Vanhaeren & d'Errico Strontium Dentalium

8/11/2019 Vanhaeren & d'Errico Strontium Dentalium

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Tracing the source of Upper Palaeolithic shell

beads by strontium isotope dating

Marian Vanhaerena,b,), Francesco dErricoa, Isabelle Billyc, Francis Groussetc

aUMR 5808 CNRS, Institut de Prehistoire et de Geologie du Quaternaire, UniversiteBordeaux I,

Avenue des Facultes, F-33405 Talence, FrancebUMR 7041 CNRS, Archeologies et Sciences de lAntiquite, Ethnologie prehistorique, 21 allee de luniversiteF-92023 Nanterre, France

cUMR 5805 CNRS, Environnements et Paleoenvironnements Oceaniques, UniversiteBordeaux I, Avenue des Facultes,

F-33405 Talence, France

Received 13 January 2004; received in revised form 10 March 2004

Abstract

While the identification of the source of shells used as personal ornaments is crucial for determining home range and exchange

networks of prehistoric hunter-gatherers, it is often difficult to identify the coastal versus fossil origin of the shells as most genera

used as beads were available both at beaches and fossil outcrops. Here we present the first application of 87Sr/86Sr isotope dating to

identify the origin of Upper Palaeolithic shell beads. We analysed four out of a collection of one thousand Dentalium shells

associated to the La Madeleine child burial dated to 10 ; 190G100 BP and oneDentalium from the occupation layers of this site.87Sr/86Sr ratios indicate that shells were collected by Late Upper Palaeolithic beadworkers on far away beaches rather than at nearer

Miocene outcrops. This may be due to the narrowness of Miocene Dentaliumshells, incompatible with the size of bone needles used

to sew these shell beads on clothes.

2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Sr isotopes; Personal ornaments; Grave goods; Dentalium shell; Magdalenian; Azilian; Exchange networks

1. Introduction

Shell ornaments are often used to identify possible

cultural boundaries and exchange networks among

Upper Palaeolithic human groups. Discovery at Med-

iterranean sites of shell species collected on Atlantic

shores such as Littorina littorea, Littorina obtusata

and Nucella lapillus and, conversely, of Mediterranean

species such as Cyclope neritea, Homalopoma sangui-

neum, and Columbella rustica at sites located in the

South-West of France and the North of Europe, is

interpreted as evidence for long distance travelling or

trade [1e3,5,10,15e19,21,25,27,36e40,42e44]. Similar

interpretations are proposed for fossil Eocene shells

from the Parisian basin found at Belgian sites, Miocene

shells from Charente and Aquitaine recovered at sites in

the Dordogne region, and Pliocene specimens from the

Rhone valley identified at sites located in the Liguria,

Italy [17,18,10,42]. The coastal versus fossil origin of

shell ornaments remains however difficult to establish

for genera available at late Pleistocene shores as well as

at paleontological outcrops. Species identification may

solve the problem when diagnostic features are pre-

served, but this is rarely the case. The source of shells

collected today at beaches and fossil outcrops may be

inferred from state of preservation, shade and patina.

However, modifications of shell beads due to manufac-

ture, use, and post-depositional alteration often obscure

these features on archaeological specimens. Here we

present the first application of Strontium isotope dating

as a means for identifying the source of Upper Palae-

olithic shell ornaments. The variation in the ratio of87Sr

and 86Sr isotopes is a well known method to determine

the age of marine deposits and correlate them globally

) Corresponding author. UMR 7041 CNRS, Arche ologies et

Sciences de lAntiquite , Ethnologie pre historique, 21 alle e de

luniversite F-92023 Nanterre, France. Tel.: C33-1-46-69-24-16; fax:

C33-1-46-29-24-17.

E-mail address: [email protected](M. Vanhaeren).

Journal of Archaeological Science 31 (2004) 1481e1488

http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas

0305-4403/$ - see front matter 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

doi:10.1016/j.jas.2004.03.011
mailto:[email protected]://www.elsevier.com/locate/jashttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/jasmailto:[email protected]


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[12,13,35,28]. Governed by the flux from mid-ocean

ridge volcanism and continental weathering, the seawa-

ter 87Sr/86Sr ratio is known over the last 500 Ma [28].

