vaxtang guruli - sangu.ge · ise mohkidos xeli. xumroba nu ggoniaT ase samarcxvinod ... dagvrCa...
Transcript of vaxtang guruli - sangu.ge · ise mohkidos xeli. xumroba nu ggoniaT ase samarcxvinod ... dagvrCa...
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vaxtang guruli
jvarcmuli da jvarmcmelebi
Tbilisi
2008
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vaxtang guruli
jvarcmuli da jvarmcmelebi (ilias gmobis istoria)
1861-1937
gamomcemloba “universali” Tbilisi
2008
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naSromSi warmoCenilia ilia WavWavaZis mowamebrivi crovrebis erTi
mxare_qarTvelTa mier ilias uaryofis istoria.
redaqtori prof. giorgi papuaSvili
recenzentebi: prof. dimitri SveliZe
doc. avTandil wowkolauri
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aravin winaswarmetyueli
Sewynarebul ars TUissa mamulsa.
luka, 4,24
aRiRe ege da mogUteven Cven baraba.
luka, 23,18
winaTqma
XIX saukunis miwurulsa da XX saukunis damdegs saqarTveloSi, samwuxarod,
iyvnen adamianebi, romlebmac ilia WavWavaZis naazrevisa da naRvawis winaaRmdeg brZola
csovrebis miznad daisaxes. ilias moZuleni, SemTxveva rom miscemodaT, daufiqreblad
SesZaxebdnen: ,,aRiRe ege da mogUiteven Cven baraba”. (luka, 23, 18) . am tragediamde
qarTveli eri erTbaSad ar misula. yovelive didxans da saguldagulod mzaddeboda...
iliam mowamis cxovrebiT icxovra da mowameobrivad aResrula. sulieri da
fizikuri Zala, romelic ilias uflisagan eboZa yvelafrisaTvis sakmarisi aRmoCnda.
swored, ilias uSretma Zalam Caagdo sasowarkveTilebaSi misi uarmyofelni. ver gatexes
sulierad (es maT adamianur SesaZleblobebs aRemateboda!), mospes fizikurad (es maTi
profesia iyo!). ilias uaryofa samoRvaweo asparezze gamosvlisTanave _ 1861 wels _
scads. ilias Tavs daesxnen da mere risTvis? Jurnal ,,ciskris” 1861 wlis aprilis
nomerSi gamoqveynebuli publicisturi werilisTvis _ ,,oriode sityva Tavad revaz
Salvas Zis erisTavis mier kazlovis ,,SeSlilis” Targmanzeda”. es swored is werilia,
romlisTvisac yvela gonieri qarTveli ilias aRmerTebda da aRmerTebs dResac. es is
werilia, romlis saprogramo moTxovnaTa mTlianad realizeba, samwuxarod, dRemde ver
SeZlo qarTvelma erma.
ilias uaryofis tempi da masStabi 1861 wlidan ganuxrelad izrdeboda, icvleboda
brZolis formebi. rogor aRiqvamda amas ilia? rogor afasebda mis garSemo gamudmebiT
darazmul uarmyofelT da maT mier Seqmnil fsiqologiur klimats? rogor afasebda
sazogadoebis im nawils, romelsac misi naazrevisa da naRvawis uaryofa cxovrebis miznad
eqcia? es adamianebi xom qarTul sazogadoebas ganekuTnebodnen, qarTuli sinamdvilis
ganuyofel nawils warmoadgendnen da ilias maTTvis angariSi unda gaewia, maTTan erTad
unda ekeTebina qarTuli saqme.
ilia zustad, lakonurad, magram srulad axasiaTebs qarTuli sazogadoebis erTi
nawilis, sxadasxva rwmenis, msoflmxedvelobisa da partiulobis adamianebs, romelTac
erTi saerTo saxeli aqvT _ ilias uarmyofelni.
moRvaweobis dasawyisSi (XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis damdegs) ilias Sefaseba
aseTi iyo:
_ ,,kacma rom patiosans da keTils saqmes Tavi Seswiros, erTi Cvengani ar
daijerebs. ratom? imitom rom yoveli Cvengani im kacis alagas Tavis Tavsa daayenebda da
ityoda: me uangarod amas viqmodi? amis pirdapiri pasuxi ,,ara” iqneboda, rasakvirvelia ...
,,maS arc is iqmoda” _ daaskvnis gonieri qarTveli” (1862 w.). 1 _ ,,qarTvelis Seusyidebeli guli exla Seisyideba xolme. TviTon rom sikeTes
gadaCveula, sxvisaganac sikeTe aRar sjera, rom im dedamiwazed, saca TiTona scxovrobs
da aTasi kidev sxva misi msgavsi, aRar sjera _ rom im dedamiwazed kaci aris, romelsac
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sikeTe sikeTisaTvis uyvars, romelsac imodena sulis Zala aqvs, rom Tu gasWirda,
sikeTisaTvis Tavsac dasdebs” (1862 w.). 2
_ ,,pirveli qva, romelic Tavgamodebuls moxvdeba xolme, qarTvelisaganve aris
gamotyorcnili” (1862 w.). 3
moRvaweobis Sua gzaze (XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi) iliaseuli Sefaseba kidev
ufro savalaloa:
_ ,,ra daemarTa adamians? ar viciT. uWkoni, uloRikoni, sulelni gana winaT ki ar
yofilan, magram sulels Tavis dReSi suleli hrqmevia da yuri aravis uTxovebia. exla
ki sulelobas TiTqo kai bazari aqvs, TiTqo kai fasad gadis da visac es ganZi blomad
hqonia, sapalneebiT zedized ezideba gasasaReblad, TiTqo dros exarbeba mazanda ar
wahxdes, fasi ar dahvardes da ar daviRupovo” (1887 w.) 4 _ ,,maS ra xaTabala amoqmedebs amisTana kacs? Tu mTlad suleli ar aris, mTlad
rada hsulelobs? aq marto erTi pasuxia: an sxvisi suleloba aqezebs, an sxvis
gasulelebasa hlamobs da amiT muStris Sovnasa. rac ginda sTqviT da arc es aris
mTliani suleloba. aqac angariSia da angariSi Seucdomeli. amisTana gambedaoba dRes
Tanxaa da Tanxis triali unda, rom sargebeli aiRos, ibartyos, imatos” (1887 w.). 5
_ ,,aq kacma sindisic unda daiviwyos, namusic unda CvarSi gamohkras, patiosnebaca
hgmos, erTi sityviT, yovels RvTaeburs niWs adamianisas unda gadudges da am xelobas
ise mohkidos xeli. xumroba nu ggoniaT ase samarcxvinod Tavis gawirva, ase gabaibureba,
gaupatiureba sakuTaris Tavisa, sakuTaris kacobisa. amasac Rone unda, marTalia Rone
sazizRari, Tavlafdasxmuli, SemaZrwunebeli, magram mainc Rone. vai, rom amisTana Ronesac
fasi aqvs da muStaric hyavs” (1887 w.). 6
_ ,,rarig aeria adamians gza-kvali yovelsferSi! eCosaviT sul mudam Tavisaken
mTleli goneba adamianisa am areulobasa da babilonis godolis aSenebaSi iqamde mivida,
rom lamis cxadi boroteba, aSkara avkacoba did saTnoebad da did madlad gadaaqcios da
saqveynod iqadagos kidec, viTarca moZRvreba yovlad mxsneli”. (1888 w.) 7
_ ,,gana moifiqrebda vinme, rom yovlad Semazrzens, Tavlafdasxmuls, yvelasgan
galanZRuls, gakicxuls da Seginebuls ,,avenobas”, anu ,,Wors” mwe-mqebari da maqeb-
madidebeli gamouCndeboda!” (1888 w.). 8
mowamebriv aRsasrulamde ori wliT adre (1905 w.) mis uarmyoflebTan xangrZlivi
brZoliT Tavmobezrebuli (magram ara sasowarkveTili!) ilia aseTi sityvebiT mimarTavda
,,avenobisa”, anu ,,Woris” ,,mwe-mqebarTa” da ,,maqeb-madidebelT”. _ ,,aris zogierTi imisTana zneobrivi kanoni, romelic kacTa erTmaneTobiT
cxovrebas saZirkvlad udevs da romelic yvelasaTvis erTnairad savaldebuloa, ra
dasisa da rwmenisac ginda iyos, da erTi am kanonTagani is aris, rom rac Sen ar ginda
mogivides, imas nurc sxvisaTvis moindomebo” (1905 w.). 9 am sityvebs ilia WavWavaZe werda Tavisi moRvaweobis dasawyisSi, Sua gzaze da
miwuruls. iliaseuli Sefasebebi zogadia da kargad axasiaTebs im yoveldRiurobas,
romelTanac Sexeba uxdeboda ilias. ilia imasac grZnobda, rom zneobis dacemis procesi
mxolod iwyeboda, ,,avenobisa”, anu ,,Woris” ,,mwe-mqebarni” da ,,maqeb-madidebelni” kidev ufro gamravldebodnen...
ilia amisTvisac mzad iyo. RvTisagan rCeuls Tavisi misia bolomde hqonda
Secnobili.
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1. ,,sakvirveli kacia qarTveli.” (qarTuli enis ganaxlebis mowinaaRmdegeni)
da aRivsnes yovelni guliswyromiTa,
romelni _ igi iyvnes Sesakrebelsa
mas Sina, esmoda raY eses
luka, 4, 29
Jurnal ,,cikris” 1861 wlis aprilis nomerSi gamoqveynda ilia WavWavaZis werili
,,oriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Zis erisTavis mier kazlovis ,,SeSlilis”
Targmanzeda”. sruliad axalgazrda, 24 wlis ilia werda: ,,sami RvTaebrivi saunje
dagvrCa Cven mama-papaTagan. mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba. Tu amasac ar upatroneT, ra kacebi
viqnebiT, ra pasuxs gavscemT STamomavlobas.” iliam moRvaweoba qarTuli enis siwmindis
dacvisaTvis brZoliT daiwyo. araferi gaugonari da miuRebeli ar uTqvams. ena viTardeba
da ganviTareba TavisTavad gulisxmobs cvlilebas _ Zvel qarTul samwerlobo enas
adgili unda daeTmo axali qarTuli samwerlobo enisaTvis. amasTan erTad ilia
acxadebda, rom aucilebeli iyo qarTuli enis siwmindis dacva sxva enebis, (kerZod,
rusuli enis) gavlenisagan. revaz erisTavis patriotobaSi ilias eWvi ar Sehparvia,
magram isic cxadi iyo, rom rusuli enidan qarTul enaze Targmnisas revaz erisTavi
uxeSad arRvevda qarTuli sintaqsis normebs da, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, qarTul enaSi
rusuli sintaqsis normebi Semohqonda.
ilias azriT, qarTuli enis ganviTareba aucilebels xdida qarTuli anbanidan
ramdebime asos (Y,U,E,Q,H) amoRebas. mavans da mavans ilia WavWavaZis werilis dedaazri ar
moewona, Tumca, taqtikuri mosazrebiT, mTeli aqcenti anbanidan asoebis amoRebaze
gadaitanes. aseTi pozicia, cxadia, momgebiani iyo: qarTuli anbanidan asoebis amoReba erTi
xelis dakvriT gadasawyveti sakiTxi ar iyo. qarTveli mwerlebisa da, saerTod,
ganaTlebuli sazogadoebis iliasTan dasapirispireblad anbanidan asoebis amoRebis
sakiTxis wina planze wamoweva xelsayreli iyo.
ilias werilma ,,oriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Zis erisTavis mier kazlovis
,,SeSlilis” Targmanzeda” didi aurzauri gamoiwvia. Jurnal ,,cikris” 1861 wlis maisisa
da ivnisis nomrebSi ilias winaaRmdeg werilebi gamoaqveynes barbare jorjaZem (,,T. ilia
WavWavaZis kritikazed”)1 giorgi baraTovma (,,werili redaktorTan”)2, sardion aleqsiev-
mesxievma (,,ustari antikritikuli”)3 da TviT revaz erisTavma (,,pasuxi Tavadi ilia
WavWavaZis kritikisa”).4 ilias werilis seriozulad ganxilva arc erT maTgans ar ucdia
(iqneb zedmetad da sakuTari Rirsebis damamcirebladac ki miiCnevdnen iliasTan
polemikas?!). yvelani erTxmad Wkuas arigebdnen ilias, morals ukiTxavdnen, zemodan
dahyurebdnen da dascinodnen kidec! igive gzas daadga efTvime wereTelic (giorgi
wereTlis mama), romelmac Jurnal ciskris 1862 wlis Tebervlis nomerSi moTavsebuli
werili (,,ufalo redaqtoro!”) aseve iliasTvis moralis kiTxviT daiwyo da daasrula.
nebsiT Tu uneblieT, ismis kiTxva: nuTu imdroindelma moRvaweebma marTla ver
gaiges ratom ar moswonda ilia WavWavaZes revaz erisTavis Targmani, ratom iTxovda
qarTuli anbanidan ramdenime asos amoRebas? TviT ilias araferi ukvirda. swored, aseTi
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SemTxvevis gamo ityoda: ,,sakvirveli kacia qarTveli!.. Zalian Tvalebis abma icis, sxvisi
Tvalebisa ki ara, magodena ar SeuZlian, Tavisi sakuTaris Tvalebisa. Tu moindoma, da
Tundac ar moindomos, ise xelobad dasCemebia, rom rac unda keTil-svindisiani saqme
iyos, aseTs kuds gamoabams, aseTnairad waSlis-wamoSlis, rom Seni gakeTebuli saqme Senve
ver icno, Seni naTqvami sityva Senve veRar gaigo.”
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2. ,,pirveli qva ... qarTvelisaganve aris gamotyorcnili”
(,,saqarTvelos moambisa” da ,,iveriis” arakeTilmosurneni)
moxued warwymedad Cuenda
luka, 4, 34
1863 wels ilia WavWavaZem gamosca yovelTviuri Jurnali ,,saqarTvelos moambe”.
jurnal ,,ciskris” garSemo Semokrebilma moRvaweebma ,,saqarTvelos moambis” gamocema
,,ciskris” monopoliis SezRudvad miiCnies. ,,saqarTvelos moambis”, ese igi ilia
WavWavaZis, winaaRmdeg galaSqreba ciskrelebma lavrenti ardazians miandes. Jurnal
,,ciskris” 1863 wlis ivnisis nomerSi lavrenti ardazianma, ,,aleqsi elbakiZis”
fsevdonimiT, moaTavsa werili ,,oriode sityUa Sesaxeb Terg-daleulis statiisa.”1 rogorc vxedavT, werilis saTaurSive darRveulia qarTuli sintaqsis norma. visac revaz
erisTavis Targmanze ilia WavWavaZis SeniSvnebi wakiTxuli hqonda (cxadia, ciskrel
lavrenti ardazians ilias werili wakiTxuli eqneboda) unda xsomeboda: qarTuli
sintaqsis mixedviT, sityva Sesaxeb Tavis adgilze ar iyo, mas winadadebaSi (saTaurSi)
bolo adgili unda daekavebina. ratom daarRvia lavrenti ardazianma qarTuli sintaqsis
norma? ase miaCnda sworad, Tu gangeb iqceoda ase? Zneli saTqmelia. samagierod, cxadia,
is, rom lavrenti ardaziani agrZelebs ciskrelTa tradicias _ morals ukiTxavs,
zemodan uyurebs ilias! seriozul, dasabuTebul kritikas ,,ciskarma” amjeradac Tavi
aarida.
* * *
1863 wlis bolos gamovida Jurnal ,,saqarTvelos moambis” meTormete nomeri. 1864 wels ilia WaWaavaZem Jurnalis gamocema veRar gaagrZela. ciskrelebma taSi dahkres,
,,saqarTvelos moambe” kidev erTxel ganaqiqes. 1864 wlis martis nomerSi ,,saqarTvelos
moambis” daxurvasTan dakavSirebiT daibeWda ,,ciskris” redaqciis gancxadeba: ,,didis Weqa-
quxiliT daibada (,,saqarTvelos moambe” _ avt.) qveyanaSi da im wamsve gapenta ,,ciskari”, miwasTan gavasworovo, CUEnki srulebiT xmac ar gagvicia, radgan darwmunebuli viyaviT,
rom is Weqaquxili qari iyo da qarive waiRebda.”2 gancxadeba mTavrdeboda Semdegi
sityvebiT: ,,didada vwuxvarT, rom ase udrood gamoaklda ,,moambe” am CUEns daudgromels
wuTi sofels.”3
ratom unda gahxareboda erTi qarTuli Jurnalis (,,ciskris”) redaqcias meore
qarTuli Jurnalis (,,saqarTvelos moambis”) daxurva? gana ramdeni qarTuli Jurnali da
gazeTi arsebobda 1864 wels? qarTuli perioduli gamocemebi, qarTuli Jurnalistika,
qarTuli publicistika, nuTu ise Zlieri, ise welSi gamarTuli iyo, rom erTi Jurnalis
daxurva arad Cagvegdo, gagvxareboda?! nuTu ciskrelebma ver gaiges, rom ,,saqarTvelos
moambis” daxurva ilias piradi satkivari sulac ar iyo? ,,saqarTvelos moambe” daaklda
qarTvel ers, saqarTvelos, qarTul mwerlobas, qarTul publicistikas!
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sainteresoa, ras moimoqmedebdnen ciskrelebi ,,saqarTvelos moambe” xelisuflebas
rom daexura? gangaSs atexdnen, Tu gaxarebulni taSs daukravdnen?
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Jurnali ,,ciskari” da mis garSemo Semokrebili moRvaweni ilia WavWavaZes marto
enis ganaxlebis programas ki ar uwunebdnen, aramed poetur niWsac. 1863 wels Jurnal
,,ciskris” martis nomerSi anton furcelaZe werda: ,,Cven zemoTve warmovsTqviT da axlac
vambobT, rom is poeti poeti ar aris, romelic aZalebs niWsa, atans Tavs Zalas, amRerevs
grZnobas da pirvel CanCalaT Tavis Tavi hyavs. erTic es unda SevniSnoT, rom
WavWavaZezed didi gavlena aqvs yovel rigis Txzulebas, da amaT gauvlenelad ar
SeuZlian wera.”4 1863 wlis Jurnal ,,ciskris” maisis nomerSi anton furcelaZe kidev
ufro kategoriul daskvnas akeTebs: ,,rac Seexeba WavWavaZis niWs leqsebSi, is, rogorc
umyofelia da aris mxolod xelovneba, rogorc zemoTa vsTqviT, ar aris imedi, rom
magazed winRa wavides.”5 ar SeiZleba imis daviwyebac, rom anton furcelaZem Teqvsmeti
wlis Semdeg azri nawilobriv Seicvala da gazeT ,,droebis” 1879 wlis 1 dekembris
nomerSi gamoqveynebul werilSi ,,akaki wereTels” moinania: ,,dRes rom WavWavaZezed wera Semxvdes, sazogadoT Seudareblad ki ara, _ Semxvdes wera SedarebiTa, maSin bevrad ufro
sxva kiloze vilaparakebdi, ese igi, imas SedarebiT sxvebTan, metadre rogorc poets,
araviszed, Tu ara win, ukan ar davayenebdi.”6 anton furcelaZem Riad datova sakiTxi ra
azrisa iqneboda iliaze, rogorc poetze, Tu ilias leqsebs Seafasebda ,,sazogadoT
Seudareblad” da ara ,,SedarebiT”. werlis teqstidan cxadi xdeba, rom anton
furcelaZis Sefaseba am SemTxvevaSi uaryofiTi iqneboda.
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1866 wels giorgi wereTelma gamosca SesaniSnavi qarTuli gazeTi ,,droeba”. didia
,,droebis” damsaxureba qarTuli Jurnalistikis, qarTuli mwerlobis, qarTuli
publicistikis qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis winaSe. gavida aTi weli. 1876 wels
cnobili gaxda, rom 1877 wlidan, ilia WavWavaZis redaqtorobiT, gamovidoda axali
qarTuli gazeTi ,,iveria”. erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobis procesSi axali qarTuli
gazeTis gamocema sruliad bunebrivi da misasalmebeli movlena iyo. cnobas gazeT
,,iveriis” gamocemis Taobaze daufaravi wyeniT Sexvda gazeTi ,,droeba”. 1876 wlis 25
ivniss gazeT ,,droebaSi”, xelmoweriT ,,s.m.”, daibeWda sergei mesxis werili _ ,,axali
qarTuli gazeTi”7 werilSi vkiTxulobT: ,,redaqtoroba am gazeTisa T. il. g. WavWavaZes
ukisrnia. TanamSromlebs uricxvs amboben: peterburRis qarTuli enis profesors uf. al.
cagarels, odesis qimiis profesors uf. v. petriaSvils, quTaisis saadgil-mamulo bankis
gamgebels uf. bes. RoRoberiZes, uu. n. qananovs, i. gogebaSvils, bes. jafariZes, dav.
Cqotuas da bevrs kidev sxva mcnob da ucnob pirsa.”8 gancxadeba rom aq dasrulebuliyo,
,,iveriis” daarsebis moTaveT, da piradad ilia WavWavaZesac madlobis meti araferi
eTqmodaT ra. magram sergei mesxma Tavi ver Seikava, wyena ver damala. gancxadebaSi
vkiTxulobT: ,,keTili iyos imis Casaxva il. WavWavaZisa da bes. RoRoberiZis azrSi.
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keTili iyos imis dabadeba! keTili iyos, Tu am momaval Cvens moZmes marto da mxolod
literaturuli interesebi eqneba mxedvelobaSi da ara sxva raime. keTili iyos, Tu is
sazogado sargeblobisaTvis moRvaweobas gamoiCens da ara kerZo pirebis, kerZo
interesebisaTvis.”9 ratom daeWvda gazeT ,,droebis” redaqcia da piradad sergei mesxi ilia WavWavaZis keTil ganzraxvaSi. saqme isaa, rom am droisaTvis (1876 w.) ukve
seriozulad iyo daZabuli ilia WavWavaZisa da giorgi wereTlis, ilia WavWavaZisa da
niko nikolaZis, ilia WavWavaZisa da sergei mesxis urTierToba. amis mizezi erovnuli
moZraobis programis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebis sxvadasxvagvari gageba iyo. iyo
piradulic ... sergei mesxs es arc ki daumalavs. werilis meore nawilSi is pirdapir
acxadebda: ,,magram, ra vqnaT? eWvi ver mogviSorebia Tavidam. is garemoeba, romelmanc
dabada es axali gazeTi, romelmanc uf. bes. RoRoberiZe da il. WavWavaZe ,,aiZula”, rom qarTuli gazeTis gamocemisaTvis xeli moekidnaT, is garemoeba sul sxvas gviCurCulebs
yurebSi, sul sxvas gveubneba, cdilobs sul sxvaSi dagvarwmunos”.10 Semdeg sergei mesxi
mkiTxvels acnobs ilia WavWavaZis mier gazeT ,,iveriis” daarsebis droebiseul versias:
,,Tqvenc iciT es garemoeba: bes. RoRoberiZem da i. WavWavaZem mxolod maSin gaivles
gulSi axali gazeTis gamocema, rodesac Zvelma e.i. ,,droebam” imaT winaaRmdeg sityvis
Tqma gabeda; mxolod maSin rodesac ,,droebis” erTma TanamSromelTaganma gabeda imaTs
moqmedebaze cotaodeni eWvis Semotana.”11 Semdeg sergei mesxi ufro Sors midis da
mkiTxvels kidev erT saidumlosac gaandobs: ,,am pirebma (e.i. besarion RoRoberiZem da
ilia WavWavaZem – avt.) winadadeba misces ,,droebis” axlandel patronebs, rom Tu ak.
wereTelsa da nik. nikolaZes gamoagdebT redaqciidam da maT nacvlad uu. bes. jafariZesa
da d. Cqotuas miiRebT, materialur da sxva yovel gvar Semweobas moelodeT Cvengano. da
Tu ara ... Tu ara Cven axals gazeTs gamovcemTo!”12 Zalze dainteresebul mkiTxvelac ki
rogor unda gaego simarTle iyo es Tu Wori? ver gaigebda, ver gaigebda da daeWvdeboda.
