hai amino acid ny u c sn xut bng con ng ln men visinh vt. cc amino acids khc cng c sn xut bng con ng ny l: acid glutamic,


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e. Cc sn phm ca chuyn ho sinh hc: Gm cc steroid, vitamin C,acrylamide,c sn xut bng t bo vi sinh vt hoc enzyme.

f. Cc biopolymer v biosurfactant: cc polysaccharide ngoi bo nh xanthan,gellan, alginat vi sinh, cellulose vi khun,v cc cht hot ng b mt (biosurfactant) c

sn xut bng cng ngh ln men.2.2. Doanh s cc sn phm ch yu ca cng ngh sinh hc(Dn theo Nguyn

ln Dng) (bng 3.2)

2.3. Cc sn phm ca cng ngh ln men:

Trn thc t, nhiu sn phm c sn xut vi s lng ln bng cng ngh lnmen:

-Antibiotic : penicillin, tetracycline

-Amino acid : MSG (monodium glutamate)-Bt ngt hay m chnh.

-Steroids : 11 -hydroxylation ca steroid, Vitamin C.-Pesticides : bo t ca BT (Bacillus thuringiensis).

-Ho cht s lng ln : ethanol nhin liu, citric acid,

-Cc enzyme : protease, glucose isomerase, amylase,

-Cc vitamin: riboflavin (B2), vitaminB12,

-Cc nucleotide : 5IMP(5-inosine), 5GMP(5-guanylate),

-Polysaachrides : xanthan, cellulose vi khun,..

-Vaccine cc loi.

Trong xu hng pht trin Ho hc xanh (Green chemistry) th nhiu quy trnh cng nghho hc s c thay th bng CNSH.

Bng 3.2: So snh doanh s cc sn phm ch yu ca cng ngh sinh hc

T

T

Sn phm Doanh s (triu USD)

1 Ru, bia 23 000

2 Phomat (Fromage, Cheese) 14 000

3 Thuc khng sinh 4 500

4 Siro Fructose 800

6 Nm men bnh m 540

7 Enzyme 250

8 Cc loi vaccine 150

9 Insulin 100

1 Kch t HGH 75


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0

1

1

Thuc tr su sinh hc 12

Bng 3.3. Mt s loi ru, bia ch yu

Loi Ngun nguyn liu

1.Khng chng ct:

-Bia Malt (mm i mch)

-Cider (cidre) Nc p tri to

-Vang (vin) Nho

-Sak (sak) Go loic bit

-Ru cn Go, np, bp, khoai m,

-Ru np than Np than

2.Chng ct:

-Ru (Vodka) Go, np, khoai ty, khoai m, bp

-Ru Whisky Bp, la i mch

-Ru Rhum Mt r ng

-Cognac Nho

3. Cc biopolymer v biosurfactant3.1. Cc polymer sinh hc (Biopolymer)

Polymer sinh hc (biopolymer) l nhng i phn t thu nhn t cc sinh vt sng. VSV nhiu biopolymer l cc polysaccharide ngoi bo (exopolysaccharide) nh l mtsn phm ph ca qu trnh chuyn ha. Mt s biopolymer cnhng gi tr c bit cng dng trong thc phm, dc phm, m phm v thm ch trong cng nghip du m.Trong bi cnh cc polymer ha hc gy nhim do chm phn hy th vic nghin cu vng dng chng ngy cng c quan tm. Bin i di truyn Xanthomonas campetrisnhm sn xut xanthan gum vi gi r.

3.2. Xanthan

Vn cha c nhiu polysaccharide VSV c gi tr thng mi, nhng s lngbiopolymer v ng dng ca chng ngy cng nhiu hn. Mt s polymer VSV l nhngsn phm cng nghip v c th trng n nh. Xanthan l biopolymer t Xanthomonascampetrisl mt sn phm c ng dng rng ri, doanh s t 100 triu USD/nm.

X. campetrisl mt vi khun hiu kh bt buc, Gram m, c kh nng sn sinh mtbiopolymer thng mi quan trng l nha do (gum) xanthan gum, mt exopolysaccharide.Xanthan gum c do cao, bn trong cc mi trng l ha khc nghit v c nhng tnhcht l ha tng t nh plastic. c bit n c s dng nh cc tc nhn lm n nh, lmc, nh ha hay to huyn ph.


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Xanthan l cht tng cng thu hi du m (oil recovery enhancer- ORE). Nm1969, xanthan c php dng trong cng nghip dt, m phm v thc phm.

