veeVERNUFstockSENSE2014

ISSUE 3

Intervet SA (Edms) Bpk.

Reg. Nr. 1991/006580/07 Spartanweg 20 Spartan, 1619, RSAPrivaatsak X2026 Isando, 1600, RSATel +27 (0) 11 923 9300 Faks +27 (0) 11 974 9320 Verkope Faks +27 (0) 86 603 1777 www.msd-animal-health.co.za

HOE GEMAAK AS ONS BEESTE BEGIN “VERKOUE” KRY?– Dr Chriche H du Plessis

Die algemeenste tekens dat ‘n bees moontlik lei aan BRS is ‘n verlaging in aptyt, depressie, koors, afskeidings uit die neus en oë, moeilike asemhaling en hoesbuie. Die graad van kliniese simptome kan verskil en sommige diere sal geen simptome wys nie. Hierdie diere word wel beïnvloed deur die siekte en sal ‘n verlaging in produktiwiteit toon. Jonger diere kan selfs sterf.

Beeste is veral vatbaar vir lugweginfeksies as gevolg van sekere anatomiese eienskappe. Beeste het klein en plat longe ten opsigte van hulle liggaamsmassa en die longe is gekompartimentaliseerd. Daarby speel omgewingsfaktore soos stres, uiterste weersomstandighede, voedings-probleme en draerdiere ook ‘n groot rol.

Maar daar is hulp!

RESPIRAVAX® is ‘n bobaas entstof wat aanbeveel word vir die vermindering en voorkoming van die volgende siektes:

➜ Beesherpesvirus tipe 1 wat aansteeklike beesrinotrageïtis (IBR) veroorsaakDraerdiere besmet die omgewing onder stresvolle omstandighede en bly ‘n bron van besmetting en die virus word onderskat as ‘n oorsaak van aborsies en BRS.

➜ Beesvirusdiarree (BVD)BVD onderdruk immuniteit en maak die bees meer vatbaar vir bakteriële siektes soos pasteurella; ongebore kalwers wat besmet word in dag 40 - 120 van dragtigheid word permanent geïnfekteer; dit is een van die algemeenste geïsoleerde virusse in longonsteking en kan aborsies veroorsaak.

➜ Parainfluensavirus tipe 3 (PI3)Kan weke neem vir kliniese tekens om te vertoon na infeksie; dit veroorsaak gewoonlik nie ernstige patologie op sy eie nie en sekondêre bakteriële infeksie is algemeen na infeksie met die virus.

➜ Mannheimia (pasteurella) hemolytica wat “shipping fever” veroorsaakDit is deel van die natuurlike flora in die boonste lugweë wat koloniseer wanneer daar virale infeksie of stres is; die bakterieë produseer toksiene wat die long weefsel beskadig en dit is die algemeenste bakterieë wat geïsoleer word in longinfeksie.

RESPIRAVAX® is ‘n geïnaktiveerde (dooie) entstof. Dit kan dus gebruik word in dragtige diere asook kalwers van enige ouderdom. Dragtige koeie word 6-8 weke voor kalwing ingeënt en ‘n skraagdosis word 4 weke later toegedien indien koeie nie voorheen geënt was nie. Dus verbeter die enting die kwaliteit van kolostrum en kan die insidensie van respiratoriese siektes in neonatale en jong kalwers verlaag word indien kolostrum ingeneem word.

Kalwers van koeie wat reeds geënt is moet weer op 3 maande geënt word. Alle diere wat vir die eerste keer geënt word het ‘n skraagdosis vier weke later nodig. Daarna word ‘n skraagdosis jaarliks toegedien. Kalwers van koeie wat nie geënt was nie kan op enige ouderdom die enting ontvang. Die enting word subkutaan ingespuit en het geen melkonttrekking nie.

RESPIRAVAX®, Reg. Nr. G3867 (Wet 36/1947). Bevat geïnaktiveerde BHV1 (IBR), BVD tipe 1 en PI3 virusse, sowel as ‘n leukotoksien van Mannheimia haemolytica. Namibia: S0 Reg. No. V10/24.4/719.

photo: © iStockphoto.com

ZA/RSX/0614/0001

Intervet South Africa (Edms) Bpk, Reg. Nr. 1991/006580/07 Spartanweg 20, Spartan, 1619, RSAPrivaatsak X2026, Isando, 1600, RSATel: +27 (0) 11 923 9300, Faks: +27 (0) 11 392 3158, Verkope Faks: +27 (0) 86 603 1777

www.msd-animal-health.co.za

Beeste is net so vatbaar vir respiratoriese (lugweg) siektes soos die mens. In die herkouer wêreld staan dit bekend as Bees Respiratoriese Siekte Kompleks (BRS). BRS kan veroorsaak word deur ‘n verskeidenheid virusse en bakterieë.

SKAAPBRANDSIEKTE– Dr Brand van Sittert en Jacques van Rensburg

Oordraging en verspreidingBrandsiekte versprei deur direkte kontak tussen skape. Myte kan egter ook deur mense, klere en voertuie van skaap tot skaap oorgedra word. Onthou gerus dat enige skaap buite u kudde beskou moet word as ‘n moontlike brandsiektedraer, selfs al lyk die skaap gesond. Goeie biosekuriteit is dus belangrik om jou kudde te beskerm teen moontlike besmette voertuie, besoekers en skeerspanne wat jou plaas van buite af besoek.

LewensiklusHierdie parasiet kom hoofsaaklik op skape voor en die hele lewensiklus geskied op die skaap. Die wyfie lê haar eiers op die randte van die skurfteletsel. Nadat die larwes uitgebroei het, voed hulle en vervel tot nimfe wat dan weer voed en vervel om weer volwasse myte te vorm. Onder optimale toestande kan ‘n brandsiektemyt sy lewensiklus in slegs nege dae voltooi. Tekens van mytinfestasie word veral waargeneem in die winter, omdat die myte meer aktief is in laer temperature. In somermaande kan myte wegkruip in die ore, rondom die oë, borsbeen, horings, peester en skrotum sonder om groot letsels te veroorsaak.

Simptome en diagnoseDie myte byt en voed op die liggaam se limf in die vel en veroorsaak inflammasie. Die bytplek is geweldig irriterend vir die skaap – soveel so dat liggaamsvog (bloedwei) deur die vel sal sypel rondom die bytplek.

te word. Volgens regulasies moet elke in-kontak en besmette dier twee maal behandel word met ‘n

effektiewe, geregistreerde middel teen brandsiekte. Die twee behandelings moet binne 8 tot 10 dae uit mekaar wees.

Indien skape gedip word, maak seker dat dit korrek gedoen word deur elke skaap ten minste een tot twee minute in die diptenk te hou

en die kop ook onder die water in te dompel. Die belangrikste punt van behandeling is om alle skape op die plaas (en indien nodig bokke en beeste) te behandel. Indien slegs een myt op een skaap lewendig agtergelaat word, kan die siekte weer later kop uit-steek. Dipmiddels wat geregistreer is vir die behandeling van skaapbrandsiekte bevat aktiewe bestandele soos piretroiëde (byvoorbeeld deltametrien), formamidiene (byvoorbeeld amitras) en organofosfate (byvoorbeeld triazophos). MSD se dipstof antwoord tot skaapbrandsiekte word onder die volgende handelsmerke bemark: ZIPDIP®, TAKTIC® CATTLE SPRAY en DELETE® X5.

