UTILlZ.A.TION OF AGRO-WASTE TO PRODUCE BIOFERTILIZER
Transcript of UTILlZ.A.TION OF AGRO-WASTE TO PRODUCE BIOFERTILIZER
UTILlZATION OF AGRO-WASTE TO PRODUCE BIOFERTILIZER
Sylvester Usan Ak Matu
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours 5 Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering) 6545
20105985 2010
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul UTILIZATION OF AGRO-WASTE TO PRODUCE BIOFERTlLlZER
SESI PENGAJIAN 2009120)0
Saya SYLVESTER USAN AKMATU (H URUFBESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis ini di simpan dl Pusa Khidmat Maklwnat Akademik Unjversiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syara[- syaral kegunaan sepelt bcrikul
1 Tes is adalah hakmilik Univers iri Malaysia Sarawak 2 Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademtk Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan unlUk
IUjuan pengajian sa haja 3 Membuat pendigitan umuk membangWlkan Pangkalan Data KandWlgan Tempatan 4 Pusat Khidmat MakJwnar Akademi k Universiti Ma laysia Sarawak dlbe-narkan membuat sa linan les is im
sehagai bahan pertukaran antara instirusi pengajian ringgi 5 51 1a tandakan ( v ) eli kOlak yang berkenaan
o SULIT (Mengandungl maklumat yang berdarjah kese lamalan atau kepentmgan Malays ia seperti yang telmakrub di dalam AKTA RAHS IA RASM I 1972)
o TERHAD (MengandlHlgi makJumat TERHAD yang c lah dllentukan oleh organisasil badan UJ mana penyelidlkan diJ a lan kan )
o TIOAK TERHAD
fJkM oleh
z~O _ (TANDATANGAN PENULlS) (TAND~T cNC~N PENYELlA)
Alamat tetap
DA MATU EKUM DR LIM SOH FONG SK SG ARAU Nlt-Ima Penye ha 96000 SIBU SARAWAK
Tarikh Tarikh
CATATAN TeSlS din13ksudkan sebagal tesis bag IJ a2ah Doktor Falsafah Sa[)ana dan Sarjana Muda
Jlka testS ini SULIT atau TERHAD sJJ a lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasaorgamsasi berkenJan dengan menya(akan seka li sebab dan lempoh tesls lni perlu dtkelaskan sebagai SU LIT dn TERHAD
APPROVAL PAGE
The following fmal year project
Title Utilization ofAgro-Waste to Produce Biofertilizer
Writer Sylvester Usan ak Matu
Matrix 1785 7
is being read and approved by
J
DR LIM SOH FONG DArE
SUPERVISOR
_ t _
UNIVOOITI MALAyenS1A SAlVWAX
UTILIZATION OF AGRO-WASTE TO PRODUCE BIOFERTILIZER
SYLVESTER USAN AK MATU
This Project is Submitted to the
Faculty of Engineering Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree for
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
(Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering) 20092010
Special dedicated to my beloved parents and fiance
Your love alld support will always be my inspiration and I willllever be
forgotten
II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I express my thanks to God for all the blessings that have been
given to me throughout my works in order to acco mplish this report within the
desired time frame
I want to acknowledge my appreciation to my supervisor Dr Lim Soh Fong
for her guidance and help throughout the work for the research I also like to
acknowledge the apprec iation to all technical staffs in the mechanica l engineering
laboratory especially Mr Masri and Mr Sabariman for their helps that have been
given in guiding me on the right way to use tools in the laboratory and workshop in
facu lty of engineering Special thanks also to staffs and officers in Faculty of Science
and Resource Technology like Mr Leo Mr Tommy and Miss Zeti for their
continuous effort in providing the best serv ice to help me learned new thing in a very
new environment for me Without the help of these people it would be difficult for
me to accomplish this research
It is great pleasure that I would give my thankful to my family members that
have given me the necessary support throughout this research period Lastly thank to
you my belo ved fiance Simang Wan for her se lfless effort in helping in my work
and giving inspiration to work hard on this research
III
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study is (0 develop a simple and cost-effective method
to produce biofenili zer using agro-wastes Solid stat e fermentation was the method
used to produce such biofertilizer There were 5 types of agro-wastes being used in
this research They were wastes from water melon papaya pineapple citrus orange
and banana The met hod used to plant the vegetable samples were also exp lained in
detail within this report Physical propeJ1y tests were done on the plant samples of 5
weeks of age in order to determine the effectiveness of the biofertilizer The results
of the experiment showed that the plant samples treated with biofertilizer from water
melon papaya and banana wastes bad promising physical characteristics Other tests
such as analyses of pH values and potassium content in the biofertilizers were also
done in this research It was found that water melon biofertilizer had th e highest pH
value (5 15) The banana biofertilizer had the highest content of potassium with a
content of 3932g KlL Thus it was found that agro-wastes from water melon
papaya and banana were suitable to be used to produce biolertilizer using so lid state
fermentation method
IV
ABSTRAK
Mallamat kajian ini adalah untuk membangunkan teknik yang effeklif dan
mmah untuk menghasilkan bajabio daripada bahan buangan-agro Penapaian
berkeadaan pepejal adalah kaedah yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan bajabio ini 5
jenis bahan buangan agro digunakan untuk menghas ilkan bajabio ini adalah terdiri
daripada bahan buangan tembikai betik nenas limau manis dan pisang Kaedah
yang digunakan untuk menyemai benih sayllr sampel juga diterangkan dengan teliti
dalam laporan ini Ujian fizik al terhadap tumbuhan sampel berusia 5 minggu
digunakan untuk menentukan kesan penggunaan bajabio Keputusan ujian mendapati
bahawa tumbuhan yang menggunakan bajabio daripada bahan buangan-agro
tembikai betik dan pisang mempu nya i ciri fizik al yang baik Ujian juga dilakukan
dalam kajian ini untuk mengetahui nilai pH dan potassium yang terdapat di dalam
setiap bajabio Oaripada ujian yang telah dilakukan didapati bahawa bajabio
tembikai mempunyai nilai pH yang paling baik berbanding bajabio yang lain iaitu
5 15 Manakala daripada keputusan ujian kandungan potassium pula mendapati
bahawa pisang mempunyai kandungan potassium yang tinggi berbanding bajabio
yang lain iaitu sebanyak 3932g KlL Berdasarkan keputusan ujian yang telah
diperolehi didapati bahawa bah an buangan-agro daripada tembikai betik dan pisang
boleh dijadikan bajabio dengan mengg unakan kaedah penapaian berkeadaan pepejal
v
Pugt~l Khidmat MaJdumat Akuel UN IVEKSTI MJUn ~ ~AiAlttiM
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
DEDICATION 11
ACKNOWI~EDGEMENT III
ABSTRACT lV
ABSTRAK v
TABLE OF CONTENT Vl
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xv
LIST OF NOMENCLAT URES XXII
CHAPTER
1 INTROD UCTION
1 1 Background of Biofertilizer
12 Problem Statement 3
13 Objective 4
14 Significant of Study 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2 1 Waste and Agro-Waste 5
211 Utilization or Agro-Waste 7
2 12 National Stat istic Amount of Agro-Waste 12
Discharge
22 Type ofNutrient in Bioferti lizer 14
vi
221 N itrogen 14
222 Phosphorus 18
223 Potass ium 19
23 Crop Response 20
24 Conventional Method to Produce Biofertilizer 23
24 1 Compo sting 23
242 Solid State Fermentation Method 24
25 Dilution Teclmique 26
3 METHODOLOGY
3 I Preparation of Material 30
311 Agro-Waste Raw Material 30
(Pineapple Water Melon Papaya and
Citrus Orange Fruit Waste)
32 Preparation of Filtering Equipment 3 1
33 Solid State Fermentation Method 32
33 1 First Batch Fermentation Procedure 33
332 Second Batch Fermentation Procedure 33
34 Fermented App lication on Sample Plant 34
34 1 Procedure A App lication of the liquid 35
Biofertil izer on Plant Sample
342 Procedure B App licat ion of Liquid 36
BiofertiJizer on Plant Sample
343 Procedure of App lication of Solid Wet 37
Biofeliilizer on Sample Plant
vii
344 Procedure of Application of Solid Dry 38
Biofer1ilizer on Plant Sample
345 Procedure of Application of chemical 39
fertilizer on Plant Sample
346 Procedure oftreatment without any 40
application of biofertilizer
347 Procedure for the Plantation of Plant Sample 40
35 Physical Analysis of Plant Samples 41
351 Procedure to Measure the Length of the Root 42
of Plant Samples
352 Procedures for Measuring the Weight of Plant 42
Samples
353 Procedures for Calculating the Number of 43
Leaves of Plant Samples
354 Procedures for the Test of the Effect of 44
Nutrients On Surface of the Leaves
36 Characterization of Biofer1ilizer 45
361 Procedures for pH Test 45
362 Procedures for Analysis of Potassium Content 46
in the Liquid Biofer1ilizer
4 RESULTS ANALYSIS amp DISCUSSION
41 Solid State Fermentation Analysis 48
42 Filtering Equipment 49
421 Fabrication Process 53
viii
42 2 Procedure for Using Filtering Equipment
42 3 Cleaning the Filt ering Equipment
43 Application ofBio fertilizer in Plantation
431 Results for the Weight Analysis of the Plant
432 Results for Analysis of the Roo t of
plant Samples
433 Results Jor the Analysis of the Number of
Plant Samples
44 pH Test Results
45 Potassium Test Results
46 Discussion
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion
52 Reco mmendation for Futme
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
A-I
A-2
A-3
A-4
56
57
58
58
64
70
76
77
78
83
84
86
A-2
A-8
A-20
A-32
ix
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
2 11 Disposal practice from agro-industry 12
23 1 Effect of modes of bio- fertilizer app lications 20
on the changes in NH4-N content (mgkg) in so il
(Mean of3 replications)
232 Effect of modes of bio-fertilizer applications on the 20
changes in N03N content (mgkg) in soil
(Mean of 3 replications)
233 Effect of modes ofbio-fertilizer applications on the 21
changes in available P content (mgkg) in
soil (Mean o f 3 replications)
234 Effect of modes of bio- fert ilizer applications on the 21
changes in available K content (mgkg)
in soil (Mean of3 replications)
4 11 Fermentat ion period of bio fertiliz er 49
42 1 Ma in components filt ering equipment 52
43 1 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using first batch of 59