,,droebis” redaqciasac es undoda! dabneul da daeWvebul sazogadoebas sergei mesxi
kiTxviT mimarTavs: ,,romelime gazeTi rom amisTana garemoebaSi daibadeba, rogor ar Segiva
kacs tvinSi eWvi, rom es gazeTi miudgomeli da ,,literaturis droSis maRla damWeri” ver iqneba? rogor ar gaivlebs sazogadoeba gulSi im hazrs, rom am gazeTs zogi kerZo
interesebisa da kerZo pirebis samsaxuri eqneba mxedvelobaSi?”13 cxadia, sergei mesxi am kiTxvaze sazogadoebis pasuxs ver moismenda, arc ainteresebda! sergei mesxi
Tavdajerebuli dasZenda: ,,Cven amas vambobT, am eWvs vacxadebT”.14 danarCeni droebam
samomavlod gadado. es momavali arc ise Soreuli aRmoCnda. 1877 wels gazeTi ,,iveria” gamovida. niko nikolaZem aRar daayovna da Tavisi azri gamoTqva axal gazeTze. 1877 wlis
6 marts gazeT ,,droebaSi” gamoqveynda niko nikolaZis werili ,,iveriis” pirveli nomeri”. niko nikolaZis Sefaseba aseTia:
pirveli. ilia WavWavaZem Zveli, mkvdari ,,mwignobruli enis” nacvlad daamkvidra
,,saxalxo ena”, magram gazeT ,,iveriis” pirvel nomerSi ilia isev Zvel ,,mwignobrul enas” daubrunda. niko nikolaZem es faqti damtkicebulad CaTvala da ilia Zveli ,,mwignobruli
enis” aRdgenis mcdelobaSi daadanaSaula. amitom iyo, rom ilias aseT darigebas aZlevs:
,,niWieri mweralia uf. ilia WavWavaZe, magram misi niWi ver daarRvevs am sayovelTao da
sazogado kanons. bevraT ufro niWierni iyvnen ruseTSi aqsakovebi da SiSkovi, roca imaT
scads Zveli mwerluri enis aRdgineba, magram vera gaariges ra. da radganac CvenSi niWi
iSviaTi saqonelia, sjobs da sasurvelic aris, rom uf. WavWavaZem Tavisi Rone da
mecadineoba sxva, ufro saxeiro da momavlian Sromas moaxmaros.”15 imdorindeli qarTveli
sazogadoebisa ar viciT, magram dRevandel sazogadoebas, albaT, gauCndeba kiTxvebi: 1)
11
gazeT ,,iveriis” pirvel nomerSi gamoqveynebuli masaliT rogor unda damtkicdes, rom
ilia WavWavaZem ,,saxalxo ena” uaryo da Zveli, mkvdari ,,mwignobruli ena” airCia? niko nikolaZem es namdvilad ver daamtkica. 2) ratom iyvnen ilia WavWavaZeze bevrad ufro
niWierebi aqsakovebi da SiSkovi? amis damtkiceba niko niklaZes arc ki ucdia. 3) vis
exeba niko nikolaZis sityvebi: ,,CvenSi niWi iSviaTi saqoneliao.” werilis im abzacis
mixedviT, sadac mkiTxveli am sityvebs amoikiTxavda, eWvi ar Seepareboda, rom sityvebi
ilias mimarT iyo naTqvami.
meore. werilis avtori amtkicebs, rom ,,iveriis pirvel nomers miuRia ,,Неделя”-ს Cveuleba _ ,,brtylad da damjerad sruliad umniSvnelo da yvelasTvis nacnobi
azrisa.”17 naTqvams niko nikolaZe ase amtkicebs: ,,iwyeb kiTxvas, ggonia ai, esec aris
gamoTqmen im azrs, romlis gamoTqmamdi amdens ceremonias xmaroben, Zlivs ineleb
sityvebis tkaca-tkucs, gadaxvev-gadmoxvevas, da aTaveb ise, rom azri verc ki gipovnia.”18 am sakiTxze saubars niko nikolaZe ise amTavrebs, rom erTi konkretuli magaliTic ki ar
mohyavs amis dasamtkiceblad.
mesame. gazeTi iveria miznad isaxavda samecniero codnis (mecnierebis miRwevebis)
propagandas sazogadoebaSi. ideas, cxadia, niko nikolaZe ver daiwunebda, magram
darwmunebuli iyo, rom ,,iveria” amas ver SeZlebda.19
mTavari saTqmeli niko nikolaZem werilis bolos amcno mkiTxvels: ,,nebas vaZlev
cems Tavs erti rCeva mivsce ef. WavWavaZes. rasakvirvelia imas sruli ufleba aqvs
miiRos an ukuagdos es rCeva. misi pirveli nomris gasinjva marwmunebs, rom TiTqmis
mTeli es nomeri, ori susti statiis garda, misi dawerilia, Tavidam bolomdikargaT
darwmundes rom ,,iveriis” redaqciaSi literaturuli Zala ar moiZieba, garda TviTon
il. WavWavaZis Zalisa, da imedi iqonios marto Tavis Tavis. nu daaZalebs Tavis Tavis
niWs, nu moTxovs imas imisTana rasme, risi mocemac mis niWs ar SeuZlia. miatovos iqiT
mecniereba, filosofia, maRali frena: amaebSi uxeiro frazebis mets misi niWi versa
mogvcems.”20
ase ,,guliTadad” Sexvda gazeT ,,iveriis” gamocemas gazeTi ,,droeba” da misi ori wamyvani TanamSromeli, qarTuli Jurnalistikisa da publicistikis ori gamoCenili
warmomadgeneli _ niko nikolaZe da sergei mesxi.
XXX
1885 wels yoveldRiuri gazeTi ,,droeba” xelisuflebam daxura. 1886 wlidan ilia
WavWavaZem, Jurnal ,,iveriis” nacvlad, imave saxelwodebis yoveldRiuri gazeTis gamocema
daiwyo. ,,droebis” daxurvaSi redaqtori, TanamSromlebi da maTi Tanamoazreni
xelisuflebas ki ara ilia WavWavaZes adanaSaulebdnen. ganmeorda Zveli istoria.
yoveldRiur gazeT ,,iveriis” gamocemas daufaravi aRSfoTebiT Sexvdnen ilias
uarmyofelni. amjerad, daviT soslanma (kezelma) gamoiCina Tavi. gazeT ,,Teatris” 1886
wlis 2 martis nomerSi daibeWda ,,bibliografiuli SeniSvna”21 daviT kezeli ilia
WavWavaZisa da gazeT ,,iveriis” redaqciis Sesaxeb werda: ,,sCans rom es vaJ-batonebi
mxolod imitom iRwvian da moqmedoben sazogado asparezze, rom ,,sacoxneli” ar
gamoelioT. Cven amisTana sazogado moRvaweoba ar gvesmis da TviT warmodgenac ki
gvezizReba. yvelafers warmovidgendiT da imas ki vera, rom yvelaferSi frTxili da
windaxeduli il. WavWavaZe Tavis Tavs sakuTaris xeliT esre uwyalod gaSoltavda
12
sajarod. is mwerali, romelic Rrma filosofiis da sazogado principebis saxeliT
wvrilman angariSebs misdevs da jambazobs, yovelTvis am sasacilo mdgomareobaSi
Cavardeba.”22 qvemoT daviT kezeli ilia WavWavaZes kidev ufro did braldebas uyenebs.
,,droebis” daxurviTa da ,,iveriis” gamocemiT gaRizianebuli daviT kezeli wers:
,,mekobreoba yvela saxelmwifoTa kanondebulebiT akrZalulia, magram faTerakis Tavidan
asacileblad mekobarni TavianT xomaldzed im qveynis alams aafrialeben xolme, romlis
gemebsac sruli ufleba aqvT im zRvazed siarulisa. b. il. WavWavaZem am SemTxvevaSi
literaturuli mekobroba daamtkica: e.i. raRac gacveTili filosofiis almiT xelSi,
viRaca kerZo pirovnebis sabrZolvelad gamovida da es aris mizezi, rom logikamac
uRalata da ubralo saRma Wkuamac.” 23
ase ,,igloves” ,,saqarTvelos moambis” daxurva, ase ,,dauloces” orjer gza
,,iverias” qarTuli Jurnalistikis, qarTuli publicistikis, qarTuli mwerlobis
moRvaweebma. swored, aseTi SemTxvevis gamo ityoda ilia: ,,pirveli qva, romelic
Tavgamodebuls moxvdeba xolme, qarTvelisganve aris gamotyorcnili.”
3. ,,keTili ara gvwams, suli da guli amogvSrobia” (didi ideis mesaflaveni)
da akurTxevdiT mwyevarTa TquenTa
da ilocevdiT maTTUis,
romelni gmZlavrobden TqUen.
luka, 6, 29
keTili ars marili. ukueTu marili
igi ganqardes, raYTa daimarilos?
luka, 14, 35
ilia WavWavaZis winaaRmdeg morigi Seteva 1888 wels ganxorcielda. amjerad
,,oTaraanT qvrivi” dauwunes ilias. 1888 wels, fsevdonimiT ,,mkiTxveli”, daibeWda Sio
daviTaSvilis broSura ,,Catexili xidi” ,,oTaraanT qvrivi”-s b. ilia WavWavaZis
moTxrobis Sesaxeb mkiTxvelis SeniSvnebi.” Sio daviTaSvili ,,oTaraanT qvrivs” mTlianad
uaryofiTad afasebs, mwerals erTbaSad yvelafers uwunebs, erTgan ki aseT daskvnasac
akeTebs: ,,mTel moTxrobaSi ar aris arc erTi dasrulebuli saxe: erTisa ena gvaCvenes,
meorisa mklavi, mesamisa fexi da meoTxisa Crdili. amasTan mTeli moTxroba Cvens
niadagzed ar aris aSenebuli. erTi Cveni nacnobi saxec ver davinaxeT, Cveni
aRmaSfoTebeli, an damatkbobeli sityvac ver gavigoneT, is sityva, romelic maRla caSi
ki ar ikargeba, aramed gulsa hxvdeba. aba ra iyo oTaraanT qvrivi? vis ginaxavT CvenSi
magisTana dedakaci?”2
iliaseuli ,,Catexili xidis” idea, rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs, Seucnobeli darCa Sio
daviTaSvilisaTvis. gaugebaria, Tavs isulelebda Tu marTla ase uwignuri iyo ilias
oponenti. Sio daviTaSvils etyoba seriozulad ainteresebda pasuxi mis mierve dasmul
kiTxvaze: ,,ra xidebs eZebs Cveni mwerloba, b. WavWavaZis moTaveobiT? nu Tu marTla Cven
13
xalxSi wodebaTa Soris aseTi ganxeTqileba sufevs, rom maT Soris xidi Catexila da mis
aRsadgenad mravalTagan-mravali cremli iyos saWiro? ra unaxavsT, ra gahkvirvebiaT,
romel xidis Catexvazed gvesaubrebian?”3
am kiTxvaze ,,oTaraanT qvrivSi” rom pasuxi ver upovia, Sio daviTaSvils ufiqria,
ufiqria da aseTi daskvna gaukeTebia: ,,ra vici, ara erTi sofeli momivlia, ara erTs
Tavads, aznaurs vicnob, araerT glexTan milaparaknia da Catexil xidzed xsenebac arsad
aris. marTalia, yvela TavisTvis scxovrobs da sxvisi dardi ara aqvs, magram arCilsa da
kesosac ara hqondaT giorgisa da sosias dardi. es mainc ar uSlis arc erT mxares
mimarTos meores, daukiTxavad estumron saxlSi erTmaneTs, roca raime moundebaT.”4 erTi
sityviT, Sio daviTaSvilma ,,Catexili xidis” arseboba uaryo da am aRmoCeniT kmayofilma
aseTi daskvna gaakeTa: ,,aq Catexil xidzed laparakic ar SeiZleba da ar vici, saiTgan ra
gamougonia b. WavWavaZes.”5 1888 welsve gamoica daviT soslanis (daviT kezelis) broSura ,,kritikuli
ganxilva ,,oTaraanT qvrivisa” (moTxroba il. WavWavaZisa).”6 Sio daviTaSvilis msgavsad,
daviT kezelic mTlianad uaryofiTad afasebs ,,oTaraanT qvrivs.” daviT kezelis azriT:
,,mTeli moTxroba aSenebulia im wina agebuls azrzed (tendenciazed), rom Tavad-
aznaurobasa da glex-kacobas Soris xidia Catexili. am xidis gasamTeleblad avtors
auRia glexis biWi giorgi, magram, rogorc mkiTxvels axsovs masala farsagi ar gamodga
da ufro CaimSxvia uamisodac Catexili xidi. risTvis mokvda esre udrovod es jansaRi
da soflis Tvali biWi? _ imisTvis, rom Tavadis qali Seiyvara.” 7 nawarmoebis mTavar
ideas daviT kezeli ase afasebs: ,,TviT is azri, rom siyvaruli, mijnuroba gaidos ,,gzad
da xidad” am ors, grZeli istoriuli wes-wyobilebiT erTi-erTmaneTze daSorebuli
wodebaTa Soris, saTaveSive yalbi da Semcdaria. Tavad-aznaurobis da glex kacobis
Serigeba da SeerTeba qalis siyvaruliT, glexis TavadTan dasiZebiT ar moxerxdeba.”8 ai, ase martivad gaigo is didi idea, romelic ilia WavWavaZem qarTveli sazogadoebis
gansasjelad gamoitana.
zogadi daskvnebis gverdiT daviT kezeli konkreyul daskvnebsac akeTebs. ilia
WavWavaZis oponenti wers: ,,exla Tqveni bednieri TvaliT hxedavT, rom b. WavWavaZe
daSorebulia glexobasTan arSiyobazed. piriqiT Cven wina sdgas Tavadis sisxlis
SeubRalavobis daraji glexis myrali sisxliT.”9 ai Turme ratom kvdeba giorgi, ratom ar acocxla igi iliam! rogorc Cans, iliasadmi zizRi daviT kezels giorgisadmi zizRSi
gadaezarda. sxvagvarad ver aixsneba daviT kezelis daskvna imis Taobaze, rom giorgis
siyvaruli ,,sulis avadmyofobis niSania. misi siyvaruli Stoa fsixiatriaSi esred
wodebuli erotomaniisa.”10 igives imeorebs avtori cota qvemoT: ,,diaR, an giorgi suliT
avadmyofia da, maSasadame, sagania fsixiatriisa da ara gmiri moTxrobisa.”11 daviT kezeli erTmaneTs adarebs lev tolstois gmiris, ana kareninas, da ilia
WavWavaZis gmir giorgis, sicocxlis finals _ pirvelma Tavi Segnebulad moikla, meore
ki SemTxveviT daiRupa. ilias gansaqiqeblad daviT kezeli amjeradac SemTxvevas ar uSvebs
da wers: ,,ana karenina, rom matarebels SemTxveviT mohyoloda da momkvdariyo, maSin
tolstoi literaturis finaCi iqneboda da ara pirvelxarisxovani romanisti.”12 daviT kezeli ar gaTavxedebula da ar dauweria Tu vin iyo amgvari logikiT ilia WavWavaZe.
ilias moSurnem kargad icoda, rom mkiTxveli daskvnas isec ilias sasargeblod ar
gaakeTebda.
arc Sio daviTaSvili da arc daviT kezeli ar ganekuTvnebodnen im adamianebis
ricxvs, ,,Catexili xidis” ideas ase martivad rom uyurebdnen. aseT adamianebze ityoda
ilia: ,,keTili ar gvwams, suli da guli amogvSrobia.”
14
4. ,,erTi gaptyelebuli da uSveri tyuili” (saqarTvelos istoriis gamyalbeblebi da maTi damqaSebi)
rameTu TiTeuli xE
TUisisagan nayofisa sacnaur arn.
luka, 6, 44
rusuli narodnikuli socializmis cnobilma warmomadgenelma ivane jabadarma,
fsevdonimiT ,,Н. Д.” Jurnal ,,Северный Вестник”-Si 1889 wels gamoaqveyna ,,Писма о Грузий”. ivane jabadaris mizani aseTi iyo: saqarTvelos istorias iseTi interpretacia
unda miscemoda, rom qarTvel ers Tavisi warsuliT veRar eamaya. ivane jabadari
daaskvnida, rom qarTveli eri daberda, fizikuri da sulieri Zalisgan daiSrita da
perspeqtiva aRar hqonia. ivane jabadars 1889 welse upasuxa ilia WavWavaZem gazeT
,,iveriaSi” brwyinvale werilebis seriiT ,,ai istoria”. ivane jabadarma TbilisSi
gamomaval gazeT ,,Новое Обозрение”-Si ori werili dabeWda: ,,Откритое послание
ивериицам”1 da ,,Поклонение современности и ,,археология”2. ivane jabadari
kosmopoliti iyo da saqarTvelos istorias sruliad garkveuli politikuri mizniT
ayalbebda (imasac amboben, rom ,,Писма о Грузий” ivane jabadars ar dauweria, misi
meuRlis dawerili iyoo). am SemTxvevaSi yvelaferi naTeli da gasagebia. gaugebaria
mxolod erTi ram ratom dauWira zogierTma qarTvelma mxari ivane jabadars? nuTu
iliasadmi boRmam da Surma daaviwya am adamianebs patiosneba, Rirseba, daaviwya samSoblo?
1889 wlis 12 noembers gazeT ,,TeatrSi” daibeWda ,,Jurnal-gazeTebis mimoxilva”,
romlis avtori iyo vinme ,,salmasteli”3 mimoxilva iwyeba ivane jabadarisa da misi
naSromis qeba-didebiT: ,,rusul Jur. ,,Сев. Вест.”-Si ibeWdeba werili ,,Писма о Грузий”, romlis avtori ikvlevs Cveni warsulis istoriisa da literaturis viTarebas. sruliad
axali da nayofieri azri naSromisa utyuari gamomxatvelia imisi, rom werilebis avtors
Segnebuli aqvs Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi SemuSavebuli sociologiuri kanonebi da am ukve
SeZenili sagzliT igi Sesdgomia iseT mZime sagans, rogoric aris Cveni gaurkveveli da
burusiT moculi ganvlili cxovreba. avtori kritikiT xelmZRvanelobs, surs
gancalkevebuli istoriuli movlenani qarTvelTa cxovrebisa sistemaSi moiyvanos da
uCvenos imis kavSiri im xalxebis cxovrebasTan, romelnic maSindels kulturas saTaveSi
udgnen da romelTa gavlena da zemoqmedeba tons da mimarTulebas aZlevda mTels
aRmosavleTis dawinaurebul erTa yofa-cxovrebas.”4 ase gadauxada salmastelma madloba ivane jabadars saqarTvelos istoriis
gayalbebisaTvis, qarTveli eris Seuracxyofisa da abuCad agdebisTvis. vin ufro didi
damnaSave iyo qarTveli eris winaSe qarTvelobadakarguli, gadagvarebuli ivane jabadari,
Tu misi qarTveli mexotbe?
15
salmastelma ivane jabadarisa da misi naSromis qeba-dideba ar ikmara da ilia
WavWavaZesac Semoswyra ,,Писма о Грузий”-is kritikis gamo. salmasteli wers: ,,da ai,
swored am dros, rodesac ,,Писма о Грузий”-is avtori aseTis keTilSobilurisa da
umaRlesis azriT daswafebia Tavis aRrCeuls sagans ,,iveriis” mowinave werilebis avtori
(ilia WavWavaZe _ avt.) saSinelis uSveris sityvebiT lanZRavs n.d.-s (ivane jabadars _
avt.).5 salmasteli arad agdebs imas, rom ivane jabadari qarTvelobas arwmunebs:
saqarTvelos istoriaSi saamayo araferiao. piriqiT, madlobas uxdis ivane jabadars:
,,magram Tu-ki avtoris (ivane jabadaris _ avt.) azriT, Cvens xalxs (e.i. qarTvel ers – avt.) aqamdis TavisTavad didi ram ara gaukeTebia-ra da erTad erTi Cveni warsuli
didebis Zeglic (gulisxmobs ,,vefxistyaosans” – avt.) Tavisis SinaarsiT sxva niadagidam yofila Cvens niadagze gadmonergili da isic urigoT, am garemoebis gami miT meti Sroma
da miT meti swavla gvmarTebs, miT ufro dasatuqsveli da Sesaginebelia CvenSi
warsuliT trabaxi ...”6. gazeT ,,Teatris” imave nomerSi s. salmastelis meore werilic
daibeWda saTauriT ,,cxovrebis moedani”7 ilia WavWavaZis mier ivane jabadaris winaaRmdeg
gamosvlas s. salmasteli ase moixseniebs: ,,diaR, didi xania, rac omi astyda, da, rogorc
mogexsenebaT, Cveni dedaberi ,,iveriis” mama-mTavarma (ilia WavWavaZem – avt.) Tavis
diakvnebiT didi wirva-locva da paraklisi gadaixades da dResac ,,iveriidam” glovis
zaris wkara-wkuri moismis.”8 yovelgvar zRvars gadadis s. salmasteli, rodesac ilias
ase ixseniebs: ,,TviT mamamTavari, jer isev, rogorc etyoba, samecniero wignebSi Rmad
garTula, radganac, RvTis wyalobiT mxolod sibereSi moeca SemTxveva da gaWireba
Seiswavlos is, rac siymawvileSi ver Seigno; kidevac baraqala imis mxneobasa da
gamrjelobas!”9
ilia WavWavaZem ivane jabadaris ,,Писма о Грузий”-is aseTi Sefaseba misca: ,,Tavidam bolomde erTi gaptyelebuli da uSveri tyuilia marto ZagebisTvis SeTiTxnili,
Wirveulobisa da yovlad uazrobisa da uvicobisagan da Tavgasul mamlayinwobisagan
urcxvad gatrabaxebuli.” salmastelisTana ,,wvrilfexobisaTvis” ilias ar ecala. ivane
jabadaris ukan didi Zala idga, es Zala axal gansacdels umzadebda saqarTvelos. iliac
axali, didi brZolisaTvis emzadeboda.