Correlation to this standard curve of 87Sr/86Sr ratios

measured on three Neolithic ornaments made of

Spondylus shells has already been successfully used to

identify their source [41]. On the continent, 87

Sr/86

Srratios depend on the local environment and Sr measure-

ments on human teeth and bones have been used by

archaeologists to identify human migrations[33,34,6,26].

To test the potential of Sr isotope analysis to trace the

source of Palaeolithic shell beads, we measured the87Sr/86Sr ratio of four out of the 1314 Dentalium shells

associated to the Late Upper Palaeolithic child burial

from the La Madeleine site in south-western France, and

of one out of 39 Dentalium shells from the occupation

layers of the same site. This burial is directly dated by 14C

AMS and the age and location of the main fossil out-

crops where the shells could have been collected (Fig. 1)

are known[11,42]. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios for marine shells,

includingDentalium, from these outcrops are also known

[7,12]. The former provides the likely date for shells

collected by Magdalenian hunter-gatherers on beaches;

the latter identifies the possible sources of shells gathered

from paleontological sites.

2. Archaeological context

The La Madeleine child burial was discovered in 1926

by Peyrony [9] in the eponymous site of the Magdale-

nian, near Tursac, in the Dordogne region of France.The skeleton is from a 3e7 year old child and recently

was dated directly by AMS to 10; 190G100 BP (GifA95457), i.e. between 10,200 and 9600 cal BC [20]. The

single drawing of the burial made during the excavation

shows that the child lay straight on her/his back and

that a multitude of ornaments were located on the head

and around the neck, elbows, wrists, knees and ankles

(Fig. 2a). No information is available on the precise

location of each of these ornaments. They include

(Fig. 2bem) two perforated red deer and two fox

canines, a perforated rabbit phalange and perforated

marine shells (176 Neritina, 42 Turritella, 24 Cyclope, 1

Glycymeris) and 1314 Dentalium shells[45,46]. A rabbit

humerus and a fish vertebra, both bearing natural

perforations, were found close to the skeleton and

present the same heavy ochre staining affecting the

skeleton and the personal ornaments.

The cultural attribution of the burial is problematic.

Peyrony considered the area of the site where it was

found as reworked and attributed the burial to the

Magdalenian IV on the basis of harpoon fragments

found at the same depth. The AMS date obtained on the

skeleton is compatible with an attribution to the very

Late Magdalenian as to the Early Azilian of the region

and the personal ornaments are similar to those from

the Magdalenian occupation layers of the site[45].

The technological analysis of the Dentalium shells

reveals that they were purposely broken by flexion or

sawing to produce small standardized tubular beads of

about 6 mm in length[45]. The discovery in the museum

collection of a lump of sediment preserving the pristine

Fig. 1. Top: Map of South-West of France with the location of the La

Madeleine site and Miocene fossil outcrops from Saucats-La Bre` de.

Coastline at 10 ka BP is indicated by a solid line, present day coast byan interrupted line. Bottom: Geological map with the location of the

La Madeleine site (white dot). C3EZ: MiddleeUpper Coniacian,

C4BS: Lower Santonian, C4MZ: Middle Santonian, A, E, C, FC, FX:

Quaternary formations.

1482 M. Vanhaeren et al. / Journal of Archaeological Science 31 (2004) 1481e1488


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arrangement of five of these beads and the identification

of a peculiar use wear pattern reveal that the tubes were

sewn vertically, one next to the other, to create hori-

zontal alignments of similar beads (Fig. 2b). Similar

although vertical alignments of Dentalium shells are

observed at the contemporary Natufian burials from

El-Wad, Israel[4].

Morphometric analysis of the Dentalium beads asso-

ciated to the La Madeleine child [45: p. 214, 225] has

shown that their length is significantly smaller (p

0:0001) than that of beads from the occupation layers ofthis site (16.6 mm in average) and from the contemporary

adult burials of the Aven des Iboussie` res, south-eastern

France (14.5 mm in average). It has also shown that the

choice for small specimens also concerns the other shell

ornaments associated to the La Madeleine burial. Such

miniaturisation suggests the presence, in the Late

Magdalenian, of beadworks specially made for children.

