Verfügbarkeit Ölreserven Aspekte Umweltverträglicher Energieversorgung Energie aus Biomasse:...
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Transcript of Verfügbarkeit Ölreserven Aspekte Umweltverträglicher Energieversorgung Energie aus Biomasse:...
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Peak Oil - Wirtschaftliche AspekteErneuerbare EnergienVerfgbarkeit lreservenAspekte Umweltvertrglicher EnergieversorgungEnergie aus Biomasse: Potenziale,Technologien und Nutzenergie-KostenModellierung zur konomischen BewertungSimulationsergebnisse und BewertungRegionales FallbeispielIP Peak Oil SS 2007Karl W. Steininger
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Welt-l-Reserven
JahrReserven (Mio t)Verfgbarkeit in Jahren(Mio t)(Reserven/Produktion)
1947 9.47822195011.81022195525.96933196040.78837196547.68730197291.37635198732-36
Schtzungen letztlich entdeckbarer lvorkommen: 2.000 bis 3.900 Mrd barrel (~80-140 Jahre derzeitiger Konsum)
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Verfgbarkeit (l)
WeltweitPrimrenergieverbrauch pro Jahr: ~ 27,4 Mrd barrelJahreskonsum / bekannte und zuknftig entdeckbare Reserven~ 80 bis 140 JahreEuropaPrimrenergieverbaruch pro Jahr~ 5,5 Mrd barrelJahreskonsum / bekannte und zuknftig entdeckbare Reserven~ 8 bis 16 Jahre
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Erneuerbare Energietrger - weltweit
Anteil an Weltenergieproduktion 17%dabei Biomasse 11%(Wrme, Strom, Treibstoff)Energieinhalt der weltweit nachwachsenden Biomasse >> Weltenergieverbrauch
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Energieeinsatzdurchschnittlich: 5300 W / Person
EnergiebereitstellungFossile Energietrger: OECD gesamt: 83%
Langfrist-PerspektivenVerfgbarkeitAufnahmefhigkeit der Emissionen (CO2)Aspekte nachhaltig umweltvertrglicher EnergieversorgungUser:27 Mtoe (OECD) *11630 = 314010 GWh / 7.2 Mio = 43612 kWh/365 = 119 kWh/24h= 4.98 kW
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Stabilisierung der CO2-Konzentration und zulssige EmissionenBandbreiten:Reaktion des C-Kreislaufes(z.B. Dnge-Effekt, Verweildauer in Ozeanen)Wigley, TML, R Richels, and JA Edmonds, 1996: Economic and Environmental Choices in the stabilization of Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations. Nature, 379, 240-243.IPCC, Third Assessment Report (2001)
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Politische Ziele
Europische Kommission (White Paper Energy for the Future, 1997):Unless the community succeeds in supplying a significantly higher share of its energy demand from renewables over the next decade, an important development opportunity will be missed The strategy and action plan [] are directed towards the goal of achieving a 12% penetration of renewables in the Union by 2010.EU-Richtlinie zur Frderung der erneuerbaren Energie (10/2001)Europischer Frhjahrsgipfel 2007:The EU will take the lead by committing autonomously to reduce its own greenhouse emissions by at least 20% by 2020 a cut that should be increased to 30% as part of a global agreement. Increasing the share of renewable energy to 20% by 2020
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Erneuerbare Energietrger - IndustrielnderOECD-Lnder: 6,1% des Gesamt-Primrenergieeinsatzes (darin groe Wasserkraftwerke: 2,5%)
Erneuerbare ohne Wasserkraft: Primrenergieeinsatz
Windkraft, Solar,
Meeresenergie
1%
Geothermie
13%
Abfall
10%
Brennbare EEQ
(Biomasse i.w.S.; d.h. Feste Biomasse, Biogas, Biotreibstoffe)
76%
162,9 Mtoe
Q: IEA / OECD, 1997B, ohne Wasserkraftwerke.
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Differenzierung nach LndernQuelle: IEA/OECD
Erneuerbare Energiequellen 1995
(ohne Wasserkraft)
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
I
Belgien
NL
Portugal
UK
Norwegen
Schweiz
DK
NZL
sterreich
Deutschland
Esp
Ita
Aus
Fin
Swe
Tur
Jpn
Can
Fra
USA
Mtoe
Geothermie, Windkraft, Solar, Meeresenergie
Industrieabflle
Kommunale Abflle
Gasfrmige und flssige Biomasseprodukte
Feste Biomasse (Biomasse i.e.S.)
Q: IEA / OECD, 1997C,D,
120
100
80
60
40
17
20
00
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Energie aus Biomasse: PotenzialeMittelfristig zustzliche Potenziale in sterreich (Horizont: 20 Jahre)Gesamter jhrlicher Primrenergiebedarf sterreichs: ~1200 PJDarin erneuerbare Energie ohne Wasserkraft ~ 150 PJ (13%)
Table I
Table I: Additional Biomass Supply Potential and its Costs, Austria
Thereof available in the short term
(horizon: 20 years)(horizon: 5 years)
[1000 t][Mio. MWh][PJ]% of 20-year potential
1Holz3,09412.4044.6750
2Hackgut (Wald), trocken3,76312.9146.4750
3Hackgut (Wald), feucht5,43212.2244.0050
4Pellets (Industrie)4902.258.1125
5Pellets (Land- und Forstwirtschaft)2,0909.6134.6125
6Rinde2000.451.6225
7Hackgut (Industrie)1,2702.8610.30100
8Stroh9713.8814.0025
9Grstoffe der Landwirtschaft (Biogas)4292.629.4325
10Klrschlamm (Biogas)640.391.4025
11Deponiegas480.311.1025
12Altspeisel200.200.7225
13Rapsl1201.224.4125-50
References: see Pichl et al. (1999): 91.
base product supply (e.g. wood and wood chips). Total annual primary energy use in Austria in the late nineties is roughly 1,200 PJ.
Table II
Table II: Costs of Biomass Supply
Biomass Energy Pre-productTotal Production Costs
[Euro / t][Euro / MWh]
1Wood99.624.8
2Wood Chips (forestry), dry74.921.8
3Wood Chips (forestry), wet47.521.1
4Pellets (industry)109.423.8
5Pellets (agriculture)212.046.1
6Bark14.86.6
7Wood Chips (industry)26.211.6
8Straw68.817.2
12Recycled Edible Oil407.040.7
rapeseed328.6
13 (a)rapeseed oil763.674.9
rapeseed - Agenda 2000226.5
13 (b)rapeseed oil (with rapeseed Agenda 2000)508.349.9
Table III
Table III: Costs of Biomass Energy Supply by Technology
supply cost Euro / MWh heat (use energy)supply cost Euro / MWh electricitysupply cost Euro / litersupply cost Euro / MWh energy content
Single home heating systems, based on
wood84.8
pellets (industry)93.6
pellets (agriculture)125.5
wood chips90.3
biogas from agricutural ferments135.6
sewage sludge biogas112.1
landfill gas112.1
rapeseed oil (Agenda 2000)161.3
rapeseed oil205.3
RME (Agenda 2000)174.0
RME217.7
recycled edible oil methyl ester158.6
District heating, based on
wood chips (industry)84.8
wood chips (forestry)98.3
bark77.5
pellets (industry)95.5
pellets (agriculture)127.3
straw101.1
Electricity production in large CHPs, based on
wood chips (industry)80.3
wood chips (forestry)97.2
bark71.2
pellets (industry)102.0
pellets (agriculture)141.8
0.0
Electricity production by co-firing of0.0
wood chips (industry)100.9
wood chips (forestry)127.2
bark86.8
pellets (industry)134.7
pellets (agriculture)196.6
Biofuels
RME (Agenda 2000)0.49357.0
RME (hybrid-winter rapeseed & Agenda 2000)0.43450.1
RME0.70982.0
recycled edible oil methyl ester0.41748.3
For the technological details of the specified biomass reference technologies in each of the above categories:
see Pichl et al (1999): Appendices 1 to 3.