bioferti lizer
43 2 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using second batch 60
o f bio fertilizer
4 33 Weight of water spinach vegetable treated using second 62
batch biofertilizer
x
434 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 65
using first batch biofertilizer
435 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 66
using second batch biofertilizer
4 3 6 Length of the longest root length of water spinach 68
treated using second batch biofertilizer
43 7 Number of mustard vegetable leaf treated using fiTst 70
batch biofertili zer
438 N umber of mustard vegetable leaf treated using second 72
batch biofertilizer
4 39 N umber of water spinach vegetable leaf treated using 74
second batch
4A I pH level of biofertilizer 76
451 Potassium (K) content ofbiofertilizer 77
biofertili zer (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer (mustaTd plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A Il Weig ht of plant treated using flTst batch liquid A-2
A U Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-3
AU N umber of plant leaf treated 1lSing flTst batch liquid A-4
A lA Weight of plant treated using flTst batch solid wet A-5
A 1 5 Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-6
so lid wet biDfertilizer (mustaTd plant)
xi
A-7 A 16 Number of plant leaf treated using first batch solid wet
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-S
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
so lid wet bio fertilizer (mustard plant)
wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
bio fertil izer (mustard plant)
A 2 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A- IS
solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A22 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-9
A23 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-IO
A 24 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-II
A 25 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-12
A 26 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-13
A27 Weight of plant treated using second batch so lid wet A-14
A28 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-IS
A2 9 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch so lid A-16
A 210 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-17
xii
A 212 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch solid A-1 9
dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 3 1 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-20
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 32 Longest root length ofplant treated using second batch A-21
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 33 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-22
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 34 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-23
biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 35 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-24
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 36 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-25
biofertilizer procedure B (water sp inach plant)
A 37 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid wet A-26
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 38 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-27
so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 39 Number of plant leaf treated llsing second batch so lid A-28
wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 310 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-29
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-30
so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiii
A 312 Number of plan leaf treated using second batch so lid A-31
dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 1 Picture of (a) types of biomass and a (b) another types 9
of biomass source (waste wood from saw mill)
2 12 Picture of (a) filtered waste vegetab le oi l (b) ethano l II
oi l and fuel by soy seeds and a (c) herb and laboratory
glass with alternative fuels
221 Picture of (a) Jensen s seed ling agar method (b) agar 16
seed ling method modified by Gibson (c) Leonard jar
assembly for growing large seeded legumes and
(d) Fahreus seedling tube for studying infection
of roots by rhizobia
241 Picture of a (a) aerobic process and (b) an active 24
compost heap steaming on a co ld winter morning
30 1 Flow chart for experiment procedure 29
3 11 Picture of waste of (a) Pineapple (b) Water Melon 30
(c) Banana (d) Citrus orange and (e) Papaya fruits
321 Flow chart for preparation of filtering equipment 31
33 1 Flow chart for solid state fermentation method 32
procedure
332 Picture of (a) so luble wastes inside po lyethene bottle 33
(b) fruit waste that being weighted and (c) banana that
has been sliced and cut
xv
333 Picture of (a) liquid fertili zer that has been filt ered out and 34
were used as catalyst for the second batch fermentation and
(b) liquid biofertilizer that was used as catalyst is being
measured using super cup measuring
341 Picture of (a) mustard seed lings that have been planted 35
inside a planting basin and (b) the mustard plants that
have been harvested
342 Picture of (a) liquid biofet1ilizer that was used as a fertili zer 36
for the seed lings and (b) the seeds of mustard that are
planted and used in the research
343 Picture of (a) solid wet biofertili zer (b) so lid wet 37
bio fertilizer is undergoing weight-measuring process
and (c) so lid wet biofertilizer that is being introduced
to the seedlings
344 Picture of (a) dry so lid biofertilizer that has been dri ed 38
using aluminum foil and (b) dry so lid biofertilizer that
has been co llected and will be used to fertili zed the
seedlings
345 Picture of chemical fertilizer that has been applied in 39
the experiment
xvi
346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41
used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps
for the plantation seedlings that are covered with
leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct
expose to sun ray and also from raining
351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42
352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43
of plant sample
353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44
361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45
pH meter
362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47
machine
411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49
421 Picture of filtering equipment 51
422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54
423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55
assembled with its component
424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56
liquid biofertilizer collected using pail
425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57
equipment
431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59
batch of biofertilizer
xvii
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul UTILIZATION OF AGRO-WASTE TO PRODUCE BIOFERTlLlZER
SESI PENGAJIAN 2009120)0
Saya SYLVESTER USAN AKMATU (H URUFBESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis ini di simpan dl Pusa Khidmat Maklwnat Akademik Unjversiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syara[- syaral kegunaan sepelt bcrikul
1 Tes is adalah hakmilik Univers iri Malaysia Sarawak 2 Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademtk Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan unlUk
IUjuan pengajian sa haja 3 Membuat pendigitan umuk membangWlkan Pangkalan Data KandWlgan Tempatan 4 Pusat Khidmat MakJwnar Akademi k Universiti Ma laysia Sarawak dlbe-narkan membuat sa linan les is im
sehagai bahan pertukaran antara instirusi pengajian ringgi 5 51 1a tandakan ( v ) eli kOlak yang berkenaan
o SULIT (Mengandungl maklumat yang berdarjah kese lamalan atau kepentmgan Malays ia seperti yang telmakrub di dalam AKTA RAHS IA RASM I 1972)
o TERHAD (MengandlHlgi makJumat TERHAD yang c lah dllentukan oleh organisasil badan UJ mana penyelidlkan diJ a lan kan )
o TIOAK TERHAD
fJkM oleh
z~O _ (TANDATANGAN PENULlS) (TAND~T cNC~N PENYELlA)
Alamat tetap
DA MATU EKUM DR LIM SOH FONG SK SG ARAU Nlt-Ima Penye ha 96000 SIBU SARAWAK
Tarikh Tarikh
CATATAN TeSlS din13ksudkan sebagal tesis bag IJ a2ah Doktor Falsafah Sa[)ana dan Sarjana Muda
Jlka testS ini SULIT atau TERHAD sJJ a lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasaorgamsasi berkenJan dengan menya(akan seka li sebab dan lempoh tesls lni perlu dtkelaskan sebagai SU LIT dn TERHAD
APPROVAL PAGE
The following fmal year project
Title Utilization ofAgro-Waste to Produce Biofertilizer
Writer Sylvester Usan ak Matu
Matrix 1785 7
is being read and approved by
J
DR LIM SOH FONG DArE
SUPERVISOR
_ t _
UNIVOOITI MALAyenS1A SAlVWAX
UTILIZATION OF AGRO-WASTE TO PRODUCE BIOFERTILIZER
SYLVESTER USAN AK MATU
This Project is Submitted to the
Faculty of Engineering Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree for
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
(Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering) 20092010
Special dedicated to my beloved parents and fiance
Your love alld support will always be my inspiration and I willllever be
forgotten
II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I express my thanks to God for all the blessings that have been
given to me throughout my works in order to acco mplish this report within the
desired time frame
I want to acknowledge my appreciation to my supervisor Dr Lim Soh Fong
for her guidance and help throughout the work for the research I also like to
acknowledge the apprec iation to all technical staffs in the mechanica l engineering
laboratory especially Mr Masri and Mr Sabariman for their helps that have been
given in guiding me on the right way to use tools in the laboratory and workshop in
facu lty of engineering Special thanks also to staffs and officers in Faculty of Science
and Resource Technology like Mr Leo Mr Tommy and Miss Zeti for their
continuous effort in providing the best serv ice to help me learned new thing in a very
new environment for me Without the help of these people it would be difficult for