Fig. 2. (a) Sketch of the La Madeleine burial with location of the personal ornaments (after [9: p. 122]). (bem) Personal ornaments associated to the

burial (b: Dentalium sp., c: Neritina sp., d: Turritella sp., e: Cyclope sp., f: Glycymeris sp., geh: red deer canines, iej: fox canines, k: lagomorph

phalanx, l: lagomorph humerus, m: fish vertebra). The last two specimens (lem), which bear natural perforations, were found associated to the

skeleton and present a red staining similar to that observed on the other grave goods.

1483M. Vanhaeren et al. / Journal of Archaeological Science 31 (2004) 1481e1488


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3. Materials and methods

Four Dentalium shells from the burial and one from

the Magdalenian layers of the site (Fig. 3) were selected

for Sr isotope analysis. Given the destructive nature

of the technique, the sample size was fixed by the curato-

rial staff of the Muse e National de Pre histoire, LesEyzies-de-Tayac, France, where the La Madelaine col-

lection is kept.

Except one specimen from the burial bearing eight

heavy longitudinal striae (Fig. 3d), the others have

a smooth surface. Natural and anthropic modifications

make it difficult to determine the shells at the species

level and to find out whether they come from Quater-

nary or Miocene deposits. Smooth and striated Denta-

liumspecies are attested in both contexts [32,11]. Sample

size was restricted to five specimens. Shells were photo-

graphed, measured and examined under reflected light

microscope to record natural and anthropic features

before their destruction for Sr isotope analysis. The ele-

mental composition of red pigment adherent to the shell

surfaces was determined by Energy Dispersive Spectros-

copy. The external layers of the shells were dissolved

using ultrasound mechanical agitation in a 0.6N-HCl

solution to remove pigment residues (MgeFe oxides)

and possible calcite resulting from recrystallisation of

the original shell aragonite. This etching removed about

50% of the shells external coating. Sr was chemically

separated through cationic chromatographic columns,

in a class-1000 clean laboratory. We followed chem-

ical and mass spectrometer techniques previously de-

scribed[22].TIMS analysis of the samples was done atthe University of Toulouse, France, using a Finnigan

MAT 261 multi-detector mass spectrometer. Sr was

mounted as nitrate on a W filament. All the measure-

ments were made using multiple Faraday cups. The

measured 87Sr/86Sr ratios were corrected for mass frac-

tionation by normalizing to 86Sr=88Sr 0:1194. Blankswere measured (Sr!109 g) and are considered to be

negligible in all cases. Strontium standard NIST 987

was measured 6 times at Toulouse with an average87Sr=86Sr 0:710205 (G0.00002), versus the certifiedvalue of 0.710245. Although being within the range of

the uncertainty of the sample measurements, differences

between the analysed and certified values were cor-

rected. Our mass-spectrometer provided the required

fifth significant digit in the ratios value.The shell ages were established by reference to the

87Sr/86Sr isotope record published by Farrell et al. [14].

4. Results

Two of the three smooth Dentalium shells from the

burial (Figs. 3a,c and 4, Table 1) and the one from the

occupation layers of the site (Figs. 3e and 4, Table 1)

reveal an 87Sr/86Sr ratio close to present day values

(w0.7092). The third smoothDentaliumfrom the burial

(Figs. 3b and 4,Table 1) provides a slightly lower value,

compatible with an age ranging between the present and

1 Ma. The striated shell from the burial (Figs. 3d and 4,

Table 1) has an 87Sr/86Sr ratio corresponding to an age

between 0.7 and 1.9 Ma. All these ratios significantly

differ from those available forDentaliumshells from the

Miocene outcrops of the region (Fig. 4, Table 1).

Noteworthy, the ratios measured on fossil Dentaliumare

virtually identical to those obtained from shells belong-

ing to six other genera (Anadara, Glycimeris, Turritella,

Donax, Nuculana, Oxistele) from the same biostrati-

graphic unit[7].

