UV Fluorescent Testing or Xenon - Institute of …materialsfinishing.org/attach/15. The Right...
Transcript of UV Fluorescent Testing or Xenon - Institute of …materialsfinishing.org/attach/15. The Right...
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UV Fluorescent Testing or Xenon
Arc Testing….
The Right Choice.
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The Right Choice?
QUV Weathering Tester Q-Sun Xenon Tester
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No Tester is Perfect for All
Applications.
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A tool for improving
product durability,
and for reducing costs.
Weatherability Testing
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Choose an accelerated test
method that matches:
• Your Materials
• Their End Use Environment
• The Type of Degradation that Occurs
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The Right Choice
• Forces of Weathering
• Technology of UV Fluorescent Testing
• Technology of Xenon Testing
• Decision Criteria
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Why Test?
• Meet Specifications
• Avoid Catastrophes
• Enhance Your Reputation
• Verify Supplier Claims
• Improve Product Durability
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Why Test?
• Save on Material Costs
• Expand Existing Product Lines
• Enter New Markets
• Outrun the Competition
• Stay Ahead of Regulations
• Verify Customer Complaints
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Forces of Weathering
• Sunlight
• Temperature
• Moisture
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Spectrum
of
Sunlight
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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International Society for Illumination
• CIE Publication #85 Table 4
• (Peak Natural Daylight Standard)
• 0.68 W/m2 @ 340 nm
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UV is Only 5% of Sunlight, but
UV Causes Virtually All Polymer
Degradation!
Short Wavelengths
Are More Damaging
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250 350 450 550 650
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Wavelength (nanometers)
Irra
dian
ce
W/m
2/nm
Visible LightUV Region
UV
-A
UV
-B
UV
-C
Summer Sunlight Standard
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Effect Of Window Glass
• Ordinary Glass Filters Out
• Wavelengths
• Shorter Than 310 nm
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260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Wavelength (nanometers)
Irra
dia
nce
W
/m2
/nm
Direct
T hroughWindow
Glass
Sun ligh t
Filtering Through
Window Glass
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Wavelength Regions of UV
UV - C
100 – 280 nm
Found in outer space; Can
cause unnatural damage
UV – B
280 – 315 nm
Includes shortest wavelengths
at earth’s surface: severe
polymer damage; absorbed by
window glass
UV – A
315 – 400 nm
Causes some polymer damage
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Different Materials Have
Different Wavelength Sensitivity
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Spectral sensitivity, carbonyl formation vs.
wavelength of irradiation,
with dosage of 1 MJ/m2 at each wavelength.
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polyamides, change in mass
vs. wavelength of irradiation,
with dosage of 1 MJ/m2 at each
wavelength.
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Small Changes
in Formulation
Can Result in Large Differences
in UV Resistance
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In a Laboratory Test
Small Shifts in UV Spectrum
Can Result in Large Differences
in Degradation
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Short Wavelengths -
Polymer Degradation
Long Wavelengths -
Fading & Color Change
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Choose A Laboratory Spectrum
Based On
• Material Sensitivity
• Type of Degradation
• Service Environment
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Additional Characteristics
Affect Spectral Sensitivity
• Color
• Thickness
• Stabilization
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Higher
Temperatures Often
Increase the Rate of
Degradation
Temperature
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Primary
Photochemical Reactions
Are Not
Affected by Heat
Secondary Reactions
Are
Affected By Heat
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Effect of Temperature
Oxidation Rate of Polyethylene
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Darker Color = Higher Temperature
Fischer and Ketola, 1993
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Moisture
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Q-Panel’s Time of Wetness Research
Things Are Wet Outdoors Longer
Than You Think
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Time of Wetness vs. Rainfall - Miami, FL
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Dew, Not Rain
is the Source of
Most Outdoor Wetness
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Effect of Moisture
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Don’t Underestimate the Effect
of Moisture
• Changes The Rate Degradation
• Changes Mode Of Degradation
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With 12 hours Per Day of
Wetness Outdoors,
How can you accelerate
wetness in the Laboratory?
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With 12 hours Per Day of
Wetness Outdoors,
How can you accelerate
wetness in the Laboratory?
Increase the Temperature of Wetness.
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All Weathering Testers Are
Screening Devices
No Perfect Simulation
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The Right Choice?