Inspuitbare makrosikliese laktone (byvoorbeeld ivermektien) kan ook gebruik word vir die effektiewe behandeling van skaapbrandsiekte. MSD se inspuitbare ivermektien oplossing vir skaapbrandsiekte word onder die handelsmerk IVOTAN bemark. MSD spog ook met ‘n langwerkend makrosikliese laktoon produk, SOLUTION® 3,5 % L.A., wat geregistreer is vir die behandeling en beheer van skaapbrandsiekte met slegs een behandeling. SOLUTION® 3,5 % L.A. bevat ‘n kombinasie van ivermektien 2,25 % m/v PLUS abamektien 1,25 % m/v en dood skaapbrandsiektemyte en voorkom herbesmetting vir tot 56 dae. Die produk is veilig om te gebruik in lammers van 10 kg en swaarder.

Die bloedwei vorm ‘n kors op die wol en myte beweeg dan na die randte van die letsel. Skape krap en byt ook die letsel wat dit dan vererger en verder laat uitkring. Ná ses tot agt weke kan twee-derdes van die wol op ‘n skaap in hierdie proses verlore raak. Wol kan uitval of uitgepluis word wanneer die skaap die sensitiewe vel areas probeer lek, krap, byt en skuur teen voorwerpe en selfs teen ander skape. Wol is egter nie die enigste verlies nie en besmette skape eet ook minder, stres, verloor kondisie en in erge gevalle, vrek. Harige skape word ook aangetas, maar gewoonlik in ‘n mindere mate as wolskape. Die skaapbrandsiektemyt is meer aktief in die wintermaande – vandaar dat simptome meer in die winter voorkom. Bokke en nie-wol-draende skaaprasse kan, veral in die somer, simptoomlose draers van brandsiekte wees.

Die parasiet word gediagnoseer deur wolplukke en velskrape rondom letsels te neem wat dan bestudeer kan word onder ‘n mikroskoop. Hou in gedagte dat daar ook ander oorsake is wat skape kan laat krap, waarvan die vernaamste rooikopluis is.

Behandeling en beheerAlle gevalle van skape wat krap en byt moet aan die naaste Staatsveearts gerapporteer word. Skaapbrandsiekte is ‘n staatsbeheerde siekte, en besmette asook in-kontak kuddes behoort in kwarantyn geplaas

5 SKAAPBRANDSIEKTEDr Brand van Sittert en Jacques van Rensburg

2 THE HEALTHY DAIRY CALF Dr Chriche du Plessis

TAKTIC® CATTLE SPRAY Reg. Nr. 2535 (Wet 36 van 1947)

Amitras 12,5 % m/vNamibië: S0 Reg. Nr. V02/18.3.4/781

ZIPDIP Reg. Nr. 0381 (Wet 36 van 1947)

Namibië: S0 Reg. Nr. V00/18.3.2/493

DELETE X5 Reg. Nr. 3279 (Wet 36 van 1947)

Namibië: S0 Reg. Nr. V03/18.3.3/688Deltametrien 5 % m/v.

SOLUTION® 3,5 % L.A. Reg. Nr. 3689 (Wet 36 van 1947)

Namibië: S0 Reg. Nr. V06/18.1.2/651Ivermectin 2,25 % m/v PLUS

Abamektien 1,25 % m/v

2014ISSUE 3

5

Omdat myte vir kort periodes weg van die skaap af kan oorleef, moet ou besmette krale vir ten minste 17 dae leegstaan sodat die mytpopulasie kan uitsterf voordat skoon skape weer daar toegelaat word.

Vir enige verdere inligting, asook korrekte gebruiksaanwysings, kontak ons gerus direk by +27 (11) 923-9301 of raadpleeg asb. jou naaste MSD verteenwoordiger of veearts.

VerwysingsDr. Brand van Sittert, MSD Animal Health, Navorsingseenheid Malelane RSA.Anon 2011. Skaapgesondheidsplatform – Toepassing van kennis skep ‘n meetbare verskil. MSD Animal Health.Dr. Carrington. C. (2013). MIMS IVS Desk Reference - IDR 2013/2014. Saxonwold: Times Media Limited.

Brandsiekte is ‘n hoogs aansteeklike en verwoestende velsiekte onder skape. Dit word veroorsaak deur die skaapbrandsiektemyt (Psoroptes communis ovis), ‘n klein velparasiet (ongeveer 0,8 mm in lengte) en kan skaars met die blote oog gesien word. Hierdie siekte is aanmeldbaar en is al sedert die sewentiende eeu endemies in Suider-Afrika. Dit kon, ten spyte van verskeie regeringspogings en aggresiewe behandelingsstrategieë, nog nie uitgewis word nie.

3 AVD PROGRAM: Common Errors Dr Johann Breytenbach

IVOTAN Reg. Nr. G2858 (Wet 36 van 1947)

Namibië: S0 Reg. Nr. V01/18.1.2/731Ivermektien 1 % m/v

COMMON ERRORS

How often have you seen:

• Vaccine delivered from a supplier that is not suitably packed in an insulated container with sufficient frozen icepacks?

• Vaccines delivered with icepacks that are no longer frozen on delivery?

• Vaccines left in the warehouse for a day or two before being transferred to the fridge?

• Delivered vaccines left in the sun for a couple of hours before being transferred to the fridge?

• Vaccines stored in a dilapidated fridge in desperate need of maintenance?

• Vaccines stored in a fridge with no thermometer to verify fridge is operating at the correct temperature?

• Expired vaccines for “sale” in a fridge?

• Food stored in the same fridge as vaccines (cheese, milk, sausage casings, cool drinks, etc.)?

• A fridge packed to capacity with ice forming on boxes near the cooling fans?

• Vaccines in a pool of water or with wet boxes due to a faulty fridge?

• Ice packs stored in the bottom of a fridge?

• A farmer leaving the outlet with vaccines in a standard carrier bag?

• A farmer leaving the outlet with vaccine packed in a bag with an ice pack from the bottom of the fridge i.e. an ice pack that is not frozen?

• A farmer driving home with vaccines that are not packed in an insulated container with sufficient frozen ice packs?

• Vaccine on the front seat of a vehicle parked in the sun?

These handling errors all result in WARMING OF THE VACCINE!!

• A compromised cold chain.

• The deterioration of live vaccine efficacy due to virus or bacteria die-off.

• The deterioration of inactivated vaccine efficacy due to the denaturisation of adjuvant.

• The suboptimal immunisation of animals that are meant to be receiving full vaccination.

• Disease outbreaks following natural challenge with the possible death of “allegedly vaccinated” animals.

• A very unhappy farmer and client.

To prevent vaccine failure due to cold chain mismanagement we proudly launch the

MSD Animal Health Approved Vaccine Distributor

Program.

The Mark of Quality Assurance and Credibility in Vaccine Supply.

COMMON ERRORS that Impact on Vaccine Quality

2014ISSUE 3

43 2014ISSUE 3

385/1406

photo: © iStockphoto.com

THE IMPORTANCE of the Approved Vaccine Distributor programme

FOR MSD ANIMAL HEALTH

• MSD Animal Health is one of the largest vaccine suppliers in South Africa, with an extensive range of vaccines used in all species.

• In South Africa vaccines are distributed to the end user (farmer) through numerous channels, ranging from veterinarians, to cooperatives, to small independent agents.

• Many factors impact on the success or failure of a vaccine.

• Some of these factors are beyond our control, such as the reaction of each individual animal to vaccination. Within any population a small percentage of animals will react poorly developing a low level of immunity, while others will super immunise.

• Other factors however are within our control, such as ensuring all vaccines released from MSD Animal Health production facilities have sufficient potency (high enough viral or bacterial titre) to be effective.

• Furthermore, the cold chain is managed and maintained from production through to delivery to our distributor by MSD Animal Health.