5. ,,imitom, rom qarTvelia” (zRvarsgadasuli didi kacebi)
vin aris ufroYsi:
romeli inaQiT zis
anu romeli hmsaxurebs?
luka, 22, 27
ilia WavWavaZe, dimitri yifiani, niko nikolaZe, akaki wereTeli, ivane maCabeli, erT
uRels eweodnen. erTmaneTis fasic kargad icodnen da Zalac. isic kargad uwyodnen, rom
16
maTi uTanxmoebiT, da miT umetes dapirispirebiT, mteri dauyovnebliv isargeblebda.
miuxedavad amisa, dapirispireba Tavidan ver iqna acilebuli. ufro metic, dapirispireba
pirovnebis SeuracxyofaSi gadaizarda da didad avno qarTul saqmes. amjerad, yuradRebas
SevaCerebT ori didi moRvawis, niko nikolaZisa da ivane maCablis yovlad uRirs
gamosvlebze ilia WavWavaZis winaagmdeg.
gazeT ,,droebis” 1877 wlis 16 Tebervlis nomerSi daibeWda niko nikolaZis
werili: ,,siraji-poeti (Ria wigni, miwerili n. baraTaSvilTan, saiqioSi).”1 marTalia,
werilSi ilia WavWavaZe naxsenebi ar aris, magram eWvs ar iwvevs is faqti, rom siraj-
poetSi niko nikolaZe, swored, ilia WavWavaZes gulisxmobs.2 niko nikolaZe erTmaneTs
upirispirebs nikoloz baraTaSvils (poetis etalons) da ilia WavWavaZes (siraj-poets).
Tavis pozicias niko nikolaZe nikoloz baraTaSvilisadmi mimarTvaSi gamoxatavs.
praqtikulad, yvela mimarTva ilia WavWavaZis ganqiqebisaTvis aris gamiznuli. ai erT-erTi
maTgani: ,,Senis sikvdilis Semdeg, Zmao, qveyana Seicvala da poetebma ,,Wkua iswavles.” _
risi ,,sxivio”, sadauri gvirgvinio, hfiqrobs dRevandeli poeti: arc kaci varga, rom
cocxali mkvdarsa emsgavsos, iyos sofelSi, da Tavis Tavs ki ara argoso. is dRes imas
cdilobs, rom gza Telili, Sengan navali TviTon mosvenebiT gaiaros, da sxvebisaTvis ki
daxSos da gadaRobos. ai, Zmao, amasaviT unda gecxovra da gemoqmeda, ,,Wkua rom
gqonoda!”3 rogorc vxedavT, am SemTxvevaSi, niko nikolaZe zogadad poetebze saubrobs, Tumca
cxadia, rom ,,sxvebisaTvis” gzis ,,damxSobsa” da ,,gadamRobSi” ilia WavWavaZes
gulisxmobda. qvemoT niko nikolaZem kidev ufro aSkarad mianiSna ilia WavWavaZeze. ai,
rogor mimarTavs igi nikoloz baraTaSvils: ,,Wkua rom gqonoda, Sen daiwyebdi Sens
,,karieras” leqsebis weriT romelime gamoCenili poetis kiloze, da eqvs sityvas ar
ityodi ise, rom Sig ,,hoi mamulo, daRupulo” ar gexsenebia, ana da ar gamogeTqva, rom
Sens mets mamuli aravis uyvars.”4 aSkarad iliaze mianiSnebs werilis es adgilic: ,,mere
wamoiwyebdi Jurnalis gamocemas, da mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanas imas uqadagebdi,
rom TanamgrZnobeli aravina gyavs, arc aravin gexmareba, da marto Sen swev qveynis
Wapans.”5 didi mixvedra ar undoda imas, rom niko nikolaZe, am SemTxvevaSi, Jurnal
,,saqarTvelos moambes” gulisxmobda, romelsac ilia erTi wlis (1863 w.) ganmavlobaSi
scemda. 1864 wels iliam Jurnalis gamocema Sewyvita. niko nikolaZe nikoloz
baraTaSvils, amjerad, ase mimarTavs: ,,Tu dainaxavdi, rom Jurnali Semosavliani saqme
rodi yofila, rom is mwerlisagan weris garda, aTasnair sxva jafas da xarjs
Txoulobs, maSin, rasakvirvelia, Jurnals ukuagdebdi da sxva samsaxurSi Sergavdi Tavs,
sadac Seni mwerlobis reputacia xeirians adgils gaSovninebda.”6 am SemTxvevaSic
yvelaferi naTelia: niko nikolaZe ilia WavWavaZis duSeTSi momrigebel mosamarTled
daniSvnas gulisxmobda (1868 w.). duSeTidan TbilisSi ilias dabrunebas (1873 w.). niko
nikolaZe ase warmogvidgens: ,,maSin Sen Seupovrad gamoxvidodi sazogado samsaxuris
asparezze, da sazogado sikeTis survili SenSi iqamde gaZlierdeboda, rom Sen ikisrebdi
imisTana saqmes, romlisTvisac damzadebuli ar iyavi. miiRebdi maSin dReSi erTi saaTi
SromisaTvis didZal sasyidels. droc bevri geqneboda maSin da Tavisuflebac. kuWic
maZRari geqneboda da Tvalic.”7 am SemTxvevaSic didi gamWriaxoba ar iyo imis misaxvedrad saWiro, rom niko nikolaZe Tbilisis guberniis saTavadaznauro saadgilmamulo bankis
SeqmnaSi ilias monawileobas gulisxmobda.
nikoloz baraTaSvilisadmi mimarTvaSi ilias moRvaweobis Semdgom periods niko
nikolaZe ase warmogvidgens: ,,magram maSin dainaxavdi, rom niWic, rogorc yvelaferi am
wuTier deda-miwaze, wuTieri da warmavali yofila. moindomebdi isev weras, magram bevri
17
oflis Rvrisa da kvnesa-tanjvis Semdeg dainaxavdi, rom veRarafers gamoswurav SigniT
damWknar da garedan qonmodebul gulisgan. roca kargad darwmundebodiT, rom aTis wlis
uazro cxovrebas mouklavs SenSi gonebis sifxizle da Wkuis Zala, maSin nacnobs da
ucnobs imis SeCivlebas dauwyebdi, rom sazogado samsaxuri erT fiora Tavisufal dros
ar gitovebs, da es garemoeba weras giSlis. dae, usaqmod daiarebode dilidam saRamomde,
dae, niadag gamarTuli gqondes patiJoba da stumroba, da dila-saRamos Wadrakisa da
banqos TamaSSi atarebde, Sen niadag is unda iZaxo, dro ara maqvs, jafas ver uZlebo.”8 niko nikolaZis cilis wameba ukve yovelgvar zRvars gadadis, roca ilias ase
axasiaTebs: ,,maSin, Zmao, SegeZleboda lagami agexsna Seni bunebisa da sixarbisaTvis, da
daufaravad gamodgomodi aqauri wuTieri ganZis Ziebas. Cinebulad mouvlidi maSin Sens
mamuls, da sxvisasac ostaturad daepatronebodi. Sengan aRweril ,,sabralo glexebs” da
,,ubedur muSebs” lazaTianad dabegravdi da mosTokavdi, rom uadvilesad gamogewura
maTgan naSromi.”9 niko nikolaZe ilias gansaqiqeblad ukan araferze ixevs. sayovelTaod cnobilia,
rom ilias Semosavlis nawils Rvinis gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli fuli Seadgenda. es
imxanad Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda, Rvinos yidda memamuleTa umravlesoba. es
ambavi niko nikolaZem nikoloz baraTaSvilisadmi mimarTvaSi aseTi ukadrisi formiT
warmoadgina: ,,Sen moindomebdi mikirtum gaspariCebis TvalSiac amaRlebas. amisTvis
Seagrovebdi alaznis pirze glexebisgan begrad gamorTmeul Rvinoebs, da Camoitandi
qalaqSi, sadac maT gasasyidad Rvinis maransac gaxsnidi. gakvirdebodnen maSin poRos
artemiCebi da petruz minaiCebi da iyodnen: ,,va, es poeti ki ara, muceli mucelTagan
CvenTa yofilao.”10 niko nikolaZe nikoloz baraTaSvils aseT cinikur rCevas aZlevs: ,,gijobda siraj-
poetad gamosuliyavi dediSenis muclidan: maSin Cveneburi, sirajuli, Wkua gamogyveboda,
da Seiqnebodi sicocxleSive qebuli, amaRlebuli da Casuqebuli ...“11 ilia WavWavaZisTvis rom ekiTxa vinmes, Tu ratom iqceoda ase uRirsad niko
nikolaZe, ilia mSvidad upasuxebda: ,,imitom rom qarTvelia.”
XXX
niko nikolaZeze bevrad Sors Sestopa ivane maCabelma. 1892 wels TbilisSi e.i.
xelaZis stambaSi daibeWda wigni ,,Tavadi ilia WavWavaZe da misi moRvaweoba.” wigni
avtoris miTiTebis gareSe gamovida, Tumca imTaviTve gaxda cnobili, rom igi ivane
maCabels ekuTvnoda.12
ivane maCabeli iZulebulia aRiaros, rom ilia WavWavaZes sazogadoeba aRmerTebs da
iliasTan polemikaSi Cabmuli aucileblad damarcxdeboda. ilias oponenti wers: ,,maS ra
TilismiT, ra ZaliTa da manqanebiT xdeba, rom araviTari sazogado saqme uWavWavaZeod ar
daiwyeba? imave TilismiTa da ZaliT, ra ZaliTac Tayvaniscemasa da pativs ar aklebs
didxanobamde brbo erisa erTxel raime gareSe mizezis gamo RmerTad miCneul kerps.”13 ivane maCabelma miznad daisaxa daemtkicebina, rom ilia WavWavaZe, SemTxveviT,
arakanonzomierad iqca qarTuli sazogadoebis (,,brbos”) kerpad. ufro konkretulad: ilia
WavWavaZe daumsaxureblad aRmoCnda Tbilisis guberniis saTavadaznauro saadgilmamulo
bankis Tavmjdomared, gazeTi ,,iveriac” raRac SemTxveviTobam (iRbalma) aqcia upirveles
gazeTad. ivane maCabeli iqmdec ki mivida, rom ilia WavWavaZes qarTveli eris interesebis
RalatSic ki dado brali. ivane maCabeli arc malavda Tavis ganzraxvas. misi mizani iyo
daemtkicebina ori umTavresi ram: ilia WavWavaZe iyo cudi bankiri da kidev ufro cudi
18
redaqtori. tyuliad daSvra ivane maCabeli. es albaT Tavadac kargad igrZno, amitom iyo,
rom gaborotebuli aseT daskvnas akeTebs:
,,vaTavebT da dasasruls srulis siwrfeliT vekiTxebiT Cvens Tavs: ra gaakeTa T.
WavWavaZem, romelsame sazogado asparezzed?
ra gaakeTa dramatul sazogadoebaSi?
sxvaTagan Cinebulad dawyebuli saqmis ufrosoba Caibara, am ufrosobaSi movla-
gazrdis magivrad sikvdilamde miiyvana da mimkvdarebuli, suliT-mobrZavi sxvaTa miugdo
sapatroneblad, _ exla Tqven mouareTo.
ra gaakeTa ,,wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebaSi”? araferi imis meti, rom yovelsave sasargeblo azrs da dawyebulebas muxls
uxuTavda Tavis moundomlobiT da gul-civobiT.
ra gaakeTa saTavad-aznauro skolis damfuZnebel sazogadebaSi?
araferi, araferi, sruliad araferi.
rad gardahqmna qarTuli yovel dRiuri gazeTi?
umniSvnelo, usicocxlo, usulo qaRaldebis Tabaxad, romelic mxolod T.
WavWavaZis pirads, diaR, vimeorebT, pirads interessa da wadils yur-moWril monasaviT
emorCileba.
dasasrul, ra mimarTuleba, ra gza aCvena, _ ra gaakeTa, yovel dasaxelebul saqmis
msazrdoebel bankSi, romlis moTavedac is iTvleba dasawyisidam dRemde?
mTelis Cvidmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi ver gaicno, ver SeiTvisa anbanic ki bankis
saqmisa, romelzedac ase Tamamad hqadagebda bankis kaTedridamac da ,,Tavis” gazeTis
furclebzedac.”14 iliasTan yvela polemikaSi sastikad damarcxebuli, gaborotebuli ivane maCabeli
moralis kiTxviT asrulebs:
,,yovelis-feri moTmineba, Tu gnebavT, mieteveba kidec sazogado moRvawes:
sizarmacec, drozed ugul-wrfelobac, TviT Tund isic, rom mopirdapire hkicxos,
hkilos da aTasis kacis winaSe SeekiTxos, guSin Tqven ufro Wkviani iyaviT, Tu dRes
ufro Wkviani xarTo (esec albad magaliTia zrdilobisa da ,,kaceburis Rirsebis grZnobis
pativiscemisa”), _ magram is ki miutevebeli, mouTmenelia, rom kaci fex qveSa sTelavdes
simarTlesac da Tavis WeSmaritebasac Tavis amomrCevelTa winaSe! im amomrCevelTa winaSe,
romelTac TavianT bedi da ubedoba amorCeulis kalTaSi gauxveviaT da ise brmad da
Tvalaxvulni endobian, rom imis piridam amosuli umecreba mecnierebad miaCniaT, mrude
azri da sityva umwvervales mWevr-metyvelebad, xavs-mokidebuli oxunjoba dausruleblis
sicilis wyarod, _ diaR, amisTana damyol, mindobil sazogadoebis agdeba ki, vimeorebT,
arc mosaTmenia da arc misatevebeli.”15 iliasaTvis rom ekiTxaT, Tu ratom iqceoda ase ivane maCabeli, ,,xavs-mokidebuli
oxunjobiT”, ilia dinjad, RimiliT upasuxebda: ,,imitom rom qarTvelia.”
19
6. Cveni exlandeli sibrZne-sicrue
(social-demokratebis gamolaSqreba)
xolo igini RaRadebdes da ityodes:
,,jvars-acu, jvars-acu ege”
luka, 23, 24.
XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebis miwurulisa da 90-iani wlebis damdegidan
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebas iwyebs social-demokratiuli ideologia.
1892-1893 wlebSi Seiqmna pirveli qarTuli social-demokratiuli organizacia
,,mesame dasi”. imTaviTve cxadi iyo, rom qarTveli social- demokratebi (noe Jordania,
silibistro jiblaZe, filipe maxaraZe, mixa cxakaia, karlo CxeiZe, petre geleiSvili da
sxv.) erovnul moZraobas daupirispirdebodnen. swored amitom iyo, rom ilia WavavaZe
,,mesame dasis” Seqmnas saSiS movlenad miiCnevda. ilias aRelvebda isic, rom ,,mesame dass” mfarvelobda iseTi gamoCenili moRvawe, rogoric iyo giorgi wereTeli. male giorgi
wereTlis gazeT ,,kvalSi” (gamovida 1893 wels) qarTvel social-demokratTa werilebi
gamoCnda (1897 wlis bolos giorgi wereTelma ,,kvali” social-demokratebs gadasca.
1898 wlis pirveli nomridan ,,kvals” noe Jordania redaqtorobda). iseTi popularuli
gazeTi, rogoric ,,kvali” iyo, didad uwyobda xels qarTvel social-demokratTa
damkvidrebas sazogadoebriv-politikur asparezze.
ilia WavWavaZe jer-jerobiT dumils arCevda. iliam kargad icoda ra Zalebic
idgnen qarTvel social-demokraTa ukan saqarTvelos gareT, icoda social-demokratiuli
moZraobis aRmavlobis Taobaze ruseTsa da evropaSi. ase gagrZelda 1896 wlamde.
1895 wlis ianvarSi gazeT ,,kvalSi” daibeWda giorgi wereTlis werili ,,kvalis”
ori wlis naRvawi”. am droisaTvis ilia WavWavaZe da giorgi wereTeli ukve ubrad iyvnen.
miuxedavad amisa, giorgi wereTelma werilSi udierad moixsenia gazeT ,,iveriis” redaqcia
da zogadad ,,iveria”. garda amisa, giorgi wereTelma ,,iverias” brali dasdo
Tavadaznaurobis interesebis dacvaSi da qarTveli eris cxovrebaSi Tavadaznaurobis
gabatonebuli mdgomareobis SenarCunebis mcdelobaSi.1 giorgi wereTlis werilis Semdeg
daiwyo laSqroba ,,iveriis” winaaRmdeg. jer-jerobiT ilia WavWavaZis saxelis
xsenebisagan Tavs ikavebdnen, magram yvelam kargad icoda, rom es laSqroba ilias
winaaRmdeg iyo wamowyebuli.
1895 wels ,,kvalSi” daiwyo noe Jordanias naSromis ,,gaz. ,,iveria” da erovneba” beWdva. noe Jordaniam naSromSi igive azri gaatara, rac giorgi wereTelma cota xniT
adre zemoxsenebul werilSi. noe Jordaniam ufro mZafrad Seutia ,,iverias”. noe
Jordanias kritika zerelea, samagierod, naSromi aRsavsea cinizmiT. naSromSi vkiTxulobT:
,,erTi sityviT yvela win-waweul, gareSe saxelmwifos mier damonebul erebSi, dasebi
yofila da aris. mxoloT TbilisSi qarTuli gazeTi ,,iveria” gamomdgara da iZaxis:
,,dasebis arseboba Cvens bunebriv moTxivnilebas ar Seadgenso.” Cven sul amas vfiqrobT,
vai Tu ,,iveria” amiT mxoloT imas gveubnebodes, ,,yvelam ,,iveriis” Tavi moibiT da Cven
TanaxmaT ifiqreTo.” am SemTxvevaSi ,,iveria” gamodis gonebis inkviziciis moZRvraT, es-Ra
aklda Cven ob-mokidebul uazrobas.”2 noe Jordania igive toniT agrZelebs: ,,raki iveriam
erTxel aRiara: ar aris saqarTvelo garda saqarTvelosi da misi erTaderTi organo
,,iveriaao”, rasakvirvelia, amiT man brZola gamoucxada yoveli axali azris gafurCqvnas
da SemuSavebas, mimarTulebis da cxovrebis axali principiT gamokvlevas.”3
20
1895 welsve noe Jordaniam gazeT ,,iveriis” (faqtobrivad ilia WavWavaZis)
kritikas meore werili _ ,,moambe”, ,,iveria” da erovneba” miuZRvna. es werilic gazeT
,,kvalSi” daibeWda. cinizmi am SemTxvevaSic noe Jordanias mTavari iaraRia. ,,iveriis”
mravalgzis abuCad agdeba noe Jordaniam ase daasrula: ,,iveria” qveyanas ,,naninas” ugalobebs. qveyanas ki mainc ar sZinavs, viTom arc ki esmis. qveyana _ iveria gazeT _
,,iverias” gaurbis. eseni cal-calke midian da Cvenc gza davulocoT.”4 es ukve metis-meti iyo da iliamac social-demokratTa galaSqrebas sakadrisi
pasuxi gasca.
1896 wels gazeT ,,iveriaSi” ,,jibraelis” fsevdonimiT daibeWda ilias brwyinvale
publicisturi werili ,,Cveni exlandeli sibrZne-sicrue”. iliam pirdapir miwasTan
gaaswora giorgi wereTeli da ,,mesame dasi”. ilia social-demokratiul ideologias
,,exlandel sibrZne-sicrues” uwodebs. ilia werda: ,,me vfiqrob, rom saba orbelians amis
Tqma undoda: me zRapars geubnebi da sibrZnes ki gamcnebo. zRapari mogonili ambavia,
aramarTali, maSasadame, sicruea. am mxriT saba orbelianis wigni sicruea. is sicrue ki
ara, romelic swamlavs da Sxamavs adamians da sicruis mTqmels ufro sTxris da
auwmindurebs, vidre sxvas. is sicrue ki ara, romelsac auRia urcxvad Tavi da
qurdulad ikbineba geslian morielsaviT da romelic ase sazizRaria da samarTlianad
devnuli patiosan kacisagan. is sicrue _ ki ara, romelsac bude gaukeTebia Cvens ,,mesame
dasis” JurnalSi, b-n g. wereTlis Tavmosawonebel ,,kvalSi”, da romelSiac igive b-ni g.
wereTeli kruxada zis da sCeks tyuilebis wiwilebs da yovel-kvira gamohyavs iarmukaze
gasasyidad.”
ilia WavWavaZis werils ,,Cveni exlandeli sibrZne-sicrue” gamoexmaura giorgi
wereTeli. 1897 wlis aprilSi gazeT ,,kvalSi” daibeWda giorgi wereTlis ,,Ria werili
T. ilia WavWavaZes”.5 amjerad giorgi wereTels zomierebam umtyuna da ciliswamebazec
gadavida. giorgi wereTeli wers: ,,mas aqeT, rac Tqven sakuTari qarTuli organo
(igulisxmeba gazeTi ,,iveria” – avt.) daaarseT, visac ki gaubednia TqvenTan azrovnebaSi kamaTi, yvelas blomad moxvedria Tqven da Tqven amalaTagan mier Semzadebuli talaxi. am
Tqven mier gamonatyorcnil talaxs da bezRobas ar gadarCenia arc erTi Cveni qarTveli
moRvaweTagani, romelTac bedniereba ar hqonebian zogierTi Tqveni moqmedeba mwerlobaSi
ar gaekicxaT da Sesaferad ar daefasebinaT.”6 giorgi wereTelma ilia WavWavaZes brali dasdo qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris
erovnuli SuRlis CamogdebaSi. werilSi vkiTxulobT: ,,erT dRes somxebi ybaT aiReT,
imaTi Rirseba miwasTan gaasworeT, mcarcvelebi da kontrabandistebi daarqviT da meore
dRes saqveynoT gamoacxadeT, rom somxebi maRali kulturis xalxiao, momWirne, mSromeli,
mkvidri ojaxis mqone, ganaTlebis moyvare da sxva da sxva. Tqven dalocvilo, Tuki
aseTebi iyvnen somxebi, lanZRvas raRas emarTlebodiT.”7 iliasadmi Surma da boRmam
iliasadmi aseTi sityvebic ki daawerina: ,,Tqven ki, b-no ilia WavWavaZe, viTarca meTaurs,
ar gekadrebaT arc urigo lanZRva-gineba, arc bezRobiT kudis gamobma. icodeT, rom
saqarTvelos eri bevr Tqven RirsebasTan arasodes ar gapatiebT im ganxeTqilebas,
romelic Tqven dRes CamoagdeT aramc Tu Cvensa da somxebs Sua, aramed TviT qarTvelebs
Soris.”8 sityvebi, romliTac giorgi wereTeli werilis bolos ilia WavWavaZes mimarTavs,
ciliswamebadac ki ar SeiZleba Sefasdes, es raRac ufro saZagelia: ,,aba, miCveneT, sad
arian is warCinebulni moRvaweni qveynisa, romelnic dRes Tqven gars unda gexvion da
TqvenTan erTad xelixelCakidebuli unda Secqeroden did istoriul movlenas da masSi
21
eZiebden qveynis xsnis momaswavebeli garemoebaTa. isini arian yovelgan da TqvenTan ki ara,
imitom rom Tqveni gaampartavnebuli Tavmoyvareobis gamo yvelani SemoirekeT da darCiT
sul marto.”9
TviT giorgi wereTeli am droisaTvis ,,sul marto” sulac ar iyo. mas gars
exvivnen kosmopolitizmis seniT Sepyrobili mesame daselebi da ,,mamulis, enisa da
sarwmunoebis” gasanadgureblad emzadebodnen.