3.3. Cc biopolymer khc trong cng nghip

Nhiu polysaccharide c ngha trong cng nghip, c bit nh cht nht, chtthch, hin nay c sn xut vi quy m ln.

-Alginat vi sinh thu nhn t vi khun Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Alginat thng dngly t rong nu dng in du rng lm rng gi.

Gellan sn sinh t Pseudomonas elodea ATCC 31461, l cht to gel (thch) tngt agar ( trong cao hn, ng c pH thp, c t, khng b tc ng enzyme).

-Zanflo thu nhn tErwinia tahitica, c tnh cht tng t xanthan, nhng nhit cao hn 600C zanflo c nhng bin i thun nghch v hin nay n c s dng nhiu nh

sn k ng do tnh chu lnh, chu ma st v khi qut n s tri ln b mt tng i u.-Pullulan do VSVAureolebacidium pullulan to ra, c tnh cht tng t cellophane

(giy bng), c bit l d b phn hy bi enzyme pullulanase, khng b phn hy biamylase. Trong tng lai, pullutan s thay th cho cellophane v cc cht do ha hc v tgy nhim mi trng.

-Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) l cht d tr ca vi khun, l mt polyester chu nhitc cng thc: -CH-(CH3)- CH2-CO-

Hnh 3.2. Tinh th PHB (tri), Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) trong t bo vi khun (phi)

4. Cc cht hot ng b mt sinh hc (Biosurfactans)

4.1.Gii thiu khi qut:

Cht c hot tnh b mt sinh hc (Biosurfactans) ca VSV l nhng sn phm rtquan trng, hin ang c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip. Nhng ctnh c gi tr ca chng l lm thay i hot ng b mt do lm gim sc cng b mt vgia hai b mt (interface), hot tnh lm m hoc xuyn thm (penetrating), tnh lan ta


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(spreading), a nc v k nc, nh tng ha v kh nh tng ha.gia tng pht trin vikhun, thu ht kim loi v khng VSV.

Hu ht cc cht hot ng b mt ang c s dng hin nay u t tng hp hahc. Cc biosurfactans vn cha c ng dng rng ri.

Nu so vi cht hot ng b mt ha hc th cc biosurfactans c nhiu u imhn:

-C kh nng phn hy sinh hc

-Nhn chung cc cht u c c thp.

-C tnh dung hp sinh hc (biocompatibiliti) v tnh tiu ha c (digestibility)nn thng dng trong m phm, dc phm, hay thm ch lm ph gia thc phm.

-Ngun nguyn liu ban u sn c (hydrocarbon, cacrbonhydrate hay lipid).

-Sn xut c hiu qu kinh t (c th c sn xut t ph ph phm cng, nng

nghip)-S dng trong kim sot mi trng: dng trong x l cc v du trn, trong phn

hy sinh hc v gii c..

-Tnh c hiu: Cc biosurfactans dng phc hp cht hu c vi cc nhm chcc trng nn thng c hot tnh chuyn bit.

-Tnh hiu qu cc iu kin cc oan v nhit , pH v mui.

4.2. Cc nhm biosurfactans

- Biosurfactans ca vi khun: Nhiu loi vi khun c kh nng to ra glycolipid. u

mang gc ng ca glycolipid c th cha nhiu loi ng khc nhau nh rhamnose,trehalose(cn gi l ng ca nm men), sucrose, v glucose.

-Rhamnolipid cha mt hoc hai n v rhamnose v phn cn li thng l 2 acid

-hydroxydecanoic. Trehalose lipid c lin h vi vch t bo. Cc acid bo -hydroxy phn

nhnh thng b ester ha ti nhm 6 v 6hydroxyl ca n v trehalose.

-Biosurfactans ca nm men: Sophrose lipid dng lacton v acid ca Torulopsismagnoliae.

Hnh 3.3. Hnh thi khun lc ( tri), t bo (phi) Acinetobacter calcoaceticus


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-Cht nh ha sinh hc dng polysaccharide ngoi bo: polysaccharide ngoi boca vi khun l nhng polymer c khi lng phn t ln mang nhiu tnh cht vt l v chc rt hu ch nh c tnh nht cao, tnh co gin, kh nng chu ng s bin dng,Trongcng nghip, cc cht ny c s dng rng ri dng gm, cht bin i, tc nhn lm dy,

cht n nh c nht cao..Mt trong nhng cht nh ha sinh hc c nghin cu nhiu nht l Emulsan,

c tit ra t vi khun phn hy duAcinetobacter calcoaceticus.