QUV Weathering Tester Q-Sun Xenon Tester
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Fluorescent UV Tester
QUV Accelerated
Weathering
Tester
model QUV/se
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Fluorescent UV Lamp
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Specimen Holders
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
270 290 310 330 350 370 390
Wavelength (nm)
Irra
dia
nc
e W
/m²/
nm
UV-B Lamps
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UVA-340 Lamps
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
Wavelength (nm)
Irra
dia
nce
(W
/m²/
nm
)
Sunlight
QUV with UVA-340 lamps
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Solar Eye™
Irradiance Control
Automatic
Irradiance
Control
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5,600-hour lamps
2-hour lamps
Lamp Aging – Automatic Control
UVB-313 Lamps QUV/se
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
270 290 310 330 350 370 390
Wavelength (nm)
Irra
dia
nc
e (
W/m
²/n
m)
Effect of Intensity Control
Intensified 75%
Typical Intensity
Sunlight
UVA-340 Lamps QUV/se
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Effect of Irradiance Level
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Effect of Irradiance Level
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Effect of Irradiance Level
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Speed vs. Realism
Increasing the stresses
often decreases correlation
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Calibration with AutoCal Radiometer
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Fluorescent Lamp Advantages
• Fast results
• Very stable spectrum
• Minimal maintenance
• Simple calibration
• Low cost
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QUV Moisture
• Condensing Humidity
• Water Spray
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QUV
Schematic
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Condensation Advantages
• Identical to natural wetness (dew)
• Elevated temperature = acceleration
• Pure water: condensation process
creates distilled water
• Easy to use
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Water Spray Option
Erosion &
thermal shock
ensure parts
get wet
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Arwood European Wood Coatings
Research Project
• Participants:
• 10 wood research institutes
• 4 industrial partners: Tikkurila Oy,
Gori-Dyryp, ICI Paints Inc., Cecil
• Objective:
• Quickly assess the durability of
exterior wood coatings to meet
environmental issues
• Develop accelerated test device
for small-medium size companies
Requirements
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Arwood
QUV/spray: simulate effects of
sunlight, increase moisture
content of wood, produce surface
erosion & degrading of material
Cycle:
Condensation - 24h 45ºC
Light - UVA-340 2.5h 60ºC
Spray - In Darkness 48h
Duration - 2016 hours
Solution
Basis for proposed revision to
CEN test method Pr ENV 927-6
“Paints & Varnishes - Coating
Systems for Exterior Wood”
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State of the Art Fluorescent UV
Tester: QUV
• Irradiance Control
• Calibration with AutoCal
Radiometer
• Self-diagnostic
• Ethernet Capabilities
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Making The Right Choice
QUV Weathering Tester Q-Sun Xenon Tester
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Rotating Drum Schematic
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Flat Array Schematic
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Uniformity
Advanced Flat Array geometry gives
uniformity comparable to Rotating Drum
testers
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Xenon Lamp Cooling
• Operate at high wattage & high intensity
• Lamps generate considerable heat
• Lamps must be cooled
• There are two methods of lamp cooling
• Water-cooled
• Air-cooled
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Water-Cooled Xenon Lamp and
Filters
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Air Cooled Lamp
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
Wavelength (nm)
Irra
dia
nc
e (
W/m
²/n
m)
Q-Sun with
Daylight Filter
QUV with
UVA-340 Lamps
Sunlight
QUV, Xenon, Sunlight...
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Xenon Arc Spectra Choices
• Effect of Filters
• Irradiance Control
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Filter Selection Summary
• Simulate Service Environment
• Consider Material Spectral
Sensitivity
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Filters Alter Xenon Spectrum
Daylight Filters
(exterior exposures)
Extended UV
(auto specs., fast results)
Window Glass
(indoor exposures, textiles, inks, etc.)