me to accomplish this research
It is great pleasure that I would give my thankful to my family members that
have given me the necessary support throughout this research period Lastly thank to
you my belo ved fiance Simang Wan for her se lfless effort in helping in my work
and giving inspiration to work hard on this research
III
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study is (0 develop a simple and cost-effective method
to produce biofenili zer using agro-wastes Solid stat e fermentation was the method
used to produce such biofertilizer There were 5 types of agro-wastes being used in
this research They were wastes from water melon papaya pineapple citrus orange
and banana The met hod used to plant the vegetable samples were also exp lained in
detail within this report Physical propeJ1y tests were done on the plant samples of 5
weeks of age in order to determine the effectiveness of the biofertilizer The results
of the experiment showed that the plant samples treated with biofertilizer from water
melon papaya and banana wastes bad promising physical characteristics Other tests
such as analyses of pH values and potassium content in the biofertilizers were also
done in this research It was found that water melon biofertilizer had th e highest pH
value (5 15) The banana biofertilizer had the highest content of potassium with a
content of 3932g KlL Thus it was found that agro-wastes from water melon
papaya and banana were suitable to be used to produce biolertilizer using so lid state
fermentation method
IV
ABSTRAK
Mallamat kajian ini adalah untuk membangunkan teknik yang effeklif dan
mmah untuk menghasilkan bajabio daripada bahan buangan-agro Penapaian
berkeadaan pepejal adalah kaedah yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan bajabio ini 5
jenis bahan buangan agro digunakan untuk menghas ilkan bajabio ini adalah terdiri
daripada bahan buangan tembikai betik nenas limau manis dan pisang Kaedah
yang digunakan untuk menyemai benih sayllr sampel juga diterangkan dengan teliti
dalam laporan ini Ujian fizik al terhadap tumbuhan sampel berusia 5 minggu
digunakan untuk menentukan kesan penggunaan bajabio Keputusan ujian mendapati
bahawa tumbuhan yang menggunakan bajabio daripada bahan buangan-agro
tembikai betik dan pisang mempu nya i ciri fizik al yang baik Ujian juga dilakukan
dalam kajian ini untuk mengetahui nilai pH dan potassium yang terdapat di dalam
setiap bajabio Oaripada ujian yang telah dilakukan didapati bahawa bajabio
tembikai mempunyai nilai pH yang paling baik berbanding bajabio yang lain iaitu
5 15 Manakala daripada keputusan ujian kandungan potassium pula mendapati
bahawa pisang mempunyai kandungan potassium yang tinggi berbanding bajabio
yang lain iaitu sebanyak 3932g KlL Berdasarkan keputusan ujian yang telah
diperolehi didapati bahawa bah an buangan-agro daripada tembikai betik dan pisang
boleh dijadikan bajabio dengan mengg unakan kaedah penapaian berkeadaan pepejal
v
Pugt~l Khidmat MaJdumat Akuel UN IVEKSTI MJUn ~ ~AiAlttiM
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
DEDICATION 11
ACKNOWI~EDGEMENT III
ABSTRACT lV
ABSTRAK v
TABLE OF CONTENT Vl
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xv
LIST OF NOMENCLAT URES XXII
CHAPTER
1 INTROD UCTION
1 1 Background of Biofertilizer
12 Problem Statement 3
13 Objective 4
14 Significant of Study 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2 1 Waste and Agro-Waste 5
211 Utilization or Agro-Waste 7
2 12 National Stat istic Amount of Agro-Waste 12
Discharge
22 Type ofNutrient in Bioferti lizer 14
vi
221 N itrogen 14
222 Phosphorus 18
223 Potass ium 19
23 Crop Response 20
24 Conventional Method to Produce Biofertilizer 23
24 1 Compo sting 23
242 Solid State Fermentation Method 24
25 Dilution Teclmique 26
3 METHODOLOGY
3 I Preparation of Material 30
311 Agro-Waste Raw Material 30
(Pineapple Water Melon Papaya and
Citrus Orange Fruit Waste)
32 Preparation of Filtering Equipment 3 1
33 Solid State Fermentation Method 32
33 1 First Batch Fermentation Procedure 33
332 Second Batch Fermentation Procedure 33
34 Fermented App lication on Sample Plant 34
34 1 Procedure A App lication of the liquid 35
Biofertil izer on Plant Sample
342 Procedure B App licat ion of Liquid 36
BiofertiJizer on Plant Sample
343 Procedure of App lication of Solid Wet 37
Biofeliilizer on Sample Plant
vii
344 Procedure of Application of Solid Dry 38
Biofer1ilizer on Plant Sample
345 Procedure of Application of chemical 39
fertilizer on Plant Sample
346 Procedure oftreatment without any 40
application of biofertilizer
347 Procedure for the Plantation of Plant Sample 40
35 Physical Analysis of Plant Samples 41
351 Procedure to Measure the Length of the Root 42
of Plant Samples
352 Procedures for Measuring the Weight of Plant 42
Samples
353 Procedures for Calculating the Number of 43
Leaves of Plant Samples
354 Procedures for the Test of the Effect of 44
Nutrients On Surface of the Leaves
36 Characterization of Biofer1ilizer 45
361 Procedures for pH Test 45
362 Procedures for Analysis of Potassium Content 46
in the Liquid Biofer1ilizer
4 RESULTS ANALYSIS amp DISCUSSION
41 Solid State Fermentation Analysis 48
42 Filtering Equipment 49
421 Fabrication Process 53
viii
42 2 Procedure for Using Filtering Equipment
42 3 Cleaning the Filt ering Equipment
43 Application ofBio fertilizer in Plantation
431 Results for the Weight Analysis of the Plant
432 Results for Analysis of the Roo t of
plant Samples
433 Results Jor the Analysis of the Number of
Plant Samples
44 pH Test Results
45 Potassium Test Results
46 Discussion
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion
52 Reco mmendation for Futme
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
A-I
A-2
A-3
A-4
56
57
58
58
64
70
76
77
78
83
84
86
A-2
A-8
A-20
A-32
ix
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
2 11 Disposal practice from agro-industry 12
23 1 Effect of modes of bio- fertilizer app lications 20
on the changes in NH4-N content (mgkg) in so il
(Mean of3 replications)
232 Effect of modes of bio-fertilizer applications on the 20
changes in N03N content (mgkg) in soil
(Mean of 3 replications)
233 Effect of modes ofbio-fertilizer applications on the 21
changes in available P content (mgkg) in
soil (Mean o f 3 replications)
234 Effect of modes of bio- fert ilizer applications on the 21
changes in available K content (mgkg)
in soil (Mean of3 replications)
4 11 Fermentat ion period of bio fertiliz er 49
42 1 Ma in components filt ering equipment 52
43 1 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using first batch of 59
bioferti lizer
43 2 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using second batch 60
o f bio fertilizer
4 33 Weight of water spinach vegetable treated using second 62
batch biofertilizer
x
434 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 65
using first batch biofertilizer
435 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 66
using second batch biofertilizer
4 3 6 Length of the longest root length of water spinach 68
treated using second batch biofertilizer
43 7 Number of mustard vegetable leaf treated using fiTst 70
batch biofertili zer
438 N umber of mustard vegetable leaf treated using second 72
batch biofertilizer
4 39 N umber of water spinach vegetable leaf treated using 74
second batch
4A I pH level of biofertilizer 76
451 Potassium (K) content ofbiofertilizer 77
biofertili zer (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer (mustaTd plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A Il Weig ht of plant treated using flTst batch liquid A-2
A U Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-3
AU N umber of plant leaf treated 1lSing flTst batch liquid A-4
A lA Weight of plant treated using flTst batch solid wet A-5
A 1 5 Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-6
so lid wet biDfertilizer (mustaTd plant)
xi
A-7 A 16 Number of plant leaf treated using first batch solid wet
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-S
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
so lid wet bio fertilizer (mustard plant)
wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
bio fertil izer (mustard plant)
A 2 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A- IS
solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A22 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-9
A23 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-IO
A 24 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-II
A 25 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-12
A 26 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-13
A27 Weight of plant treated using second batch so lid wet A-14
A28 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-IS
A2 9 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch so lid A-16
A 210 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-17
xii
A 212 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch solid A-1 9
dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 3 1 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-20
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 32 Longest root length ofplant treated using second batch A-21
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 33 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-22
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 34 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-23
biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 35 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-24
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 36 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-25
biofertilizer procedure B (water sp inach plant)
A 37 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid wet A-26
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 38 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-27
so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 39 Number of plant leaf treated llsing second batch so lid A-28
wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 310 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-29
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-30