• MSD Animal Health’s reputation as a source of quality vaccines depends on the integrity of the vaccine distribution channels. A breach in cold chain management seriously compromises vaccine efficacy. Without necessary controls in place breaches in cold chain management may go undetected!

• MSD Animal Health thus has a vested interest in a Quality Assurance Program to ensure the integrity of the vaccine cold chain from supplier to end user.

MSD Animal Health commits to establish the “MSD Animal Health Approved Vaccine Distributor” program as a value add Quality Assurance brand benefiting both the farmer/client and the approved distributor.

• Branding of the approved outlet:

- Window and in store posters.

- Stickers with recognisable “MSD Animal Health Approved Vaccine Distributor” logo for fridge and display branding.

- Website listing approved distributors by province/town.

MSD ANIMAL HEALTH’S COMMITMENT

• Branding of MSD Animal Health vaccine advertising material and information detailers.

• Awareness program to farmers:

- Face-to-face detailing by sales people.

- Correct vaccine handling information detailer.

- Media releases and “awareness” articles in popular farmer press, radio and TV.

• Awareness program at major Agricultural Shows and Farmer Days.

• Launch of “coolbag carriers” to support the “MSD Animal Health Approved Vaccine Distributor” program.

MSD Animal Health commits to establish the “MSD Animal Health

Approved Vaccine Distributor” program as a value add Quality Assurance brand...

“

“

THE HEALTHY DAIRY CALFAN ESSENTIAL INGREDIENT OF A HIGH PRODUCING COW

– Dr Chriche H du Plessis

Calf health is multifactorial and does not only rely on the calf but on management factors as well. Calf hygiene, the intake of good quality colostrum, a stress free environment and a good routine that includes a good diet are some essential points.

The birth of a healthy calf needs planning long before the time that a cow will calve down. We need a healthy cow that is well fed and fully vaccinated to produce a calf that will withstand the onslaught of a new environment outside of the safety of the uterus.

Cows do not transfer immunity through their placental bloodstream into the calf. A calf needs good quality colostrum right after birth to ensure that they receive antibodies to protect them from disease. Some of the required antibodies get produced when the cow is vaccinated 3-12 weeks before calving. An essential vaccine program needs to be developed in consultation with your veterinarian. Vaccinating against the major intestinal and respiratory diseases is a good idea.

ROTAVEC CORONA® protects against Rotavirus, Coronavirus and E.coli which are the major diarrhoea causing organisms. BOVILIS® S protects against Salmonella (parathyphoid), another diarrhoea causing organism. COVEXIN® 10 a multi clostridial vaccine protects against 10 strains of Clostridia. RESPIRAVAX® protects against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis, Bovine Viral Diarrhoea, Parainfluenza 3 and Mannheimia hemolytica (pasteurella). All of these vaccines can be administered in the dry period.

Diarrhoea is the major cause of mortality in dairy calves. Diarrhoea leads to dehydration, shock, septicaemia and death. Calves that survive are often stunted in their growth. To limit the incidence of diarrhoea the correct colostrum management must be practised. Calves need 4 litres of colostrum in the first 6 hours after birth. Thereafter the permeability of the intestinal lining decreases and no more antibodies are taken up into the blood stream. Calves however still need colostrum for 2 weeks after birth as colostrum protects locally at the intestinal lining.

If a calf is too weak to suckle by itself colostrum must be given via a stomach tube. Colostrum from multiparous cows is of better quality than that from first parity heifers. Colostrum can be frozen but defrosting must be done very slowly via warm water (not boiling) as high heat will destroy the antibodies. Do not defrost colostrum in a microwave. Colostrum quality can be measured via specific gravity (SG) and must be higher than 1.045.

Calves need to be kept in hygienic conditions and not be overcrowded. Clean bedding must be placed in the pens every day. Organisms grow in wet and dirty bedding that are merely turned over. Milk buckets must be disinfected after every feed and fresh clean water must be available at all times. Calves should be supplemented with starter pellets from about 7 days of age.

Make sure that there are no drafts in the calf pens and the temperature must be kept as constant as possible. If calves are housed in closed barns there must be airflow as high concentrations of ammonia fumes can severely irritate the respiratory membranes and cause damage to the respiratory passages causing respiratory diseases.

How do we ensure the birth and survival of a healthy calf? There is no fool proof recipe but there are guidelines that we can follow to help us to achieve this goal.

ROTAVEC CORONA® Reg. No. G2955 (Act 36/1947) Each 2 mℓ contains bovine rotavirus, coronavirus and E. coli K99 antigens. Namibia: S0 Reg. No. V07/24.4/747

BOVILIS S Reg. No. G3766 (Act 36/1947) Each 1 mℓ contains Salmonella dublin and Salmonella typhimurium Namibia: S0 Reg. No. V07/24.4/375

COVEXIN 10 Reg. No. G3354 (Act 36/1947) Combined 10 in 1 Clostridia vaccine. Namibia: S0 Reg. No. V05/24.4/413

RESPIRAVAX Reg. No. G3867 (Act 36/1947) Contains BHV1, PI3, BVD type 1 viruses and Mannheimia haemolytica. Namibia: S0 Reg. No. V10/24.4/719

COMMON ERRORS

How often have you seen:

• Vaccine delivered from a supplier that is not suitably packed in an insulated container with sufficient frozen icepacks?

• Vaccines delivered with icepacks that are no longer frozen on delivery?

• Vaccines left in the warehouse for a day or two before being transferred to the fridge?

• Delivered vaccines left in the sun for a couple of hours before being transferred to the fridge?

• Vaccines stored in a dilapidated fridge in desperate need of maintenance?

• Vaccines stored in a fridge with no thermometer to verify fridge is operating at the correct temperature?

• Expired vaccines for “sale” in a fridge?

• Food stored in the same fridge as vaccines (cheese, milk, sausage casings, cool drinks, etc.)?

• A fridge packed to capacity with ice forming on boxes near the cooling fans?

• Vaccines in a pool of water or with wet boxes due to a faulty fridge?

• Ice packs stored in the bottom of a fridge?

• A farmer leaving the outlet with vaccines in a standard carrier bag?

• A farmer leaving the outlet with vaccine packed in a bag with an ice pack from the bottom of the fridge i.e. an ice pack that is not frozen?

• A farmer driving home with vaccines that are not packed in an insulated container with sufficient frozen ice packs?

• Vaccine on the front seat of a vehicle parked in the sun?

These handling errors all result in WARMING OF THE VACCINE!!

• A compromised cold chain.

• The deterioration of live vaccine efficacy due to virus or bacteria die-off.

• The deterioration of inactivated vaccine efficacy due to the denaturisation of adjuvant.

• The suboptimal immunisation of animals that are meant to be receiving full vaccination.

• Disease outbreaks following natural challenge with the possible death of “allegedly vaccinated” animals.

• A very unhappy farmer and client.

To prevent vaccine failure due to cold chain mismanagement we proudly launch the

MSD Animal Health Approved Vaccine Distributor

Program.

The Mark of Quality Assurance and Credibility in Vaccine Supply.

COMMON ERRORS that Impact on Vaccine Quality

2014ISSUE 3

43 2014ISSUE 3

385/1406

photo: © iStockphoto.com

THE IMPORTANCE of the Approved Vaccine Distributor programme

FOR MSD ANIMAL HEALTH

• MSD Animal Health is one of the largest vaccine suppliers in South Africa, with an extensive range of vaccines used in all species.

• In South Africa vaccines are distributed to the end user (farmer) through numerous channels, ranging from veterinarians, to cooperatives, to small independent agents.

• Many factors impact on the success or failure of a vaccine.