* * *
1897 wels ilia WavWavaZes samoci weli usruldeboda. ,,mesame daselebma” kargad icodnen, rom ilias giorgi wereTlisa da noe Jordanias werilebiT veras daaklebdnen.
samoci wlis iubile mTeli sisruliT warmoaCenda eris ugvirgvino mefis, eris sulieri
mamis didebas. social-demokratebma ilias samoci wlis iubilis CaSla gadawyvites. es
iyo metad veraguli gegma. mesame daselebi ilias iubilis CaSliT ori miznis miRwevas
cdilobdnen _ ilias avtoritetis Selaxvas da social-demokratebis Zlierebis
damtkicebas.
ilia WavWavaZes samoci wlis iubilis didi zarzeimiT aRniSvna xels ar aZlevda
kavkasiis koloniur administracias. Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelo
frTxilad moqmedebda _ xelisufleba oficialurad ilias iubilis winaaRmdeg ver
gamovidoda. samagierod, Riad da Tavxedurad moqmedebdnen social-demokratebi: filipe
maxaraZe, silibistro jiblaZe, petre geleiSvili da sxvebi. ase daemTxva erTmaneTs ori
Zalis _ xelisuflebisa da ,,mesame dasis” _ interesebi (mogvianebiT isini erTmaneTs
gadaabraleben ilias iubilis CaSlas).
ilias iubilis CaSla iyo pirveli didi warmatebuli aqcia, romelic qarTvelma
social-demokratebma Caatares. muSaTa jgufebma, social-demokratebis xelmZRvanelobiT,
daaSines gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis redaqtorebi, stambebis mflobelebi. muSebi darbeviT
emuqrebodnen maT, vinc iliasadmi miZRvnil werils an wigns dabeWdavda. daaSines
calkeuli moRvaweebi. Tbilisis garda iubilis CaSlisaTvis didi muSaoba mimdinareobda
baTumsa da quTaisSi.
1898 wels cnobilma moRvawem mixeil nasiZem moaxerxa ilia WavWavaZisadmi
miZRvnili broSuris _ ,,T. ilia WavWavaZe, biografiuli da kritikuli etiudi” _
gamocema. Seqmnili viTarebis gamo broSura gamovida fevdonimiT ,,me gaxlavar”. marTalia,
1897 wels ilias iubile CaiSala, magram xmebi dadioda iubile 1898 wels aRiniSnebao.
filipe maxaraZem saswrafod dawera recenzia mixeil nasiZis broSuraze da gazeT
,,kvalSi” dabeWda. recenziis saTauria ,,saiubileo broSura (mcire SeniSvna b-n me
gaxlavaris wignakis gamo)”.10 ilia WavWavaZis mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis ganqiqebis, iliasa
da misi TanamoazreTa abuCad agdebis, mixeil nasiZis broSuris upirobod dawunebis
Semdeg filipe maxaraZe daaskvnis: ,,droa zRaprebs davaneboT Tavi, laTaiebi ukuvagdoT da
marTali sityva vuTxraT sazogadoebas Cveni warsulis Sesaxeb. ager meoce saukune karze
mogvadga da Cven isic ki ar viciT, ras akeTebden Cveni mamebi am oci Tu ormoci wlis
wineT.”11 am mcire nawyvetSi didi mzakvruli azria Cadebuli. filipe maxaraZe acxadebs,
rom sazogadoebam ar icis, Tu ra xdeboda saqarTveloSi ,,oci Tu ormoci wlis wineT”, anu ar icis saqarTvelos istoria XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis damdegidan 90-iani
wlebis miwurulamde. es ki is periodia, rodesac qarTulma erovnulma moZraobam ilia
22
WavWavaZis winamZRolobiT did warmatebebs miaRwia, brZola qarTvelobisa da saqarTvelos
gadasarCenad warmatebiT mimdinareobda. mixeil nasiZe, swored, ilia WavWavaZis rols
warmoaCenda XIX saukunis 60-90-ian wlebSi sazogadoebriv-politikur da kulturul
cxovrebaSi. filipe maxaraZe ki saqarTvelos istoriidan ilias saxelis amoSlas
mieswrafoda da cxadia, xels ar aZlevda mixeil nasiZis broSuraSi motanili faqtobrivi
masala da avtoriseuli daskvnebi.
mixeil nasiZis broSuris kritika dasawyisi iyo ilia WavWavaZis naazrevisa da
naRvawis obieqturad SemfasebelTa devnisa. filipe maxaraZe am saZraxis saqmes erTi
wuTiTac ar anebebda Tavs. 1898 wlidan dawyebuli man bevr mwerals, publicists,
literaturaTmcodnesa da istorikoss CaCra pirSi burTi. bevrma naSromma ver ixila
dRis sinaTle. ase gagrZelda 1934 wlamde. 1934 wels filipe maxaraZes ioseb stalinma
Tavad CaCra pirSi burTi da, piradad mas da mis Tanamoazreebs, erTxel da samudamod
aukrZala ilias augad xseneba.
* * *
1899 wlidan ilia WavWavaZis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi aqtiurad Caeba noe Jordania.
gazeT ,,kvalis” 1899 wlis 17 ianvaris nomerSi gamoqveynda noe Jordanias werili
,,adgilobrivi pressa warsul wels.” noe Jordania gaukuRmarTebulad warmoadens gazeT
,,iveriis” (e.i. ilia WavWavaZis) pozicias da mikerZoebuli, zerele msjelobis Sedegad
daaskvnis: ,,aseTia Cveni erTaT erTi yoveldRiuri gazeTis tragikuli mdgomareoba da es
unda gaTavdes an sikvdiliT an da ganaxlebiT.”12
noe Jordanias giorgi wereTeli wamoeSvela. 1899 wlis 31 ianvars gazeT ,,kvalSi”
daibeWda giorgi wereTlis werili _ ,,gazeTi ,,iveria” da misi sapolemiko xasiaTi”. giorgi wereTels amjeradac umtyuna zomierebis grZnobam. werilidan aSkarad gamosWvivis
upativismcemloba ilia WavWavaZisadmi, ilias mTeli moRvaweobis ganqiqebis avadmyofuri
survili. giorgi wereTeli ilia WavWavaZes, rogorc moazrovnesa da moRvawes, miawers
bevr uayofiT Tvisebas: ,, ... man (ilia WavWavaZem – avt.) SeiTvisa azrovnebaSi
Seumcdarobis fiqri, mokamaTeTa uwyalo devna, nametnur mas aqeT, rac igi Seiqna
saadgil-mamulo bankSi milionebis matrialebeli.”13 giorgi wereTelma ilias ,,iveriac”
zed miayola: ,,rac xasiaTi patrons (ilia WavWavaZes – avt.) dasCemda erTnairi garemoebis
wyalobiT, igive xasiaTi SeiTvisa misma organom ,,iveriam”, ese igi imanac aRiara Tavisi Tavi Seumcdar romis papaT. ai, aqedan aixsneba is ganebivrebuli kilo polemikisa, is
gamedidurebuli siamaye da maRlidan cqera, is umarTebulo, yovel zneobas, zrdilobas
da darbaislobas moklebuli uSveri lanZRva-gineba, romliTac hqejnis ,,iveria” ,,kvals”
mis daarsebidanve.”14
1899 wels ,,mesame dasi” ilia WavWavaZisa da ,,iveriis” winaaRmdeg didi laSqrobis
dawyebas gegmavda. swored amaze mianiSnebs giorgi wereTlis werilis erTi adgili: ,,da
Cven ki, gnebavT, aTasobiT giCvenebT T. il. WavWavaZisa da misi ,,iveriis” mier Cadenil
fanatikur moqmedebebs, rogorc sityviT, ise saqmiT.”15 giorgi wereTlis am sityvbs gazeT
,,kvalis” redaqtorma noe Jordaniam aseTi SeniSvna gaukeTa: ,,Cven amas aras mivumatebT.
mxoloT cilis mwamebel ,,iverias” da mis ,,kars” movuwodebT sabuTiT daamtkicos is, Cveni werilebi viTom sxvisi werilebis ganmeoreba iyos, radgan amas axalmodis mklavaZe
23
(ilia WavWavaZes – avt.) usircxvilod gaiZaxis. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maT gonebriv
siRatakesTan erTad, zneobrivi siRatakec aSkara iqneba.”16
1899 wels gazeT ,,iveriaSi” daibeWda ilia WavWavaZis werilebis seria ,,somexTa
mecnierni da qvaTa RaRadi.” ilias am naSroms dResac ar daukargavs politikuri da
mecnieruli mniSvneloba. miuxedavad amisa, 1899 wlis 11 aprils gazeTma ,,kvalma”
rubrikaSi ,,axali ambebi” araraobad gamoacxada ilias naSromi _ avtors mecnieruli done
dauwuna.17
esec ilias winaaRmdeg dagegmili laSqrobis gegmiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.
* * *
1900 wlis 12 ianvars gardaicvala giorgi wereTeli. ilia WavWavaZe giorgi
wereTlis dakrZalvas ar daswrebia. am faqtma ukiduresad aRaSfoTa mesame daselebi.
giorgi wereTlis dakrZalvaze sityva warmoTqva glexma vasil kirvaliZem da Tanac
aRniSna, rom igi xalxis saxeliT gamodioda. gazeT ,,iveriaSi” daibeWda SeniSvna, romlis
avtoric svamda kiTxvas, Tu visi saxeliT gamodioda vasil kirvaliZe. ,,iveriis”
SeniSvnasTan dakavSirebiT gazeT ,,kvalis’ 1900 wlis 19 martis nomerSi daibeWda glex
vasil kirvaliZis ,,mcire SeniSvna.” vasil kirvaliZe mkvaxe toniT ganmartavda, rom igi
asi kacis saxeliT (rwmunebiT) gamovida giorgi wereTlis dakrZalvaze. amis Semdeg vasil
kirvaliZis ,,mcire SeniSvnaSi” modis, aSkarad, kvalis redaqciis mier Casworebuli
(SeiZleba sulac dawerili) teqsti: ,,mara magaTi (ilia WavWavaZis da gazeTi ,,iveriis” –
avt.) azriT vinc bankiri da ,,ablakati” ar aris, kacic ar aris!”18
vasil kirvaliZis werils axlavs ,,kvalis” redaqciis minaweri. minawerSi
aRniSnulia, rom imave sakiTxze redaqciam miiRo kidev ramdenime werili, romelTagan
erTs gazeTi xelmouwerlad sTavazobda mkiTxvels. werilSi dagmobilia ,,iveriis” ori
publicistis ,,Ciorasa” (ilia WavWavaZis fsevdonimi iyo) da ,,lalis” (giorgi
lasxiSvilis fsevdonimi iyo) ,,uwmawuri lanZRva-gineba.”19
ilia WavWavaZisa da gazeT ,,iveriis” winaaRmdeg dagegmili laSqroba giorgi
wereTlis gardacvalebis Semdeg daiwyo. gazeT ,,kvalSi” gamoqveynda noe Jordanias
werilebis vrceli seria saerTo saTauriT ,,presa”. es werilebi saTauriT ,,qarTuli
presa (guSin da dRes)” 1900 welsve calke wignadac gamosca.20 noe Jordaniam Sefaseba
misca qarTul presas da, cxadia, mis or yvelaze gamoCenil warmomadgenels _ gazeT
,,droebas” da gazeT ,,iverias”. noe Jordanias Sefaseba aseTia:
_ ,,mefoba ,,droebisa” aris mefoba progresis; mefoba ,,iveriis” aris mefoba
reaqciis;”
_ ,,naTel da sxivian ,,droebas” bneliT moculi ,,iveria” mohyva da qarTuli
azrovneba erTianaT daabnela.”
_ ,,iveriam” uarhyo presis is ideali, romelic ,,droebam” SeimuSava da miT uarhyo
sazogadoT Tanamedrove evropiuli presa;”
_ ,,iveriam” dasca sazogadoT qarTuli sityvis mniSvneloba CvenSi;”
_ ,,iveriam”, am qarTuli presis monopolisma, TviTonve dasca droSa qarTuli
presis;”
24
_ ,,asea Tu ise, dRes Cven mwerlobaSi ,,iveriis” winamZRolobiT yovel mxrivi
reaqciaa, reaqcia azris, zneobis, moqalaqeobis, qarTuli sityvierebis.”21 ilia WavWavaZis Sefasebisas da mis TanamoazreebTan mimarTebiT noe Jordania
aRniSnavda: ,,Cven maT azrTan gvaqvs saqme da ara maT pirovnebasTan. SeiZleba moRvawes
piradaT did pativsac vcemde, magram mis moRvaweobas ar TanavugrZnobde. yvelaze metad am
werilebSi SevexeT T. i. WavWavaZes da es asec unda yofiliyo. meTauri im moZraobis,
romelsac Cven reaqcia vuwodeT, is aris da gana SeiZleba mas ar SevxebodiT?”22
,,kvalSi” noe Jordanias werilebis beWdvis paralelurad gazeT ,,iveriaSi”
,,axalmosulis” fsevdonimiT daiwyo ilia WavWavaZis sapasuxo werilebis beWdva (sul
daibeWda oTxi werili). cxadia, mesame daselebma male Seityves, da amas didi mixvedrac
ar undoda, rom ,,axalmosulis” fsevdonimiT ilia WavWavaZe werda. noe Jordanias
polemikis unari da sapolemiko sakiTxTa codna sasacilod gamoiyureboda. iliam social-
demokratebs dawyebuli laSqrobis warmatebiT dasrulubis imedi gadauwura. noe
Jordania ixtibars ar itexavda da ilia WavWavaZes pasuxobda werilebis axali seriiT _
,,gza-da-gza” (ibeWdeboda ,,presis” paralelurad).
mesame daselebma ilia WavWavaZisa da noe Jordanias polemikis paralelurad
daiwyes maT mierve organizebuli gamoxmaurebebis beWdva. social-demokrati g. wulukiZe
,,kvalis” 1900 wlis 23 aprilis nomerSi ,,axalmosuls” (ilia WavWavaZes) aseTi
Seuracxmyofeli sityvebiT ixseniebda: ,,SesaZlebeli iqneba gamoikvlios kacma, Tu ram
miiyvana es sacodavi adamiani am gvar sulier simaxinjemdis.”23
,,kvalis” imave nomerSi fsevdonimiT ,,i. q.” daibeWda moskoveli studentis werili,
romelic ase iwyeboda: ,,neba momeciT Tqveni Jurnalis saSualebiT vkiTxo ,,iverias” _ male moeReba bolo uwmawur, uzrdel da samarcxvino werilebs, romliTac viRac
,,axalmosulma” gamoilaSqra ,,iveriis” furclebze ,,kvalis” da noe Jordanias
winaaRmdeg.”24
social-demokratebis mier organizebuli ,,gamoxmaurebebidan” aRsaniSnavia
,,asoTamwyobis” fsevdonimiT ,,kvalis” 1899 wlis 30 aprilis nomerSi gamoqveynebuli
werili. avtori noe Jordanias aseT originalur rCevas aZlevs: ,,Cemi azriT, Zalian
Semcdari brZandebiT b. noe, rom ahyeviT b. axalmosuls da polemikaSi gaebiT masTan. es
samwuxaroa miT, rom Tqven hkargavT ageT Zvirfas dros unayofoT, im dros roca saqme
mraval ars, xolo muSa ki yovlad ara.”25
Jurnal ,,mwyemsis” 1900 wlis wlis 30 aprilis nomerSi dabeWdil SeniSvnaSi
vkiTxulobT: ,,Cvens redaqcias, mouvida mravali werilebi, romelSiac zizRs ucxadeben
,,iverias” axlaT movlenils mwerals ,,axalmosuls” im samarcxvino polemikisaTvis,
romelsac igi uwevs b. Jordanias.”26
mesame daselebis mier organizebuli ,,gamoxmaurebebi” gazeTi ,,kvalis” sxva
nomrebSic daibeWda. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia 1900 wlis 30 aprilisa (sami
gamoxmaureba) da 7 maisis (oTxi gamoxmaureba) nomrebSi. 7 maisis nomerSi noe Jordanias
mxardamWeri gamoxmaurebebi dabeWdes: 1) xarkovelma studentma k. i. jafariZem, 2)
mkiTxvelTa jgufma WiaTuridan: g. beriZem, iv. janeliam, m. kalandaZem, n. CiCuam, k.
kikianma, r. CixlaZem, dar. maraqveliZem, il. kakabaZem, karpe modebaZem; 3) 47 mkiTxvelma
(xelmowerebis gareSe); 4) mkiTxvelTa jgufma qalaq baqodan _ abel enuqiZem, s.
gvelesianma, d. baqraZem, a. oberovma, i. wiklaurma, m.a. maCabelma, d.p. wereTelma, e.
giorgobianma, p. qarsanaZem.27
25
meore gamoxmaurebaze xelmomweri cxra mkiTxvelidan oTxi (n. CiCua, r. CixlaZe,
il. kakabaZe, k. modebaZe), ukve imxanad, social-demokratebi iyvnen. meoTxe gamoxmaurebaze
xelmomweri cxra kacidan pirveli _ abel enuqiZe _ baqoSi moRvawe cnobili qarTveli
social-demokrati iyo. aqedan kargad Cans Tu visi iniciativiT grovdeboda noe Jordanias
mxardamWri e.w. gamoxmaurebebi. gazeT ,,kvalis” 1900 wlis 25 ivnisis nimerSi dabeWdili
,,mcire SeniSvnidan” SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom WiaTuraSi noe Jordanias mxardasaWerad
xelmowerebi Seugrovebia karpe modebaZes, Tumca ,,kvali” am faqts uaryofs.28 noe Jordaniam igrZno, rom ilia WavWavaZesTan polemika misTvis arasasurvel
xasiaTs iRebda, verc werilebis damatebiTi seria ,,gza-da-gza” da verc mesame daselebis
Segrovebuli gamoxmaurebebi mas ver uSvelida. 1900 wlis 17 aprils noe Jordaniam
werili gaugzanva ,,iveriis” redaqcias. noe Jordania da mesame daselebi varaudobdnen,
rom ilia WavWavaZe werils ar dabeWdavda, rac noe JordaniasTvis metad momgebiani
iqneboda. noe Jordania xmaurs atexda ilia WavWavaZesa da ,,iverias” kidev erTxel
Seuracxyofda, xolo werils ,,kvalSi” dabeWdavda. iliam Canafiqri amoicno da noe
Jordanias werili ,,iveriaSi” 20 aprils gamoaqveyna. noe Jordanias werili axals
arafers Seicavs _ isev ,,iveriisa” da ilia WavWavaZis udieri moxseniebaa.29
1900 welsve ilia WavWavaZesa da noe Jordanias Soris polemika Sewyda. polemika
Sewyda, magram dazaveba ar momxdara. mokamaTe mxareebs erTmaneTze azri ar SeucvliaT.
7. ,,movediT da movklaT igi” (mowamebrivi cxovrebis bolo wlebi)
zraxva-yves urTierTas da TqUes.
ese ars mkUdari, movediT da movklaT
igi, raYTa CvUenda iyos samkUidrebeli.
luka 20, 14.
da gamoiTxovdes mas juar-cumad.
luka, 23, 23.
da idga eri igi da xedvida.
luka, 23, 35.
1905 wlis ianvarSi ruseTSi revolucia daiwyo. qarTvel social-demokratebs
farTo asparezi miecaT, brZola ilia WavWavaZis winaaRmdeg gacilebiT advili gaxda.
ilias social-demokratiuli presa gaugonar Worebs uvrcelebda.
1905 wlis 13 marts filipe maxaraZis redaqtorobiT gamomaval social-
demokratiul Jurnal ,,mogzaurSi” ,,Tagunas” fsevdonimiT daibeWda Salva SaraSiZis ,,xma
idumali”. Salva SaraSiZis mizani ilias gaSarJeba iyo. siuJeti aseTia. ,,idumali xma”
(revolucia – avt.) daSinebiT gahkivis: ,,sikvdili, sikvdili, sikvdili!” (ilias – avt.)
kiTxvas: ,,vis, vis, vis?” ,,idumali xma” pasuxobs: ,,wodebas, wodebas, wodebas!” (ilias – avt.) reaqcia pasuxze aseTia: ,,rogor Tu wodebas? gana wodeba unda mokvdes? ara, ara,
ara!”1 ,,idumali xma” (revolucia – avt.) mimarTavs ilia WavWavaZes: ,,sircxvili Sen,
26
sircxvili! visi dawerilia mSvenieri wigni, romelsac glaxis naambobi qvia? visi meTqi,
gekiTxebi? ratom awere ise xelovnuraT ,,batonebis” simxece da ymebis gaWirveba, Tu
ramdenime xnis Semdeg Sens nawerebs Senve uaryofdi? vin galeqsa ise lamazad yaCaRi
kakos naambobi? vin meTqi, gekiTxebi? ra iyo mizezi kakos gayaCaRebisa?”2 bolos ,,idumali
xma” ase mimarTavs ilias: ,,nuTu yvela es dagvaviwyda? es kidev imas ar niSnavs, rom
,,kakos”, ,,gabros” da ,,Tamros” daviwyebodes is, rac Sen ganzrax dagviwyebia. sircxvili
Sen, sircxvili!”3 revolucia Zalze xelsayrel pirobebs qmnida imisaTvis, raTa ilia WavWavaZisaTvis
glexebi daepirispirebinaT, social-demokratebis mier Cafiqrebuli gegmebi gabriyvebuli
glexebis meSveobiT moeyvanaT sisruleSi. 1905 wlis 13 marts Jurnal ,,mogzaurSi” xelmoweris gareSe daibeWba Jurnal-gazeTebis mimoxilva. mimomxilvelis mizani aSkaraa _
urTierTobis daZabva ilia WavWavaZesa da glexebs Soris. Jurnali ,,mogzauri” Seudga ilia WavWavaZisaTvis arasasurveli xmebis gavrcelebas, yovelgvari Wori swrafad
vrceldeboda, glexobas ki misi Semowmebis arc survili da arc saSualeba ar hqonda.
iliasac araviTari saSualeba ar gaaCnda win aRdgomoda, SeeCerebina mis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli binZuri kampania. mimoxilvaSi vkiTxulobT: ,,amas wineT gaz. ,,iveriaSi” T-d ilia WavWavaZis sityvebi iyo moyvanili, romelic man Tavad-aznaurTa kerZo krebaze
warmoTqva da Semdeg imave gazeTis furcelze TviT ilias werili iyo dastambuli. Tavadi
WavWavaZe, es Cveni sasiqadulo poeti da mwerali, Tavad-aznaurobas Turme umtkicebda,
rom glexebis moZraoba memamuleebis brali rodia, amis mizezi sxvadasxva garemoebaao.
saxelovani mwerlis azriT, qarTveli glexebisaTvis xazinas waurTmevia miwa da ara
Tavad-aznaurobas, da amitom qarTveli glexebi Cven memamuleebs ki ar unda ebrZolono.”4
Tavad-aznaurobis krebaze ilias mier glexobis sasargeblod naTqvami sityva ,,mogzaurma” glexobis sawinaaRmdego azrad warmoaCina, glexoba daarwmuna, rom ilia maT sasikeTod
arafers ityoda. mimoxilva mTavrdeba aseTi sityvebiT: ,,b-ni ilia WavWavaZe ar cdeba:
advilaT da tyuila ubralod igi aravis dauTmobs rasmes. amaSi eWvi Cven arasodes ar
Segvitania.”5 Tavisi moRvaweobis manZilze ilia WavWavaZes cili bevrjer daswames, bevri Wori
gauvrceles. am fonzec ki amazrzeni iyo Jurnal ,,mogzauris” ciliswameba. 1905 wlis 10
aprils Jurnal ,,mogzaurSi” daibeWda werili _ ,,saguramosa da Woportis sazogadoeba.”6 werils xels awers vinme v. n. rogorc SemdgomSi gairkva am inicialebs amofarebuli iyo
filipe maxaraZis erTguli Tanamoazre vasil nacvliSvili. vasil nacvliSvilis mizani
iyo, rom ilia WavWavaZe warmoeCina, rogorc glexebis Seubralebeli mCagvreli, sastiki
memamule. mTeli werili warmoadgens, TiTqosda, viRac glexebis monaTxrobebs
glexebisadmi ilias araadamianuri damokidebulebis Taobaze. sinamdvileSi, werilSi
motanili ambebi vasil nacvliSvils ar moupovebia. es Worebi ,,mogzauris” redaqciaSi SeTxzes. filipe maxaraZe sworad varaudobda: werilSi motanili faqtebis siswores
aravin Seamowmebda, ciliswameba mizans miaRwevda.