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Window Glass Daylight
Q-Sun Filters
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SPD's of Q-Sun and UVA-340 Lamps vs. Sunlight
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
Wavelength (nm)
Irra
dia
nc
e (
W/m
²/n
m)
Xenon With Daylight Filters
Sunlight
Xenon with
Daylight Filter
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
Wavelength (nm)
Irra
dia
nc
e (
W/m
²/n
m)
Xenon with Daylight Filters
Xenon with
Daylight Filter
Sunlight
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Xenon with Extended UV Filters vs. Sunlight
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0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Wavelength (nm)
Irra
dia
nc
e (
W/m
2/n
m)
Sunlight
Xenon with Extended UV Filter
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0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
Wavelength (nm)
Irra
dia
nc
e (
W/m
²/n
m)
Xenon with Extended UV Filters
Xenon with
Extended
UV Filter
Sunlight
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
Wavelength (nm)
Irra
dia
nc
e (
W/m
²/n
m)
Xenon with Window Glass Filters
Xenon with Window
Glass Filter
Sunlight
Through
Window Glass
Sunlight
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
Wavelength (nm)
Irra
dia
nc
e (
W/m
²/n
m)
Xenon with Window Glass Filters
Sunlight
Sunlight Through
Window Glass
Xenon with
Window
Glass Filter
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Irradiance Control
• Control Intensity
• Select Control Points
• @ 340 nm
• @ 420 nm
• 285-400 nm (TUV)
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Irradiance Intensity
• Wide Range
• Dependent on Filter Configuration
• Control Point
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• Irradiance Control
• Feedback Loop Control
• Light sensor
• Control module
• Xenon arc lamp
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
Wavelength (nm)
Irra
dia
nce (
W/m
²/n
m)
Sunlight
Xenon with Daylight Filter
.68 @ 340 nm Control Point
340 nm Control Point
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
Wavelength (nm)
Irra
dia
nce (
W/m
²/n
m)
340 nm
Control Point
Xenon with Daylight Filter
Sunlight
.68 @ 340 nm Control Point
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0.5
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1.0
1.3
1.5
1.8
2.0
2.3
2.5
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
Wavelength (nm)
Irra
dia
nc
e (
W/m
2/n
m)
Xenon with
Window Glass
Filter
Sunlight
through window glass
1.10 @ 420 nm Control Point
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0.2
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0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540
Wavelength (nm)
Irra
dia
nc
e (
W/m
²/n
m)
Xenon with Window Glass Filter
1.10 @ 420 nm Control Point
Sunlight Through
Window Glass
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Lamp Aging
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1.0
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1.6
1.8
2.0
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420
Wavelength (nm)
Irra
dia
nce (
W/m
2/n
m)
0 hour lamp
1500 hour lamp
Sunlight
through glass
420 nm
control point
1.10 W/m2 @ 420nm with Window Glass Filter
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Temperature Control with Black
Panel Temperature Sensor
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Temperature & Color
Fischer and Ketola, 1993
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Chamber Air
Temperature Control
• Required by certain Test Methods
• Necessary to control RH
• Requires advanced Technology to achieve
simultaneous control of Black Panel Temp
and Chamber Air Temp
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Water Spray
Spray System for
Xenon Requires
Extremely Pure
Water Input
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Q-Sun Spray System
• Single Water Spray
• Dual Spray
• Acid Etch Simulation
• Specialty Solutions
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State of the Art Xenon Arc
Tester: Q-Sun
• Irradiance Control
• Choice of Filters
• Calibration with AutoCal
Radiometer
• Simultaneous Control of
Black Panel Temp,
Chamber Air Temp, and
Relative Humidity
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QUV
• UVA-340 best simulation
of shortwave UV
• UVB-313 might be too
severe
• No visible light
• Stable spectrum
• Irradiance control
• No RH control
• More aggressive moisture
attack
• Full spectrum
• Best simulation of long
wave UV & visible light
• Spectrum changes over
time
• Irradiance control
• Relative humidity control
• Water spray options
XENON
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QUV Is The Most Cost Effective
For Polymer Degradation
• Gloss loss
• Yellowing
• Chalking
• Checking
• Cracking
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QUV Is More Realistic For Water
Sensitive Materials
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Xenon is best for materials
damaged by visible light
• Indoor end use (furniture lacquer)
• Printing Inks
• Organic Pigments
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Xenon is More Realistic For
Testing Lightfastness / Color
Degradation
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Choose an accelerated test
method that fits your materials,
their end use environment,
and the type of degradation that
occurs.
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A Compromise Used by Many Labs
• Use a QUV for most testing
• Use a small Xenon for color change.
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