*) Total cost including generation of electricity
Table IV
Table IV: Macroeconomic and Energy Market Impacts of Increased Use of Biomass Energy - Horizon 20 Years
EmploymentGDPPublic BudgetFossil Fuel ImportAdditional Biomass Energy SupplySubsidy Rate
Labor Based RevenuesBiomass SubsidiesNet Costs of Biomass StrategyHeat (use energy) or FuelElectricity
%Mio. tMio. ATSMio. ATSMio. ATSMio. ATSPJPJ
Change relative to Base Case% of total cost
Single Home Heating Systems
Wood1,7190.023-0.5871450-229-2734.3550.0000
Pellets (industry)1,0850.001-0.77774230117-3625.6800.00012
Pellets (agriculture)11,108-0.087-3.1258154,1073,558-1,41924.2270.00049
Wood Chips (forestry)2,635-0.135-4.250-1002,5112,850-1,95532.0640.00022
Small Combined Heat and Power Systems
Biogas from agricultural ferments393-0.012-1.08714263320-4065.3752.90014
Sewage Sludge Biogas3320.007-0.159380-34-590.7980.4310
Landfill Biogas2610.005-0.125310-27-460.6270.3380
Rapeseed Oil (Agenda)45-0.021-0.489-27339412-1692.4251.455
RME (Agenda)-43-0.029-0.499-36467558-1682.4281.457
Recycled Edible Oil Methyl Ester2640.002-0.083345112-290.3960.238
District Heating Systems
Wood Chips (industry)1,5070.019-0.7321390-165-4297.2100.0000
Wood Chips (forestry)8,6660.027-2.9527761,734928-1,71330.8000.00016
Bark2080.004-0.116220-20-681.1340.0000
Pellets (industry)1,8190.018-0.572186272-47-3345.6800.00014
Pellets (agriculture)14,181-0.015-2.2491,2874,3202,907-1,29924.2270.00051
Straw96-0.046-0.986-71668907-5819.8000.00020
Large Combined Heat and Power Systems
Wood Chips (forestry)-770-0.098-0.742-1091,7151,955-660.0004.40097
Bark-56-0.002-0.030-22937-40.0000.16244
Biofuels
Methyl ester (based on recycled edible oil)4870.006-0.054489-3-410.7200.0006
RME (Agenda 2000 & hybrid raps)1,076-0.002-0.38969108471-2885.2970.00010
RME (Agenda 2000)751-0.011-0.32240225562-2384.4100.00025
RME229-0.044-0.315267121,176-2314.4100.00079
Table V
EmploymentGDPCO2-emissionsPublic BudgetFossil Fuel ImportAdditional Biomass Energy Supply
Labor Based RevenuesBiomass SubsidiesNet Costs of Biomass StrategyHeatFuelElectricity
%Mio. tMio. ATSMio. ATSPJ use energyPJPJ
Change relative to Base Case
Tax Only3,100-0.042-4.994607,3330-7,4860.000-1,75814.3310.7200.769
Tax plus Biomass Subsidy, Structural Effect12,483-0.091-10.3437726,156-2,006-4,4630.326-4,69360.3075.1303.669
Tax plus Biomass Subsidies, Structural and Capacity Effect18,5650.099-10.2671,4966,171-2,006-5,3510.325-4.64660.3075.1303.699
Biomass Technologies Employed:ScenarioTax OnlyWood
(for subsidy scenario subsidy rates in brackets)DH Wood Chips (ind)
DH Bark
CHP Biogas (Sewage Sludge)
CHP Biogas (Landfills)
Recycled Edible Oil Methyl Ester
ScenarioTax plus Biomass Subsidysame as above, plus
CHP Biogas (Agriculture) (7%)
DH Wood Chips (forestry) (11%)
DH Straw (13%)
RME (Agenda 2000) (15%)
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Technologien und Nutzenergie-Kosten
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Technologien und Nutzenergie-Kosten
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SimulationsergebnisseEH-HolzNW-HG(I) NW-P(I)NW-HG(L)NW-P(L)EH-P(L)EH-HGKWK-HG(L)
Table I
Table I: Additional Biomass Supply Potential and its Costs, Austria
Thereof available in the short term
(horizon: 20 years)(horizon: 5 years)
[1000 t][mio. MWh][PJ]% of 20-year potential
1Wood3,09412.4044.6750
2Wood Chips (forestry), dry3,76312.9146.4750
3Wood Chips (forestry), wet5,43212.2244.0050
4Pellets (industry)4902.258.1125
5Pellets (agriculture)2,0909.6134.6125
6Bark2000.451.6225
7Wood Chips (industry)1,2702.8610.30100
8Straw9713.8814.0025
9Agricultural Ferments (for biogas)4292.629.4325
10Sewage Sludge (to produce biogas)640.391.4025
11Landfill Biogas480.311.1025
12Recycled Edible Oil200.200.7225
13Rapeseed Oil1201.224.4125-50
References: see Pichl et al. (1999): 91.
base product supply (e.g. wood and wood chips). Total annual primary energy use in Austria in the late nineties is roughly 1,200 PJ.
Table II
Table II: Costs of Biomass Supply
Biomass Energy Pre-productTotal Production Costs
[Euro / t][Euro / MWh]
1Wood99.624.8
2Wood Chips (forestry), dry74.921.8
3Wood Chips (forestry), wet47.521.1
4Pellets (industry)109.423.8
5Pellets (agriculture)212.046.1
6Bark14.86.6
7Wood Chips (industry)26.211.6
8Straw68.817.2
12Recycled Edible Oil407.040.7
rapeseed328.6
13 (a)rapeseed oil763.674.9
rapeseed - Agenda 2000226.5
13 (b)rapeseed oil (with rapeseed Agenda 2000)508.349.9
Table III
Table III: Costs of Biomass Energy Supply by Technology
supply cost Euro / MWh heat (use energy)supply cost Euro / MWh electricitysupply cost Euro / litersupply cost Euro / MWh energy content
Single home heating systems, based on
wood84.8
pellets (industry)93.6
pellets (agriculture)125.5
wood chips90.3
biogas from agricutural ferments135.6
sewage sludge biogas112.1
landfill gas112.1
rapeseed oil (Agenda 2000)161.3
rapeseed oil205.3
RME (Agenda 2000)174.0
RME217.7
recycled edible oil methyl ester158.6
District heating, based on
wood chips (industry)84.8
wood chips (forestry)98.3
bark77.5
pellets (industry)95.5
pellets (agriculture)127.3
straw101.1
Electricity production in large CHPs, based on
wood chips (industry)80.3
wood chips (forestry)97.2
bark71.2
pellets (industry)102.0
pellets (agriculture)141.8
0.0
Electricity production by co-firing of0.0
wood chips (industry)100.9
wood chips (forestry)127.2
bark86.8
pellets (industry)134.7
pellets (agriculture)196.6
Biofuels
RME (Agenda 2000)0.49357.0
RME (hybrid-winter rapeseed & Agenda 2000)0.43450.1
RME0.70982.0
recycled edible oil methyl ester0.41748.3
For the technological details of the specified biomass reference technologies in each of the above categories:
see Pichl et al (1999): Appendices 1 to 3.