1905 wlis 24 aprils Jurnal ,,mogzaurSi” fsevdonimiT ,,eSmaki” daibeWda nestor
kalandaZis ,,Zveli mobaaseni axal siganeze.” es iyo ilia WavWavaZis gaSarJebis ususuri
mcdeloba. siuJeti ase viTardeba: vinme ,,maCablisti”, e.i. ilia WavWavaZis ideuri
mowinaaRmdege, braldebebs uyenebs ilias, xolo viTomda ilias Tanamoazre icavs ilia
WavWavaZes. sinamdvileSi, ilias ,,Tanamoazre” ufro amZimebs ,,maCablistis” mier
iliasaTvis wayenebul braldebebs. ilias damcveli ilias bralmdebels (,,maCablists”) ase mimarTavs: ,,Seni azriT, ilikom imitom daamwyvdia glexebi miwurebSi da imitom yavs aseT
27
gasaWirSi, rom moTxrobebis siuJeti daurCes da axal-axali ambebi daweros glex-kacTa
gaWirvebaze. Sen imas ambob, rom meore ,,glaxis naambobi” SeuZlia axla daweros ilikom
saguramoel glexTa cxovrebidano, e.i. ,,glaxis naambobis” Sinaarsi axlac SeiZleba
saguramoel glexTa cxovrebiT Seamowmos kacmao.“7
Jurnal ,,mogzaurSi” gamoqveynebuli vasil nacvliSvilis cilismwamebluri
werilis ZiriTadi nawili gadabeWda gazeTma ,,iveriam”, romlis redaqtoric imxanad
filipe gogiCaiSvili iyo.
ilia WavWavaZem Jurnal ,,mogzauris”, da kerZod, vasil nacvliSvilis ciliswamebas
upasuxa brwyinvale weriliT ,,nuTu? (pasuxad mogzauris korespodenciasa).” ilias
pasuxi ,,iveriis” 1905 wlis 5 maisis nomris calke furclis (CanarTis) saxiT daibeWda.
ilia WavWavaZem ,,nuTus?” dabeWdvisTvis redaqcias fuli gadauxada. amiT redaqciam
mosalodneli garTulebebis SemTxvevisaTvis garkveulwilad pasuxismgebloba moixsna.
filipe gogiCaiSvilma esec ar ikmara da ,,nuTu?” redaqtoris SeniSvniT dabeWda. filipe
gogiCaiSvilis SeniSvnaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom ,,nuTus?” avtoris zogad mosazrebas
redaqcia ar iziarebda. ilia WavWavaZis ,,nuTu?”-s mohyva filipe maxaraZis pasuxi. Jurnal
,,mogzauris” 1905 wlis 15 maisis nomerSi daibeWda filipe maxaraZis werili _ ,,Tavis
marTlebac aseTi unda! (pasuxad T-d ilia WavWavaZes)”.8 filipe maxaraZis werili
ganmeorebaa vasil nacvliSvilis werilSi motanili ciliswamebisa. anasTan erTad filipe
maxaraZe bevr axal Worsac umatebs da kidev ufro amazrzens xdis Tavis vrcel werils.
werils Tavidan bolomde gasdevs avtoris miswrafeba, rac SeiZleba meti Seuracxyofa
miayenos ilia WavWavaZes, rogor adamians, rogorc moqalaqes.
ilia WavWavaZes vasil nacvliSvilmac upasuxa. misi werili ,,pasuxad ilia
WavWavaZes” _ xelmoweriT v. n. Jurnali ,,mogzauris” 1905 wlis 16 maisis nomerSi
daibeWda. werilSi uxvad gvxvdeba ilias Seuracxmyofeli sityvebi. vasil nacvliSvili
ilia WavWavaZis ,,nuTu?”-s ganqiqebas Seecada, Seecada gaeqarwylebina ilia pasuxSi
gatarebuli azri. Tumca mizans aSkarad ver miaRwia. werilSi vkiTxulobT: ,,amiT batonma
iliam erTxel kidev misca sazogadoebas saSualeba Tavis sulieri avladidebis
gaTvaliswinebisa. pasuxi misi, brazmoreuli, mtyuani kacis oinebs ufro waagavs, vidre,
marTali adamianis dinjsa da dalagebul sakamaTo pasuxs. magram es xom ,,ar axalia,
Zvelia” ilias oinbazobaSi”.9 ilia WavWavaZis mimarT binZuri ciliswameba garkveuwilad daagvirgvina Jurnal
,,ekalSi” dabeWdilma mcire informaciam saTauriT ,,saguramo.” ai misi teqstic: ,,iliko
WavWavaZis mamulSi glexebs neba misces mzis gulze gamojdnen da gaTben. tyidan fiCxis
gamotana jerac akrZalulia. Tavads ormocamde saukeTeso jiSis ZaRlebi gamouweria
amerikidan”10 sainteresoa, am striqonebis damwerma sindisis qenjna Tu igrZno 1907 wlis 30
agvistos, roca ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis ambavi Seityo. im wuTs Tu dafiqrda mainc:
ras erCoda ilias?
28
8. ,,sadac xe iWreba, iq nafotebic cviva” (ilias uarmyofelni misi sikvdilis Semdeg)
xolo Tualni maTni Sepyrobil iyvnes,
raiYTa ver icnan igi.
luka 24, 16.
1907 wlis 30 agvistos ilia WavWavaZe mokles. dasrulda wmida ilia marTlis
amqveyniuri cxovreba. yvela normalurad moazrovne adamiani varaudobda, rom Sewydeboda
wlebis manZilze mimdinare binZuri ciliswamebac, ilias naazrevisa da naRvawis uaryofis
mcdeloba, ilias gzis gmoba. sinamdvileSi ase ar moxda. im Zalas, romelsac cocxali
ilia xels uSlida, xels uSlida igi sikvdilis Semdegac.
da gagrZelda ilias uaryofa, misi gzis gmoba. es iyo znedacemul adamianTa
brZola mokluli ilias winaaRmdeg. es brZola miT ufro amazrzeni iyo, rom ilias
uarmyofelTa Soris iseTi adamianebic erivnen, romlebic ilias ideur da fizikur
mkvlelobaSi monawileobdnen. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani detali: ilias uarmyofelTa
Soris iyvnen iseTi adamianebic, romlebic 1907 wlis 30 agvistos Semdeg kidev ufro
gaborotdnen. ra iyo amis mizezi? iqneb isic, rom am sacodavebma igrZnes: ilia
ukvdavebaSi gadavida, misma uarmyofelebma da mkvlelebma ki samudamo satanjvelisaTvis
gawires Tavi.
* * *
ilia WavWavaZis sikvdilis Semdeg misi naazrevisa da naRvawis uaryofis axali
etapi daiwyo qarTuli social-demokratiis erT-erTi lideris nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZis
gamosvliT ilias dakrZalvaze. micvalebulis udierad moxsenieba ar aris miRebuli, miT
ufro miuRebelia micvalebulis udierad moxsenieba misi kubos saflavSi CaSvebamde cota
xniT adre. karlo CxeiZem es moraluri normac daarRvia da 1907 wlis 9 seqtembers
samgloviaro mitingze aseTi sityvebiT mimarTa ilias: ,,WeSmaritebaze Zlier Sors iqneba,
Tu vinme ityvis: TiTqo Cven yvelani erTnairaT uyurebdeT Sens warsuls, yvelani
erTnairad vafasebdeT Sens moRvaweobas. dae, gitiros Sen, rogorc Segnebuli mesakuTre,
Tavad-aznaurobam, sazogadoT, Cveni sazogadoebis im nawilma, romelic mSromel xalxis
Sromis nayofiT cxovrobs. dae, movidnen da pativi dagdvan Sen Zala-uflebis
adgilobrivma warmomadgenlebma, rogorc Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebrivi principis
momxres. dae, gaqon da gadidon Sen Sovinistebma, rogorc mamulis Svili. Cven, ra Tqma
unda, ar SevuerTdebiT aseTebis qebaTa qebas…...”1 karlo CxeiZis es sityvebi samarcxvino laqad darCeba qarTuli social-
demokratiis istoriaSi.
1907 wlis 28 seqtembers, e.i. ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobidan TiTqmis erTi Tvis
Semdeg, noe Jordania wers werils saTauriT ,,bneli Zalebi.” es werili 1907 wlis 9
oqtombers gamoqveynda gazeTSi ,,Cveni gza”. werili xelmowerilia inicialebiT n. J.
Tavidanve unda SevniSnoT, rom ,,bnel ZalebSi” noe Jordania gulisxmobs yvela
politikur da arapolitikur mimdinareobas, romelic ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaSi,
pirdapir an arapirdapir, qarTvel social-demokratebs adanaSaulebda. noe Jordania, ra
Tqma unda, kategoriulad uaryofs ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaSi qarTveli social-
demokratebis raime formiT monawileobas. mas Semdeg, rac mokle mimoixilavs qarTveli
29
social-demokratebisadmi wayenebul braldebas, noe Jordania aRniSnavs: ,,rogorc vxedavT,
mTeli es braldeba exeba qarTvel social-demokratias. vTqvaT, yvela es marTalia,
vTqvaT, soc.-demokratiis mier momzadebul niadagma dabada es mkvleloba, mere amisTvis
dasagmobia TviT niadagi? am niadagma dabada is didebuli moZraoba, is gonebrivi da
politikuri gadasxvafereba, romelic qarTvel xalxma ganicada da dRe mudam ganicdis. am
niadagze aRmocenda kavkasiis revolucia, mTeli axali istoria, da Tqven gsurT yvela es
uku agdoT, dagmoT imitom, rom sadac xe iWreba, iq nafotebic cviva. didma revoluciam
sikvdiliT dasaja didebuli qimiki lavuazie, mara amitom TviT revolucia aravis
daugmia, garda reaqcionerebisa.”2
noe Jordanias sityvebi _ ,,sadac xe iWreba, iq nafotebic cviva” _ aseve
samarcxvino laqad rCeba qarTuli social-demokratiis istoriaSi. am sityvebiT noe
Jordaniam STamomavlobis winaSe Tavis marTlebis ufleba dakarga.
noe Jordanias werili sxva mxrivac aris sayuradRebo. werili 1907 wlis 28
seqtembers daiwera da 9 oqtombers gamoqveynda. 1907 wlis 8 noembers ilia dabadebidan
70 weli usruldeboda. ase daafasa qarTuli social-demokratiis liderma ilias Rvawli
misi dabadebidan 70 wlis Tavze.
nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZis sityva ilia WavWavaZis dakrZalvaze da noe Jordanias
werili ,,bneli Zalebi” imisi mauwyebeli iyo, rom qarTveli social-demikratebi ilias
winaaRmdeg brZolas misi sikvdilis Semdegac gaagrZelebdnen.
1908 wels gamoica konstantine gvaramaZis mier Sedgenili krebuli _ ,,sarke ilia
WavWavaZis cxovrebisa: anu daxasiaTeba mokleT da martivaT.” iumoristuli Jurnali
,,eSmakis maTraxi” bibliografiul mimoxilvaSi Seecada sasacilod aegdo konstantine
gvaramiZis Rvawli (TviT avtori da naSromi), rac, cxadia, ilias ganqiqebas isaxavda
miznad. marTalia, bibliografiuli mimoxilva daibeWda fsevdonimiT ,,kenti”, magram
Sinaarsidan irkveva, rom TviT masala social-demokratebis mier iyo SekveTili.3
ilias gaSarJebas iumoristuli (saxumaro) perioduli gamocemebi Semdgomac
agrZelebdnen. 1908 wlis 31 agvistos gazeT ,,maTraxSi”, fsevdonimiT ,,mkiT_” daibeWda
social-demokratebis mier SekveTili masala saTauriT ,,ilias Wirisuflebi.” avtori
cdilobs social-demokratebis gamarTlebas da dascinis maT, vinc ilias mkvlelobas
qarTvel social-demokratebs miawerda.4
ilias winaaRmdeg laSqrobas agrZelebdnen, ara marto qarTveli social-
demokratebi, aramed sxva misi Zveli uarmyofelnic. 1908 wlis 16 noembers Jurnal
,,saqarTveloSi” daibeWda iakob gogebaSvilis werili saTauriT ,,ilias meored mokvlis
wadili.” marTalia, werili erTi konkretuli piris saqcielis Sefasebas exeba, magram
werilidan SesaniSnavad Cans is fsiqologiuri klimati, rac imxanad sufevda
saqarTveloSi. iakob gogebaSvili wers: ,,ilias meored mokvla moiwadines. mokvla ara
fizikuri, romlis gameoreba SeuZleblad gaxades usulgulo avazakebma, aramed mokvla
sulieri. es ukanaskneli mkvleloba, rasakvirvelia, ufro mZimea, ufro sazizRari, vidre
pirveli. fizikurma mkvlelobam SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos suliers ukvdavebas, sulieri
mkvlelobebi ki met-naklebobiT amarTlebs fizikurs mkvlelobas.”5 ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis Semdeg filipe maxaraZe naklebad aqtiurobda. rogorc
Cans, igi ,,marTali” da ,,udanaSaulo” kacis poziciis dakavebas cdilobda. Tavi ise eWira,
TiTqos sazogadoebis mier ilias ideuri da fizikuri mkvlelobebis braldebebi mas ar
exeboda. 1913 wles Jurnal ,,Cveni wyaros” 21 da 28 aprilis nomrebSi dabeWdili vrceli
weriliT ,,meore mxaresac movusminoT!” filipe maxaraZem Tavis marTleba scada. werilSi
udao WeSmaritebadaa gamocxadebuli yvela is sicrue, rac social-demokratebma ilias
30
Sesaxeb, misi saxelis gatexvis mizniT, 1905 wels SeTxzes. kerZod, filipe maxaraZe
cdilobs daamtkicos, rom 1905 wels Jurnal ,,mogzaurSi” vasil nacvliSvilisa da TviT
filipe maxaraZis mier gamoqveynebuli masala ciliswameba ar yofila.6 igives imeorebs
filipe maxaraZe Jurnal ,,Cveni wyaros” 1913 wlis 5 maisis nomerSi dabeWdil werilSi _
,,ukanaskneli pasuxi cilismwameblebs”. amjerad, filipe maxaraZe ,,saxalxo gazeTs” pasuxobs. pasuxi zerele da cinikuria. werilis bolos Tavis oponentebs filipe maxaraZe
aseT rCeva aZlevs: ,,Cven vurCevT ,,sax. gazeTis” vaJbatonebs, wabrZandnen Cven soflebSi,
gamoikvlion iqauri viTareba da maSin dainaxaven, rom iq kidev ufro bevraT imaze uaresi
ambebi xdeba, romlebic xsenebul korespodenciaSi (igulisxmeba vasil nacvliSvilis
werili Jurnal ,,mogzaurSi” – avt.) iyo aRwerili.”7 iqve filipe maxaraZe brZnulad
daaskvnis, rom ilia WavWavaZe ,,batonymobis naSTebis” damcveli iyoo.8
filipe maxaraZe SemTxvevas ar uSvebda xelidan da yvelgan ilia WavWavaZis
ganqiqebas cdilobda. Jurnal ,,Cveni wyaros” 1913 wlis 12 maisis nomerSi daibeWda
filipe maxaraZis werili ,,ivane jabadaris xsovnas”. filipe maxaraZem ilia WavWavaZisa da
ivane jabadaris polemikac gaixsena: ,,iv. jabadari Seudrekeli darCa: igi ver mourigda
,,iverias” da Cqara mas da jabadars Soris didi ganxeTqileba Camovarda, magaliTad iv.
jabadaris ,,werilebi saqarTveloze” ,,severni vestnikSi” erTi mxariT da ,,ai istoriis”
avtoris (ilia WavWavaZis – avt.) ara sakadrisi, vityviT pirdapir, demagogiuri
polemikuri kilo da fandebi xsenebuli werilebis avtoris winaaRmdeg, mimarTuli meore
mxriT.”9
XXX
1914 wels qarTvelma social-demokratebma ilia WavWavaZis naazrevisa da vaRvawis
uaryofis ilias gzis gmobis mizniT axali laSqroba wamoiwyes. amjerad, ilias Zveli
uarmyofeli petre geleiSvili aqtiurobda.
1914 wlis 19 aprilis gazeT ,,azrSi” gamoqveynda gancxadeba. gancxadebaSi
aRniSnuli iyo, rom 23 aprils WiaTuris TeatrSi petre geleiSvili qarTul enaze
waikiTxavda leqcias _ ,,i. WavWavaZe, rogorc mxatvari da publicisti.” gancxadebasTan
erTad gazeTma gamoaqveyna petre geleiSvilis leqciis ,,programma” (ZiriTadi sakiTxebis CamonaTvali). 10 ((sqolio)) WiaTuris garda petre geleiSvilma leqcia quTaisSic
waikiTxa (garda amisa, leqcia wakiTxul iqna kidev ramdenime qalaqsa da sofelSi).
social-demokratebi ostaturad uzrunvelyosdnen petre geleiSvils msmenelTa
auditoriiT.
1914 wlis 27 aprils quTaisSi ilia WavWavaZis Sesaxeb leqciis kiTxvisas
patriot axalgazrdaTa jgufma leqcia CaSala, xolo TviT geleiSvils scemes.11 am
incidentis Semdeg quTaisis general-gubernatorma petre geleiSvils qalaq quTaissa da
guberniaSi ilia WavWavaZis Sesaxeb leqciis wakiTxva aukrZala.12
1914 wels ilia WavWavaZis Sesaxeb wakiTxuli leqcia petre geleiSvilma TbilisSi
calke wignad gamosca saTauriT _ ,,ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc mxatvari da publicisti.
leqcia petre geleiSvilisa”13 petre geleiSvilis naSromi (leqcia) ar imsaxurebs
dawvrilebiT ganxilvas. movitanT ramdenime adgils naSromidan:
_ ,,iliaze wera da laparaki dRes monopoliad gamxdara Cveni sazogadoebis im
nawilisTvis, romelic Tavis Tavs mis mowafeT da mis sulier memkvidreT aRiarebs.”14
31
_ ,,marTalia, Cven ilias vebrZodiT; marTalia, Cven dResac vebrZviT da
vewinaaRmdegebiT mis sazogadoebriv idealebs, magram Cven mas mainc did pativsa vcemT,
rogorc did poets, rogorc qarTuli literaturis damamSvenebel mwerals, rogorc
qarTuli kulturis did muSaks.”15 _ ,,amnairaT, WavWavaZis saqarTvelos socialuri formula martivia: guTani da
xmali da maTze dayenebuli samefo gvirgvini!”16 _ ,,eri, mTeli qarTveli eri, ganurCevlad wodebisa da mdgomareobisa! es aris
ilias saTayvano sagani, misi poeziis, mwerlobis da sicocxlis mizani; es aris misi
simbolo sarwmunoebisa. magram eri xom erTi didi CarCoa, romelSic moTavsebuli misi
sxvadasxva nawilebi, ujredebi, sxvadasxva wodeba, Tu klasebi. rogori ganwyobileba
arsebobs am sxvadasxva nawilTa Soris? rogor SeiZleba yvela amaTi erT CarCoSi
moTavseba? iliasaTvis es kiTxvebi ar arsebobs, is yovelgan gverds uxvevs maT. is
fiqrobs mxolod qarTvel erze da ara am eris Semadgenel sxvadasxva nawilebze.17”
_ ,,Catexili xidis” gasamarTleblaT ilias erT udides saSualebaT miaCnda
umaRlesi wodebis istoriuli namsaxurobis aRdgena. amitomac mas istoriisaTvis unda
miemarTa; magram ra ki man iq xeslayreli masala ver iSovna Tavisi erTxel da samudamoT
gamomuSavebuli azris dasamtkiceblaT, Zala-uneburad mihyo xeli warsulis idealizacias.
man xeli mihyo qarTveli mefeebisa da umaRlesi wodebis xalxisaTvis Tav-dadebis
gamoxatvas.”18 _ ,,qveyana ingreoda (igulisxmeba 1905 wels dawyebuli revolucia _ avt.) da
ilia ellinuris simSvidiT da aRuSfoTvelobiT moiTxovda Tavis erTxel SemoRebuli
buRgalteriis sistemis dacvas. glexebi ibrZodnen Zveli feodaluri valdebulobis _
Rala-kuluxis mosaspoblaT; ilia ki ara Tu am gadasaxadebis mospobasa da glexebisaTvis
tvirTis Semsubuqebas ar fiqrobs, pir-iqiT axal valdebulebas akisrebs _ buRgalteria
kargaT damayenebieT da miT SeZleba momeciT Cemi Semosavlis raodenoba vicodeo!”19 _ ,,ilia iseT drosac ki, rogoric iyo warsuli brZola (1905-1907 wlebis
revolucia – avt.) glexebsa da mebatoneebs Soris, ver Serigeboda ara Tu laRa-kuluxis
mospobis azrs, is ver Serigeboda im azrsac ki, rom mis buRgalteriis kargaT dayenebis
survilis ganxorcielebas, romelic glexebisTvis sulac ar iyo savaldebulo, es
ukanasknelebi xels ar Seuwyobdnen.”20 _ ,,ilias Zveli saqarTvelo damarcxda... is mokvda da alagi axal saqarTvelos
dauTmo.