Bng 3.4: Cc ng dng v hiu qu ca biosurfactans trong cng nghip thc phm

i tng ng dng Tc dng ca cht hot ng b mt

Nng nghip

-Phn phosphate -Ngn nga s vn cc trong qu trnh ct tr

-Cc loi thuc xt -Lm m, phn tn cht dit cntrng; to nh tng dung dch

thuc tr su; lm m, lm lan rng thuc v gip cht c thmvo trong

Thc phm:

-Tri cy -Ra bi, thuc tr su, phn sp trn rau, v tri cy

-Bnh nng v kem -Ha tan du to hng, chng i thiu.

Kt tinh ng -Ci thin vic ra, gim thi gian.

-M v du n -Chng du, m bn tung te khi chin, xo.

III. SINH TRNG V S TO THNH SN PHM TRONG CC QATRNH CNG NGHIP

1. Qu trnh sinh trng ca VSV trong nui cy tnh

Nui cy tnh l phng phpnui cy m trong sut thi gian ta khng thm vochtdinh dng cng khng loi b i cc sn phm cui cng ca trao i cht (qun thVSV gii hn trong mt khong khng gian nht nh).

th biu din s ph thuc ca logarid s lng t bo theo thi gian gi l ngcong sinh trng (hnh 3.4).

S lng VSV


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Hnh 3.5. ng hc ca s sinh trng v to thnh sn phm VSVa. Sinh trng v to sn phm din ra ng thi

b. S to thnh sn phm bt u sau khi sinh trng kt thc

S lin quan ca cc sn phm trao i cht vi t bo c th phn bit thnh 2nhm: cc sn phm bc mt v cc sn phm bc hai.

+ Mt cht trao i bc mt l mt cht c to thnh trong pha sinh trng utin ca VSV

+ Mt cht trao i bc hai l mt cht c to thnh gn vo lc kt thc ca phasinh trng, thng l vo gn chnh pha cn bng.

*c im ca sn phm trao i bc hai:

- Cc sn phm bc 2 ch c to thnh bi mt s tng i t c th v dng

nh khng cn tht cho sinh trng v sinh sn.

- S to thnh cc sn phm bc hai ph thuc vo cc iu kin sinh trng, cbit l thnh phn ca mi trng.

- Chng thng c to thnh di dng mt nhm cc cht c cu trc gn gi.Chng hn, mt chng Streptomyces sn sinh ra 32 cht khng sinh antracyclin khc nhaunhng c cu trc gn ging nhau.

- Thng c th nhn c s tng hp tha t ngt mnh cc sn phm bc hai,iu ny thng khng gp cc sn phm bc mt l loi sn phm c lin quan cht ch

n pha sinh trng.Trong trao i cht bc hai c hai pha trao i cht khc bit nhau c gi l pha

sinh trng(trophophase) v pha sn xut(idiophase). Nu chng ta nh sn xut cc snphm bc hai th chng ta phi m bo rng cc iu kin thch hp cn c to ra trongpha u sinh trng din ra ti u v cc iu kin phi c thay i ng lc s tothnh sn phm c th din ra ti u.

Mt trong cc c im c trng ca cc cht trao i bc hai l cc enzyme thamgia vo s to thnh chng c iu ho mt cch c lp vi cc enzyme ca trao i cht

bc mt.

IV. CC LOI VACCINE

1. nh ngha:

Vaccine l ch phm c tnh khng nguyn dng tomindchc hiu chng,nhm tng sc khng ca c th i vi mt (s) tc nhn gy bnh c th.

Thut ng vaccine xut pht tvaccinia, loivirus gybnh u bnhng khi emchngcho ngi li gip nga c bnh u ma(ting Latinhvaccangha l "con b ci").Vic dng vaccine phng bnh gi chung l chng nga hay tim phng hoc timchng, mc d vaccine khngnhng c cy (chng), tim m cn c th c a vo c

th qua ng ming.
http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaccinia&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaccinia&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaccinia&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BB%87nh_%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu_b%C3%B2&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BB%87nh_%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu_b%C3%B2&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BB%87nh_%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu_b%C3%B2&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BB%87nh_%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu_m%C3%B9a&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BB%87nh_%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu_m%C3%B9a&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Latinhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Latinhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Latinhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%AFc-xin#Ch.E1.BB.A7ng_ng.E1.BB.ABahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%AFc-xin#Ch.E1.BB.A7ng_ng.E1.BB.ABahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%AFc-xin#Ch.E1.BB.A7ng_ng.E1.BB.ABahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Latinhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BB%87nh_%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu_m%C3%B9a&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BB%87nh_%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu_b%C3%B2&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaccinia&action=edit


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Vaccine c th l cc virushoc vi khunsng, gim c lc, khi a vo c thkhng gy bnh hoc gy bnh rt nh. Vaccine cng c th l cc vi sinh vt b bt hot, chthoc ch l nhng sn phm tinh ch t vi sinh vt.