*) Total cost including generation of electricity
Table IV
Table IV: Macroeconomic and Energy Market Impacts of Increased Use of Biomass Energy - Horizon 20 Years
EmploymentGDPPublic BudgetFossil Fuel ImportAdditional Biomass Energy SupplySubsidy Rate
Labor Based RevenuesBiomass SubsidiesNet Costs of Biomass StrategyHeat (use energy) or FuelElectricity
%Mio. tMio. ATSMio. ATSMio. ATSMio. ATSPJPJ
Change relative to Base Case% of total cost
Single Home Heating Systems
Wood1,7190.023-0.5871450-229-2734.3550.0000
Pellets (industry)1,0850.001-0.77774230117-3625.6800.00012
Pellets (agriculture)11,108-0.087-3.1258154,1073,558-1,41924.2270.00049
Wood Chips (forestry)2,635-0.135-4.250-1002,5112,850-1,95532.0640.00022
Small Combined Heat and Power Systems
Biogas from agricultural ferments393-0.012-1.08714263320-4065.3752.90014
Sewage Sludge Biogas3320.007-0.159380-34-590.7980.4310
Landfill Biogas2610.005-0.125310-27-460.6270.3380
Rapeseed Oil (Agenda)45-0.021-0.489-27339412-1692.4251.455
RME (Agenda)-43-0.029-0.499-36467558-1682.4281.457
Recycled Edible Oil Methyl Ester2640.002-0.083345112-290.3960.238
District Heating Systems
Wood Chips (industry)1,5070.019-0.7321390-165-4297.2100.0000
Wood Chips (forestry)8,6660.027-2.9527761,734928-1,71330.8000.00016
Bark2080.004-0.116220-20-681.1340.0000
Pellets (industry)1,8190.018-0.572186272-47-3345.6800.00014
Pellets (agriculture)14,181-0.015-2.2491,2874,3202,907-1,29924.2270.00051
Straw96-0.046-0.986-71668907-5819.8000.00020
Large Combined Heat and Power Systems
Wood Chips (forestry)-770-0.098-0.742-1091,7151,955-660.0004.40097
Bark-56-0.002-0.030-22937-40.0000.16244
Biofuels
Methyl ester (based on recycled edible oil)4870.006-0.054489-3-410.7200.0006
RME (Agenda 2000 & hybrid raps)1,076-0.002-0.38969108471-2885.2970.00010
RME (Agenda 2000)751-0.011-0.32240225562-2384.4100.00025
RME229-0.044-0.315267121,176-2314.4100.00079
Table V
EmploymentGDPCO2-emissionsPublic BudgetFossil Fuel ImportAdditional Biomass Energy Supply
Labor Based RevenuesBiomass SubsidiesNet Costs of Biomass StrategyHeatFuelElectricity
%Mio. tMio. ATSMio. ATSPJ use energyPJPJ
Change relative to Base Case
Tax Only3,100-0.042-4.994607,3330-7,4860.000-1,75814.3310.7200.769
Tax plus Biomass Subsidy, Structural Effect12,483-0.091-10.3437726,156-2,006-4,4630.326-4,69360.3075.1303.669
Tax plus Biomass Subsidies, Structural and Capacity Effect18,5650.099-10.2671,4966,171-2,006-5,3510.325-4.64660.3075.1303.699
Biomass Technologies Employed:ScenarioTax OnlyWood
(for subsidy scenario subsidy rates in brackets)DH Wood Chips (ind)
DH Bark
CHP Biogas (Sewage Sludge)
CHP Biogas (Landfills)
Recycled Edible Oil Methyl Ester
ScenarioTax plus Biomass Subsidysame as above, plus
CHP Biogas (Agriculture) (7%)
DH Wood Chips (forestry) (11%)
DH Straw (13%)
RME (Agenda 2000) (15%)
Table IV (2)
Table IV: Macroeconomic and Energy Market Impacts of Increased Use of Biomass Energy - Horizon 20 Years
BeschftigungBIPBudgetFossile ImporteZustzl. Biomasse-AngebotFrderrate
Arbeitsmarkt-basierte EinnahmenBiomasse-FrderungenNetto-Kosten Biomasse-StratgieWrme (Nutzenergie)Elektrizitt
%Mio. tMio. Mio. Mio. Mio. PJPJ
nderung relativ zum Referenzszenario% Gesamtkosten
KWK-Biogas (LaWi)393-0.012-1.0871-1923-305.3752.90014
NW-Hackgut (FoWi)8,6660.027-2.95256-12667-12430.8000.00016
Diagramm1
1719108511108263539333226145-432641507866620818191418196-770-564871076751229
231-87-135-1275-21-2921927418-15-46-98-26-2-11-44
EH-Holz
EH-P(I)
EH-P(L)
EH-HG
KWK-BioG(L)
KWK-KlG
KWK-DepG
KWK-Rl(A)
KWK-RME(A)
KWK-AME
NW-HG(I)
NW-HG(L)
NW-Rind
NW-P(I)
NW-P(L)
NW-Str
KWK-HG(L)
KWK-Rind
AME
RME(H&A)
RME(A)
RME
Diagramm2
1719108511108263539333226145-432641507866620818191418196-770-564871076751229
EH-Holz
EH-P(I)
EH-P(L)
EH-HG
KWK-BioG(L)
KWK-KlG
KWK-DepG
KWK-Rl(A)
KWK-RME(A)
KWK-AME
NW-HG(I)
NW-HG(L)
NW-Rind
NW-P(I)
NW-P(L)
NW-Str
KWK-HG(L)
KWK-Rind
AME
RME(H&A)
RME(A)
RME
Diagramm3
0.231719
0.011085
-0.8711108
-1.352635
-0.12393
0.07332
0.05261
-0.2145
-0.29-43
0.02264
0.191507
0.278666
0.04208
0.181819
-0.1514181
-0.4696
-0.98-770
-0.02-56
0.06487
-0.021076
-0.11751
-0.44229
Diagramm4
1719
1085
11108
2635
393
332
261
45
-43
264
1507
8666
208
1819
14181
96
-770
-56
487
1076
751
229
EH-Holz EH-P(I) EH-P(L) EH-HG KWK-BioG(L) KWK-KlG KWK-DepG KWK-Rl(A) KWK-RME(A) KWK-AME NW-HG(I) NW-HG(L) NW-Rind NW-P(I) NW-P(L) NW-Str KWK-HG(L) KWK-Rind AME RME(H&A) RME(A) RME
Diagramm5
1.2
0.7
a2
Diagramm6
1.50.8
1.20.7
a1
a2
Diagramm7
1719
1085
11108
2635
393
332
261
45
-43
264
1507
8666
208
1819
14181
96
-770
-56
487
1076
751
229
BIP (Promille)
Beschftigung
Table IV (3)
Table IV: Macroeconomic and Energy Market Impacts of Increased Use of Biomass Energy - Horizon 20 Years
EmploymentGDP (1000%)GDP (%)
EH-Holz0.21,7190.0231,719
EH-P(I)0.01,0850.0011,085
EH-P(L)-0.911,108-0.08711,108
EH-HG-1.42,635-0.1352,635
KWK-BioG(L)-0.1393-0.012393
KWK-KlG0.13320.007332
KWK-DepG0.12610.005261
KWK-Rl(A)-0.245-0.02145
KWK-RME(A)-0.3-43-0.029-43
KWK-AME0.02640.002264
NW-HG(I)0.21,5070.0191,507
NW-HG(L)0.38,6660.0278,666
NW-Rind0.02080.004208
NW-P(I)0.21,8190.0181,819
NW-P(L)-0.214,181-0.01514,181
NW-Str-0.596-0.04696
KWK-HG(L)-1.0-770-0.098-770
KWK-Rind-0.0-56-0.002-56
AME0.14870.006487
RME(H&A)-0.01,076-0.0021,076
RME(A)-0.1751-0.011751
RME-0.4229-0.044229
a1a2
1.50.8
1.20.7
-
konomische ModellierungAnsprchemakrokonomische Rckwirkungenstrukturelle EffekteAnalyse diskret spezifizierter Biomasse-TechnologienMengenbeschrnkungen im Biomasse-AngebotSpezifikation institutioneller Beschrnkungen am ArbeitsmarktComputable General EquilibriumGrundideeLsungsalgorithmen