so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiii
A 312 Number of plan leaf treated using second batch so lid A-31
dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 1 Picture of (a) types of biomass and a (b) another types 9
of biomass source (waste wood from saw mill)
2 12 Picture of (a) filtered waste vegetab le oi l (b) ethano l II
oi l and fuel by soy seeds and a (c) herb and laboratory
glass with alternative fuels
221 Picture of (a) Jensen s seed ling agar method (b) agar 16
seed ling method modified by Gibson (c) Leonard jar
assembly for growing large seeded legumes and
(d) Fahreus seedling tube for studying infection
of roots by rhizobia
241 Picture of a (a) aerobic process and (b) an active 24
compost heap steaming on a co ld winter morning
30 1 Flow chart for experiment procedure 29
3 11 Picture of waste of (a) Pineapple (b) Water Melon 30
(c) Banana (d) Citrus orange and (e) Papaya fruits
321 Flow chart for preparation of filtering equipment 31
33 1 Flow chart for solid state fermentation method 32
procedure
332 Picture of (a) so luble wastes inside po lyethene bottle 33
(b) fruit waste that being weighted and (c) banana that
has been sliced and cut
xv
333 Picture of (a) liquid fertili zer that has been filt ered out and 34
were used as catalyst for the second batch fermentation and
(b) liquid biofertilizer that was used as catalyst is being
measured using super cup measuring
341 Picture of (a) mustard seed lings that have been planted 35
inside a planting basin and (b) the mustard plants that
have been harvested
342 Picture of (a) liquid biofet1ilizer that was used as a fertili zer 36
for the seed lings and (b) the seeds of mustard that are
planted and used in the research
343 Picture of (a) solid wet biofertili zer (b) so lid wet 37
bio fertilizer is undergoing weight-measuring process
and (c) so lid wet biofertilizer that is being introduced
to the seedlings
344 Picture of (a) dry so lid biofertilizer that has been dri ed 38
using aluminum foil and (b) dry so lid biofertilizer that
has been co llected and will be used to fertili zed the
seedlings
345 Picture of chemical fertilizer that has been applied in 39
the experiment
xvi
346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41
used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps
for the plantation seedlings that are covered with
leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct
expose to sun ray and also from raining
351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42
352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43
of plant sample
353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44
361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45
pH meter
362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47
machine
411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49
421 Picture of filtering equipment 51
422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54
423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55
assembled with its component
424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56
liquid biofertilizer collected using pail
425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57
equipment
431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59
batch of biofertilizer
xvii
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
APPROVAL PAGE
The following fmal year project
Title Utilization ofAgro-Waste to Produce Biofertilizer
Writer Sylvester Usan ak Matu
Matrix 1785 7
is being read and approved by
J
DR LIM SOH FONG DArE
SUPERVISOR
_ t _
UNIVOOITI MALAyenS1A SAlVWAX
UTILIZATION OF AGRO-WASTE TO PRODUCE BIOFERTILIZER
SYLVESTER USAN AK MATU
This Project is Submitted to the
Faculty of Engineering Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree for
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
(Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering) 20092010
Special dedicated to my beloved parents and fiance
Your love alld support will always be my inspiration and I willllever be
forgotten
II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I express my thanks to God for all the blessings that have been
given to me throughout my works in order to acco mplish this report within the
desired time frame
I want to acknowledge my appreciation to my supervisor Dr Lim Soh Fong
for her guidance and help throughout the work for the research I also like to
acknowledge the apprec iation to all technical staffs in the mechanica l engineering
laboratory especially Mr Masri and Mr Sabariman for their helps that have been
given in guiding me on the right way to use tools in the laboratory and workshop in
facu lty of engineering Special thanks also to staffs and officers in Faculty of Science
and Resource Technology like Mr Leo Mr Tommy and Miss Zeti for their
continuous effort in providing the best serv ice to help me learned new thing in a very
new environment for me Without the help of these people it would be difficult for
me to accomplish this research
It is great pleasure that I would give my thankful to my family members that
have given me the necessary support throughout this research period Lastly thank to
you my belo ved fiance Simang Wan for her se lfless effort in helping in my work
and giving inspiration to work hard on this research
III
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study is (0 develop a simple and cost-effective method
to produce biofenili zer using agro-wastes Solid stat e fermentation was the method
used to produce such biofertilizer There were 5 types of agro-wastes being used in
this research They were wastes from water melon papaya pineapple citrus orange
and banana The met hod used to plant the vegetable samples were also exp lained in
detail within this report Physical propeJ1y tests were done on the plant samples of 5
weeks of age in order to determine the effectiveness of the biofertilizer The results
of the experiment showed that the plant samples treated with biofertilizer from water
melon papaya and banana wastes bad promising physical characteristics Other tests
such as analyses of pH values and potassium content in the biofertilizers were also
done in this research It was found that water melon biofertilizer had th e highest pH
value (5 15) The banana biofertilizer had the highest content of potassium with a
content of 3932g KlL Thus it was found that agro-wastes from water melon
papaya and banana were suitable to be used to produce biolertilizer using so lid state
fermentation method
IV
ABSTRAK
Mallamat kajian ini adalah untuk membangunkan teknik yang effeklif dan
mmah untuk menghasilkan bajabio daripada bahan buangan-agro Penapaian
berkeadaan pepejal adalah kaedah yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan bajabio ini 5
jenis bahan buangan agro digunakan untuk menghas ilkan bajabio ini adalah terdiri
daripada bahan buangan tembikai betik nenas limau manis dan pisang Kaedah
yang digunakan untuk menyemai benih sayllr sampel juga diterangkan dengan teliti
dalam laporan ini Ujian fizik al terhadap tumbuhan sampel berusia 5 minggu
digunakan untuk menentukan kesan penggunaan bajabio Keputusan ujian mendapati
bahawa tumbuhan yang menggunakan bajabio daripada bahan buangan-agro
tembikai betik dan pisang mempu nya i ciri fizik al yang baik Ujian juga dilakukan
dalam kajian ini untuk mengetahui nilai pH dan potassium yang terdapat di dalam
setiap bajabio Oaripada ujian yang telah dilakukan didapati bahawa bajabio
tembikai mempunyai nilai pH yang paling baik berbanding bajabio yang lain iaitu
5 15 Manakala daripada keputusan ujian kandungan potassium pula mendapati
bahawa pisang mempunyai kandungan potassium yang tinggi berbanding bajabio
yang lain iaitu sebanyak 3932g KlL Berdasarkan keputusan ujian yang telah
diperolehi didapati bahawa bah an buangan-agro daripada tembikai betik dan pisang
boleh dijadikan bajabio dengan mengg unakan kaedah penapaian berkeadaan pepejal
v
Pugt~l Khidmat MaJdumat Akuel UN IVEKSTI MJUn ~ ~AiAlttiM
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
DEDICATION 11
ACKNOWI~EDGEMENT III
ABSTRACT lV
ABSTRAK v
TABLE OF CONTENT Vl
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xv
LIST OF NOMENCLAT URES XXII
CHAPTER
1 INTROD UCTION
1 1 Background of Biofertilizer
12 Problem Statement 3
13 Objective 4
14 Significant of Study 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2 1 Waste and Agro-Waste 5
211 Utilization or Agro-Waste 7
2 12 National Stat istic Amount of Agro-Waste 12
Discharge
22 Type ofNutrient in Bioferti lizer 14
vi
221 N itrogen 14
222 Phosphorus 18
223 Potass ium 19
23 Crop Response 20
24 Conventional Method to Produce Biofertilizer 23
24 1 Compo sting 23
242 Solid State Fermentation Method 24
25 Dilution Teclmique 26
3 METHODOLOGY
3 I Preparation of Material 30
311 Agro-Waste Raw Material 30
(Pineapple Water Melon Papaya and
Citrus Orange Fruit Waste)
32 Preparation of Filtering Equipment 3 1
33 Solid State Fermentation Method 32
33 1 First Batch Fermentation Procedure 33
332 Second Batch Fermentation Procedure 33
34 Fermented App lication on Sample Plant 34
34 1 Procedure A App lication of the liquid 35
Biofertil izer on Plant Sample
342 Procedure B App licat ion of Liquid 36
BiofertiJizer on Plant Sample
343 Procedure of App lication of Solid Wet 37
Biofeliilizer on Sample Plant
vii
344 Procedure of Application of Solid Dry 38
Biofer1ilizer on Plant Sample
345 Procedure of Application of chemical 39
fertilizer on Plant Sample
346 Procedure oftreatment without any 40
application of biofertilizer
347 Procedure for the Plantation of Plant Sample 40
35 Physical Analysis of Plant Samples 41
351 Procedure to Measure the Length of the Root 42
of Plant Samples
352 Procedures for Measuring the Weight of Plant 42
Samples
353 Procedures for Calculating the Number of 43
Leaves of Plant Samples
354 Procedures for the Test of the Effect of 44
Nutrients On Surface of the Leaves
36 Characterization of Biofer1ilizer 45
361 Procedures for pH Test 45
362 Procedures for Analysis of Potassium Content 46
in the Liquid Biofer1ilizer
4 RESULTS ANALYSIS amp DISCUSSION
41 Solid State Fermentation Analysis 48