5. Discussion

The 87Sr/86Sr ratio inDentaliumshells recovered from

an archaeological site depends essentially on the ratio of

the ocean water in which they lived and, in case of post-

depositional diagenesis, on that of the water responsible

for the recrystallisation of the original shell aragonite

into calcite [28]. Although calcite resulting from this

process was in principle removed from our shells by

substantial acid leaching, only subsequent XRD analysis

of crystallinity could have completely ruled out diage-

netic contamination of the samples. Sample weight after

leaching was insufficient to perform both Sr and XRD

analyses. Therefore we cannot exclude that 87Sr/86Sr

ratios of La Madeleine Dentalium shells are biased by

meteoritic waters, and must consider this possibility

when extrapolating age estimates from Sr determina-

tions. The La Madeleine rock shelter is formed in

Cretaceous, more precisely Coniacian, limestone (Fig. 1).

This 85 Ma old formation is characterised (Fig. 4) by

a very low 87Sr/86Sr ratio (w0.7075)[13,23].If meteoritic

water with an 87Sr/86Sr ratio influenced by the Sr content

of the local bedrock produced a calcite layer on the beads

and this deposit was not completely eliminated by shellFig. 3. Dentaliumshell beads from the La Madeleine burial (aed) and

occupation layers (e) dated by Sr isotope analysis. ScaleZ 1 cm.



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leaching, the obtained 87Sr/86Sr value would be altered in

the direction of the local bedrock. Since the 87Sr/86Sr

ratios of marine shells that may have been collected by

La Madeleine people on contemporary beaches and at

Miocene outcrops are much higher than that of the

Coniacian, one may expect that a contamination of

samples by diagenetic calcite would in both cases lower

the Sr values, hence generating older age estimates.

Contamination does not seem to significantly affect

the three La Madeleine shells (a, c, e) with present day

Sr ratios. There is no doubt that these Dentalium shells

were collected on beaches and not at Miocene outcrops

by Tardiglacial hunter-gatherers. In contrast, a diage-

netic contamination may account for the lower Sr ratios

obtained on the two remaining specimens (b, d). The

alternative interpretation is that the two specimens with

lower Sr figures and in particular Dentalium d, the only

one with longitudinal striae, may derive from an Early

Quaternary deposit. No such deposits with Dentalium

shells are signalled in the region and the closest marine

0.70895

0.70900

0.70905

0.70910

0.70915

0.70920

3 4 5 6 7

Age (Ma)db

c

a

e

a

0

87Sr / 86Sr

87Sr / 86Sr

Burdigalian (Miocene)18Ma

Age (Ma)

N P K J Tr P Carb D S O Cam

O 50 100 200150 250 300 350 550500450400

0.7095

0.7090

0.7085

0.7080

0.7075

0.7070

0.7065

La Madeleine

La Madeleine

Dentaliumshells

Coniacian (Cretaceous)

88 Ma

1 2

Fig. 4. Evolution of the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of seawater and values obtained for the La Madeleine Dentaliumshell beads and for the Miocene outcrop of

Saucats-La Bre` de (top: modified after McArthur et al. [28],bottom: modified after Farrell et al. [14]).



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deposits attributed to the Lower/Middle Pleistocene are

those of the Me doc (Fig. 1), near the Atlantic coast,

some 200 km west of the La Madeleine site [29].

Whatever the case, all five specimens have provided87Sr/86Sr ratios that are recent compared to those

characteristic of old Tertiary shell accumulations, which

excludes their provenance from Miocene outcrops.

At the time of the La Madeleine burial the sea level

was ca. 45 m lower[31]and the closest shoreline 35 km

farther than today. Miocene outcrops, which could

provide Late Magdalenians with large quantities of

shells of this genus were at that time ca. 50 km closer to

the site than the closest shorelines where the Dentalium

shells from the burial and the occupation site may well

have been collected. Why then these people preferred to

collect shells from the beach?Morphometric analysis of the Dentalium shells from

the burial, present day Atlantic shores and Miocene

outcrops[45: p. 210, pp. 215e220]shows that Miocene

Dentalium are significantly narrower than those from

the burial and that only few of them can provide tubular

segments as wide as those associated to the child. Such

segments could instead be easily produced, according

to the morphometry of Dentalium from present day

beaches, by snapping and/or sawing the wider scapho-

poda available at these last sites. The presence on the

archaeological shells of fractures similar to those pro-

duced experimentally when forcing a bone needle

through a Dentalium bead[45: p. 217] suggests that La

Madeleine beadworkers needed tubular beads bearing

openings compatible with the diameter of their needles.