-
Social Accounting MatrixBasis: Input-Output-Tabelle und Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung
Diagramm1
1Scheitholz
1.11Pellets (Ind)
1.48Pellets (LaFoWi)
1.22Waldhackgut
1.131.32
0.861.04
0.861.04
1.391.6
1.912.11
1.541.74
2.052.26
1.361.56
1Hackgut (Ind)
1.16Waldhackgut
0.92Rinde
1.13Pellets (Ind)
1.5Pellets (LaFoWi)
1.19Stroh
Kosten relativ zu fossil
Diagramm2
1.841.11
2.231.34
1.630.98
2.341.4
3.251.95
2.321.39
2.921.75
1.991.2
3.091.85
4.512.71
1.24RME (Agenda 2000)
1.09RME (Hybrid & Agenda 2000)
1.78RME (ohne Flchenprmie)
1.05Altspeiselmthylester (AME)
Kosten relativ zu fossil
Tabelle1
Scheitholz1
Pellets (Ind)1.11
Pellets (LaFoWi)1.48
Waldhackgut1.22
Biogas (LaWi)1.131.32
Klrgas0.861.04
Deponiegas0.861.04
Rapsl (A 2000)1.391.6
Rapsl1.912.11
RME (A 2000)1.541.74
RME2.052.26
AME1.361.56
Hackgut (Ind)1
Waldhackgut1.16
Rinde0.92
Pellets (Ind)1.13
Pellets (LaFoWi)1.5
Stroh1.19
Hackgut (Ind)1.841.11
Waldhackgut2.231.34
Rinde1.630.98
Pellets (Ind)2.341.4
Pellets (LaFoWi)3.251.95
Hackgut (Ind)2.321.39
Waldhackgut2.921.75
Rinde1.991.2
Pellets (Ind)3.091.85
Pellets (LaFoWi)4.512.71
RME (Agenda 2000)1.24
RME (Hybrid & Agenda 2000)1.09
RME (ohne Flchenprmie)1.78
Altspeiselmthylester (AME)1.05
Tabelle2
EH Scheitholz1
EH Pellets (Ind)1.11
EH Pellets (LaFoWi)1.48
EH Waldhackgut1.22
KWK Biogas (LaWi)1.131.32
KWK Klrgas0.861.04
KWK Deponiegas0.861.04
KWK Rapsl (A 2000)1.391.6
KWK Rapsl1.912.11
KWK RME (A 2000)1.541.74
KWK RME2.052.26
KWK AME1.361.56
NW Hackgut (Ind)1
NW Waldhackgut1.16
NW Rinde0.92
NW Pellets (Ind)1.13
NW Pellets (LaFoWi)1.5
NW Stroh1.19
KWK Hackgut (Ind)1.841.11
KWK Waldhackgut2.231.34
KWK Rinde1.630.98
KWK Pellets (Ind)2.341.4
KWK Pellets (LaFoWi)3.251.95
ZF Hackgut (Ind)2.321.39
ZF Waldhackgut2.921.75
ZF Rinde1.991.2
ZF Pellets (Ind)3.091.85
ZF Pellets (LaFoWi)4.512.71
RME (Agenda 2000)1.24
RME (Hybrid & Agenda 2000)1.09
RME (ohne Flchenprmie)1.78
Altspeiselmthylester (AME)1.05
Tabelle3
BranchenProd.faktorenHaushaltff. HandFinanzkapitalROW
BranchenInput-Output-TabellePriv. Konsumff. KonsumInvestitionenExporte
Prod.faktorenWert-schpfung
HaushaltAllokationTransfers
ff. HandInd. Steuern und ZlleEinkommens-steuer
FinanzkapitalPriv. Sparenff. SparenAusl. Sparen
ROWImporte
-
Modellierung Biomasse
-
Modellierung Energiemrkte
-
Weitere Modellstruktur ProduktionAuenhandelArbeitsmarkt
-
SimulationsergebnisseKWK-Biogas (LaWi)NW-Hackgut (FoWi)
Beschftigung393 8.666BIP (%) -0,012 0,027CO2-Emissionen (Mio. t) -1.087-2.953Budget (Mio. ) arbeitsbasierte Einnahmen 1 56 Biomasse-Frderungen -19 -126 Netto-Kosten 23 67Fossile Importe (Mio. ) -30 -124Zustzliches Biomasse-Angebot Wrme (Nutzenergie, PJ) 5.37530.800 Elektrizitt (PJ) 2.900 0Frderrate (% Gesamtkosten) 14 16
-
SimulationsergebnisseEH-HolzNW-HG(I) NW-P(I)NW-HG(L)NW-P(L)EH-P(L)EH-HGKWK-HG(L)
Table I
Table I: Additional Biomass Supply Potential and its Costs, Austria
Thereof available in the short term
(horizon: 20 years)(horizon: 5 years)
[1000 t][mio. MWh][PJ]% of 20-year potential
1Wood3,09412.4044.6750
2Wood Chips (forestry), dry3,76312.9146.4750
3Wood Chips (forestry), wet5,43212.2244.0050
4Pellets (industry)4902.258.1125
5Pellets (agriculture)2,0909.6134.6125
6Bark2000.451.6225
7Wood Chips (industry)1,2702.8610.30100
8Straw9713.8814.0025
9Agricultural Ferments (for biogas)4292.629.4325
10Sewage Sludge (to produce biogas)640.391.4025
11Landfill Biogas480.311.1025
12Recycled Edible Oil200.200.7225
13Rapeseed Oil1201.224.4125-50
References: see Pichl et al. (1999): 91.
base product supply (e.g. wood and wood chips). Total annual primary energy use in Austria in the late nineties is roughly 1,200 PJ.
Table II
Table II: Costs of Biomass Supply
Biomass Energy Pre-productTotal Production Costs
[Euro / t][Euro / MWh]
1Wood99.624.8
2Wood Chips (forestry), dry74.921.8
3Wood Chips (forestry), wet47.521.1
4Pellets (industry)109.423.8
5Pellets (agriculture)212.046.1
6Bark14.86.6
7Wood Chips (industry)26.211.6
8Straw68.817.2
12Recycled Edible Oil407.040.7
rapeseed328.6
13 (a)rapeseed oil763.674.9
rapeseed - Agenda 2000226.5
13 (b)rapeseed oil (with rapeseed Agenda 2000)508.349.9
Table III
Table III: Costs of Biomass Energy Supply by Technology
supply cost Euro / MWh heat (use energy)supply cost Euro / MWh electricitysupply cost Euro / litersupply cost Euro / MWh energy content
Single home heating systems, based on
wood84.8
pellets (industry)93.6
pellets (agriculture)125.5
wood chips90.3
biogas from agricutural ferments135.6
sewage sludge biogas112.1
landfill gas112.1
rapeseed oil (Agenda 2000)161.3
rapeseed oil205.3
RME (Agenda 2000)174.0
RME217.7
recycled edible oil methyl ester158.6
District heating, based on
wood chips (industry)84.8
wood chips (forestry)98.3
bark77.5
pellets (industry)95.5
pellets (agriculture)127.3
straw101.1
Electricity production in large CHPs, based on
wood chips (industry)80.3
wood chips (forestry)97.2
bark71.2
pellets (industry)102.0
pellets (agriculture)141.8
0.0
Electricity production by co-firing of0.0
wood chips (industry)100.9
wood chips (forestry)127.2
bark86.8
pellets (industry)134.7
pellets (agriculture)196.6
Biofuels
RME (Agenda 2000)0.49357.0
RME (hybrid-winter rapeseed & Agenda 2000)0.43450.1
RME0.70982.0
recycled edible oil methyl ester0.41748.3
For the technological details of the specified biomass reference technologies in each of the above categories:
see Pichl et al (1999): Appendices 1 to 3.