42 Filtering Equipment 49
421 Fabrication Process 53
viii
42 2 Procedure for Using Filtering Equipment
42 3 Cleaning the Filt ering Equipment
43 Application ofBio fertilizer in Plantation
431 Results for the Weight Analysis of the Plant
432 Results for Analysis of the Roo t of
plant Samples
433 Results Jor the Analysis of the Number of
Plant Samples
44 pH Test Results
45 Potassium Test Results
46 Discussion
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion
52 Reco mmendation for Futme
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
A-I
A-2
A-3
A-4
56
57
58
58
64
70
76
77
78
83
84
86
A-2
A-8
A-20
A-32
ix
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
2 11 Disposal practice from agro-industry 12
23 1 Effect of modes of bio- fertilizer app lications 20
on the changes in NH4-N content (mgkg) in so il
(Mean of3 replications)
232 Effect of modes of bio-fertilizer applications on the 20
changes in N03N content (mgkg) in soil
(Mean of 3 replications)
233 Effect of modes ofbio-fertilizer applications on the 21
changes in available P content (mgkg) in
soil (Mean o f 3 replications)
234 Effect of modes of bio- fert ilizer applications on the 21
changes in available K content (mgkg)
in soil (Mean of3 replications)
4 11 Fermentat ion period of bio fertiliz er 49
42 1 Ma in components filt ering equipment 52
43 1 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using first batch of 59
bioferti lizer
43 2 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using second batch 60
o f bio fertilizer
4 33 Weight of water spinach vegetable treated using second 62
batch biofertilizer
x
434 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 65
using first batch biofertilizer
435 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 66
using second batch biofertilizer
4 3 6 Length of the longest root length of water spinach 68
treated using second batch biofertilizer
43 7 Number of mustard vegetable leaf treated using fiTst 70
batch biofertili zer
438 N umber of mustard vegetable leaf treated using second 72
batch biofertilizer
4 39 N umber of water spinach vegetable leaf treated using 74
second batch
4A I pH level of biofertilizer 76
451 Potassium (K) content ofbiofertilizer 77
biofertili zer (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer (mustaTd plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A Il Weig ht of plant treated using flTst batch liquid A-2
A U Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-3
AU N umber of plant leaf treated 1lSing flTst batch liquid A-4
A lA Weight of plant treated using flTst batch solid wet A-5
A 1 5 Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-6
so lid wet biDfertilizer (mustaTd plant)
xi
A-7 A 16 Number of plant leaf treated using first batch solid wet
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-S
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
so lid wet bio fertilizer (mustard plant)
wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
bio fertil izer (mustard plant)
A 2 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A- IS
solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A22 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-9
A23 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-IO
A 24 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-II
A 25 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-12
A 26 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-13
A27 Weight of plant treated using second batch so lid wet A-14
A28 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-IS
A2 9 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch so lid A-16
A 210 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-17
xii
A 212 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch solid A-1 9
dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 3 1 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-20
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 32 Longest root length ofplant treated using second batch A-21
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 33 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-22
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 34 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-23
biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 35 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-24
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 36 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-25
biofertilizer procedure B (water sp inach plant)
A 37 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid wet A-26
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 38 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-27
so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 39 Number of plant leaf treated llsing second batch so lid A-28
wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 310 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-29
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-30
so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiii
A 312 Number of plan leaf treated using second batch so lid A-31
dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 1 Picture of (a) types of biomass and a (b) another types 9
of biomass source (waste wood from saw mill)
2 12 Picture of (a) filtered waste vegetab le oi l (b) ethano l II
oi l and fuel by soy seeds and a (c) herb and laboratory
glass with alternative fuels
221 Picture of (a) Jensen s seed ling agar method (b) agar 16
seed ling method modified by Gibson (c) Leonard jar
assembly for growing large seeded legumes and
(d) Fahreus seedling tube for studying infection
of roots by rhizobia
241 Picture of a (a) aerobic process and (b) an active 24
compost heap steaming on a co ld winter morning
30 1 Flow chart for experiment procedure 29
3 11 Picture of waste of (a) Pineapple (b) Water Melon 30
(c) Banana (d) Citrus orange and (e) Papaya fruits
321 Flow chart for preparation of filtering equipment 31
33 1 Flow chart for solid state fermentation method 32
procedure
332 Picture of (a) so luble wastes inside po lyethene bottle 33
(b) fruit waste that being weighted and (c) banana that
has been sliced and cut
xv
333 Picture of (a) liquid fertili zer that has been filt ered out and 34
were used as catalyst for the second batch fermentation and
(b) liquid biofertilizer that was used as catalyst is being
measured using super cup measuring
341 Picture of (a) mustard seed lings that have been planted 35
inside a planting basin and (b) the mustard plants that
have been harvested
342 Picture of (a) liquid biofet1ilizer that was used as a fertili zer 36
for the seed lings and (b) the seeds of mustard that are
planted and used in the research
343 Picture of (a) solid wet biofertili zer (b) so lid wet 37
bio fertilizer is undergoing weight-measuring process
and (c) so lid wet biofertilizer that is being introduced
to the seedlings
344 Picture of (a) dry so lid biofertilizer that has been dri ed 38
using aluminum foil and (b) dry so lid biofertilizer that
has been co llected and will be used to fertili zed the
seedlings
345 Picture of chemical fertilizer that has been applied in 39
the experiment
xvi
346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41
used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps
for the plantation seedlings that are covered with
leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct
expose to sun ray and also from raining
351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42
352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43
of plant sample
353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44
361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45
pH meter
362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47
machine
411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49
421 Picture of filtering equipment 51
422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54
423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55
assembled with its component
424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56
liquid biofertilizer collected using pail
425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57
equipment
431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59
batch of biofertilizer
xvii
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
_ t _
UNIVOOITI MALAyenS1A SAlVWAX
UTILIZATION OF AGRO-WASTE TO PRODUCE BIOFERTILIZER
SYLVESTER USAN AK MATU
This Project is Submitted to the
Faculty of Engineering Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree for
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
(Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering) 20092010
Special dedicated to my beloved parents and fiance
Your love alld support will always be my inspiration and I willllever be
forgotten
II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I express my thanks to God for all the blessings that have been
given to me throughout my works in order to acco mplish this report within the
desired time frame
I want to acknowledge my appreciation to my supervisor Dr Lim Soh Fong
for her guidance and help throughout the work for the research I also like to
acknowledge the apprec iation to all technical staffs in the mechanica l engineering
laboratory especially Mr Masri and Mr Sabariman for their helps that have been
given in guiding me on the right way to use tools in the laboratory and workshop in
facu lty of engineering Special thanks also to staffs and officers in Faculty of Science
and Resource Technology like Mr Leo Mr Tommy and Miss Zeti for their
continuous effort in providing the best serv ice to help me learned new thing in a very
new environment for me Without the help of these people it would be difficult for
me to accomplish this research
It is great pleasure that I would give my thankful to my family members that
have given me the necessary support throughout this research period Lastly thank to
you my belo ved fiance Simang Wan for her se lfless effort in helping in my work
and giving inspiration to work hard on this research
III