Vaccine bt hotl cc vi sinh vt gy bnh b git bngha chthoc bngnhit.

Th d: cc Vaccine chngcm,t,dch hchvvim gan siu vi A. Hu ht cc Vaccine loiny ch gy p ng min dch khng hon ton v ngn hn, cn phi tim nhc nhiu ln.

2.Cc loi Vaccine kinh in

Hnh 3.6. Nui cyvirus cm

(chng gyi dchnm1918) phc v nghin cu v sn xut vaccine

Vaccine sng, gim c lc l cc vi sinh vt c nui cy di nhng iu kinc bit nhm lm gim c tnh c hi ca chng. Vaccine in hnh loi ny thng gyc p ng min dch di hn v l loi Vaccine c a chung dnh cho ngi ln khemnh. Cc Vaccine nga bnhst vng,si,bnh ban ovquai bu thuc loi ny.

Vaccine sng ngabnh laokhng phi l dngvi khun laogy bnh, m l mtdng ln cn c gi lBCG.

Vaccineti t hp: vicng ngh genhin i, ngi ta ct on gen tng hp nn

protein c trng cho vi sinh vt gy bnh, ghp gen ny vo vi khun hayt bo nui cyto ra protein c hiu cho mm bnh, dng protein ny tim chng to min dch chiu. Dng vc-xin ny an ton, t tc dng ph, kh nng min dch cao. Mt in hnh caVaccine dng ny l Vaccine phng vim gan virus Bth hII v III.

Cc "toxoid" l cc hp cht c b bt hot trch t cc vi sinh vt (trong trng hpchnh cc c cht ny l phng tin gy bnh ca vi sinh vt). Chng c tim cho vt chkhc (nhnga) to khng th, ri chit ly khng th ny cha bnh. Th d: cchuytthanhngaun vnvbch hu.