The morphometry of the 70 needles recovered from La

Madeleine occupation layers [45: p. 219] reveals that

virtually none of them can pass through the tubular

beads that one can manufacture with Miocene Denta-

lium shells. The widest openings one may obtain by

snapping Miocene Dentalium shells do not exceed

1.9 mm while the maximum diameter of the needles

ranges between 1.9 and 4.4 mm with a mean of 2.7 mm.

In contrast, the smallest among these needles could sew

most of the Dentalium beads associated to the child,

which have openings ranging between 1.6 and 2.9 mm.

Therefore, the reason for using wide Dentalium shells,

only available at beaches, probably depends on the

technical difficulty to produce thin bone needles that are

robust enough to pierce skins and wide enough to bear

perforations compatible with trusty threads.

6. Conclusion

Strontium isotopic analysis appears an effective mean

to attribute an age to shells used as personal ornaments

by Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers and infer from this

result where the shells may have been collected. Themeasurement of the 87Sr/86Sr ratio currently represents

the only method which allows an age attribution to

shells older than 40 ka BP. Joint application of XRD

analysis to large enough specimens can identify possible

diagenetic contamination and evaluate the bias it may

introduce in the age attribution and source identifica-

tion. Contrary to the tiny La Madeleine Dentalium

beads many shell ornaments from Palaeolithic sites have

a size that allows sampling for Sr and XRD analysis

without significantly altering the object appearance.

Also, collections of shell beads from burial and oc-

cupation sites often consist of dozens if not hundreds of

shells. Therefore the loss of archaeological material

resulting from these analyses may be considered as

tolerable.

In sum, we have shown that 87Sr/86Sr dating of shell

beads offers valuable information on their potential

source and, by extension, on home range and exchange

networks of prehistoric hunter-gatherers. Combined

with a technological and morphometric analysis of the

beads, information on the shell provenance may provide

a better insight into the role played by bead acquisition,

manufacture and use in those societies and their func-

tion as ethnolinguistic, social and individual markers.

Table 1

Weight, 87Sr/86Sr and age estimates of Dentalium shells from La Madeleine burial, occupation layers, and Sauctas-La Bre` de Miocene outcrops

Context Sample

weight (mg)a

87Sr/86Sr G2 sigma Age (My) Fig. 3

Minimum Maximum

La Madeleine burial 2.4 0.709204 G0.000032 0c 0.58c a

La Madeleine burial 4.8 0.709170 G0.000010 0c 1.07c b

La Madeleine burial 4.1 0.709201 G0.000016 0

c

0.81

c

cLa Madeleine burial 1.3 0.709131 G0.000014 0.65c 1.9c d

La Madeleine occupation layer 1.2 0.709206 G0.000010 0c 0.3c e

Le ognan (Burdigalian)b e 0.708489 G0.000024 19.78d 20.23d e

Saucats (Burdigalian)b e 0.708520 G0.000032 19.27d 19.73d e

a After leaching surface oxides.b Data after De Paolo and Ingram[14].c Estimated according to the evolution of 87Sr/86Sr published by Farrell et al. [14].d Estimated according to the evolution of 87Sr/86Sr published by Oslick et al. [30].



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Acknowledgements

We thank Jean-Jacques Cleyet-Merle and Andre

Morala, Muse e National de Pre histoire of Les Eyzies-

de-Tayac, for facilitating our study of the archaeological

material and giving permission for Sr analysis. We also

thank Norbert Clauer for constructive discussions onshell diagenesis. Bruno Cahuzac, Jean Tastet, Laurent

Londeix and Jean-Louis Turon provided useful in-

formation on Sr isotope dating and its application to

Miocene deposits. Philippe Rocher has facilitated access

to the Saucats La-Bre` de paleontological collections.

Isotopic measurements were conducted at University

Paul Sabatier (Toulouse, France). Five anonymous

referees made helpful and insightful comments on an

earlier draft of this article. This research was funded by

the OMLL program of the European Science Founda-

tion, the ACI Espaces et Territoires of the French

Ministry of Research and Technology, and a CNRS

postdoctoral grant to M.V.

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