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study is (0 develop a simple and cost-effective method
to produce biofenili zer using agro-wastes Solid stat e fermentation was the method
used to produce such biofertilizer There were 5 types of agro-wastes being used in
this research They were wastes from water melon papaya pineapple citrus orange
and banana The met hod used to plant the vegetable samples were also exp lained in
detail within this report Physical propeJ1y tests were done on the plant samples of 5
weeks of age in order to determine the effectiveness of the biofertilizer The results
of the experiment showed that the plant samples treated with biofertilizer from water
melon papaya and banana wastes bad promising physical characteristics Other tests
such as analyses of pH values and potassium content in the biofertilizers were also
done in this research It was found that water melon biofertilizer had th e highest pH
value (5 15) The banana biofertilizer had the highest content of potassium with a
content of 3932g KlL Thus it was found that agro-wastes from water melon
papaya and banana were suitable to be used to produce biolertilizer using so lid state
fermentation method
IV
ABSTRAK
Mallamat kajian ini adalah untuk membangunkan teknik yang effeklif dan
mmah untuk menghasilkan bajabio daripada bahan buangan-agro Penapaian
berkeadaan pepejal adalah kaedah yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan bajabio ini 5
jenis bahan buangan agro digunakan untuk menghas ilkan bajabio ini adalah terdiri
daripada bahan buangan tembikai betik nenas limau manis dan pisang Kaedah
yang digunakan untuk menyemai benih sayllr sampel juga diterangkan dengan teliti
dalam laporan ini Ujian fizik al terhadap tumbuhan sampel berusia 5 minggu
digunakan untuk menentukan kesan penggunaan bajabio Keputusan ujian mendapati
bahawa tumbuhan yang menggunakan bajabio daripada bahan buangan-agro
tembikai betik dan pisang mempu nya i ciri fizik al yang baik Ujian juga dilakukan
dalam kajian ini untuk mengetahui nilai pH dan potassium yang terdapat di dalam
setiap bajabio Oaripada ujian yang telah dilakukan didapati bahawa bajabio
tembikai mempunyai nilai pH yang paling baik berbanding bajabio yang lain iaitu
5 15 Manakala daripada keputusan ujian kandungan potassium pula mendapati
bahawa pisang mempunyai kandungan potassium yang tinggi berbanding bajabio
yang lain iaitu sebanyak 3932g KlL Berdasarkan keputusan ujian yang telah
diperolehi didapati bahawa bah an buangan-agro daripada tembikai betik dan pisang
boleh dijadikan bajabio dengan mengg unakan kaedah penapaian berkeadaan pepejal
v
Pugt~l Khidmat MaJdumat Akuel UN IVEKSTI MJUn ~ ~AiAlttiM
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
DEDICATION 11
ACKNOWI~EDGEMENT III
ABSTRACT lV
ABSTRAK v
TABLE OF CONTENT Vl
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xv
LIST OF NOMENCLAT URES XXII
CHAPTER
1 INTROD UCTION
1 1 Background of Biofertilizer
12 Problem Statement 3
13 Objective 4
14 Significant of Study 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2 1 Waste and Agro-Waste 5
211 Utilization or Agro-Waste 7
2 12 National Stat istic Amount of Agro-Waste 12
Discharge
22 Type ofNutrient in Bioferti lizer 14
vi
221 N itrogen 14
222 Phosphorus 18
223 Potass ium 19
23 Crop Response 20
24 Conventional Method to Produce Biofertilizer 23
24 1 Compo sting 23
242 Solid State Fermentation Method 24
25 Dilution Teclmique 26
3 METHODOLOGY
3 I Preparation of Material 30
311 Agro-Waste Raw Material 30
(Pineapple Water Melon Papaya and
Citrus Orange Fruit Waste)
32 Preparation of Filtering Equipment 3 1
33 Solid State Fermentation Method 32
33 1 First Batch Fermentation Procedure 33
332 Second Batch Fermentation Procedure 33
34 Fermented App lication on Sample Plant 34
34 1 Procedure A App lication of the liquid 35
Biofertil izer on Plant Sample
342 Procedure B App licat ion of Liquid 36
BiofertiJizer on Plant Sample
343 Procedure of App lication of Solid Wet 37
Biofeliilizer on Sample Plant
vii
344 Procedure of Application of Solid Dry 38
Biofer1ilizer on Plant Sample
345 Procedure of Application of chemical 39
fertilizer on Plant Sample
346 Procedure oftreatment without any 40
application of biofertilizer
347 Procedure for the Plantation of Plant Sample 40
35 Physical Analysis of Plant Samples 41
351 Procedure to Measure the Length of the Root 42
of Plant Samples
352 Procedures for Measuring the Weight of Plant 42
Samples
353 Procedures for Calculating the Number of 43
Leaves of Plant Samples
354 Procedures for the Test of the Effect of 44
Nutrients On Surface of the Leaves
36 Characterization of Biofer1ilizer 45
361 Procedures for pH Test 45
362 Procedures for Analysis of Potassium Content 46
in the Liquid Biofer1ilizer
4 RESULTS ANALYSIS amp DISCUSSION
41 Solid State Fermentation Analysis 48
42 Filtering Equipment 49
421 Fabrication Process 53
viii
42 2 Procedure for Using Filtering Equipment
42 3 Cleaning the Filt ering Equipment
43 Application ofBio fertilizer in Plantation
431 Results for the Weight Analysis of the Plant
432 Results for Analysis of the Roo t of
plant Samples
433 Results Jor the Analysis of the Number of
Plant Samples
44 pH Test Results
45 Potassium Test Results
46 Discussion
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion
52 Reco mmendation for Futme
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
A-I
A-2
A-3
A-4
56
57
58
58
64
70
76
77
78
83
84
86
A-2
A-8
A-20
A-32
ix
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
2 11 Disposal practice from agro-industry 12
23 1 Effect of modes of bio- fertilizer app lications 20
on the changes in NH4-N content (mgkg) in so il
(Mean of3 replications)
232 Effect of modes of bio-fertilizer applications on the 20
changes in N03N content (mgkg) in soil
(Mean of 3 replications)
233 Effect of modes ofbio-fertilizer applications on the 21
changes in available P content (mgkg) in
soil (Mean o f 3 replications)
234 Effect of modes of bio- fert ilizer applications on the 21
changes in available K content (mgkg)
in soil (Mean of3 replications)
4 11 Fermentat ion period of bio fertiliz er 49
42 1 Ma in components filt ering equipment 52
43 1 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using first batch of 59
bioferti lizer
43 2 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using second batch 60
o f bio fertilizer
4 33 Weight of water spinach vegetable treated using second 62
batch biofertilizer
x
434 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 65
using first batch biofertilizer
435 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 66
using second batch biofertilizer
4 3 6 Length of the longest root length of water spinach 68
treated using second batch biofertilizer
43 7 Number of mustard vegetable leaf treated using fiTst 70
batch biofertili zer
438 N umber of mustard vegetable leaf treated using second 72
batch biofertilizer
4 39 N umber of water spinach vegetable leaf treated using 74
second batch
4A I pH level of biofertilizer 76
451 Potassium (K) content ofbiofertilizer 77
biofertili zer (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer (mustaTd plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A Il Weig ht of plant treated using flTst batch liquid A-2
A U Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-3
AU N umber of plant leaf treated 1lSing flTst batch liquid A-4
A lA Weight of plant treated using flTst batch solid wet A-5
A 1 5 Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-6
so lid wet biDfertilizer (mustaTd plant)
xi
A-7 A 16 Number of plant leaf treated using first batch solid wet
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-S
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
so lid wet bio fertilizer (mustard plant)
wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
bio fertil izer (mustard plant)
A 2 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A- IS
solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A22 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-9
A23 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-IO
A 24 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-II
A 25 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-12
A 26 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-13
A27 Weight of plant treated using second batch so lid wet A-14
A28 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-IS
A2 9 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch so lid A-16
A 210 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-17
xii
A 212 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch solid A-1 9
dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 3 1 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-20
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 32 Longest root length ofplant treated using second batch A-21
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 33 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-22
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 34 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-23
biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 35 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-24
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 36 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-25
biofertilizer procedure B (water sp inach plant)
A 37 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid wet A-26
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 38 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-27
so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 39 Number of plant leaf treated llsing second batch so lid A-28
wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 310 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-29
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-30
so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiii
A 312 Number of plan leaf treated using second batch so lid A-31
dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 1 Picture of (a) types of biomass and a (b) another types 9
of biomass source (waste wood from saw mill)
2 12 Picture of (a) filtered waste vegetab le oi l (b) ethano l II