Zvel saqarTvelosTan erTad damarcxda misi dauRalavi ideologi iliac. is ver
Seurigda am damarcxebas. is rogorc gmiri mezRvauri, bolomde darCa mis dasaRupavaT
ganwirul gemze, maSinac ki, roca igi yvelam miatova ganrisxebuli talRebis kerZaT.
ilia darCa martoT-marto, umweo, uamxanago, ukariskaco da martoT-marto
daiRupa!”21 ase Seafasa petre geleiSvilma ilia WavWavaZis naazrevi da naRvawi, ase gaiazra
ilias adgili saqarTvelos istoriaSi, ilias mniSvneloba momavali TaobebisaTvis.
XXX
qarTveli social-demokratebis (noe Jordanias, filipe maxaraZis, karlo CxeiZis,
petre geleiSvilis) nawerebidan aSkarad gamoirCeva cnobili social-demokratis
(bolSevikis) malaqia toroSeliZis naSromi ,,ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba da misi
32
nawerebis saerTo xasiaTi.” es wigni, fsevdonimiT ,,m. t_Ze”, 1914 wels daibeWda
samtrediaSi.22
malaqia toroSeliZec social-demokrati iyo, magram misi kritika zomieria. avtori
ar cdilobs abuCad aigdos, ganaqiqos ilias naazrevi da naRvawi. amasTan erTad, malaqia
toroSeliZe ilia WavWavaZes, saerTod samocianelTa Taobas da mTels epoqas XIX
saukunis 60-iani wlebis damdegidan XX saukunis damdegamde social-demokratiul
ideologiaze dayrdnobiT afasebs.
malaqia toroSeliZe ilia WavWavaZisa da XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebSi samoRvaweo
asparezze gamosul (samocianelTa) Taobis Sefasebisas svams kiTxvas: ,,rogor moxda, rom
maSindelma Taobam alRo ver aarTva cxovrebas da glexobis sikeTis msurveli, misi
mxurvale moamage srulebiT daSorda mas Tavisi programiT. aq ori kiTxvaa: ratom ver
gaxda is glexobis ideologi da raT Seiqmna is utopisturi.”23 cxadia, amis Semdeg Cven aRar unda velodeT ilias naazrevisa da naRvawis obieqturad Sefasebas. malaqia
toroSeliZe ilia WavWavaZisa samocianelTa Taobis socialur orientacias zogadad aseT
Sefasebas aZlevs: ,,T.-aznaurobidan gamosuli, Cveni ricxviT-mcire inteligencia,
ekonomiuri kiTxvebis gadawyvetaSi savsebiT SeeTanxma im klass, romlis winaaRmdeg
brZola misi, rogorc progresuli Zalis misia iyo.”24 ra gamodis? ilia WavWavaZe da
samocianelebi maSin iqnebodnen progresuli moRvaweebi Tu Tavadaznaurobis winaaRmdeg
glexobis brZolas Caudgebodnen saTaveSi? esaa wminda social-demokratiuli demagogia.
demagogiuria malaqia toroSeliZes kidev erTi daskvna. avtoris azriT ilia da
samocianelebi Tavidanve ,,nacionalistur niadagze” dadgnen. cxadia, es malaqa
toroSeliZes uaryofiT movlenad miaCnia, magram mTavari es ki araa, aramed is, rom ,,am
momentiT (nacionalisturi niadagiT) Tval saCinoT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom Cveni
inteligencia ver gaxda mebrZoli baton-ymobis winaaRmdeg.”25 malaqia toroSeliZe cdilobs gaarkvios: ,,saidan warmoiSva da ras warmoadgenda
nacionaluri niadagi?”26 am mizniT avtori upirispirebs saqarTvelos istoriis or epoqas
_ XIX saukunis 30-40-ian wlebsa da XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebs. naSromSi vkiTxulobT:
,,aiReT meore mxriT maSindeli poetebis _ nikoloz baraTaSvilisa da aleqsandre
WavWavaZis nawerebi: Tqven iq sanTliTac ver ipoviT imas, rac Sedagens me-60 wlebis
nacionalistebis (maT Soris ilia WavWavaZis – avt.) sulsa da guls. piriqiT, n.
baraTaSvili msoflio motivebiT suldgmulobs da ara nacionalisturiT. aSkaraa, me-60
wlebis nacionalizmi, romelic SeimuSaves am epoqis moRvaweebma da romelic ase Zval-
rbilSi gaujda qarTvelobis erT nawils, rom umisod qarTvelobis arseboba verc axla
da verc uwin ver warmoudgeniaT, es nacionalizmi qarTvelebis Tandayolili Tviseba ar
yofila.”27 sabolood, malaqia toroSeliZe ilia WavWavaZes Semdeg braldebas uyenebs:
1) glexobis interesebis ugulebelyofa;
2) Tavad-aznaurobis interesebis dacva, baton-ymobis gaidealeba;
3) qarTuli nacionalizmis ideologoba;
4) zogadsakacobrio ideebis (,,msoflio motivebis”) ugulebelyofa.
33
9. uarmyoflobis uaryofa
(ilias gzis gmobis dasasruli)
da gardamoQsna igi
da Sehmosa mas ardagi.
luka, 23, 53.
1917 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciis Semdeg saqarTveloSi sruli politikuri
Tavisufleba sufevda. rTuli viTarebis miuxedavad, ilia WavWavaZis dabadebidan 80 da
mkvlelobidan aTi wlisTavis aRniSvnas xelisufleba ver akrZalavda. yvelaferi
sazogadoebaze iyo damokidebuli, sazogadoeba ki gulgrili darCa ilias iubilisadmi.
mxolod konstantine gamsaxurdia gamoexmaura iubiles. 1917 wlis 21 marts gazeT
,,saxalxo furcelSi” fsevdonimiT k. abaSispireli daiwyo konstantine gamsaxurdias
werilis _ ,,ilia WavWavaZe Tu arCil jorjaZe” _ beWdva. werilis gagrZeleba 22 martis,
xolo dasasruli 29 martis nomerSi gamoqveynda.1 1917 wels Jurnal ,,ganaTlebaSi”
daibeWda artur laistis ,,mogoneba ilia WavWavaZeze.”2 1917 weli arc ilia WavWavaZis
Txzulebebis gamocemiT iyo RirsSesaniSnavi. am wels gamocemul or krebulSi (ix: guTani.
ojaxsa da SkolaSi sakiTxavi wigni. quTaisi, 1917; Cveni axali mwerloba. wigni I.
quTaisi, 1917) daibeWda ilia WavWavaZis ramodenime leqsi, poema da moTxroba. es iyo da
es.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis periodSi (1918-1921 ww.)
xelisuflebas saTanado yuradReba ar miuqcevia ilia WavWavaZis Txzulebebis
gamocemisTvis. sul daibeWda ilias ramodenime leqsi, poema da moTxroba. es gamocemebi
,,qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma sazogadoebam” ganaxorciela. aRsaniSnavia
is, rom am wlebSi ilias nawarmoebebi SemohqondaT saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSi (ix.:
qrestomaTia. saSualo saswavleblis I klasis kursi. quTaisi, 1918; qarTuli qrestomaTia.
saSualo skolis II klasis kursi. quTaisi, 1918; iv. gomelauri. skolaSi Sesaswavli
qarTveli mwerlebi. wigni mesame. meoTxe gamocema. Tfilisi, 1920). 1918-1921 wlebSi
qarTvel istorikosebsa da literaturaTmcodneebs Tavi arafriT gamouCeniaT. ilia kanti-
kuntad ixsenieboda. swored, amitom gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens silovan xundaZis
Rvawli.3
1918-1921 wlebSi ilias TxzulebaTa gamocemis simcire da iliasadmi miZRvnili
gamokvlevaTa ar arseboba mxolod ekonomikuri siduxWiriT ver aixsneba. yovelive amis
mizezi xelisuflebis gulgrilobac iyo.
XXX
1921 wels saqarTvelo sabWoTa ruseTma daipyro. sabWoTa saqarTveloSi
pirvelkacobda ilia WavWavaZis upirvelesi uarmyofeli, bolSeviki filipe maxaraZe.
filipe maxaraZe eswrafoda ilias naazrevisa da naRvawis, ilias gzis uaryofa
saxelmwifo politikis rangSi aeyvana. es ki arc ise advili aRmoCnda.
1921 wels saqarTveloSi iliasdmi miZRvnili araferi dabeWdila. mxolod social-
demikratma (menSevikma) ivane gomarTelma ,,gamoiCina Tavi” da sul sxva sxva
problemisadmi miZRvnil werilSi udierad moixsenia ilia.4 1922-1925 wlebSi filipe
maxaraZis ganzraxvas win aRudgnen da ilias Rvawli met-naklebad srulad daafases a.
arseniSvilma,5 konstantine gamsaxurdiam,
6 paolo iaSvilma,
7 giorgi leoniZem,
8 vaxtang
kotetiSvilma,9 tician tabiZem,
10 sergi gorgaZem,
11 konstantine WiWinaZem,
12 romanoz
34
fancxavam13 da sxvebma. ufro metic. 1924 wels Jurnal ,,droSis” meeqvse nomerSi
xelmoweriT ,,irodion sonRuli” daibeWda irodion sonRulaSvilis moTxroba saTauriT
,,herostratosi.”14 didi mixvedra ar undoda imas, rom avtors herostratosad
gamoyvanili hyavs ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis organizatori filipe maxaraZe.
filipe maxaraZis miswrafebas win aRudga cnobili qarTveli social-demokrati
menSeviki seiT devdariani. 1922 wlis seqtemberSi saqarTvelos centraluri
kooperaciuli kavSiris organos, Jurnal ,,kavSiris” me-15 nomerSi fsevdonimiT ,,s” daibeWda seiT devdarianis vrceli werili saTauriT _ ,,kacia-adamianis mgosani ilia
WavWavaZe (15 weliwadi sikvdilis Semdeg. _ 30 agvisto 1907-1922 w.).”15 werilis meore
nawili Jurnalis me-16 nomerSi daibeWda.16
seiT devdarianis naSromi didi dartyma iyo qarTveli social-demokratebis,
rogorc menSevikebis, ise bolSevikebisTvis. cnobilma menSevikma, imxanad noe JordaniasTan
mkveTrad dapirispirebulma da sabWoTa saqarTvelos bolSevikur politikur
xelmZRvanelobasTan opoziciaSi myofma seiT devdarianma erTbaSad uaryo is, rac qarTul
social-demokratias (menSevikebs da bolSevikebs) ilia WavWavaZis winaaRmdeg daeweraT. es
werili SemdegSi Zvirad daujda seiT devdarians.
filipe maxaraZis marcxis mauwyebeli iyo isic, rom qarTveli mwerlebis, qarTveli
inteligenciis Tavgamodebis wyalobiT daiwyo mzadeba ilia WavWavaZis ,,nawerebis sruli
krebulis” (cxra tomad) gamocemisaTvis (es gamocema, sinamdvileSi, 1925-1929 wlebSi aT
tomad gamovida). gamocemis momzadeba daevala pavle ingoroyvasa da aleqsandre abaSels.
1925 wels gamovida mravaltomeulis pirveli tomi (leqsebi da poemebi).
filipe maxaraZe miznis miRwevisTvis brZolas ar wyvetda. igi Seudga Tavisi
nawerebis mravaltomeulis gamocemas. sxvadasxva tomebSi Sevida avtoris mier ilia
WavWavaZis winaaRmdeg 1898-1913 wlebSi dabeWdili werilebi, maT Soris Jurnal
,,mogzaurSi” gamoqveynebuli samarcxvino werili. amasTan erTad filipe maxaraZem Tavis
garSemo Semoikriba Tanamoazreebi.: raJden kalaZe, petre geleiSvili, platon qiqoZe,
baron bibineiSvili, dimitri benaSvili, Salva SavguliZe, fridon narouSvili da sxv.
filipe maxaraZis ,,razmidan” Zalze aqtiurobda ori adamiani, romelTa fsevdonimebi iyo
,,v. ad_li” da ,,k. b_li”. filipe maxaraZis xelmZRvanelobiT daiwyo axali laSqroba
ilia WavWavaZis winaaRmdeg. erT-erTma pirvelma ,,bolSevikuri kritikis” susxi seiT
devdarianma igrZno. TbilisSi muSaTa krebaze gamosvlisas mamia oraxelaSvili Seexo seiT
devdarianis zemoT xsenebul werils. bolSevikma liderma ,,originaluri” daskvna gaakeTa: seiT devdarianis mier ilia WavWavaZis qeba-dideba imisi damadasturebelia, rom qarTveli
inteligencia ver urigdeba sabWoTa xelisuflebaso, nacionalisti mwerlis qeba sabWoTa
xelisuflebis gakicxvas niSnavso.17
aranakleb ,,originaluri” daskvna gaakeTa raJden kalaZem. misi azriT, ,,60-ian
wlebis ,,moRvaweebma” (miaqciaT yuradReba: raJden kalaZe sityva moRvaweebs brWyalebSi
xmarobs – avt.) kidev ilia WavWavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT erTi mxriT, meore mxriT poet
akakis mgosnobiT saqarTvelos mkvdari politikuri mdgomareobis xelovnurad ,,aRdgena”
(sityva aRdgenac brWyalebSia naxmari – avt.) scades, raRacnairi nacionaluri
oportunizmiT da biurokratiuli liberalizmis imediT. qarTveli xalxis
sazogadoebrivaT warmatebis imedi damoukidebeli gziT ukve dahkarges maT da
sasowarkveTil patriotul godebas miecnen.”18
dro ixelTa petre geleiSvilma. man ,,viwro nacionalizmis” ideolog ilia
WavWavaZes brali ,,mesame dasis” mospobis mcdelobaSi dasdo: ,,qarTulma presam, ilia
35
WavWavaZis meTaurobiT, medgari ieriSi miitana am axal movlenil ,,dasze”, im TaviTve
daupira mas gaqroba ... “19 drodadro filipe maxaraZec SeaSvelebda sityvas misi droSis qveS darazmulT.
1926 wels saqarTvelos sabWoTa mweralTa kavSiris pirvel yrilobaze gamosvlisas
filipe maxaraZem ilia WavWavaZes da saerTod samocianelebs aseTi braldeba wauyena:
,,xalxis interesebi sinamdvileSi imaT ar swamdaT da TviT mwerlobas xalxSi niadagi ar
qonda.”20
XXX
1927 wels ilia WavWavaZis dabadebidan 90 weli sruldeboda. qarTveli mwerlebi,
inteligencia iubilis aRsaniSavad emzadebodnen. xelisuflebam mTlad ver wauyrua ilias
iubiles. 1927 wels gamoica ilia WavWavaZis ,,nawerebis sruli krebulis” meoTxe, mexuTe da meeqvse tomebi. filipe maxaraZe yovel Rones xmarobda raTa ar daeSva ilia WavWavaZis
naazrevisa da maRvawis obieqturi gaSuqeba. yvelaferi mainc ver gaTvala. jer kidev 1926
wels gamoica konstantine kapanelis naSromi ,,qarTuli suli esTetiur saxeebSi,” romelSic ilias SexedulebaTa Sefasebacaa mocemuli.
21 marTalia, avtori garkveulwilad
qeds uxris epoqas (ilia revolucias umRerodao), magram, mTlianobaSi aRebuli, am
naSromis gamoqveynebiT konstantine kapanelma ilias iubilis win xelTaTmani gadaugdo
filipe maxaraZes. meore seriozuli dartyma filipe maxaraZem simon xundaZisgan miiRo.
1927 wels gamoica simon xundaZis monografia ,,sociallizmis istoriisTvis
saqarTveloSi.”22 imave wels daibeWda simon xundaZis meore gamokvleva _ ,,qarTveli
inteligenciis profili mecxramete saukuneSi,”23 simon xundaZe, cxadia, angariSs uwevda epoqas, politikur viTarebas. miuxedavad amisa, avtorma SeZlo obieqturad warmoedgina
ilia WavWavaZis msoflmxedvelobis bevri mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. simon xundaZis zogierTi
daskvna filipe maxaraZis pirdapir gamowvevas niSnavda.
filipe maxaraZem da misma Tanamoazreebma konstantine kapanelisa da simon xundaZis
naSromebis ganqiqeba gadawyvites. 1927 wels Jurnal ,,mnTobis” meore nomerSi
fsevdonimiT ,,v. ad _ li” daibeWda recenzia saTauriT _ ,,rogor ar unda iwerebodes inteligenciis istoria. _ amx. s. xundaZis ,,qarTveli inteligenciis profili me-19
saukuneSi” gamosvlis gamo.”24 recenzenti simon xundaZes ilia WavWavaZisa da saerTod
samocianelTa Taobis usafuZvlo apologetobaSi adanaSaulebs.
konstantine kapanelis naSromis kritikas mieZRvna, fsevdonimiT ,,k. b _ li”
Jurnal ,,proletarul mwerlobaSi” 1927 wlis pirvel nomerSi gamoqveynebuli recenzia
saTauriT _ ,,ilia WavWavaZe, kapaneli da ,,komunistis” kritikosi mo _ li (k. kapanelis
,,qarTuli suli esTetiur saxeebSi” gamosvlis gamo).”25 recenzenti, cxadia, ar eTanxmeba konstantine kapanels ilia WavWavaZis msoflmxedvelobis SefasebaSi. ar eTanxmeba gazeT
,,komunistSi” vinme ,,mo _ lis” mier gamoqveynebul recenziasac, romelSic konstantine
kapanelis wigni dadebiTad aris Sefasebuli.
,,v. ad _ li”-isa da ,,k. b _ li”-is recenziebSi, praqtikula, filipe maxaZis, anu
xelisuflebis poziciaa warmodgenili. movitanT ramdenime adgils xsenebuli
recenziebidan.
,,v. ad _ li” XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis moRvaweebs, maT Soris ilia WavWavaZes,
ase afasebs:
_ ,,ilia da sxvebi Tavadaznaurobis apologetebad bolomdi darCen. maTi
moRvaweoba wodebriul dawesebulebebis garSemo trialebda.”
36
_ ,,avtori (s. xundaZe _ avt.) ilias mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi xedavs burJuaziul
radikalizms. vfiqrob, arc es azri aris marTali. ilias mxatvrul Semoqmedebas
burJuaziuli radikalizmsa araferi scxia. arc ,,kacia adamiani”, arc ,,glaxis naambobi”
da Tundac arc ,,aCrdili” wodebriobis uarmyof nawarmoebaT ver CaiTvleba.” _ ,,ilias humanizmi, radikalizmi da liberalizmi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom Tavadsa
da glexs Soris adamianuri damokidebuleba yofiliyo da ara brZola da ara
daundobloba da SuRli.”
_ ,,ilia Catexili xidis gamTelebaze zrunavs da ara wodebriobis mospobaze.”26
,,k. b _ li” ilia WavWavaZes mTlianad filipe maxaraZis poziciidan afasebs.
_ ,,me-60 wlebis moRvaweebs udidesi amagi miuZRviT qarTveli xalxis winaSe...
imaTi moRvaweoba maSindel xanaSi progresul modlenas warmoadgenda... es iyo manamdi,
sanam istoriis asparezze muSaTa klasi gamovidoda. amis Semdeg maT moRvaweobas daekarga
progresuli xasiaTi, vanaidan isini qveynis ganaxlebisaTvis mowodebul muSaTa klass
kriWaSi Caudgnen.” _ ,,i. WavwavaZe da saerTod me-60 wlebis moRvaweebis politikuri kredo ruseTis
taxtis loializmis iqiT ar midioda.” _ ,,Cveni mesamoce wlebis moRvaweebi, umTavresad TavadaznaurTa wridan iyvnen
gamosulni iyvnen ase vTqvaT, Tavadaznaurobis wreSi mobuzRune Sina opozicionerebi.
amgvari iyo ilia WavWavaZisa da orbelianebis dava.”27 1931 wels filime maxaraZis winasityvaobiT gamoica samarcxvino krebuli saTauri
_ ,,brZola klasikosebisaTvis”. satitulo gverdze krebulis avtorebi aseTi
TanamimdevrobiT arian CamoTvlilni: dimitri benaSvili, Salva SavguliZe, fridon
narouSvili, platon qiqoZe. masSi ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemlobam” gamosca.28 krebulSi
Semdeegi masalaa warmodgenili:
1. f. maxaraZe. mdgomareoba Tanamedrove qarTul mwerlobaSi (winasityvaoba).
2. p. qiqoZe vis xelSia klasikosebi? (werilis pirveli variant daibeWda 1929
wels Jurnal ,,mnTobis” # 5-6-Si).
3. d. benaSvili. dialeqtiuri materializmi Tu eqleqtiuri idealizmi.
4. d. benaSvili. filosofiuri sqolastikisa da literaturuli misticizmis
winaaRmdeg.
5. d. benaSvili. S. SavguliZe, f. narouSvili, p.qiqoZe. bolSevizmi Tu social-
federalizmi? (es werili gamoqveynda gazeT ,,komunistis” 1931 wlis 27 seqtembris
nomerSi).