*) Total cost including generation of electricity
Table IV
Table IV: Macroeconomic and Energy Market Impacts of Increased Use of Biomass Energy - Horizon 20 Years
EmploymentGDPPublic BudgetFossil Fuel ImportAdditional Biomass Energy SupplySubsidy Rate
Labor Based RevenuesBiomass SubsidiesNet Costs of Biomass StrategyHeat (use energy) or FuelElectricity
%Mio. tMio. ATSMio. ATSMio. ATSMio. ATSPJPJ
Change relative to Base Case% of total cost
Single Home Heating Systems
Wood1,7190.023-0.5871450-229-2734.3550.0000
Pellets (industry)1,0850.001-0.77774230117-3625.6800.00012
Pellets (agriculture)11,108-0.087-3.1258154,1073,558-1,41924.2270.00049
Wood Chips (forestry)2,635-0.135-4.250-1002,5112,850-1,95532.0640.00022
Small Combined Heat and Power Systems
Biogas from agricultural ferments393-0.012-1.08714263320-4065.3752.90014
Sewage Sludge Biogas3320.007-0.159380-34-590.7980.4310
Landfill Biogas2610.005-0.125310-27-460.6270.3380
Rapeseed Oil (Agenda)45-0.021-0.489-27339412-1692.4251.455
RME (Agenda)-43-0.029-0.499-36467558-1682.4281.457
Recycled Edible Oil Methyl Ester2640.002-0.083345112-290.3960.238
District Heating Systems
Wood Chips (industry)1,5070.019-0.7321390-165-4297.2100.0000
Wood Chips (forestry)8,6660.027-2.9527761,734928-1,71330.8000.00016
Bark2080.004-0.116220-20-681.1340.0000
Pellets (industry)1,8190.018-0.572186272-47-3345.6800.00014
Pellets (agriculture)14,181-0.015-2.2491,2874,3202,907-1,29924.2270.00051
Straw96-0.046-0.986-71668907-5819.8000.00020
Large Combined Heat and Power Systems
Wood Chips (forestry)-770-0.098-0.742-1091,7151,955-660.0004.40097
Bark-56-0.002-0.030-22937-40.0000.16244
Biofuels
Methyl ester (based on recycled edible oil)4870.006-0.054489-3-410.7200.0006
RME (Agenda 2000 & hybrid raps)1,076-0.002-0.38969108471-2885.2970.00010
RME (Agenda 2000)751-0.011-0.32240225562-2384.4100.00025
RME229-0.044-0.315267121,176-2314.4100.00079
Table V
EmploymentGDPCO2-emissionsPublic BudgetFossil Fuel ImportAdditional Biomass Energy Supply
Labor Based RevenuesBiomass SubsidiesNet Costs of Biomass StrategyHeatFuelElectricity
%Mio. tMio. ATSMio. ATSPJ use energyPJPJ
Change relative to Base Case
Tax Only3,100-0.042-4.994607,3330-7,4860.000-1,75814.3310.7200.769
Tax plus Biomass Subsidy, Structural Effect12,483-0.091-10.3437726,156-2,006-4,4630.326-4,69360.3075.1303.669
Tax plus Biomass Subsidies, Structural and Capacity Effect18,5650.099-10.2671,4966,171-2,006-5,3510.325-4.64660.3075.1303.699
Biomass Technologies Employed:ScenarioTax OnlyWood
(for subsidy scenario subsidy rates in brackets)DH Wood Chips (ind)
DH Bark
CHP Biogas (Sewage Sludge)
CHP Biogas (Landfills)
Recycled Edible Oil Methyl Ester
ScenarioTax plus Biomass Subsidysame as above, plus
CHP Biogas (Agriculture) (7%)
DH Wood Chips (forestry) (11%)
DH Straw (13%)
RME (Agenda 2000) (15%)
Table IV (2)
Table IV: Macroeconomic and Energy Market Impacts of Increased Use of Biomass Energy - Horizon 20 Years
BeschftigungBIPBudgetFossile ImporteZustzl. Biomasse-AngebotFrderrate
Arbeitsmarkt-basierte EinnahmenBiomasse-FrderungenNetto-Kosten Biomasse-StratgieWrme (Nutzenergie)Elektrizitt
%Mio. tMio. Mio. Mio. Mio. PJPJ
nderung relativ zum Referenzszenario% Gesamtkosten
KWK-Biogas (LaWi)393-0.012-1.0871-1923-305.3752.90014
NW-Hackgut (FoWi)8,6660.027-2.95256-12667-12430.8000.00016
Diagramm1
1719108511108263539333226145-432641507866620818191418196-770-564871076751229
231-87-135-1275-21-2921927418-15-46-98-26-2-11-44
EH-Holz
EH-P(I)
EH-P(L)
EH-HG
KWK-BioG(L)
KWK-KlG
KWK-DepG
KWK-Rl(A)
KWK-RME(A)
KWK-AME
NW-HG(I)
NW-HG(L)
NW-Rind
NW-P(I)
NW-P(L)
NW-Str
KWK-HG(L)
KWK-Rind
AME
RME(H&A)
RME(A)
RME
Diagramm2
1719108511108263539333226145-432641507866620818191418196-770-564871076751229
EH-Holz
EH-P(I)
EH-P(L)
EH-HG
KWK-BioG(L)
KWK-KlG
KWK-DepG
KWK-Rl(A)
KWK-RME(A)
KWK-AME
NW-HG(I)
NW-HG(L)
NW-Rind
NW-P(I)
NW-P(L)
NW-Str
KWK-HG(L)
KWK-Rind
AME
RME(H&A)
RME(A)
RME
Diagramm3
0.231719
0.011085
-0.8711108
-1.352635
-0.12393
0.07332
0.05261
-0.2145
-0.29-43
0.02264
0.191507
0.278666
0.04208
0.181819
-0.1514181
-0.4696
-0.98-770
-0.02-56
0.06487
-0.021076
-0.11751
-0.44229
Diagramm4
1719
1085
11108
2635
393
332
261
45
-43
264
1507
8666
208
1819
14181
96
-770
-56
487
1076
751
229
EH-Holz EH-P(I) EH-P(L) EH-HG KWK-BioG(L) KWK-KlG KWK-DepG KWK-Rl(A) KWK-RME(A) KWK-AME NW-HG(I) NW-HG(L) NW-Rind NW-P(I) NW-P(L) NW-Str KWK-HG(L) KWK-Rind AME RME(H&A) RME(A) RME
Diagramm5
1.2
0.7
a2
Diagramm6
1.50.8
1.20.7
a1
a2
Diagramm7
1719
1085
11108
2635
393
332
261
45
-43
264
1507
8666
208
1819
14181
96
-770
-56
487
1076
751
229
BIP (Promille)
Beschftigung
Table IV (3)
Table IV: Macroeconomic and Energy Market Impacts of Increased Use of Biomass Energy - Horizon 20 Years
EmploymentGDP (1000%)GDP (%)
EH-Holz0.21,7190.0231,719
EH-P(I)0.01,0850.0011,085
EH-P(L)-0.911,108-0.08711,108
EH-HG-1.42,635-0.1352,635
KWK-BioG(L)-0.1393-0.012393
KWK-KlG0.13320.007332
KWK-DepG0.12610.005261
KWK-Rl(A)-0.245-0.02145
KWK-RME(A)-0.3-43-0.029-43
KWK-AME0.02640.002264
NW-HG(I)0.21,5070.0191,507
NW-HG(L)0.38,6660.0278,666
NW-Rind0.02080.004208
NW-P(I)0.21,8190.0181,819
NW-P(L)-0.214,181-0.01514,181
NW-Str-0.596-0.04696
KWK-HG(L)-1.0-770-0.098-770
KWK-Rind-0.0-56-0.002-56
AME0.14870.006487
RME(H&A)-0.01,076-0.0021,076
RME(A)-0.1751-0.011751
RME-0.4229-0.044229
a1a2
1.50.8
1.20.7
-
Literatur(1) Emissionen Biomasse: Kasanen, P., A. Malin, F. Prettenthaler, K. Steininger (1998) , Environmental Innovation in Consumption and the Development of a Sustainable Infrastructure, Proceedings of the ESF-Summer School Consumption, Everyday Life and Sustainability, Lancaster(2) Makrokonomische Effekte: Pichl, C., W. Puwein, I. Obernberger, K. Steininger, H. Voraberger (1999), Erneuerbare Energietrger in sterreichs Wirtschaft, WIFO Wien (im Auftrag der Bundeswirtschaftskammer)Switching technology: Steininger, K, H. Voraberger, Exploiting the Medium Term Biomass Energy Potentials in Austria: A Comparison of Costs and Macroeconomic Impact, Environmental and Resource Economics (2004) (5) Kosten Biomasse-Technologien:Voraberger, H. (2000), Energie aus Biomasse. Eine betriebs- und volkswirtschaftliche Bewertung, Diplomarbeit, Universitt Graz.
-
Auswirkungen der Bioenergieversorgung auf eine Kleinregion Karl W. Steininger
Methode der BewertungWirkungenInvestitionsttigkeitWertschpfung (Kaufkraft)BeschftigungCO2-Bilanz Schlussfolgerungen
-
Methode der Bewertung
Tabelle1
Land- und Forstwirtschaft....Minerallwirtschaft.....Anlagenbau.......Bauwirtschaft......fossile HeizanlageBioenergie-Anlage
Land- und ForstwirtschaftX
....
MinerallwirtschaftX
.....
AnlagenbauXX
.......
BauwirtschaftXX
......