oi l and fuel by soy seeds and a (c) herb and laboratory
glass with alternative fuels
221 Picture of (a) Jensen s seed ling agar method (b) agar 16
seed ling method modified by Gibson (c) Leonard jar
assembly for growing large seeded legumes and
(d) Fahreus seedling tube for studying infection
of roots by rhizobia
241 Picture of a (a) aerobic process and (b) an active 24
compost heap steaming on a co ld winter morning
30 1 Flow chart for experiment procedure 29
3 11 Picture of waste of (a) Pineapple (b) Water Melon 30
(c) Banana (d) Citrus orange and (e) Papaya fruits
321 Flow chart for preparation of filtering equipment 31
33 1 Flow chart for solid state fermentation method 32
procedure
332 Picture of (a) so luble wastes inside po lyethene bottle 33
(b) fruit waste that being weighted and (c) banana that
has been sliced and cut
xv
333 Picture of (a) liquid fertili zer that has been filt ered out and 34
were used as catalyst for the second batch fermentation and
(b) liquid biofertilizer that was used as catalyst is being
measured using super cup measuring
341 Picture of (a) mustard seed lings that have been planted 35
inside a planting basin and (b) the mustard plants that
have been harvested
342 Picture of (a) liquid biofet1ilizer that was used as a fertili zer 36
for the seed lings and (b) the seeds of mustard that are
planted and used in the research
343 Picture of (a) solid wet biofertili zer (b) so lid wet 37
bio fertilizer is undergoing weight-measuring process
and (c) so lid wet biofertilizer that is being introduced
to the seedlings
344 Picture of (a) dry so lid biofertilizer that has been dri ed 38
using aluminum foil and (b) dry so lid biofertilizer that
has been co llected and will be used to fertili zed the
seedlings
345 Picture of chemical fertilizer that has been applied in 39
the experiment
xvi
346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41
used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps
for the plantation seedlings that are covered with
leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct
expose to sun ray and also from raining
351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42
352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43
of plant sample
353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44
361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45
pH meter
362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47
machine
411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49
421 Picture of filtering equipment 51
422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54
423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55
assembled with its component
424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56
liquid biofertilizer collected using pail
425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57
equipment
431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59
batch of biofertilizer
xvii
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
Special dedicated to my beloved parents and fiance
Your love alld support will always be my inspiration and I willllever be
forgotten
II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I express my thanks to God for all the blessings that have been
given to me throughout my works in order to acco mplish this report within the
desired time frame
I want to acknowledge my appreciation to my supervisor Dr Lim Soh Fong
for her guidance and help throughout the work for the research I also like to
acknowledge the apprec iation to all technical staffs in the mechanica l engineering
laboratory especially Mr Masri and Mr Sabariman for their helps that have been
given in guiding me on the right way to use tools in the laboratory and workshop in
facu lty of engineering Special thanks also to staffs and officers in Faculty of Science
and Resource Technology like Mr Leo Mr Tommy and Miss Zeti for their
continuous effort in providing the best serv ice to help me learned new thing in a very
new environment for me Without the help of these people it would be difficult for
me to accomplish this research
It is great pleasure that I would give my thankful to my family members that
have given me the necessary support throughout this research period Lastly thank to
you my belo ved fiance Simang Wan for her se lfless effort in helping in my work
and giving inspiration to work hard on this research
III
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study is (0 develop a simple and cost-effective method
to produce biofenili zer using agro-wastes Solid stat e fermentation was the method
used to produce such biofertilizer There were 5 types of agro-wastes being used in
this research They were wastes from water melon papaya pineapple citrus orange
and banana The met hod used to plant the vegetable samples were also exp lained in
detail within this report Physical propeJ1y tests were done on the plant samples of 5
weeks of age in order to determine the effectiveness of the biofertilizer The results
of the experiment showed that the plant samples treated with biofertilizer from water
melon papaya and banana wastes bad promising physical characteristics Other tests
such as analyses of pH values and potassium content in the biofertilizers were also
done in this research It was found that water melon biofertilizer had th e highest pH
value (5 15) The banana biofertilizer had the highest content of potassium with a
content of 3932g KlL Thus it was found that agro-wastes from water melon
papaya and banana were suitable to be used to produce biolertilizer using so lid state
fermentation method
IV
ABSTRAK
Mallamat kajian ini adalah untuk membangunkan teknik yang effeklif dan
mmah untuk menghasilkan bajabio daripada bahan buangan-agro Penapaian
berkeadaan pepejal adalah kaedah yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan bajabio ini 5
jenis bahan buangan agro digunakan untuk menghas ilkan bajabio ini adalah terdiri
daripada bahan buangan tembikai betik nenas limau manis dan pisang Kaedah
yang digunakan untuk menyemai benih sayllr sampel juga diterangkan dengan teliti
dalam laporan ini Ujian fizik al terhadap tumbuhan sampel berusia 5 minggu
digunakan untuk menentukan kesan penggunaan bajabio Keputusan ujian mendapati
bahawa tumbuhan yang menggunakan bajabio daripada bahan buangan-agro
tembikai betik dan pisang mempu nya i ciri fizik al yang baik Ujian juga dilakukan
dalam kajian ini untuk mengetahui nilai pH dan potassium yang terdapat di dalam
setiap bajabio Oaripada ujian yang telah dilakukan didapati bahawa bajabio
tembikai mempunyai nilai pH yang paling baik berbanding bajabio yang lain iaitu
5 15 Manakala daripada keputusan ujian kandungan potassium pula mendapati
bahawa pisang mempunyai kandungan potassium yang tinggi berbanding bajabio
yang lain iaitu sebanyak 3932g KlL Berdasarkan keputusan ujian yang telah
diperolehi didapati bahawa bah an buangan-agro daripada tembikai betik dan pisang
boleh dijadikan bajabio dengan mengg unakan kaedah penapaian berkeadaan pepejal
v
Pugt~l Khidmat MaJdumat Akuel UN IVEKSTI MJUn ~ ~AiAlttiM
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
DEDICATION 11
ACKNOWI~EDGEMENT III
ABSTRACT lV
ABSTRAK v
TABLE OF CONTENT Vl
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xv
LIST OF NOMENCLAT URES XXII
CHAPTER
1 INTROD UCTION
1 1 Background of Biofertilizer
12 Problem Statement 3
13 Objective 4
14 Significant of Study 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2 1 Waste and Agro-Waste 5
211 Utilization or Agro-Waste 7
2 12 National Stat istic Amount of Agro-Waste 12
Discharge
22 Type ofNutrient in Bioferti lizer 14
vi
221 N itrogen 14
222 Phosphorus 18
223 Potass ium 19
23 Crop Response 20
24 Conventional Method to Produce Biofertilizer 23
24 1 Compo sting 23
242 Solid State Fermentation Method 24
25 Dilution Teclmique 26
3 METHODOLOGY
3 I Preparation of Material 30
311 Agro-Waste Raw Material 30
(Pineapple Water Melon Papaya and
Citrus Orange Fruit Waste)
32 Preparation of Filtering Equipment 3 1
33 Solid State Fermentation Method 32
33 1 First Batch Fermentation Procedure 33
332 Second Batch Fermentation Procedure 33
34 Fermented App lication on Sample Plant 34
34 1 Procedure A App lication of the liquid 35
Biofertil izer on Plant Sample
342 Procedure B App licat ion of Liquid 36
BiofertiJizer on Plant Sample
343 Procedure of App lication of Solid Wet 37
Biofeliilizer on Sample Plant
vii
344 Procedure of Application of Solid Dry 38
Biofer1ilizer on Plant Sample
345 Procedure of Application of chemical 39
fertilizer on Plant Sample
346 Procedure oftreatment without any 40
application of biofertilizer
347 Procedure for the Plantation of Plant Sample 40
35 Physical Analysis of Plant Samples 41
351 Procedure to Measure the Length of the Root 42
of Plant Samples
352 Procedures for Measuring the Weight of Plant 42
Samples
353 Procedures for Calculating the Number of 43
Leaves of Plant Samples
354 Procedures for the Test of the Effect of 44
Nutrients On Surface of the Leaves
36 Characterization of Biofer1ilizer 45
361 Procedures for pH Test 45
362 Procedures for Analysis of Potassium Content 46
in the Liquid Biofer1ilizer
4 RESULTS ANALYSIS amp DISCUSSION
41 Solid State Fermentation Analysis 48
42 Filtering Equipment 49
421 Fabrication Process 53
viii
42 2 Procedure for Using Filtering Equipment
42 3 Cleaning the Filt ering Equipment
43 Application ofBio fertilizer in Plantation
431 Results for the Weight Analysis of the Plant
432 Results for Analysis of the Roo t of
plant Samples
433 Results Jor the Analysis of the Number of
Plant Samples
44 pH Test Results
45 Potassium Test Results
46 Discussion
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion
52 Reco mmendation for Futme
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
A-I
A-2
A-3
A-4
56
57
58
58
64
70
76
77
78
83
84
86
A-2
A-8
A-20
A-32
ix
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
2 11 Disposal practice from agro-industry 12
23 1 Effect of modes of bio- fertilizer app lications 20
on the changes in NH4-N content (mgkg) in so il
(Mean of3 replications)
232 Effect of modes of bio-fertilizer applications on the 20