6. p.qiqoZe. d. benaSvili. b. meunargia. formlizmis, esTetobis da social-
federalizmis recidivebis winaRmdeg.
krebulis winasityvaobaSi filipe maxaraZe azogadebs imas, rac ki odesme ilia
WavWavaZis uaryofis, misi gzis gmobis mizniT dauweria. ai zogierTi adgili krebulis
winasityvaobidan:
_ ,,cnobilia, rom jer kidev mefis reJimis dros zogierT qarTvelma publicistma
TavadaznaurTa wridan da Semdeg socil-federalistebis partiam (g. maiaSvili, ar.
jorjaZe da sxvebi) SeTxzes zRapari, TiTqos isini, vinc CvenSi, saqarTveloSi, pirvelad
ganacxades energiuli protesti da aRimaRles xma baton-ymuri monobis winaaRmdeg, iyvnen
mesamoce wlebis moRvaweni, egred wodebulni _ Tergdaleulebi saerTod da
gansakuTrebiT ilia WavWavaZe. ra Tqma unda, aq WeSmaritebis namcecic ar iyo. marTali
iyo mxolod is, rom es vaJbatonebi, yvelani warCinebuli wodebis (e.i. Tavadaznaurobis)
warmomadgenlebi, gacnobili iyvnen im kamaTTan, romelsac adgili hqonda im dros
37
(mesamoce wlebSi) ruseTSi batonymobis gauqmebis irgvliv. SeiZleba mesamoce wlebis
moRvaweebi ramodenimed iziarebdnen ruseTis ganmanaTleblebis (CerniSevski,
dobroliubovi, nekrasovi da sxv.) zogierT Sexedulebebs, magram rom imaT sajrod
arasodes gamoucxadebiaT raime protesti baton-ymobis winaaRmdeg, sanam es ukanaskneli
jer kidev arsebobda, es uryevi faqtia.” _ ,,rac Seexeba ilia WavWavaZes, yvela misi nawarmoebis da yvela im dokumentebis
da masalebis mixedviT, rac misi cxovrebis Sesaxeb moipoveba, mudamJam tipiuri Tavadi da
memamule iyo Tavidanve da bolomdec aseTive darCa.” _ ,,i. WavWavaZes Tavisi sakmarisad xangrZlivi sazogadoebrivi da literaturuli
moRvaweobis manZilze erTxelac ar moucia CvenTvis sabuTi imisTvis, rom igi ibrZoda
batonymobis winaaRmdeg an sityviT, an kalmiT. piriqiT, amis sawinaaRmdego masala
moipoveba, ramdenic gnebavT, iseve, rogorc akaki wereTlis, orbelianebis da im drois
sxva mravali Tavadaznaurul mwerlebis Sesaxeb.”30 ilia WavWavaZis filipe maxaraZiseul Sefasebas savsebiT iziarebda platon qiqoZe.
krebulSi dabeWdil werilSi ,,vis xelSia klasikosebi?” ai ras vkiTxulobT: ,,gana
nacionalisturi sibece ar aris, rodesac dResac, TviT ilia WavWavaZis Taobisa da Zveli
qarTuli inteligenciis mier Caqsovili, mefis Cinovnikis gr. orbelianis reputaciis
aRdgenas cdiloben?31
gansakuTrebuli agresiulobiT gamoirCeva krebulSi dabeWdili werili _
,,bolSevizmi Tu social-federalizmi?” werilis avtorebi arian: dimitri benaSvili,
Salva SavguliZe, fridon narouSvili, platon qiqoZe. ai, zogierTi adgili werilidan:
_ ,,istoriulad sadavo sakiTxebi gadaswyda marqsizmis da muSaTa moZraobis
sasargeblod. dokumentalurad iqmna damtkicebuli is faqti, rom mesamocianebi aramc Tu
ilaSqrebdnen batonymobis sistemis winaaRmdeg, aramed cdilobdnen mis gaumjobesebas.
feodaluri liberalebis ,,revolucionuroba” imaSi mdgomareobda, rom isini
feodalizmis, feodaluri klasis da misi inteligenciis gadarCenis mizniT feodalizmisa
da kapitalizmis ,,Seguebas” cdilobdnen (sxvaTa Soris ilia WavWavaZis politikuri
praqtika saTavadaznauro bankis Seqmnis saxiT swored am ,,Seguebis” saukeTeso
ilustracias warmoadgens). qveynis aseT ganviTarebas lenini burJuaziuli ganviTarebis
,,prusiul” gzas uwodebda.”32
_ ,,kapitalizmis aseTi ,,ganviTarebas” prusiaSi (germania) hqonda adgili. ilia
WavWavaZis arCilic (,,oTaraanT qvrividan”) feodaluri klasis gadarCenis mizniT swored
am prorusul gziT ganviTarebisken mouwodebda Tavis ,,moyvareebs”, vinaidan, iliasi ar
iyves, arCilic ,,moyvares” (ese igi feodals) pirSi uZraxoda.”33
krabuli ,,brZola klasikosebisaTvis” mxolod ilia WavWavaZis, XIX saukunis 60-
80-iani erovnuli moZraobisa da samocianelTa marqsistuli Sefasebis mizniT ar
gamocemula. filipe maxaraZe, platon qiqoZe, dimitri benaSvili, Salva SavguliZe,
fridon narouSvili pirdapir miwasTan asworebdnen im istorikosebs da
litereturaTmcodneebs publicistebsa da mwerlebs, romelTac ilia WavWavaZisa da
samocianelebis obieqturad Sefaseba gabedes. kerZod, filipe maxaraZe da misi
Tanamoazreebi Tavs daesxnen: simon xundaZes, vaxtang kotetiSvils, konstantine kapanels.
ar daindes arc ilia WavWavaZis ufro adrindeli damfaseblebi _ arCil jorjaZe, kita
abSiZe, da sxvebi.
krebulis _ ,,brZola klasikosebisaTvis” redaqtorma da avtorebma gangaSis zari Camohkres: gviSveleT! sabWoTa xelisuflebis mtrebi qarTvel klasikosebs reaqciuli
38
miznebisTvis iyenebeno! mxolod Cven gvesmis mecnierulad, Tu ras warmoadgenen Cveni
klasikosebio!
XXX
ilia WavWavaZis kritikam istoriografiidan da literaturaTmcodneobidan
,,poeziaSi” gadainacvla. 1932 wels Jurnal ,,proletaruli mwerlobis” # 1-2-Si
daibeWda nawyveti fridon narouSvilis poemidan ,,Tavadi i. WavWavaZe.” fridon
narouSvili viTomda paralels avlebs ilia WavWavaZesa da noe Jordanias Soris. ai es
,,Sedevric:” ,,guli rogor ar dagiRondeba,
roca mZvinvarebs Savi saxadi;
somxebTan omi mogagondeba,
rogorc aSkara ,,qvaTa RaRadi”. igi ar aris ise wyvdiadi,
rogorc warwera qvaze lursmuli,
igi RaRadebs ise ,,diadi”, _ rogorc qarTuli, rogorc rusuli.
igi arodes ar iufleba
gipotezebis gauval nisliT,
viT Jordanias xelisufleba
SeRebilia somxebis sisxliT.
xocva-JletaSi Sen Tu erie,
raa, uars Tu mainc ver iSli,
faqtebis xmals ver moigerieb _
xmalze mWrelia misi ieriSi.
mTavroba omSi wagebulia,
mainc mZvinvarebs Savi saxadi:
morCa, wakiTxul-gagebulia
cxraas Tvramet wlis qvaTa RaRadi.
wamodga noe, rogorc ilia,
foilos gaRma miwa-wylis mdomi,
,,demokratiul” kavkasiaSi WavWavaZuri atexa omi.
xocvis da sisxlis wyurvili myisve
gamefda, rogorc Savi saxadi;
omobda noe somxebTan ise,
rogorc ilias qvaTa RaRadi.
dgamda sazizRar oms reJisori,
yavda gvardia da ,,mZime jvaric”, da Sovinizmis beberi mZoriT
somxeTisaken daiZra jari.
kauckis mier nebadarTuli,
viT tragedia sisxlian mkaSi,
qvaTa RaRadi iqna dadgmuli
,,demokratiul” respublikaSi:
39
yumbara glejda xes, Txrida miwas,
tye mRelvarebda xocva-JletaSi,
daxocil tyeSi cxedrebi iwva
da parlamentSi ismoda taSi ...
mReris gvardia ... prezidents esmis
,,demokratiul” mTavrobis leqsi.
qadagebs noe: ,,saomrad,
gmiro, laSqari daszari,
,,qarTvelo xeli xmals ikar” _ somxebs daeci Tavzari!
savsea imav Sxam da gesliT
daSnakelebis mTavrobis leqsi.
da prezidenti imave feris
imav simReras somxurad mReris:
qalaq tfilisSi Tavs ikravs
Cveni samSoblos sazRvari;
somexo, xeli xmals ikar
,,vracebs” daeci Tavzari ... zRvari walekil da waSlilia,
rogorc Zmebs Soris sxvadasxva ZeTa, _
ase gadiqca noeT ilia
da Jordania WavWavaZeTa. 34
XXX
filipe maxaraZe Tavisi Sexedulebebis damkvidrebas sxva gzebiTac cdilobda. 1933
wels Jurnal ,,mnaTobis” @# 1-2-Si daibeWda filipe maxaraZis Tanamoazris al. sulavas
vrceli narkvevi _ ,,filipe maxaraZe, rogorc literaturis kritikosi (marqsistuli
saliteraturo kritikis istoriisaTvis)”35 avtors moswons yvelaferiis, rac filipe
maxaraZes ilia WavWavaZis uaryofis, ilias gzis gmobis mizniT dauweria.
filipe maxaraZis Sexedulebas icavda k. melaZe 1933 wels Jurnal ,,mnaTobis”
meTerTmete nomerSi gamoqveynebul vrcel werilSi _ ,,gakvriT klasikosebze.” avtori
ilia WavWavaZis ganqiqebasTan erTad akritikebs simon xundaZes, vaxtang kotetiSvils,
konstantine kapanels, mixeil zandukels, romelTac ar gaiziares filipe maxaraZiseuli
Sefaseba.36
aravin icis, kidev ras moifiqrebdnen filipe maxaraZe da misi Tanamoazreebi. maTi
parpaSi ioseb stalinma aRkveTa.
XXX
ioseb stalins filipe maxaraZe ar uyvarda da amas arc malavda. dascinoda kidec
Zvel bolSeviks, ,,saSualo donis literators” eZaxda. ioseb stalinis mier filipe
maxaraZis aTvalwunebas ramdenime mizezi hqonda. am mizezTa Soris aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:
pirveli. filipe maxaraZe, iseve rogorc Zvel bolSevikTa Taoba, Tvlida, rom ioseb
juRaSvils bolSevikuri partiis winaSe, revoluciis winaSe, masze gacilebiT naklebi
damsaxureba hqonda. winaT amas ioseb stalini did yuradRebas ar aqcevda. XX saukunis
40
20-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan xelisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi Cabmul ioseb stalins ukve
xels aRar aZlevda filipe maxaraZis mier sakuTari damsaxurebis demonstrireba, ioseb
stalinTan SedarebiT sakuTari upiratesobis xazgasma. meore. ioseb stalini cdilobda
Tavisi revoluciuri moRvaweobis dasawyisi rac SeiZleba win gadaewia da igi ,,mesame
dasTan” (Seiqmna 1892-1893 wlebSi) daekavSirebina. stalinis miswrafebas wlebis manZilze
sastik winaaRmdegobas uwevda filipe maxaraZe. mesame. ioseb stalini cdilobda Tavi
ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis Tbilisisa da baTumis organizaciebis
erT-erT damfuZneblad da xelmZRvanelad warmoedgina. filipe maxaraZe amasac gaafTrebiT
enaaRmdegeboda. meoTxe. ioseb stalini filipe maxaraZes ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaSi
adanaSaulebda da xSirad araorazrovnad Seaxsenebda mas am danaSauls. mexuTe. sabWoTa
kavSiris Seqmnis periodSi (1922 w.) filipe maxaraZe da misi Tanamoazreebi (e.w.
,,nacional-uklonistebi”) Riad daupirispirdnen ioseb stalins da bevr Tavsatexi
gauCines mas.
1921-1931 wlebSi ioseb stalini filipe maxaraZis qmedebas kontrols ver uwevda.
Zveli bolSeviki ioseb juRaSvils ar erideboda da xSirad ganzrax aRizianebda kidec
mas. filipe maxaraZis poziciebi Seirya saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis federaciis
politikuri xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi lavrenti berias mosvlis Semdeg (1931-1932 ww.).
Tavdapirvelad filipe maxaraZe arc lavrenti berias uwevda angariSs. filipe maxaraZem v.
leninis gardacvalebis aTi wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT dawera naSromi saTauriT _ ,,aTi
weli uleninod”. ioseb stalinis nebis Tanaxmad, lavrenti beriam filipe maxaraZe aiZula
naSromisTvis saTauri Seecvala. 1934 wels igive naSromi aseTi saTauriT gamovida _
,,aTi weli uleninod stalinis winamZRolobiT.” filipe maxaraZem daTmo. sruli
kapitulacia Zvel bolSeviks jer kidev win eloda. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sabWoTa kavSiris
mweralTa kavSiris pirveli yriloba (1934 w.) da ilia WavWavaZis 100 wlis iubile
(1937 w.)
XXX
XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi ioseb stalinma xelisuflebisTvis
brZolis erTi mniSvnelovani etapi moigo. 1927 wels lev trocki sakavSiro komunisturi
(bolSevikuri) partiis rigebidan garicxes, yvela Tanamdeboba daatovebines da Sua aziaSi
gadaasaxles (1929 wels lev trocki basmaCebis daxmarebiT sazRvargareT gaiqca). es
gamarjveba ioseb stalins damSvidebis saSualebas ar aZlevda. sakavSiro komunistur
(bolSevikur) partiaSi, sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebaSi, samxedro uwyebaSi, diplomatiur korpusSi, ioseb juRaSvils didi
opozicia hyavda. gansakuTrebiT sagangaSo iyo, is rom ioseb juRaSvils opoziciaSi
Caudga Zvel bolSevikTa, revolucionerTa pirveli Taobis didi nawili, mokavSire
respublikebis partiuli da sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba. da bolos, ioseb juRaSvilis
politikur kurss ewinaaRmdegeboda inteligenciis absoluturi umravlesoba. XX
saukunis 30-iani wlebis damdegisaTvis sruliad cxadi gaxda: ioseb stalini
xelisuflebis dakargvis realuri safrtxis winaSe idga. 20-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi
gatarebulma represiebma opozicia ver mospo. miuxedavad amisa, ioseb stalini
politikuri kursis Secvlas ar apirebda, opoziciis azris gaTvaliswineba azradac ar
mosdioda. erTadrT gamosavals igi represiebSi xedavda, im represiebSi, romlis masStabi
imxanad mxolod ioseb stalins hqonda warmodgenili. politikuri represiebi daiwyo
1934 wlis dekemberSi da met-naklebi intensivobiT grZeldeboda 1938 wlis
41
gazafxulamde. kulminacias 1937 weli warmoadgenda. represiebi Seexo sabWoTa kavSiris
yvela socialur fenas (inteligencias, muSebs, glexebs), yvela erovnebis, aRmsareblobisa
da profesiis adamianebs, sakavSiro komunisturi (bolSevikuri) partiis centralur da
adgilobriv organoebs, mokavSire respublikebis komunisturi (bolSevikuri) partiis
centralur da adgilobriv organoebs, sabWoaTa kavSirisa da mokavSire respublikebis
sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, xelisuflebis adgilobriv organoebs,
samxedro uwyebas (wiTel armias da samxedro-sazRvao flots), diplomatiur korpuss,
TviT represiebis gamtarebel mTavar dawesebulebas _ sabWoTa kavSiris Sinagan saqmeTa
saxalxo komisariats (daxvrites ori saxalxo komisari _ henrix iagoda da nikolai
eJovi). yvelaze metad dazaralda inteligencia.
xelisuflebisTvis brZolaSi Cabmul ioseb juRaSvils, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise
saerTaSoriso asparezze, aucileblad sWirdeboda imis demonstrireba, rom igi didi da
saxelovani istoriis, didi sulieri da materialuri kulturis memkvidre eris Svili
iyo. yovelive es unda warmoCeniliyo didi ostatobiT, damajereblad. am SemTxvevaSi
erTbaSad miznis miRweva SeuZlebeli iqneboda. saWiro iyo ramdenime kargad gaazrebuli
RonisZieba, romelic efeqts moaxdenda sabWoTa kavSirSic da saerTaSoriso asparezzec.
ase Caifiqra da ganaxorciela ioseb stalinma oTxi didi RonisZieba:
_ sabWoTa kavSiris mweralTa kavSiris pirveli yriloba (1934 w.);
_ qarTuli kulturis dekada moskovSi (1937 w.);
_ SoTa rusTavelis ,,vefxistyaosnis” daweridan 750 wlisTavi (1937 w.);
_ ilia WavWavaZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavi (1937 w.).
amjerad, Cveni interesis sagans Seadgens sabWoTa kavSiris mweralTa kavSiris
pirveli yriloba (1934 w.) da ilia WavWavaZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavi (1937 w.).
XXX
sabWoTa kavSiris mweralTa kavSiris pirveli yriloba imiTac iyo aRsaniSnavi, rom
yvela respublikis mweralTa kavSiris saxeliT gamosul momxsenebels unda mimoexila
mwerlobis istoria uZvelesi droidan (Casaxvidan) XX saukunis 20-30-iani wlebis
CaTvliT. msgavsi moxsenebis dawera did sirTuleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. moxseneba
Rirebuli rom yofiliyo, saWiro iyo literaturaTmcodneebisa da istorikosebis
erToblivi Sroma. meore sirTule imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT
Tundac unaklod Sesrulebuli moxseneba, ramdenad misaRebi iqneboda politikuri
TvalsazrisiT. mweralTa kavSiris yriloba daigegma da Catarda rogorc politikuri
RonisZieba. yrilobas ioseb stalini daeswro.
1934 wlis 20 agvistos sabWoTa kavSiris mweralTa kavSiris yrilobaze
saqarTvelodan moxsenebiT gamovida cnobili bolSeviki malaqia toroSeliZe. malaqia
toroSeliZem, romelsac, cxadia, ioseb stalinis Canafiqri ar ecodineboda, Tavisi
moxsenebis pirvel variantSi didi adgili dauTmo qarTuli proletaruli mwerlobis
uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis gzas, SedarebiT naklebi _ Zvel da axal
qarTul mwerlobas. moxseneba ioseb stalinma daiwuna. moxsenebis is teqsti, romelic
malaqia toroSeliZem 1934 wlis agvistoSi sabWoTa kavSiris mweralTa kavSiris
yrilobaze waradgina, rogorc struqturiT, ise Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT, ioseb
stalinis karnaxiTaa dawerili, yvela daskvna ioseb stalins ekuTvnis.37
ioseb stalini gansakuTrebiT dainteresebula malaqia toroSeliZis moxsenebis im
nawiliT, romelic ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis Sefasebas exeboda. es SemTxveviTi ar iyo.
42
imxanad ioseb stalins ukve gadawyvetili eqneboda ilia WavWavaZis dabadebidan 100
wlisTavis farTod aRniSvna. amitomaa, rom malaqia toroSeliZis moxsenebis es nawili
TiTqmis mTlianad ioseb stalinis Sexedulebas gamoxatavs.38 igi, moxsenebis danarCen
nawilebTan SedarebiT, moculobiTac TvalSisacemad didia. movitanT ramdenime adgils
malaqia toroSeliZis moxsenebidan:
_ ,,ar SevCerdebiT XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris sxva mwerlebze da gadavalT
pirdapir 60-iani wlebis epoqaze, romelsac qarTveli xalxis cxovrebasa da qarTul
literaturaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. am epoqis mwerlebidan yvelaze met
yuradgebas iqcevs ilia WavWavaZe.“39 _ ,, ilia WavWavaZe 60-iani wlebis udidesi figuraa, romelic Tavisi poeturi da
publicisturi nawarmoebebiT Zlier gavlenas axdens qarTul literaturaze TviT
ukanasknel xanebamde.”40 _ ,,am ori momentis _ ekonomiuris da erovnulis _ mWirdod gadakvanZva
safuZvlad udevs i. WavWavaZis Semoqmedebas. igi nacionalistia, da rogorc aseTi,
opoziciaSi udgas mTavrobas, romelic ar scnobs araviTar nacionalurs.”41 _ ,,i. WavWavaZis Semoqmedebam Tavadaznaurobas ki ar gauwia samsaxuri, aramed
Tavadaznaurobis mowinaaRmdegeebs.”42
_ ,,Tumca i. WavWavaZe ar warmoadgens glexobis interesebisTvis mebrZols, magram … is Rrma simpaTiiT uyurebs, aidialebs mas, awers mas saukeTeso Tvisebebs da sTvlis mas
yvela saTnoebis gansaxierebad.”43 _ ,,raTa SevajamoT i. WavWavaZis mniSvneloba qarTul literaturisTvis, unda
aRvniSnoT, rom literaturul moRvaweobas igi krZalviT uyurebs da mis Sesaferisad
maRal principul simaRleze ahyavs yoveli sakiTxi, romelsac exeba. literaturuli
asparezi i. WavWavaZemde TiTqmis ar arsebobda. winandeli epoqis mwerlobisTvis
literatura an ubralo TavSesaqcevi iyo (magaliTad saqeifo leqsebi), an poetis pirad
ganwyobilebaTa gamoxatuleba, romelic unda gaeziarebina mis ramdenime axlobel
megobars.… i. WavWavaZisTvis ki literatura, uwinares yovlisa, sazogadoebrivi
moRvaweobaa da am dargSi igi friad sastikia da momTxovni, rogorc Tavis, ise
sxvebisadmi.”44 ilia WavwavaZis msoflmxedvelobis Sefasebisas malaqia toroSeliZis mier
gakeTebuli yoveli daskvna mimarTuli iyo filipe maxaraZiseuli Sefasebebis winaaRmdeg,
acamtverebda yovelive imas, rac filipe maxaraZem ilia WavWavaZis winaaRmdeg dawera
ormoci wlis manZilze. es, cxadia, kargad igrZno TviT filipe maxaraZem.
malaqia toroSeliZem, cxadia, moxseneba rusulad waikiTxa. imave 1934 wels
moxseneba calke wignad gamoica moskovSi (ix.: М. Торошелидзе. Грузинская литература. Доклад на первом всесоюзном съезде советских писателеи. Издателство «Художественная литература,» Москва, 1934). esec ioseb stalinis gegmis Semadgeneli
nawili iyo.
XXX
1937 wles ilia WavWavaZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavi didi zar-zeimiT aRiniSna.
amisTvis niadagi jer kidev 1934 wels momzadda.
1937 wlis 9 maiss gazeT ,,komunistSi” daibeWda oficialuri masala _ ,,ilia
WavWavaZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavisTvis.” am masalidan mkiTxvelma Seityo, rom
43
saqarTvelo ssr saxalxo komisarTa sabWom (mTvrobam) miiRo dadgenileba ilia WavWavaZis
iubilis aRsaniSnavad. iqve CamoTvlili iyo dagegmili RonisZiebebi.
1937 wlis 10 ivniss gazeT ,,literaturul saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynda cnoba
TbilisSi, mweralTa sasaxleSi, ilia WavWavaZis iubilisadmi miZRvnili saqarTvelos
mweralTa kavSiris plenumis gamarTvis Taobaze.
gazeTebi ,,komunisti”, ,,Зария Вастока” da ,,literaturuli saqarTvelo” sistematiurad aSuqebdnen ilias iubilisadmi mzadebas da saiubileo RonisZiebebs rogorc
TbilisSi, ise saqarTvelos qalaqebsa da raionebSi. 1937 wlis 22 aprils gazeTi
,,komunisti” iuwyeboda, rom ilia WavWavaZis saRamoebi gaimarTa moskovsa da leningradSi.