ArbeitXX
KapitalXX
ImporteXX
Tabelle2
Tabelle3
-
Zugrundeliegende Forschungsarbeit:
Erneuerbare Energietrger in sterreichs Wirtschaft - Volkswirtschaftliche Evaluierung am Beispiel der Biomassesterreichisches Institut fr Wirtschaftsforschung (WIFO), Wien, November 1999
Methode der Bewertung
-
Fr 1 MWh Nutzenergie Wrme:
Vergleich der Ausgabenstruktur
Diagramm1
582529055
750468070
914435075
641414100197
Anlagenkosten
Energietrgerkosten
Arbeitskosten
sonstige laufende Kosten
ATS/MWh Nutzenergie Wrme
Heizsysteme im Vergleich
Diagramm2
582628.1875055
582529055
750468070
914435075
641414100197
Anlagenkosten
Energietrgerkosten
Arbeitskosten
sonstige laufende Kosten
ATS/MWh Nutzenergie Wrme
Vergleich der Heizsysteme
Diagramm3
582628.1875055
582615.989684466055
750468070
914435075
641414100197
Anlagenkosten
Energietrgerkosten
Arbeitskosten
sonstige laufende Kosten
ATS/MWh Nutzenergie (Wrme)
Vergleich der Systeme
Tabelle1
EH-Heizl ELEH-GasEH-Pellets (Industrie)EH-Waldhackgut (trocken)Nahwrme (Waldhackgut)
Anlagenkosten582582750914641
Energietrgerkosten628.1875615.989684466468435414
Arbeitskosten0000100
sonstige laufende Kosten55557075197
Tabelle2
Tabelle3
-
Anteil erneuerbare Energie (Biomasse, Wasserkraft) am Gesamtprimrenergieverbrauch
Wirkung der Ausgabenstruktur
_1063609007.doc
0
10
20
30
40
50
UK
Nld
Deu
Bel
Lux
Irl
Jpn
Ita
Grc
Esp
USA
Fra
Can
Aus
Nor
Che
Por
Dnk
Aut
Tur
Swe
Fin
NZL
EU
IEA
OECD Europa
OECD Total
In %
Wasserkraft
Restliche erneuerbare Energie
Q: IEA / OECD, 1997C,D.
-
BIP des durchschnittlichen sterr. Bezirkes: 25,5 Mrd ATS
Szenario: Ausbau der Bioenergie (Nahwrme-Waldhackgut) um 0,27 PJ (77 GWh) Nutzenergie Wrme im Bezirk - Nachfrageerhhung Investition/lfd. Ausgaben Bioenergie - Nachfragesenkung Investition/lfd. Ausgaben fossile Anlagen - Wirkung auf Vorleistungen - Verschiebung der Einkommen (und der Gesamtnachfrage)
Wirkung auf die Wertschpfung im Bezirk (relativ zu fossil): plus 11,5 Mio. ATS / Jahr Wertschpfung
-
Sektorale Verschiebungen => nderung in der ArbeitsnachfrageBioenergien im allgemeinen arbeitsintensiverFrderungen fr Bioenergie von anderer Verwendung abgezogen
Wenn Frderausma nicht zu hoch ntig ist, dominiert der erste Effekt
Auswirkung des Szenarios (relativ zu fossil): plus 78 Beschftigte im Bezirk Beschftigung
-
Auswirkung des Szenarios:minus 26.594 t CO2 pro Jahr= minus 72 t CO2 pro Tag im Bezirk
quivalent zu tglich 420 PKWs Graz-Paris
CO2-Bilanz
-
Auswirkung des Szenarios:minus 15,4 Mio. ATS pro Jahr fr den Bezirk
Um diesen Betrag muss weniger exportiert werden (und steht heimisch zur Verfgung) oderknnen andere Gter zustzlich importiert werden.
Fossile Importe
-
Konkretes Szenario fr den durchschnittlichen Bezirk
Auswirkungen im Bezirk:Wertschpfung (Kaufkraft): plus 11,5 Mio ATS pro JahrArbeitsmarkt: plus 78 BeschftigteCO2-Bilanz: minus 72 t CO2 pro Tagfossile Importe: minus 15,4 Mio ATS pro Jahr Schlussfolgerungen
-
Energieregion Oststeiermark
-
Breiter Mix an Erneuerbare Energie AnlagenEingeschrnktes Wasserkraft-Potential aufgrund TopographieSonst breiter MixIm Sden stark: Biogaskostromanlagen allgemeinQuellen: NOEST, LEV
-
Hohe AnlagendichteEuropaweit eine der hchsten Dichten im Sden der Energieregion Oststeiermark09/2005: 22 Anlagen (+5 in Bau), d.s. 55% aller steir. AnlagenRest-Steiermark: 18 (+3)Rohstoffe: vorrangig Schweineglle + MaisHufigste Nutzungsform: StromproduktionAnlagengre: durchschn. 500 kWel (sterreich/EU: 200-250)Mureck: 1000kWelBiogasQuellen: LEA, LEV
-
Europaspitze in Kleinfeuerungen1980: erste steirische BM-Fernwrme-Anlage in Feldbach2005 Stmk: 204 Anlagen2005 EROM: 83 Anlagen d.s. 41% aller steirischenHartberg und Passail zhlen zu grten steir. AnlagenLeitbetrieb Kleinfeuerungstechnologie: KWB, 130 MA direkt, 450 APe gesamt, 65% ExportquoteWeitere Betriebe: Hertz, Sebersdorf Perhofer, Birkfeld
BiomasseQuellen: KWB, LWK Stmk., LEV
-
Aufstrebender WirtschaftszweigSanierung (KOSAN) und NeubauNeubau: PassivhausZahlreiche Unternehmen im Bereich Passivhaus (IG Passivhaus):Bau, Techn. Bros, Architekten, Komponenten-Herstellung, DmmstofffabrikantAuszeichnungen: Solarbaupreis, Europ. Innovationspreis, ..Weiz: Geminihaus, Tanno meets Gemini Siedlung, Bauausstellung (W.E.I.Z.)
Energieoptimiertes BauenIG Passivhaus
-
Pionier- und EntwicklungsarbeitSeit 1990: SEEG Mureck Biodiesel, BM-Fernwrme, BiogasPflanzenl: Vom Salatl zum TreibstoffNetzwerk: 12 Tankstellen, 117.000 Liter 9000 Liter pro Monat Koord.: kocluster Oststeiermark ca. 100 umgerstete KFZVollautomatische Tankstellen: Auersbach, 2000 Feistritzwerke Gleisdorf, 2004Breite Projektaktivitten
Pflanzenle und MobilittQuellen: AKREMI, LEV
-
Quellen: genannte Unternehmen, NOESTSolarthermie und PhotovoltaikSolarthermiePionier: AEE INTECEROM 2005: 100.000 m, 70 MWthVorzeige Solarregion: Energieregion Weiz-Gleisdorf Untersttzung 35/mSolarstadt Gleisdorf: 200/mPhotovoltaikEROM 2004: 816 kWp zertifizierte PV-kostromanlagen15 MW Deckelung hat positive Entwicklung unterbrochenErrichtung und Verkauf durch oststeirische Firmen:Feistritzwerke: 300 kWp im eigenen NetzSolarstrom: 20 kWp (50 in Planung)KW-Solar in : von 16,8 MWp (2003) 4,5 MWpStadtwerke Hartberg: 200 Dcher Programm
-
Emissionen im VergleichEmissionen von 4 Heizsystemen [kg/TJ Nutzenergie]
Sheet: Diagramm1
Sheet: Diagramm2
Sheet: Diagramm4
Sheet: Diagramm5
Sheet: Tabelle1
Sheet: Diagramm3
Sheet: Tabelle2
Sheet: Tabelle3
Sheet: Tabelle4
Sheet: Tabelle5
Sheet: Tabelle6
Sheet: Tabelle7
Sheet: Tabelle8
Sheet: Tabelle9
Sheet: Tabelle10
Sheet: Tabelle11
Sheet: Tabelle12
Sheet: Tabelle13
Sheet: Tabelle14
Sheet: Tabelle15
Sheet: Tabelle16
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO
CO
CO
CO
7398.0
109284.0
81218.0
3278.0
616.0
97.0
55.0
3701.0
CO2
CO2
CO
CO
7398.0
109284.0
616.0
97.0
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO
CO
CO
CO
SO2
SO2
SO2
SO2
Nox
Nox
Nox
Nox
CxHy
CxHy
CxHy
CxHy
particles
particles
particles
particles
cummulated
cummulated
cummulated
cummulated
372.1194
5496.9852
4085.2653999999998
164.8834
159.66719999999998
25.1424
14.255999999999998
959.2991999999999
182.39260000000002
750.6157000000001
7.0151
140.30200000000002
1942.38
1425.6
899.91
1345.41
301.164
511.9788
5202.6080999999995
1076.6613
556.37
54.4275
12.095
332.6125
3514.0932000000003
8264.749600000001
10221.149599999999
4019.1683999999996
SO2
SO2
SO2
SO2
Nox
Nox
Nox
Nox
CxHy
CxHy
CxHy
CxHy
particles
particles
particles
particles
CH4
CH4
CH4
CH4
NMVOC
NMVOC
NMVOC
NMVOC
N2O
N2O
N2O
N2O
26.0
107.0
1.0
20.0
218.0
160.0
101.0
151.0
40.0
68.0
691.0
143.0
92.0
9.0
2.0
55.0
20.0
20.0
615.0
39.0
21.0
49.0
75.0
104.0
6.0
1.0
1.0
5.0