• Some of these factors are beyond our control, such as the reaction of each individual animal to vaccination. Within any population a small percentage of animals will react poorly developing a low level of immunity, while others will super immunise.

• Other factors however are within our control, such as ensuring all vaccines released from MSD Animal Health production facilities have sufficient potency (high enough viral or bacterial titre) to be effective.

• Furthermore, the cold chain is managed and maintained from production through to delivery to our distributor by MSD Animal Health.

• MSD Animal Health’s reputation as a source of quality vaccines depends on the integrity of the vaccine distribution channels. A breach in cold chain management seriously compromises vaccine efficacy. Without necessary controls in place breaches in cold chain management may go undetected!

• MSD Animal Health thus has a vested interest in a Quality Assurance Program to ensure the integrity of the vaccine cold chain from supplier to end user.

MSD Animal Health commits to establish the “MSD Animal Health Approved Vaccine Distributor” program as a value add Quality Assurance brand benefiting both the farmer/client and the approved distributor.

• Branding of the approved outlet:

- Window and in store posters.

- Stickers with recognisable “MSD Animal Health Approved Vaccine Distributor” logo for fridge and display branding.

- Website listing approved distributors by province/town.

MSD ANIMAL HEALTH’S COMMITMENT

• Branding of MSD Animal Health vaccine advertising material and information detailers.

• Awareness program to farmers:

- Face-to-face detailing by sales people.

- Correct vaccine handling information detailer.

- Media releases and “awareness” articles in popular farmer press, radio and TV.

• Awareness program at major Agricultural Shows and Farmer Days.

• Launch of “coolbag carriers” to support the “MSD Animal Health Approved Vaccine Distributor” program.

MSD Animal Health commits to establish the “MSD Animal Health

Approved Vaccine Distributor” program as a value add Quality Assurance brand...

“

“

THE HEALTHY DAIRY CALFAN ESSENTIAL INGREDIENT OF A HIGH PRODUCING COW

– Dr Chriche H du Plessis

Calf health is multifactorial and does not only rely on the calf but on management factors as well. Calf hygiene, the intake of good quality colostrum, a stress free environment and a good routine that includes a good diet are some essential points.

The birth of a healthy calf needs planning long before the time that a cow will calve down. We need a healthy cow that is well fed and fully vaccinated to produce a calf that will withstand the onslaught of a new environment outside of the safety of the uterus.

Cows do not transfer immunity through their placental bloodstream into the calf. A calf needs good quality colostrum right after birth to ensure that they receive antibodies to protect them from disease. Some of the required antibodies get produced when the cow is vaccinated 3-12 weeks before calving. An essential vaccine program needs to be developed in consultation with your veterinarian. Vaccinating against the major intestinal and respiratory diseases is a good idea.

ROTAVEC CORONA® protects against Rotavirus, Coronavirus and E.coli which are the major diarrhoea causing organisms. BOVILIS® S protects against Salmonella (parathyphoid), another diarrhoea causing organism. COVEXIN® 10 a multi clostridial vaccine protects against 10 strains of Clostridia. RESPIRAVAX® protects against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis, Bovine Viral Diarrhoea, Parainfluenza 3 and Mannheimia hemolytica (pasteurella). All of these vaccines can be administered in the dry period.

Diarrhoea is the major cause of mortality in dairy calves. Diarrhoea leads to dehydration, shock, septicaemia and death. Calves that survive are often stunted in their growth. To limit the incidence of diarrhoea the correct colostrum management must be practised. Calves need 4 litres of colostrum in the first 6 hours after birth. Thereafter the permeability of the intestinal lining decreases and no more antibodies are taken up into the blood stream. Calves however still need colostrum for 2 weeks after birth as colostrum protects locally at the intestinal lining.

If a calf is too weak to suckle by itself colostrum must be given via a stomach tube. Colostrum from multiparous cows is of better quality than that from first parity heifers. Colostrum can be frozen but defrosting must be done very slowly via warm water (not boiling) as high heat will destroy the antibodies. Do not defrost colostrum in a microwave. Colostrum quality can be measured via specific gravity (SG) and must be higher than 1.045.

Calves need to be kept in hygienic conditions and not be overcrowded. Clean bedding must be placed in the pens every day. Organisms grow in wet and dirty bedding that are merely turned over. Milk buckets must be disinfected after every feed and fresh clean water must be available at all times. Calves should be supplemented with starter pellets from about 7 days of age.

Make sure that there are no drafts in the calf pens and the temperature must be kept as constant as possible. If calves are housed in closed barns there must be airflow as high concentrations of ammonia fumes can severely irritate the respiratory membranes and cause damage to the respiratory passages causing respiratory diseases.

How do we ensure the birth and survival of a healthy calf? There is no fool proof recipe but there are guidelines that we can follow to help us to achieve this goal.

ROTAVEC CORONA® Reg. No. G2955 (Act 36/1947) Each 2 mℓ contains bovine rotavirus, coronavirus and E. coli K99 antigens. Namibia: S0 Reg. No. V07/24.4/747

BOVILIS S Reg. No. G3766 (Act 36/1947) Each 1 mℓ contains Salmonella dublin and Salmonella typhimurium Namibia: S0 Reg. No. V07/24.4/375

COVEXIN 10 Reg. No. G3354 (Act 36/1947) Combined 10 in 1 Clostridia vaccine. Namibia: S0 Reg. No. V05/24.4/413

RESPIRAVAX Reg. No. G3867 (Act 36/1947) Contains BHV1, PI3, BVD type 1 viruses and Mannheimia haemolytica. Namibia: S0 Reg. No. V10/24.4/719

COMMON ERRORS

How often have you seen:

• Vaccine delivered from a supplier that is not suitably packed in an insulated container with sufficient frozen icepacks?

• Vaccines delivered with icepacks that are no longer frozen on delivery?

• Vaccines left in the warehouse for a day or two before being transferred to the fridge?

• Delivered vaccines left in the sun for a couple of hours before being transferred to the fridge?

• Vaccines stored in a dilapidated fridge in desperate need of maintenance?

• Vaccines stored in a fridge with no thermometer to verify fridge is operating at the correct temperature?

• Expired vaccines for “sale” in a fridge?

• Food stored in the same fridge as vaccines (cheese, milk, sausage casings, cool drinks, etc.)?

• A fridge packed to capacity with ice forming on boxes near the cooling fans?

• Vaccines in a pool of water or with wet boxes due to a faulty fridge?

• Ice packs stored in the bottom of a fridge?

• A farmer leaving the outlet with vaccines in a standard carrier bag?

• A farmer leaving the outlet with vaccine packed in a bag with an ice pack from the bottom of the fridge i.e. an ice pack that is not frozen?

• A farmer driving home with vaccines that are not packed in an insulated container with sufficient frozen ice packs?

• Vaccine on the front seat of a vehicle parked in the sun?

These handling errors all result in WARMING OF THE VACCINE!!

• A compromised cold chain.

• The deterioration of live vaccine efficacy due to virus or bacteria die-off.

• The deterioration of inactivated vaccine efficacy due to the denaturisation of adjuvant.

• The suboptimal immunisation of animals that are meant to be receiving full vaccination.

• Disease outbreaks following natural challenge with the possible death of “allegedly vaccinated” animals.

• A very unhappy farmer and client.

To prevent vaccine failure due to cold chain mismanagement we proudly launch the

MSD Animal Health Approved Vaccine Distributor

Program.

The Mark of Quality Assurance and Credibility in Vaccine Supply.