1937 wlis 31 ivliss gazeTi ,,literaturuli saqarTvelo” iuwyeboda, rom moskovSi v. leninis sax. sajaro biblioTekaSi moewyo ilia WavWavaZisadmi miZRvnili gamofena. 1937
wlis 29 maiss gazeT ,,Правда”-Si daibeWda masala saTauriT: ,,Юбилейнная декада И. Чавчавадзе в Грузии”
1937 wels saiubileod gamoica ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli (xuT
tomad) pirveli tomi (pavle ingoroyvasa da aleqsandre abaSelis redaqciiT). ,,qarTuli
klasikuri mwerlobis” seriiT daibeWda ilia WavWavaZis leqsebis, poemebisa da
moTxrobebis krebuli (Salva radianisa da aleqsandre abaSelis redaqciiT). 1937 wels
calke gamocemebad gamovida ilia WavWavaZis nawerebis krebulebi: ,,leqsebi da
moTxrobebi,” ,,Txzulebani,” ,,moTxrobebi,” ,,rCeuli leqsebi da poemebi”. rusulad
iTargmna da gamoica krebulebi ,,Избранное” da ,,Стихи и поемы”. ilia WavWavaZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavs gamoexmaura mravali mwerali,
kritikosi, publicisti, literaturaTmcodne da istorikosi. gansakuTrebiT, unda
aRiniSnos ivane javaxiSvilis naSromi ,,ilia WavWavaZe da saqarTvelos istoria” (akad. n. maris saxelobis enis, istoriisa da materialuri kulturis institutis moambe, 1937, II,
gv. 1-14). igive naSromi gazeT ,,komunistis” 1937 wlis 6 ivlisis nomrebSic daibeWda.
dumils inarCunebda damarcxebuli filipe maxaraZe. mis TanamoazreTagan zogierTma Zvel
belads uRalata da ilia qeba-dideba daiwyo. filipe maxaraZe mixvda, rom damarcxda da
danebda. cud dReSi iyo Zveli bolSeviki: gumaniT grZnobda, rom mas male sxva, didi
gansacdeli, eloda. sabWoTa kavSiris mweralTa kavSiris pirvel yrilobasa (1934 w.) da
ilias iubiles (1937 w.) Soris ganvlilma drom filipe maxaraZe daarwmuna: ioseb
stalini ilias mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebas iwyebda ...
XXX
ase dasrulda ilias naazrevisa da naRvawis, ilias gzis gmobis samarcxvino
istoria. yovelive es aucileblad moxdeboda, magram gacilebiT gvian. 1934-1937 wlebSi,
uaRresad rTul politikur viTarebaSi, roca moskovSi xelisuflebisaTvis daundobeli
da sisxliani brZola mimdinareobda, roca adamianTagan aravin uwyoda, rogor
damTavrdeboda sabWoTa kavSiris politikur xelmZRvanelobaSi wlebis manZilze mimdinare
dapirispireba, ilias Tavis uflebebSi aRdgena, ilias naazrevisa da naRvawis obieqturad
dafaseba TiTqos alogikur movlenas warmoadgenda. sinamdvileSi, yvelaferi logikuri,
kargad gaazrebuli iyo. saqarTvelos istoria, qarTuli kultura iyo is didi saganZuri,
romelic ioseb stalins moralur uflebas aZlevda zemodan daexeda misi ideuri da
politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebisaTvis, didi da patara ,,beladebisTvis” da amayad eTqva:
,,rameTu mraval arian Cinebulni da mcired _ rCeulni” (maTe, 22,14).
44
SeniSvnebi:
winaTqma
1. ilia WavWavaZe. ,,ciskari” 1857-1862 wlamdina. _ ilia WavWavaZe. Txzulebani.
sruli krebuli xuT tomad. pavle ingoroyvas redaqciiT. tomi II. Tbilisi, 1941, gv. 619.
2. iqve, gv. 619.
3. iqve, gv. 621.
4. ilia WavWavaZe. gazeTi ,,kavkazi” da qarTveli xalxi. _ ilia WavWavaZe.
TxuzelaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. tomi IX. Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 638.
5. iqve, gv. 638.
6. iqve, gv. 638.
7. ilia WavWavaZe. ,,Новое время” _ aveniani da meWore gazeTi. _ ilia WavWavaZe.
TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. tomi X. Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 395.
8. . iqve, gv. 395. 9. ilia WavWavaZe. nuTu (pasuxad ,,mogzauris” korespodenciisa). _ ilia WavWavaZe.
Txzulebani. sruli krebuli xuT tomad. tomi V. Tbilisi, 1962, gv. 227.
1. ,,sakvirveli kacia qarTveli” (qarTuli enis ganaxlebis mowinaaRmdegeni)
1. barbare jorjaZe. T. ilia WavWavaZis kritikazed. _ Jurnali ,,ciskari”, 1861, maisi, gv. 33-35.
2. giorgi baraTovi. werlili redaktorTan. _ Jurnali ,,ciskari”, 1861, ivnisi, gv. 147-166.
3. sardion aleqsiev-mesxievi. ustari antikritikuli. _ Jurnali ,,ciskari”, 1861, ivnisi, gv. 254-268.
4. revaz erisTavi. pasuxi Tavadi ilia WavWavaZis kritikisa. _ Jurnali ,,ciskari”, 1861, maisi, gv. 81-89.
5. efTvime wereTeli. ufalo redaktoro! _ Jurnali ,,ciskari”, 1862, Tebervali,
gv. 201-207.
2. ,,pirveli qva ... qarTvelisaganve aris gamotyorcnili”
(,,saqarTvelos moambisa” da ,,iveriis” arakeTilmosurneni)
1. aleqsi elbakiZe [lavrenti ardaziani]. oriode sityu(ubrjgu)a Sesaxeb Terg-
daleulis statiisa. _ Jurnali ,,ciskari”, 1863, ivnisi, gv. 241-250.
2. ciskris redaqciisagan. _ Jurnali ,,ciskari”, 1864, marti, gv. 177. 3. iqve, gv. 178.
4. anton furcelaZe. akaki wereTels. _ gazeTi ,,droeba”, 1879, # 249, 1
dekemberi, gv. 3.
5. iqve, gv. 3.
6. iqve, gv. 3.
7. s. m. [segrei mesxi]. axali qarTuli gazeTi. _ gazeTi ,,droeba”, 1876, # 64, 25
TibaTve, gv. 1.
8. iqve, gv. 1.
9. iqve, gv. 1.
10. iqve, gv. 1.
11. iqve, gv. 1.
45
12. iqve, gv. 1.
13. iqve, gv. 1.
14. iqve, gv. 1.
15. niko nikolaZe. ,,iveriis” pirveli nomeri. _ gazeTi ,,droeba”, 1877, # 26, 6
marti, gv. 1-2.
16. iqve, gv. 1.
17. iqve, gv. 1.
18. iqve, gv. 1.
19. iqve, gv. 1.
20. iqve, gv. 2.
21. daviT soslani [daviT kezeli]. bibliografiuli SeniSvna. _ gazeTi ,,Teatri”, 1886, # 9, 2 marti, gv. 85-87.
22. iqve, gv. 85.
23. iqve, gv. 85 - 86.
3. ,,keTili ara gvwams, suli da guli amogvSrobia” (didi ideis mesaflaveni)
1. mkiTxveli [Sio daviTaSvili]. ,,Catexili xidi”,,oTaraanT qvrivi”-s b. ilia WavWavaZis
moTxrobis Sesaxeb mkiTxvelis SeniSvnebi. tfilisi, 1988.
2. iqve, gv. 31-32.
3. iqve, gv. 37-38.
4. iqve, gv. 40-41.
5. iqve, gv. 42.
6. daviT soslani (daviT kezeli). kritikuli ganxilva ,,oTaraanT qvrivisa” (moTxroba il. WavWavaZisa). tfilisi, 1888.
7. iqve, gv. 19.
8. iqve, gv. 19
9. iqve, gv. 19.
10. iqve, gv. 20.
11. iqve, gv. 20.
4. ,,erTi gaptyelebuli da uSveri tyuili” (saqarTvelos istoriis gamyalbeblebi da maTi damqaSebi)
1. Н. Д. [Иване Джабадари] ,,Откритое послание ,,ивериицам” – газета ,,Новое Обозрение”, 1889. № 1847, 2 мая, стр. 1-2; № 1850, 5 мая, стр. 1-2.
2. Н. Д. (Иване Джабадари) ,,Поклонение современности и археология” – газета ,,Новое Обозрение”, 1889, № 2028, 8 ноября, стр. 3.
3. salmasteli. Jurnal-gazeTebis mimoxilva. _ gazeTi ,,Teatri”, # 39-40, 12
noemberi, gv. 5, 9.
4. iqve, gv. 5.
5. iqve, gv. 5.
6. iqve, gv. 9.
46
7. s. salmasteli. cxovrebis moedani. _ gazeTi ,,Teatri”, # 39-40, 12 noemberi,
gv. 5, 15.
8. iqve, gv. 5.
9. iqve, gv. 5.
5.imitom, rom qarTvelia
(zRvarsgadasuli didi kacebi)
1. niko nikolaZe. siraji poeti (Ria wigni miwerili n. baraTaSvilTan, saiqioSi) _
gazeTi ,,droeba”, 1877, # 18, 16 Tebervali (niko nikolaZe. Txzulebani. prof. d. . m.
gamezardaSvilis redaqciiT da SeniSvnebiT. tomi V. Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 51-56.)
2. am azrs iziarebda prof. daviT gamezardaSvili, niko nikolaZis Txzulebebis
gamomcemeli.
3. niko nikolaZe. Txzulebani, tomi V. Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 53.
4. iqve gv. 53.
5. iqve gv. 53.
6. iqve gv. 53.
7. iqve gv. 54.
8. iqve gv. 54.
9. iqve gv. 55.
10. iqve gv. 55.
11. iqve gv. 55.
12. [ivane maCabeli]. Tavadi ilia WavWavaZe da misi moRvaweoba. tfilisi, 1892.
13 iqve gv. 14-15.
14. iqve gv. 83-84.
15. iqve gv. 85-86.
6. Cveni exlandeli ,,sibrZne-sicrue” (social-demokratebis gamolaSqreba)
1. giorgi wereTeli. ,,kvalis ori wlis naRvawi.” _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1895, # 5,
22 ianvari, gv. 10.
2. noe Jordania. gaz. ,,iveria” da erovneba. _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1895, # 12, 12
marti, gv. 6.
3. iqve, gv. 7.
4. noe Jordania. ,,moambe”, ,,iveria” erovneba. _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1895, # 35, 13
marti, gv. 12.
5. giorgi wereTeli. Ria werili T. ilia WavWavaZes. _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1897, #
17, 20 aprili, gv. 328-330.
6. iqve, gv. 328.
7. iqve, gv. 328-329.
8. iqve, gv. 330.
9. iqve, gv. 330.
10. filipe maxaraZe. ,,saiubileo broSura (mcire SeniSvna b-n me gaxlavaris
wignakis gamo) _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1898, # 31, 26 ivlisi, gv. 519-523.
11. iqve, gv. 523.
47
12. noe Jordania. ,,adgilobrivi pressa warsul wels.” _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1899, #
3, 17 ianvari, gv. 36.
13. giorgi wereTeli. gazeTi ,,iveria” da misi sapolemiko xasiaTi _ gazeTi
,,kvali”, 1899, # 5, 31 ianvari, gv. 75.
14. iqve, gv. 75.
15. iqve, gv. 76.
16. iqve, gv. 76.
17. axali ambebi. _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1899, # 15, 11 aprili, gv. 237.
18. vasil kirvaliZe. mcire SeniSvna. _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1900, # 12, 19 marti, gv.
190.
19. iqve, gv. 191.
20. n. J. [noe Jirdania]. qarTuli presa (guSin da dRes). tfilisi 1900.
21. noe Jirdania. presa. _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1900, # 26, 25 ivnisi, gv. 405-410.
22. iqve, gv. 410.
23. werilebi redaqciis mimarT. _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1900, # 17, 23 aprili, gv. 275.
24. iqve, gv. 275.
25. asoTamwyobi. werili redaqciis mimarT. _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1900, # 18, 30
aprili, gv. 289, 290.
26. axali ambebi da SeniSvnebi. _ Jurnali ,,mwemsi”, 1900, # 8, 30 aprili, gv. 12.
27. werilebi redaqciis mimarT. _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1900, # 19, 7 maisi, gv. 306-
307.
28. mcire SeniSvna. _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1900, # 26, 25 aprili, gv. 419.
29. noe Jirdania. werili ,,iveriis” redaqciis mimarT. _ gazeTi ,,iveria”, 1900, #
84, 20 aprili, gv. 2-3.
7. ,,movediT da movklaT igi” (mowamebrivi cxovrebis bolo wlebi)
1. ,,Taguna” [Salva SaraSiZe]. xma idumali. _ Jurnali ,,mogzauri”, 1905, # 9, 13
marti, gv. 131
2. iqve, gv. 132.
3. iqve, gv. 132.
4. Jurnal-gazeTebidan. _ Jurnali ,,mogzauri”, 1900, # 9, 13 marti, gv. 132.
5. iqve, gv. 133.
6. v. n [vasil nacvliSvili]. saguramos da Woportis sazogadoeba. _ Jurnali
,,mogzauri”, 1905, # 13, 10 marti, gv. 209-211.
7. eSmaki [nestor kalandaZe]. Zveli mobaaseni axal saganze. _ Jurnali ,,mogzauri”, 1905, # 15, 24 aprili, gv. 325.
8. filipe maxaraZe. Tavis marTlebac aseTi unda! (pasuxad T-d ilia WavWavaZes). _
Jurnali ,,mogzauri”, 1905, # 18, 15 aprili, gv. 277-279.
9. v. n. [vasil nacvliSvili]. pasuxaT ilia WavWavaZes. _ Jurnali ,,mogzauri”, 1905, # 18, 15 aprili, gv. 283.
10. saguramo. _ Jurnali ,,ekali”, # 2, gv. 7.
8. ,,sadac xe iWreba, iq nafotebic cviva”
48
(ilias uarmyofelni misi sikvdilis Semdeg)
1. ilia WavWavaZis sikvdili da dasaflaveba. tfilisi, 1907, gv. 204-205.
2. n. J. [noe Jirdania]. bneli Zalebi. _ gazeTi ,,Cveni gza”, 1907, # 28, 9
oqtomberi, gv. 2.
3. kenti. bibliografia. _ Jurnali ,,eSmakis maTraxi”, 1908, # 35, 15 ivnisi, gv. 6-
7.
4. mkiT _. ilias Wirisuflebi. _ gazeTi ,,maTraxi”, 1908, #1, 31 agvisto, gv. 5-7.
5. iakob gogebaSvili. ilias meored mokvlis wadili. _ Jurnali ,,saqarTvelo”, 1908, # 9, 16 noemberi, gv. 4.
6. filipe maxaraZe. meore mxaresac movusminoT! _ filipe maxaraZe. TxzulebaTa
krebuli. tomi III. werilebi sxvadasxva sakiTxebze. tfilisi, 1926, gv. 131-140.
7. filipe maxaraZe. ukanaskneli pasuxi cilismwameblebs. _ filipe maxaraZe.
TxzulebaTa krebuli. tomi III. werilebi sxvadasxva sakiTxebze. tfilisi, 1926, gv. 143.
8. iqve, gv. 143.
9. filipe maxaraZe. _ ivane jabadaris xsovnas. _ filipe maxaraZe. TxzulebaTa
krebuli. tomi III. werilebi sxvadasxva sakiTxebze. tfilisi, 1926, gv. 148-149.
10. gazeTi ,,azri”, 1914, # 31, 19 aprili, gv. 1.
11. petre geleiSvili. presa. _ gazeTi ,,azri”, 1914, # 50, 11 maisi, gv. 1-2.
gazeTi ,,azri”, 1914, # 67, 3 ivnisi, gv. 2.
12. gazeTi ,,azri”, 1914, # 69, 5 ivnisi, gv. 2.
13. ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc poeti da publicist. leqcia petre geleiSvilisa.
Tbilisi, 1914.
14. iqve, gv. 1.
15. iqve, gv. 2.
16. iqve, gv. 21.
17. iqve, gv. 36.
18. iqve, gv. 50.
19. iqve, gv. 84.
20. iqve, gv. 84-85.
21. iqve, gv. 93
22. m. t. _ Ze [malaqia toroSeliZe]. ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba da misi
nawerebis saerTo xasiaTi. samtredia, 1914.
23. iqve, gv. 4.
24. iqve, gv. 7.
25. iqve, gv. 8.
26. iqve, gv. 9.
27. iqve, gv 10.
9. uarmyoflobis uaryofa
( ilias gzis gmobis dasaruli )
1. k. abaSispireli[ konstantine gamsaxurdia ]. ilia WavWavaZe Tu arCil jorjaZe. _
gazeTi “saxalxo furceli”, 1917, #824, 21 marti, gv. 2; #825, 22 marti, gv. 2; #830,
29 marti, gv. 2-3.
2. artur leisti. mogoneba ilia WavWavZeze. _ Jurnali “ganaTleba”, 1917, #3,
gv. 177-179; #4-5, gv. 241-247.
49
3. silovan xundaZe. qarTuli literaturis saxelmZRvaneloebi. VI. ilia WavWavaZe.
quTaisi, 1919.
4. ivane gomarTeli. gasuli (1920 wlis) sityvakazmuli mwerloba. _ Jurnali
“cisartyela”, 1921, #14, gv.59-95.
5. a. arseniSvili. gamogonili saukuneebi. _ gazeTi “baxtrioni”, 1922, #1, 1
ivlisi.
6. konstantine gamsaxurdia. ilia WavWavaZe. _ gazeTi “lomisi”, 1922, #3, 17
seqtemberi.
7. paolo iaSvili. poeti saqarTvelosi. __ gazeTi “baxtrioni”, 1922, #1, 1
ivlisi.
8. giorgi leoniZe. ilia WavWavaZe. _ gazeTi “baxtrioni”, 1922, #10, 11 seqtemberi.
9. vaxtang kotetiSvili. sityvis dapyroba. _ gazeTi “rubikoni”, 1923, #4;
v. kotetiSvili. qarTuli literaturis istoria. Mme-XX _ dRevandlamde. Nnawili
me-II. quTaisi, 1925.
10. tician tabiZe. dadaizmi da ciferi yanwelebi. _ Jurnali “meocnebe niamorebi”,
1923, #10; tician tabiZe. ironia da cinizmi. _ Jurnali “meocnebe niamorebi”, 1923, #
9.
11. s. gorgaZe. axali saliteraturo qarTulis istoriidan. meore safexuri (1860-
1875). _ Jurnali “mnaTobi”, 1925, #3.
12. k. WiWinaZe. aliteracia qarTul SairSi da “vefxistyaosnis” problema. _
Jurnali “mnaTobi”, 1925, #5-6.
13. xomleli [romanoz fancxava]. qarTuli literatura. _ Jurnali “axali gza”, 1925, #16, #18, #20.
14. irodion sonRuli [irodion sonRulaSvili]. Hherostratosi. _ Jurnali
“droSa”, 1924, #6, gv. 3-5.
15. s [seiT devdariani]. kacia-adamianis mgosani ilia WavWavaZe (15 weliwadi
sikvdilis Semdeg. _ 30 agvisto 1907-1922w.). _ Jurnali “kavSiri”, 1922, #15,
10seqtemberi, gv. 26-32.
16. s [seiT devdariani]. kacia-adamianis mgosani ilia WavWavaZe (15 weliwadi
sikvdilis Semdeg. _ 30 agvisto 1907-1922w.). _ Jurnali “kavSiri”, 1922, #16, 1
noemberi, gv. 58-64.
17. s. devdariani. oqtomberi da inteligencia. _ Jurnali “mnaTobi”, 1924, #6, gv.
225.
18. r. kalaZe. egnate ninoSvilis istoriuli daniSnuleba da misi pirovnebis
mniSvneloba. _ Jurnali “mnaTobi”, 1924, #7-8, gv. 287-288.
19. petre geleiSvili. Cveni axlo warsulidan (masalebi “mesame dasis”
istoriisaTvis). _ Jurnali “mnaTobi”, 1926, #8-9, gv. 16-17.
20. filipe maxaraZe. mimdinare momenti da qarTuli mwerlobis amocanebi(sityva,
warmoTqmuli qarTvel mweralTa kavSiris yrilobaze). _ filipe maxaraZe. TxzulebaTa
krebuli. tomiV. sityva-kazmuli mwerloba da misi kritika. tfilisi, 1926, gv. 242.
21. konstantine kapaneli. qarTuli suli esTetiur saxeebSi. wigni pirveli.
tfilisi, 1926.
22. simon xundaZe. socializmis istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi. tomi pirveli. tomi
meore. tfilisi, 1927.
50
23. simon xundaZe. qarTveli inteligenciis profili mecxramete saukuneSi.
tfilisi, 1927.
24. v. ad _ li. rogor ar unda iwerebodes inteligenciis istoria. _ amx.
s.xundaZis “qarTveli inteligenciis profili me-19 saukuneSi” gamosvlis gamo. _
Jurnali “mnaTobi”, 1927, #2, gv. 240-246.
25. k. b _ li. ilia WavWavaZe, kapaneli da “komunistis” kritikosi mo _ li
(k.kapanelis “qarTuli suli esTetiur saxeebSi” _ gamosvlis gamo). _ Jurnali
“proletaruli mwerloba”, 1927, #1, gv. 109-115.
26. ad _ li v. rogor ar unda iwerebodes inteligenciis istoria _ amx.
s.xundaZis “qarTveli inteligenciis profili me-19 saukuneSi” gamosvlis gamo. _
Jurnali “mnaTobi”, 1927, #2, gv. 245.
27. k. b _ li. ilia WavWavaZe, k.kapaneli da “komunistis” kritikosi mo _ li
(k.kapanelis “qarTuli suli esTetiur saxeebSi” _ gamosvlis gamo). _ Jurnali
“proletaruli mwerloba”, 1927, #1, gv. 111-112.
28 dimitri benaSvili, Salva SavguliZe, fridon narouSvili, platon qiqoZe.
brZola klasikosebisaTvis. filipe maxaraZis winasityvaobiT. tfilisi, 1931.
29 iqve, gv. II-III.
30 iqve, gv.IV.
31 iqve, gv. 17.
32 iqve, gv.79.
33 iqve, gv.79.
34 fr. narouSvili. Tavadi i.WavWavaZe (poemidan). _ Jurnali “proletaruli
mwerloba”, 1932, #1-2, gv. 148-149.
35 al. sulava. filipe maxaraZe, rogorc literaturis kritikosi (marqsistuli
lasiteraturo kritikis istoriisaTvis). _ Jurnali “mnaTobi”, 1933, #1-2, gv. 193-214.
36 k. melaZe. gakvriT klasikosebze. _ Jurnali “mnaTobi”, 1933, #11, gv. 164-184.
37 malaqia toroSeliZe. qarTuli literatura. Mmoxseneba mweralTa sakavSiro
yrilobaze 20 agvistos. _ Jurnali “mnaTobi”, 1934, #7-8, gv. 221-295.
38 iqve, gv. 246-255.
39 iqve, gv. 246.
40 iqve, gv. 246.
41 iqve, gv. 248.
42 iqve, gv. 252.
43 iqve,gv. 254.
44 iqve, gv. 255.