central heating (oil)
CO2
CO
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
CH4
NMVOC
N2O
district heating (biomass)
central heating (oil)
central heating (gas)
central heating (fuelwood)
external cost of emissions (ATS/t)
external cost of emissions (ATS/kg)
0.7
3.6
97.44
123.76
104.58
84.0
external cost (EURO/kg)
0.05039596832253419
0.25917926565874727
7.01511879049676
8.910007199424046
7.529157667386609
6.047516198704104
emission costs of
CO2
CO
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
cummulated
district heating Biomass
372.1194
159.66719999999998
182.39260000000002
1942.38
301.164
556.37
3514.0932000000003
central heating oil
5496.9852
25.1424
750.6157000000001
1425.6
511.9788
54.4275
8264.749600000001
central heating gas
4085.2653999999998
14.255999999999998
7.0151
899.91
5202.6080999999995
12.095
10221.149599999999
central heating fuelwood
164.8834
959.2991999999999
140.30200000000002
1345.41
1076.6613
332.6125
4019.1683999999996
central heating (oil)
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
CH4
NMVOC
N2O
district heating (biomass)
central heating (oil)
central heating (gas)
central heating (fuelwood)
CO
CO
SO2
SO2
Nox
Nox
CxHy
CxHy
particles
particles
NMVOC
NMVOC
N2O
N2O
167.0
97.0
104.0
107.0
288.0
160.0
33.0
68.0
92.0
9.0
17.0
49.0
6.0
1.0
CO
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
NMVOC
N2O
district heating (bark)
central heating (oil)
-
Externe Kosten im VergleichExterne Kosten von 4 Heizsystemen [ / TJ Nutzenergie]
Sheet: Diagramm1
Sheet: Diagramm2
Sheet: Diagramm4
Sheet: Diagramm5
Sheet: Diagramm7
Sheet: Diagramm10
Sheet: Tabelle1
Sheet: Diagramm3
Sheet: Tabelle2
Sheet: Tabelle3
Sheet: Tabelle4
Sheet: Tabelle5
Sheet: Tabelle6
Sheet: Tabelle7
Sheet: Tabelle8
Sheet: Tabelle9
Sheet: Tabelle10
Sheet: Tabelle11
Sheet: Tabelle12
Sheet: Tabelle13
Sheet: Tabelle14
Sheet: Tabelle15
Sheet: Tabelle16
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO
CO
CO
CO
7398.0
109284.0
81218.0
3278.0
616.0
97.0
55.0
3701.0
CO2
CO2
CO
CO
7398.0
109284.0
616.0
97.0
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO
CO
CO
CO
SO2
SO2
SO2
SO2
Nox
Nox
Nox
Nox
CxHy
CxHy
CxHy
CxHy
particles
particles
particles
particles
cummulated
cummulated
cummulated
cummulated
372.829373650108
5507.473002159827
4093.0597552195823
165.19798416126707
159.65442764578833
25.140388768898486
14.2548596112311
959.2224622030236
182.39308855291574
750.6177105831533
7.01511879049676
140.3023758099352
1942.381569474442
1425.6011519078472
899.9107271418286
1345.4110871130308
301.16630669546436
511.9827213822894
5202.647948164146
1076.6695464362851
556.3714902807775
54.42764578833693
12.095032397408207
332.6133909287257
3514.796256299496
8275.242620590352
10228.983441324694
4019.416846652268
SO2
SO2
SO2
SO2
Nox
Nox
Nox
Nox
CxHy
CxHy
CxHy
CxHy
particles
particles
particles
particles
CH4
CH4
CH4
CH4
NMVOC
NMVOC
NMVOC
NMVOC
N2O
N2O
N2O
N2O
26.0
107.0
1.0
20.0
218.0
160.0
101.0
151.0
40.0
68.0
691.0
143.0
92.0
9.0
2.0
55.0
20.0
20.0
615.0
39.0
21.0
49.0
75.0
104.0
6.0
1.0
1.0
5.0
CO2
CO
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
700.0
3600.0
97440.0
123760.0
104580.0
84000.0
CO2
CO
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
0.05039596832253419
0.25917926565874727
7.01511879049676
8.910007199424046
7.529157667386609
6.047516198704104
central heating (oil)
CO2
CO
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
CH4
NMVOC
N2O
district heating (biomass)
central heating (oil)
central heating (gas)
central heating (fuelwood)
emission costs of
CO2
CO
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
external cost of emissions (ATS/t)
external cost of emissions (ATS/kg)
0.7
3.6
97.44
123.76
104.58
84.0
external cost (EURO/kg)
0.05039596832253419
0.25917926565874727
7.01511879049676
8.910007199424046
7.529157667386609
6.047516198704104
emission costs of
CO2
CO
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
cummulated
district heating Biomass
372.829373650108
159.65442764578833
182.39308855291574
1942.381569474442
301.16630669546436
556.3714902807775
3514.796256299496
central heating oil
5507.473002159827
25.140388768898486
750.6177105831533
1425.6011519078472
511.9827213822894
54.42764578833693
8275.242620590352
central heating gas
4093.0597552195823
14.2548596112311
7.01511879049676
899.9107271418286
5202.647948164146
12.095032397408207
10228.983441324694
central heating fuelwood
165.19798416126707
959.2224622030236
140.3023758099352
1345.4110871130308
1076.6695464362851
332.6133909287257
4019.416846652268
central heating (oil)
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
CH4
NMVOC
N2O
district heating (biomass)
central heating (oil)
central heating (gas)
central heating (fuelwood)
emission costs of
CO2
CO
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
0.05039596832253419
0.25917926565874727
7.01511879049676
8.910007199424046
7.529157667386609
6.047516198704104
energy demand kWh/m2
energy demand TJ/a
post WW II house
226.0
0.113904
new house (Austrian building standard 1991)
99.0
0.04989600000000001
0.683424
district heating biomass ( house:1950)
842.661792
70.16486400000001
2.961504
24.831072000000002
4.55616
10.479168000000001
2.27808
2.391984
0.2993760000000001
district heating biomass (house: 1991)
369.13060800000005
30.735936000000006
1.2972960000000002
10.877328000000002
1.9958400000000003
4.590432000000001
0.9979200000000001
1.0478160000000003
CO
CO
SO2
SO2
Nox
Nox
CxHy
CxHy
particles
particles
NMVOC
NMVOC
N2O
N2O
167.0
97.0
104.0
107.0
288.0
160.0
33.0
68.0
92.0
9.0
17.0
49.0
6.0
1.0
CO
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
NMVOC
N2O
district heating (bark)
central heating (oil)
-
Gebudestandards im VergleichExterne Kosten von 2 Heizsystemen in unterschiedlichen Gebuden [/a]
Sheet: Diagramm1
Sheet: Diagramm2
Sheet: Diagramm4
Sheet: Diagramm5
Sheet: Diagramm7
Sheet: Diagramm10
Sheet: Diagramm12
Sheet: Tabelle1
Sheet: Diagramm3
Sheet: Diagramm14
Sheet: Diagramm15
Sheet: Tabelle2
Sheet: Tabelle3
Sheet: Tabelle4
Sheet: Tabelle5
Sheet: Tabelle6
Sheet: Tabelle7
Sheet: Tabelle8
Sheet: Tabelle9
Sheet: Tabelle10
Sheet: Tabelle11
Sheet: Tabelle12
Sheet: Tabelle13
Sheet: Tabelle14
Sheet: Tabelle15
Sheet: Tabelle16
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO
CO
CO
CO
7398.0
109284.0
81218.0
3278.0
616.0
97.0
55.0
3701.0
CO2
CO2
CO
CO
7398.0
109284.0
616.0
97.0
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO
CO
CO
CO
SO2
SO2
SO2
SO2
Nox
Nox
Nox
Nox
CxHy
CxHy
CxHy
CxHy
particles
particles
particles
particles
cummulated
cummulated
cummulated
cummulated
372.829373650108
5507.473002159827
4093.0597552195823