COMMON ERRORS that Impact on Vaccine Quality

2014ISSUE 3

43 2014ISSUE 3

385/1406

photo: © iStockphoto.com

THE IMPORTANCE of the Approved Vaccine Distributor programme

FOR MSD ANIMAL HEALTH

• MSD Animal Health is one of the largest vaccine suppliers in South Africa, with an extensive range of vaccines used in all species.

• In South Africa vaccines are distributed to the end user (farmer) through numerous channels, ranging from veterinarians, to cooperatives, to small independent agents.

• Many factors impact on the success or failure of a vaccine.

• Some of these factors are beyond our control, such as the reaction of each individual animal to vaccination. Within any population a small percentage of animals will react poorly developing a low level of immunity, while others will super immunise.

• Other factors however are within our control, such as ensuring all vaccines released from MSD Animal Health production facilities have sufficient potency (high enough viral or bacterial titre) to be effective.

• Furthermore, the cold chain is managed and maintained from production through to delivery to our distributor by MSD Animal Health.

• MSD Animal Health’s reputation as a source of quality vaccines depends on the integrity of the vaccine distribution channels. A breach in cold chain management seriously compromises vaccine efficacy. Without necessary controls in place breaches in cold chain management may go undetected!

• MSD Animal Health thus has a vested interest in a Quality Assurance Program to ensure the integrity of the vaccine cold chain from supplier to end user.

MSD Animal Health commits to establish the “MSD Animal Health Approved Vaccine Distributor” program as a value add Quality Assurance brand benefiting both the farmer/client and the approved distributor.

• Branding of the approved outlet:

- Window and in store posters.

- Stickers with recognisable “MSD Animal Health Approved Vaccine Distributor” logo for fridge and display branding.

- Website listing approved distributors by province/town.

MSD ANIMAL HEALTH’S COMMITMENT

• Branding of MSD Animal Health vaccine advertising material and information detailers.

• Awareness program to farmers:

- Face-to-face detailing by sales people.

- Correct vaccine handling information detailer.

- Media releases and “awareness” articles in popular farmer press, radio and TV.

• Awareness program at major Agricultural Shows and Farmer Days.

• Launch of “coolbag carriers” to support the “MSD Animal Health Approved Vaccine Distributor” program.

MSD Animal Health commits to establish the “MSD Animal Health

Approved Vaccine Distributor” program as a value add Quality Assurance brand...

“

“

THE HEALTHY DAIRY CALFAN ESSENTIAL INGREDIENT OF A HIGH PRODUCING COW

– Dr Chriche H du Plessis

Calf health is multifactorial and does not only rely on the calf but on management factors as well. Calf hygiene, the intake of good quality colostrum, a stress free environment and a good routine that includes a good diet are some essential points.

The birth of a healthy calf needs planning long before the time that a cow will calve down. We need a healthy cow that is well fed and fully vaccinated to produce a calf that will withstand the onslaught of a new environment outside of the safety of the uterus.

Cows do not transfer immunity through their placental bloodstream into the calf. A calf needs good quality colostrum right after birth to ensure that they receive antibodies to protect them from disease. Some of the required antibodies get produced when the cow is vaccinated 3-12 weeks before calving. An essential vaccine program needs to be developed in consultation with your veterinarian. Vaccinating against the major intestinal and respiratory diseases is a good idea.

ROTAVEC CORONA® protects against Rotavirus, Coronavirus and E.coli which are the major diarrhoea causing organisms. BOVILIS® S protects against Salmonella (parathyphoid), another diarrhoea causing organism. COVEXIN® 10 a multi clostridial vaccine protects against 10 strains of Clostridia. RESPIRAVAX® protects against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis, Bovine Viral Diarrhoea, Parainfluenza 3 and Mannheimia hemolytica (pasteurella). All of these vaccines can be administered in the dry period.

Diarrhoea is the major cause of mortality in dairy calves. Diarrhoea leads to dehydration, shock, septicaemia and death. Calves that survive are often stunted in their growth. To limit the incidence of diarrhoea the correct colostrum management must be practised. Calves need 4 litres of colostrum in the first 6 hours after birth. Thereafter the permeability of the intestinal lining decreases and no more antibodies are taken up into the blood stream. Calves however still need colostrum for 2 weeks after birth as colostrum protects locally at the intestinal lining.

If a calf is too weak to suckle by itself colostrum must be given via a stomach tube. Colostrum from multiparous cows is of better quality than that from first parity heifers. Colostrum can be frozen but defrosting must be done very slowly via warm water (not boiling) as high heat will destroy the antibodies. Do not defrost colostrum in a microwave. Colostrum quality can be measured via specific gravity (SG) and must be higher than 1.045.

Calves need to be kept in hygienic conditions and not be overcrowded. Clean bedding must be placed in the pens every day. Organisms grow in wet and dirty bedding that are merely turned over. Milk buckets must be disinfected after every feed and fresh clean water must be available at all times. Calves should be supplemented with starter pellets from about 7 days of age.

Make sure that there are no drafts in the calf pens and the temperature must be kept as constant as possible. If calves are housed in closed barns there must be airflow as high concentrations of ammonia fumes can severely irritate the respiratory membranes and cause damage to the respiratory passages causing respiratory diseases.

How do we ensure the birth and survival of a healthy calf? There is no fool proof recipe but there are guidelines that we can follow to help us to achieve this goal.

ROTAVEC CORONA® Reg. No. G2955 (Act 36/1947) Each 2 mℓ contains bovine rotavirus, coronavirus and E. coli K99 antigens. Namibia: S0 Reg. No. V07/24.4/747

BOVILIS S Reg. No. G3766 (Act 36/1947) Each 1 mℓ contains Salmonella dublin and Salmonella typhimurium Namibia: S0 Reg. No. V07/24.4/375

COVEXIN 10 Reg. No. G3354 (Act 36/1947) Combined 10 in 1 Clostridia vaccine. Namibia: S0 Reg. No. V05/24.4/413

RESPIRAVAX Reg. No. G3867 (Act 36/1947) Contains BHV1, PI3, BVD type 1 viruses and Mannheimia haemolytica. Namibia: S0 Reg. No. V10/24.4/719

veeVERNUFstockSENSE2014

ISSUE 3

Intervet SA (Edms) Bpk.

Reg. Nr. 1991/006580/07 Spartanweg 20 Spartan, 1619, RSAPrivaatsak X2026 Isando, 1600, RSATel +27 (0) 11 923 9300 Faks +27 (0) 11 974 9320 Verkope Faks +27 (0) 86 603 1777 www.msd-animal-health.co.za

HOE GEMAAK AS ONS BEESTE BEGIN “VERKOUE” KRY?– Dr Chriche H du Plessis

Die algemeenste tekens dat ‘n bees moontlik lei aan BRS is ‘n verlaging in aptyt, depressie, koors, afskeidings uit die neus en oë, moeilike asemhaling en hoesbuie. Die graad van kliniese simptome kan verskil en sommige diere sal geen simptome wys nie. Hierdie diere word wel beïnvloed deur die siekte en sal ‘n verlaging in produktiwiteit toon. Jonger diere kan selfs sterf.

Beeste is veral vatbaar vir lugweginfeksies as gevolg van sekere anatomiese eienskappe. Beeste het klein en plat longe ten opsigte van hulle liggaamsmassa en die longe is gekompartimentaliseerd. Daarby speel omgewingsfaktore soos stres, uiterste weersomstandighede, voedings-probleme en draerdiere ook ‘n groot rol.

Maar daar is hulp!

RESPIRAVAX® is ‘n bobaas entstof wat aanbeveel word vir die vermindering en voorkoming van die volgende siektes:

➜ Beesherpesvirus tipe 1 wat aansteeklike beesrinotrageïtis (IBR) veroorsaakDraerdiere besmet die omgewing onder stresvolle omstandighede en bly ‘n bron van besmetting en die virus word onderskat as ‘n oorsaak van aborsies en BRS.