3. Mt s loi vaccine mi ang nghin cu
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%E1%BA%AFc-xin_b%E1%BA%A5t_ho%E1%BA%A1t&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%E1%BA%AFc-xin_b%E1%BA%A5t_ho%E1%BA%A1t&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B3a_ch%E1%BA%A5t&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B3a_ch%E1%BA%A5t&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B3a_ch%E1%BA%A5t&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%E1%BB%87t&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%E1%BB%87t&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%E1%BB%87t&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%BAm&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%BAm&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%BAm&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%E1%BA%A3&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%E1%BA%A3&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%E1%BA%A3&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%8Bch_h%E1%BA%A1chhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%8Bch_h%E1%BA%A1chhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%8Bch_h%E1%BA%A1chhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vi%C3%AAm_gan_si%C3%AAu_vi_A&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vi%C3%AAm_gan_si%C3%AAu_vi_A&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vi%C3%AAm_gan_si%C3%AAu_vi_A&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virus_c%C3%BAm&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virus_c%C3%BAm&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_d%E1%BB%8Bch&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_d%E1%BB%8Bch&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_d%E1%BB%8Bch&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1918&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1918&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1918&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%E1%BA%AFc-xin_s%E1%BB%91ng%2C_gi%E1%BA%A3m_%C4%91%E1%BB%99c_l%E1%BB%B1c&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%E1%BA%AFc-xin_s%E1%BB%91ng%2C_gi%E1%BA%A3m_%C4%91%E1%BB%99c_l%E1%BB%B1c&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%E1%BB%91t_v%C3%A0ng&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%E1%BB%91t_v%C3%A0ng&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%E1%BB%91t_v%C3%A0ng&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%9Fihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%9Fihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%9Fihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BB%87nh_ban_%C4%91%C3%A0o&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BB%87nh_ban_%C4%91%C3%A0o&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BB%87nh_ban_%C4%91%C3%A0o&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quai_b%E1%BB%8Bhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quai_b%E1%BB%8Bhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quai_b%E1%BB%8Bhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%87nh_laohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%87nh_laohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9n_lao&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9n_lao&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9n_lao&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_Calmette-Gu%C3%A9rin&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_Calmette-Gu%C3%A9rin&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_Calmette-Gu%C3%A9rin&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1i_t%E1%BB%95_h%E1%BB%A3p&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1i_t%E1%BB%95_h%E1%BB%A3p&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1i_t%E1%BB%95_h%E1%BB%A3p&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B4ng_ngh%E1%BB%87_gen&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B4ng_ngh%E1%BB%87_gen&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B4ng_ngh%E1%BB%87_gen&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%E1%BA%BF_b%C3%A0o_nu%C3%B4i_c%E1%BA%A5y&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%E1%BA%BF_b%C3%A0o_nu%C3%B4i_c%E1%BA%A5y&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%E1%BA%BF_b%C3%A0o_nu%C3%B4i_c%E1%BA%A5y&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BA%BF_h%E1%BB%87&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BA%BF_h%E1%BB%87&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BA%BF_h%E1%BB%87&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toxoid&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toxoid&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ng%E1%BB%B1a&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ng%E1%BB%B1a&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ng%E1%BB%B1a&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huy%E1%BA%BFt_thanh&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huy%E1%BA%BFt_thanh&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huy%E1%BA%BFt_thanh&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huy%E1%BA%BFt_thanh&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U%E1%BB%91n_v%C3%A1n&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U%E1%BB%91n_v%C3%A1n&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U%E1%BB%91n_v%C3%A1n&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BA%A1ch_h%E1%BA%A7u&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BA%A1ch_h%E1%BA%A7u&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BA%A1ch_h%E1%BA%A7u&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BA%A1ch_h%E1%BA%A7u&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U%E1%BB%91n_v%C3%A1n&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huy%E1%BA%BFt_thanh&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huy%E1%BA%BFt_thanh&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huy%E1%BA%BFt_thanh&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ng%E1%BB%B1a&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toxoid&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BA%BF_h%E1%BB%87&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%E1%BA%BF_b%C3%A0o_nu%C3%B4i_c%E1%BA%A5y&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B4ng_ngh%E1%BB%87_gen&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1i_t%E1%BB%95_h%E1%BB%A3p&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_Calmette-Gu%C3%A9rin&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9n_lao&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%87nh_laohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quai_b%E1%BB%8Bhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BB%87nh_ban_%C4%91%C3%A0o&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%9Fihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%E1%BB%91t_v%C3%A0ng&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%E1%BA%AFc-xin_s%E1%BB%91ng%2C_gi%E1%BA%A3m_%C4%91%E1%BB%99c_l%E1%BB%B1c&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1918&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_d%E1%BB%8Bch&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virus_c%C3%BAm&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vi%C3%AAm_gan_si%C3%AAu_vi_A&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%8Bch_h%E1%BA%A1chhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%E1%BA%A3&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%BAm&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%E1%BB%87t&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B3a_ch%E1%BA%A5t&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%E1%BA%AFc-xin_b%E1%BA%A5t_ho%E1%BA%A1t&action=edithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus


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3. Phm Vn Ty, 2006. Cng ngh sinh hc tp 5 Cng ngh vi sinh v mitrng, NXBGD.

4. Prescot Harley Klein, 2002.Microbiology. W. C. Brown publisher, USA.5.http://vietsciences.net v http://vietsciences.free.fr

6.http://wikipeda

* Gii thch thut ng

BCG: (Bacillus Calmette Guerin vaccine). Nm 1924, hai nh vi khun hc PhpAlbert Calmette v Camille Guerin tm ra vaccine BCG

Biosurfactans: cht hot ng b mt

GMP : (5-guanylate)IMP : (5-inosine),

MSG : (monodium glutamate)-Bt ngt hay m chnh

MHC :(Phc hp tng thch m chnh (Major Histocompatibility Complex, MHC)hay ngi cn c gi khng nguyn bch cu ngi (Human Leucocyte Antigen, HLA) lmt nhmgene m ho cho cc protein trnh dinkhng nguyn trn b mt t bo ca a sng vt c xng sng. Nhng protein ny ng vai tr quan trng trong t chc min dchca c th cng nh nhng c ch giao tip gia cc t bo.

Nhng thut ng ting Vit ch MHC c s dng bao gm: Phc hp tngthch m chnh, Phc h ho hp m chnh, Phc h ph hp t chc chnh, H thng trnhdin kh

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