165.19798416126707
159.65442764578833
25.140388768898486
14.2548596112311
959.2224622030236
182.39308855291574
750.6177105831533
7.01511879049676
140.3023758099352
1942.381569474442
1425.6011519078472
899.9107271418286
1345.4110871130308
301.16630669546436
511.9827213822894
5202.647948164146
1076.6695464362851
556.3714902807775
54.42764578833693
12.095032397408207
332.6133909287257
3514.796256299496
8275.242620590352
10228.983441324694
4019.416846652268
SO2
SO2
SO2
SO2
Nox
Nox
Nox
Nox
CxHy
CxHy
CxHy
CxHy
particles
particles
particles
particles
CH4
CH4
CH4
CH4
NMVOC
NMVOC
NMVOC
NMVOC
N2O
N2O
N2O
N2O
26.0
107.0
1.0
20.0
218.0
160.0
101.0
151.0
40.0
68.0
691.0
143.0
92.0
9.0
2.0
55.0
20.0
20.0
615.0
39.0
21.0
49.0
75.0
104.0
6.0
1.0
1.0
5.0
CO2
CO
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
700.0
3600.0
97440.0
123760.0
104580.0
84000.0
CO2
CO
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
0.05039596832253419
0.25917926565874727
7.01511879049676
8.910007199424046
7.529157667386609
6.047516198704104
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO
CO
CO
CO
SO2
SO2
SO2
SO2
Nox
Nox
Nox
Nox
CxHy
CxHy
CxHy
CxHy
particles
particles
particles
particles
cummulated
cummulated
cummulated
cummulated
42.4667569762419
18.60269442764579
466.2158783585313
204.22730954643632
18.185277926565874
7.966117321814256
1.6236855291576673
0.7112604751619871
20.775302358531317
9.100685546436285
0.7990500907127429
0.3500263671706264
221.24503028941683
96.91707079049677
102.50343146436285
44.901945641468686
34.304046997840175
15.026994038876893
592.602411887689
259.5913220215983
63.372938228941685
27.76071187904968
1.3776725701943846
0.6034937365010801
400.3493527775378
175.3742740043197
1165.122129900648
510.385357788337
central heating (oil)
CO2
CO
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
CH4
NMVOC
N2O
district heating (biomass)
central heating (oil)
central heating (gas)
central heating (fuelwood)
emission costs of
CO2
CO
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
external cost of emissions (ATS/t)
external cost of emissions (ATS/kg)
0.7
3.6
97.44
123.76
104.58
84.0
external cost (EURO/kg)
0.05039596832253419
0.25917926565874727
7.01511879049676
8.910007199424046
7.529157667386609
6.047516198704104
emission costs of
CO2
CO
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
cummulated
district heating Biomass
372.829373650108
159.65442764578833
182.39308855291574
1942.381569474442
301.16630669546436
556.3714902807775
3514.796256299496
central heating oil
5507.473002159827
25.140388768898486
750.6177105831533
1425.6011519078472
511.9827213822894
54.42764578833693
8275.242620590352
central heating gas
4093.0597552195823
14.2548596112311
7.01511879049676
899.9107271418286
5202.647948164146
12.095032397408207
10228.983441324694
central heating fuelwood
165.19798416126707
959.2224622030236
140.3023758099352
1345.4110871130308
1076.6695464362851
332.6133909287257
4019.416846652268
central heating (oil)
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
CH4
NMVOC
N2O
district heating (biomass)
central heating (oil)
central heating (gas)
central heating (fuelwood)
emission costs of
CO2
CO
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
0.05039596832253419
0.25917926565874727
7.01511879049676
8.910007199424046
7.529157667386609
6.047516198704104
energy demand kWh/m2
energy demand TJ/a
post WW II house
226.0
0.113904
new house (Austrian building standard 1991)
99.0
0.04989600000000001
external emission costs (Euro/a)
CO2
CO
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
cummulated
distr. heating biomass (house: 50)
42.4667569762419
18.185277926565874
20.775302358531317
221.24503028941683
34.304046997840175
63.372938228941685
400.3493527775378
distr. heating biomass (house: 91)
18.60269442764579
7.966117321814256
9.100685546436285
96.91707079049677
15.026994038876893
27.76071187904968
175.3742740043197
centr. heating gas (house: 50)
466.2158783585313
1.6236855291576673
0.7990500907127429
102.50343146436285
592.602411887689
1.3776725701943846
1165.122129900648
centr. heating gas (house: 91)
204.22730954643632
0.7112604751619871
0.3500263671706264
44.901945641468686
259.5913220215983
0.6034937365010801
510.385357788337
CO
CO
SO2
SO2
Nox
Nox
CxHy
CxHy
particles
particles
NMVOC
NMVOC
N2O
N2O
167.0
97.0
104.0
107.0
288.0
160.0
33.0
68.0
92.0
9.0
17.0
49.0
6.0
1.0
A
A
B+L
B+L
D
D
DK
DK
E
E
F
F
GR
GR
GB
GB
I
I
IRL*
IRL*
NL*
NL*
P
P
S
S
SF
SF
1046.7
209.34
2223.1908000000003
37.681200000000004
13912.736400000002
322.3836
820.6128000000001
58.6152
2754.9144
175.84560000000002
5086.9619999999995
523.35
870.8544
50.2416
9106.29
104.67
6301.134
188.406
418.68
0.0
2930.76
0.0
648.9540000000001
62.80200000000001
1327.2156
347.50440000000003
1009.0187999999999
247.02120000000002
A
A
B+L
B+L
D
D
DK
DK
E
E
F
F
GR
GR
GB
GB
I
I
IRL*
IRL*
NL*
NL*
P
P
S
S
SF
SF
EU 15
EU 15
1046.7
209.34
2223.1908000000003
37.681200000000004
13912.736400000002
322.3836
820.6128000000001
58.6152
2754.9144
175.84560000000002
5086.9619999999995
523.35
870.8544
50.2416
9106.29
104.67
6301.134
188.406
418.68
0.0
2930.76
0.0
648.9540000000001
62.80200000000001
1327.2156
347.50440000000003
1009.0187999999999
247.02120000000002
48458.0232
2327.8608000000004
CO
SO2
Nox
CxHy
particles
NMVOC
N2O
district heating (bark)
central heating (oil)
A
B+L
D
DK
E
F
GR
GB
I
IRL
NL
P
S
SF
EU 15
Energy use (Mio t OE/a)
1213.0
Biomass Potential (Mio t OE)
55.6
A
B+L
D
DK
E
F
GR
GB
I
IRL
NL
P
S
SF
EU 15
Energy use (PJ/a)
1256.04
2260.8720000000003
14235.12
879.2280000000001
2930.76
5610.312
921.096
9210.960000000001
6489.54
418.68
2930.76
711.7560000000001
1674.72
1256.04
50785.884000000005
Biomass Potential (PJ)
209.34
37.681200000000004
322.3836
58.6152
175.84560000000002
523.35
50.2416
104.67
188.406
0.0
0.0
62.80200000000001
347.50440000000003
247.02120000000002
2327.8608000000004
Percentage of Biomass Potential
16.666666666666668
1.6666666666666667
2.264705882352941
6.666666666666667
6.000000000000001
9.328358208955224
5.454545454545454
1.1363636363636362
2.903225806451613
0.0
0.0
8.823529411764707
20.75
19.666666666666668
4.583676834295137
A
B+L
D
DK
E
F
GR
GB
I
IRL*
NL*
P
S
SF
EU 15
Energy use (PJ/a) minus biomass potential
1046.7
2223.1908000000003
13912.736400000002
820.6128000000001
2754.9144
5086.9619999999995
870.8544
9106.29
6301.134
418.68
2930.76
648.9540000000001
1327.2156
1009.0187999999999
48458.0232
Biomass potential
209.34
37.681200000000004
322.3836
58.6152
175.84560000000002
523.35
50.2416
104.67
188.406
0.0
0.0
62.80200000000001
347.50440000000003
247.02120000000002
2327.8608000000004