➜ Beesvirusdiarree (BVD)BVD onderdruk immuniteit en maak die bees meer vatbaar vir bakteriële siektes soos pasteurella; ongebore kalwers wat besmet word in dag 40 - 120 van dragtigheid word permanent geïnfekteer; dit is een van die algemeenste geïsoleerde virusse in longonsteking en kan aborsies veroorsaak.

➜ Parainfluensavirus tipe 3 (PI3)Kan weke neem vir kliniese tekens om te vertoon na infeksie; dit veroorsaak gewoonlik nie ernstige patologie op sy eie nie en sekondêre bakteriële infeksie is algemeen na infeksie met die virus.

➜ Mannheimia (pasteurella) hemolytica wat “shipping fever” veroorsaakDit is deel van die natuurlike flora in die boonste lugweë wat koloniseer wanneer daar virale infeksie of stres is; die bakterieë produseer toksiene wat die long weefsel beskadig en dit is die algemeenste bakterieë wat geïsoleer word in longinfeksie.

RESPIRAVAX® is ‘n geïnaktiveerde (dooie) entstof. Dit kan dus gebruik word in dragtige diere asook kalwers van enige ouderdom. Dragtige koeie word 6-8 weke voor kalwing ingeënt en ‘n skraagdosis word 4 weke later toegedien indien koeie nie voorheen geënt was nie. Dus verbeter die enting die kwaliteit van kolostrum en kan die insidensie van respiratoriese siektes in neonatale en jong kalwers verlaag word indien kolostrum ingeneem word.

Kalwers van koeie wat reeds geënt is moet weer op 3 maande geënt word. Alle diere wat vir die eerste keer geënt word het ‘n skraagdosis vier weke later nodig. Daarna word ‘n skraagdosis jaarliks toegedien. Kalwers van koeie wat nie geënt was nie kan op enige ouderdom die enting ontvang. Die enting word subkutaan ingespuit en het geen melkonttrekking nie.

RESPIRAVAX®, Reg. Nr. G3867 (Wet 36/1947). Bevat geïnaktiveerde BHV1 (IBR), BVD tipe 1 en PI3 virusse, sowel as ‘n leukotoksien van Mannheimia haemolytica. Namibia: S0 Reg. No. V10/24.4/719.

photo: © iStockphoto.com

ZA/RSX/0614/0001

Intervet South Africa (Edms) Bpk, Reg. Nr. 1991/006580/07 Spartanweg 20, Spartan, 1619, RSAPrivaatsak X2026, Isando, 1600, RSATel: +27 (0) 11 923 9300, Faks: +27 (0) 11 392 3158, Verkope Faks: +27 (0) 86 603 1777

www.msd-animal-health.co.za

Beeste is net so vatbaar vir respiratoriese (lugweg) siektes soos die mens. In die herkouer wêreld staan dit bekend as Bees Respiratoriese Siekte Kompleks (BRS). BRS kan veroorsaak word deur ‘n verskeidenheid virusse en bakterieë.

SKAAPBRANDSIEKTE– Dr Brand van Sittert en Jacques van Rensburg

Oordraging en verspreidingBrandsiekte versprei deur direkte kontak tussen skape. Myte kan egter ook deur mense, klere en voertuie van skaap tot skaap oorgedra word. Onthou gerus dat enige skaap buite u kudde beskou moet word as ‘n moontlike brandsiektedraer, selfs al lyk die skaap gesond. Goeie biosekuriteit is dus belangrik om jou kudde te beskerm teen moontlike besmette voertuie, besoekers en skeerspanne wat jou plaas van buite af besoek.

LewensiklusHierdie parasiet kom hoofsaaklik op skape voor en die hele lewensiklus geskied op die skaap. Die wyfie lê haar eiers op die randte van die skurfteletsel. Nadat die larwes uitgebroei het, voed hulle en vervel tot nimfe wat dan weer voed en vervel om weer volwasse myte te vorm. Onder optimale toestande kan ‘n brandsiektemyt sy lewensiklus in slegs nege dae voltooi. Tekens van mytinfestasie word veral waargeneem in die winter, omdat die myte meer aktief is in laer temperature. In somermaande kan myte wegkruip in die ore, rondom die oë, borsbeen, horings, peester en skrotum sonder om groot letsels te veroorsaak.

Simptome en diagnoseDie myte byt en voed op die liggaam se limf in die vel en veroorsaak inflammasie. Die bytplek is geweldig irriterend vir die skaap – soveel so dat liggaamsvog (bloedwei) deur die vel sal sypel rondom die bytplek.

te word. Volgens regulasies moet elke in-kontak en besmette dier twee maal behandel word met ‘n

effektiewe, geregistreerde middel teen brandsiekte. Die twee behandelings moet binne 8 tot 10 dae uit mekaar wees.

Indien skape gedip word, maak seker dat dit korrek gedoen word deur elke skaap ten minste een tot twee minute in die diptenk te hou

en die kop ook onder die water in te dompel. Die belangrikste punt van behandeling is om alle skape op die plaas (en indien nodig bokke en beeste) te behandel. Indien slegs een myt op een skaap lewendig agtergelaat word, kan die siekte weer later kop uit-steek. Dipmiddels wat geregistreer is vir die behandeling van skaapbrandsiekte bevat aktiewe bestandele soos piretroiëde (byvoorbeeld deltametrien), formamidiene (byvoorbeeld amitras) en organofosfate (byvoorbeeld triazophos). MSD se dipstof antwoord tot skaapbrandsiekte word onder die volgende handelsmerke bemark: ZIPDIP®, TAKTIC® CATTLE SPRAY en DELETE® X5.

Inspuitbare makrosikliese laktone (byvoorbeeld ivermektien) kan ook gebruik word vir die effektiewe behandeling van skaapbrandsiekte. MSD se inspuitbare ivermektien oplossing vir skaapbrandsiekte word onder die handelsmerk IVOTAN bemark. MSD spog ook met ‘n langwerkend makrosikliese laktoon produk, SOLUTION® 3,5 % L.A., wat geregistreer is vir die behandeling en beheer van skaapbrandsiekte met slegs een behandeling. SOLUTION® 3,5 % L.A. bevat ‘n kombinasie van ivermektien 2,25 % m/v PLUS abamektien 1,25 % m/v en dood skaapbrandsiektemyte en voorkom herbesmetting vir tot 56 dae. Die produk is veilig om te gebruik in lammers van 10 kg en swaarder.

Die bloedwei vorm ‘n kors op die wol en myte beweeg dan na die randte van die letsel. Skape krap en byt ook die letsel wat dit dan vererger en verder laat uitkring. Ná ses tot agt weke kan twee-derdes van die wol op ‘n skaap in hierdie proses verlore raak. Wol kan uitval of uitgepluis word wanneer die skaap die sensitiewe vel areas probeer lek, krap, byt en skuur teen voorwerpe en selfs teen ander skape. Wol is egter nie die enigste verlies nie en besmette skape eet ook minder, stres, verloor kondisie en in erge gevalle, vrek. Harige skape word ook aangetas, maar gewoonlik in ‘n mindere mate as wolskape. Die skaapbrandsiektemyt is meer aktief in die wintermaande – vandaar dat simptome meer in die winter voorkom. Bokke en nie-wol-draende skaaprasse kan, veral in die somer, simptoomlose draers van brandsiekte wees.

Die parasiet word gediagnoseer deur wolplukke en velskrape rondom letsels te neem wat dan bestudeer kan word onder ‘n mikroskoop. Hou in gedagte dat daar ook ander oorsake is wat skape kan laat krap, waarvan die vernaamste rooikopluis is.

Behandeling en beheerAlle gevalle van skape wat krap en byt moet aan die naaste Staatsveearts gerapporteer word. Skaapbrandsiekte is ‘n staatsbeheerde siekte, en besmette asook in-kontak kuddes behoort in kwarantyn geplaas

5 SKAAPBRANDSIEKTEDr Brand van Sittert en Jacques van Rensburg

2 THE HEALTHY DAIRY CALF Dr Chriche du Plessis

TAKTIC® CATTLE SPRAY Reg. Nr. 2535 (Wet 36 van 1947)

Amitras 12,5 % m/vNamibië: S0 Reg. Nr. V02/18.3.4/781

ZIPDIP Reg. Nr. 0381 (Wet 36 van 1947)

Namibië: S0 Reg. Nr. V00/18.3.2/493

DELETE X5 Reg. Nr. 3279 (Wet 36 van 1947)

Namibië: S0 Reg. Nr. V03/18.3.3/688Deltametrien 5 % m/v.

SOLUTION® 3,5 % L.A. Reg. Nr. 3689 (Wet 36 van 1947)

Namibië: S0 Reg. Nr. V06/18.1.2/651Ivermectin 2,25 % m/v PLUS

Abamektien 1,25 % m/v

2014ISSUE 3

5

Omdat myte vir kort periodes weg van die skaap af kan oorleef, moet ou besmette krale vir ten minste 17 dae leegstaan sodat die mytpopulasie kan uitsterf voordat skoon skape weer daar toegelaat word.

Vir enige verdere inligting, asook korrekte gebruiksaanwysings, kontak ons gerus direk by +27 (11) 923-9301 of raadpleeg asb. jou naaste MSD verteenwoordiger of veearts.

VerwysingsDr. Brand van Sittert, MSD Animal Health, Navorsingseenheid Malelane RSA.Anon 2011. Skaapgesondheidsplatform – Toepassing van kennis skep ‘n meetbare verskil. MSD Animal Health.Dr. Carrington. C. (2013). MIMS IVS Desk Reference - IDR 2013/2014. Saxonwold: Times Media Limited.

Brandsiekte is ‘n hoogs aansteeklike en verwoestende velsiekte onder skape. Dit word veroorsaak deur die skaapbrandsiektemyt (Psoroptes communis ovis), ‘n klein velparasiet (ongeveer 0,8 mm in lengte) en kan skaars met die blote oog gesien word. Hierdie siekte is aanmeldbaar en is al sedert die sewentiende eeu endemies in Suider-Afrika. Dit kon, ten spyte van verskeie regeringspogings en aggresiewe behandelingsstrategieë, nog nie uitgewis word nie.

3 AVD PROGRAM: Common Errors Dr Johann Breytenbach

IVOTAN Reg. Nr. G2858 (Wet 36 van 1947)

Namibië: S0 Reg. Nr. V01/18.1.2/731Ivermektien 1 % m/v

veeVERNUFstockSENSE2014

ISSUE 3

Intervet SA (Edms) Bpk.

Reg. Nr. 1991/006580/07 Spartanweg 20 Spartan, 1619, RSAPrivaatsak X2026 Isando, 1600, RSATel +27 (0) 11 923 9300 Faks +27 (0) 11 974 9320 Verkope Faks +27 (0) 86 603 1777 www.msd-animal-health.co.za

HOE GEMAAK AS ONS BEESTE BEGIN “VERKOUE” KRY?– Dr Chriche H du Plessis

Die algemeenste tekens dat ‘n bees moontlik lei aan BRS is ‘n verlaging in aptyt, depressie, koors, afskeidings uit die neus en oë, moeilike asemhaling en hoesbuie. Die graad van kliniese simptome kan verskil en sommige diere sal geen simptome wys nie. Hierdie diere word wel beïnvloed deur die siekte en sal ‘n verlaging in produktiwiteit toon. Jonger diere kan selfs sterf.

Beeste is veral vatbaar vir lugweginfeksies as gevolg van sekere anatomiese eienskappe. Beeste het klein en plat longe ten opsigte van hulle liggaamsmassa en die longe is gekompartimentaliseerd. Daarby speel omgewingsfaktore soos stres, uiterste weersomstandighede, voedings-probleme en draerdiere ook ‘n groot rol.

Maar daar is hulp!

RESPIRAVAX® is ‘n bobaas entstof wat aanbeveel word vir die vermindering en voorkoming van die volgende siektes:

➜ Beesherpesvirus tipe 1 wat aansteeklike beesrinotrageïtis (IBR) veroorsaakDraerdiere besmet die omgewing onder stresvolle omstandighede en bly ‘n bron van besmetting en die virus word onderskat as ‘n oorsaak van aborsies en BRS.

➜ Beesvirusdiarree (BVD)BVD onderdruk immuniteit en maak die bees meer vatbaar vir bakteriële siektes soos pasteurella; ongebore kalwers wat besmet word in dag 40 - 120 van dragtigheid word permanent geïnfekteer; dit is een van die algemeenste geïsoleerde virusse in longonsteking en kan aborsies veroorsaak.

➜ Parainfluensavirus tipe 3 (PI3)Kan weke neem vir kliniese tekens om te vertoon na infeksie; dit veroorsaak gewoonlik nie ernstige patologie op sy eie nie en sekondêre bakteriële infeksie is algemeen na infeksie met die virus.

➜ Mannheimia (pasteurella) hemolytica wat “shipping fever” veroorsaakDit is deel van die natuurlike flora in die boonste lugweë wat koloniseer wanneer daar virale infeksie of stres is; die bakterieë produseer toksiene wat die long weefsel beskadig en dit is die algemeenste bakterieë wat geïsoleer word in longinfeksie.

RESPIRAVAX® is ‘n geïnaktiveerde (dooie) entstof. Dit kan dus gebruik word in dragtige diere asook kalwers van enige ouderdom. Dragtige koeie word 6-8 weke voor kalwing ingeënt en ‘n skraagdosis word 4 weke later toegedien indien koeie nie voorheen geënt was nie. Dus verbeter die enting die kwaliteit van kolostrum en kan die insidensie van respiratoriese siektes in neonatale en jong kalwers verlaag word indien kolostrum ingeneem word.

Kalwers van koeie wat reeds geënt is moet weer op 3 maande geënt word. Alle diere wat vir die eerste keer geënt word het ‘n skraagdosis vier weke later nodig. Daarna word ‘n skraagdosis jaarliks toegedien. Kalwers van koeie wat nie geënt was nie kan op enige ouderdom die enting ontvang. Die enting word subkutaan ingespuit en het geen melkonttrekking nie.

RESPIRAVAX®, Reg. Nr. G3867 (Wet 36/1947). Bevat geïnaktiveerde BHV1 (IBR), BVD tipe 1 en PI3 virusse, sowel as ‘n leukotoksien van Mannheimia haemolytica. Namibia: S0 Reg. No. V10/24.4/719.

photo: © iStockphoto.com

ZA/RSX/0614/0001

Intervet South Africa (Edms) Bpk, Reg. Nr. 1991/006580/07 Spartanweg 20, Spartan, 1619, RSAPrivaatsak X2026, Isando, 1600, RSATel: +27 (0) 11 923 9300, Faks: +27 (0) 11 392 3158, Verkope Faks: +27 (0) 86 603 1777

www.msd-animal-health.co.za

Beeste is net so vatbaar vir respiratoriese (lugweg) siektes soos die mens. In die herkouer wêreld staan dit bekend as Bees Respiratoriese Siekte Kompleks (BRS). BRS kan veroorsaak word deur ‘n verskeidenheid virusse en bakterieë.

SKAAPBRANDSIEKTE– Dr Brand van Sittert en Jacques van Rensburg

Oordraging en verspreidingBrandsiekte versprei deur direkte kontak tussen skape. Myte kan egter ook deur mense, klere en voertuie van skaap tot skaap oorgedra word. Onthou gerus dat enige skaap buite u kudde beskou moet word as ‘n moontlike brandsiektedraer, selfs al lyk die skaap gesond. Goeie biosekuriteit is dus belangrik om jou kudde te beskerm teen moontlike besmette voertuie, besoekers en skeerspanne wat jou plaas van buite af besoek.

LewensiklusHierdie parasiet kom hoofsaaklik op skape voor en die hele lewensiklus geskied op die skaap. Die wyfie lê haar eiers op die randte van die skurfteletsel. Nadat die larwes uitgebroei het, voed hulle en vervel tot nimfe wat dan weer voed en vervel om weer volwasse myte te vorm. Onder optimale toestande kan ‘n brandsiektemyt sy lewensiklus in slegs nege dae voltooi. Tekens van mytinfestasie word veral waargeneem in die winter, omdat die myte meer aktief is in laer temperature. In somermaande kan myte wegkruip in die ore, rondom die oë, borsbeen, horings, peester en skrotum sonder om groot letsels te veroorsaak.

Simptome en diagnoseDie myte byt en voed op die liggaam se limf in die vel en veroorsaak inflammasie. Die bytplek is geweldig irriterend vir die skaap – soveel so dat liggaamsvog (bloedwei) deur die vel sal sypel rondom die bytplek.

te word. Volgens regulasies moet elke in-kontak en besmette dier twee maal behandel word met ‘n

effektiewe, geregistreerde middel teen brandsiekte. Die twee behandelings moet binne 8 tot 10 dae uit mekaar wees.

Indien skape gedip word, maak seker dat dit korrek gedoen word deur elke skaap ten minste een tot twee minute in die diptenk te hou

en die kop ook onder die water in te dompel. Die belangrikste punt van behandeling is om alle skape op die plaas (en indien nodig bokke en beeste) te behandel. Indien slegs een myt op een skaap lewendig agtergelaat word, kan die siekte weer later kop uit-steek. Dipmiddels wat geregistreer is vir die behandeling van skaapbrandsiekte bevat aktiewe bestandele soos piretroiëde (byvoorbeeld deltametrien), formamidiene (byvoorbeeld amitras) en organofosfate (byvoorbeeld triazophos). MSD se dipstof antwoord tot skaapbrandsiekte word onder die volgende handelsmerke bemark: ZIPDIP®, TAKTIC® CATTLE SPRAY en DELETE® X5.

Inspuitbare makrosikliese laktone (byvoorbeeld ivermektien) kan ook gebruik word vir die effektiewe behandeling van skaapbrandsiekte. MSD se inspuitbare ivermektien oplossing vir skaapbrandsiekte word onder die handelsmerk IVOTAN bemark. MSD spog ook met ‘n langwerkend makrosikliese laktoon produk, SOLUTION® 3,5 % L.A., wat geregistreer is vir die behandeling en beheer van skaapbrandsiekte met slegs een behandeling. SOLUTION® 3,5 % L.A. bevat ‘n kombinasie van ivermektien 2,25 % m/v PLUS abamektien 1,25 % m/v en dood skaapbrandsiektemyte en voorkom herbesmetting vir tot 56 dae. Die produk is veilig om te gebruik in lammers van 10 kg en swaarder.

Die bloedwei vorm ‘n kors op die wol en myte beweeg dan na die randte van die letsel. Skape krap en byt ook die letsel wat dit dan vererger en verder laat uitkring. Ná ses tot agt weke kan twee-derdes van die wol op ‘n skaap in hierdie proses verlore raak. Wol kan uitval of uitgepluis word wanneer die skaap die sensitiewe vel areas probeer lek, krap, byt en skuur teen voorwerpe en selfs teen ander skape. Wol is egter nie die enigste verlies nie en besmette skape eet ook minder, stres, verloor kondisie en in erge gevalle, vrek. Harige skape word ook aangetas, maar gewoonlik in ‘n mindere mate as wolskape. Die skaapbrandsiektemyt is meer aktief in die wintermaande – vandaar dat simptome meer in die winter voorkom. Bokke en nie-wol-draende skaaprasse kan, veral in die somer, simptoomlose draers van brandsiekte wees.

Die parasiet word gediagnoseer deur wolplukke en velskrape rondom letsels te neem wat dan bestudeer kan word onder ‘n mikroskoop. Hou in gedagte dat daar ook ander oorsake is wat skape kan laat krap, waarvan die vernaamste rooikopluis is.

Behandeling en beheerAlle gevalle van skape wat krap en byt moet aan die naaste Staatsveearts gerapporteer word. Skaapbrandsiekte is ‘n staatsbeheerde siekte, en besmette asook in-kontak kuddes behoort in kwarantyn geplaas

5 SKAAPBRANDSIEKTEDr Brand van Sittert en Jacques van Rensburg

2 THE HEALTHY DAIRY CALF Dr Chriche du Plessis

TAKTIC® CATTLE SPRAY Reg. Nr. 2535 (Wet 36 van 1947)

Amitras 12,5 % m/vNamibië: S0 Reg. Nr. V02/18.3.4/781

ZIPDIP Reg. Nr. 0381 (Wet 36 van 1947)

Namibië: S0 Reg. Nr. V00/18.3.2/493

DELETE X5 Reg. Nr. 3279 (Wet 36 van 1947)

Namibië: S0 Reg. Nr. V03/18.3.3/688Deltametrien 5 % m/v.

SOLUTION® 3,5 % L.A. Reg. Nr. 3689 (Wet 36 van 1947)

Namibië: S0 Reg. Nr. V06/18.1.2/651Ivermectin 2,25 % m/v PLUS

Abamektien 1,25 % m/v

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Omdat myte vir kort periodes weg van die skaap af kan oorleef, moet ou besmette krale vir ten minste 17 dae leegstaan sodat die mytpopulasie kan uitsterf voordat skoon skape weer daar toegelaat word.

Vir enige verdere inligting, asook korrekte gebruiksaanwysings, kontak ons gerus direk by +27 (11) 923-9301 of raadpleeg asb. jou naaste MSD verteenwoordiger of veearts.

VerwysingsDr. Brand van Sittert, MSD Animal Health, Navorsingseenheid Malelane RSA.Anon 2011. Skaapgesondheidsplatform – Toepassing van kennis skep ‘n meetbare verskil. MSD Animal Health.Dr. Carrington. C. (2013). MIMS IVS Desk Reference - IDR 2013/2014. Saxonwold: Times Media Limited.

Brandsiekte is ‘n hoogs aansteeklike en verwoestende velsiekte onder skape. Dit word veroorsaak deur die skaapbrandsiektemyt (Psoroptes communis ovis), ‘n klein velparasiet (ongeveer 0,8 mm in lengte) en kan skaars met die blote oog gesien word. Hierdie siekte is aanmeldbaar en is al sedert die sewentiende eeu endemies in Suider-Afrika. Dit kon, ten spyte van verskeie regeringspogings en aggresiewe behandelingsstrategieë, nog nie uitgewis word nie.

3 AVD PROGRAM: Common Errors Dr Johann Breytenbach

IVOTAN Reg. Nr. G2858 (Wet 36 van 1947)

Namibië: S0 Reg. Nr. V01/18.1.2/731Ivermektien 1 % m/v