changes in N03N content (mgkg) in soil
(Mean of 3 replications)
233 Effect of modes ofbio-fertilizer applications on the 21
changes in available P content (mgkg) in
soil (Mean o f 3 replications)
234 Effect of modes of bio- fert ilizer applications on the 21
changes in available K content (mgkg)
in soil (Mean of3 replications)
4 11 Fermentat ion period of bio fertiliz er 49
42 1 Ma in components filt ering equipment 52
43 1 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using first batch of 59
bioferti lizer
43 2 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using second batch 60
o f bio fertilizer
4 33 Weight of water spinach vegetable treated using second 62
batch biofertilizer
x
434 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 65
using first batch biofertilizer
435 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 66
using second batch biofertilizer
4 3 6 Length of the longest root length of water spinach 68
treated using second batch biofertilizer
43 7 Number of mustard vegetable leaf treated using fiTst 70
batch biofertili zer
438 N umber of mustard vegetable leaf treated using second 72
batch biofertilizer
4 39 N umber of water spinach vegetable leaf treated using 74
second batch
4A I pH level of biofertilizer 76
451 Potassium (K) content ofbiofertilizer 77
biofertili zer (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer (mustaTd plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A Il Weig ht of plant treated using flTst batch liquid A-2
A U Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-3
AU N umber of plant leaf treated 1lSing flTst batch liquid A-4
A lA Weight of plant treated using flTst batch solid wet A-5
A 1 5 Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-6
so lid wet biDfertilizer (mustaTd plant)
xi
A-7 A 16 Number of plant leaf treated using first batch solid wet
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-S
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
so lid wet bio fertilizer (mustard plant)
wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
bio fertil izer (mustard plant)
A 2 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A- IS
solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A22 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-9
A23 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-IO
A 24 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-II
A 25 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-12
A 26 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-13
A27 Weight of plant treated using second batch so lid wet A-14
A28 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-IS
A2 9 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch so lid A-16
A 210 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-17
xii
A 212 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch solid A-1 9
dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 3 1 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-20
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 32 Longest root length ofplant treated using second batch A-21
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 33 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-22
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 34 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-23
biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 35 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-24
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 36 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-25
biofertilizer procedure B (water sp inach plant)
A 37 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid wet A-26
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 38 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-27
so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 39 Number of plant leaf treated llsing second batch so lid A-28
wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 310 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-29
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-30
so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiii
A 312 Number of plan leaf treated using second batch so lid A-31
dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 1 Picture of (a) types of biomass and a (b) another types 9
of biomass source (waste wood from saw mill)
2 12 Picture of (a) filtered waste vegetab le oi l (b) ethano l II
oi l and fuel by soy seeds and a (c) herb and laboratory
glass with alternative fuels
221 Picture of (a) Jensen s seed ling agar method (b) agar 16
seed ling method modified by Gibson (c) Leonard jar
assembly for growing large seeded legumes and
(d) Fahreus seedling tube for studying infection
of roots by rhizobia
241 Picture of a (a) aerobic process and (b) an active 24
compost heap steaming on a co ld winter morning
30 1 Flow chart for experiment procedure 29
3 11 Picture of waste of (a) Pineapple (b) Water Melon 30
(c) Banana (d) Citrus orange and (e) Papaya fruits
321 Flow chart for preparation of filtering equipment 31
33 1 Flow chart for solid state fermentation method 32
procedure
332 Picture of (a) so luble wastes inside po lyethene bottle 33
(b) fruit waste that being weighted and (c) banana that
has been sliced and cut
xv
333 Picture of (a) liquid fertili zer that has been filt ered out and 34
were used as catalyst for the second batch fermentation and
(b) liquid biofertilizer that was used as catalyst is being
measured using super cup measuring
341 Picture of (a) mustard seed lings that have been planted 35
inside a planting basin and (b) the mustard plants that
have been harvested
342 Picture of (a) liquid biofet1ilizer that was used as a fertili zer 36
for the seed lings and (b) the seeds of mustard that are
planted and used in the research
343 Picture of (a) solid wet biofertili zer (b) so lid wet 37
bio fertilizer is undergoing weight-measuring process
and (c) so lid wet biofertilizer that is being introduced
to the seedlings
344 Picture of (a) dry so lid biofertilizer that has been dri ed 38
using aluminum foil and (b) dry so lid biofertilizer that
has been co llected and will be used to fertili zed the
seedlings
345 Picture of chemical fertilizer that has been applied in 39
the experiment
xvi
346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41
used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps
for the plantation seedlings that are covered with
leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct
expose to sun ray and also from raining
351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42
352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43
of plant sample
353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44
361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45
pH meter
362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47
machine
411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49
421 Picture of filtering equipment 51
422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54
423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55
assembled with its component
424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56
liquid biofertilizer collected using pail
425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57
equipment
431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59
batch of biofertilizer
xvii
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I express my thanks to God for all the blessings that have been
given to me throughout my works in order to acco mplish this report within the
desired time frame
I want to acknowledge my appreciation to my supervisor Dr Lim Soh Fong
for her guidance and help throughout the work for the research I also like to
acknowledge the apprec iation to all technical staffs in the mechanica l engineering
laboratory especially Mr Masri and Mr Sabariman for their helps that have been
given in guiding me on the right way to use tools in the laboratory and workshop in
facu lty of engineering Special thanks also to staffs and officers in Faculty of Science
and Resource Technology like Mr Leo Mr Tommy and Miss Zeti for their
continuous effort in providing the best serv ice to help me learned new thing in a very
new environment for me Without the help of these people it would be difficult for
me to accomplish this research
It is great pleasure that I would give my thankful to my family members that
have given me the necessary support throughout this research period Lastly thank to
you my belo ved fiance Simang Wan for her se lfless effort in helping in my work
and giving inspiration to work hard on this research
III
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study is (0 develop a simple and cost-effective method
to produce biofenili zer using agro-wastes Solid stat e fermentation was the method
used to produce such biofertilizer There were 5 types of agro-wastes being used in
this research They were wastes from water melon papaya pineapple citrus orange
and banana The met hod used to plant the vegetable samples were also exp lained in
detail within this report Physical propeJ1y tests were done on the plant samples of 5
weeks of age in order to determine the effectiveness of the biofertilizer The results
of the experiment showed that the plant samples treated with biofertilizer from water
melon papaya and banana wastes bad promising physical characteristics Other tests
such as analyses of pH values and potassium content in the biofertilizers were also
done in this research It was found that water melon biofertilizer had th e highest pH
value (5 15) The banana biofertilizer had the highest content of potassium with a
content of 3932g KlL Thus it was found that agro-wastes from water melon
papaya and banana were suitable to be used to produce biolertilizer using so lid state
fermentation method
IV
ABSTRAK
Mallamat kajian ini adalah untuk membangunkan teknik yang effeklif dan
mmah untuk menghasilkan bajabio daripada bahan buangan-agro Penapaian
berkeadaan pepejal adalah kaedah yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan bajabio ini 5
jenis bahan buangan agro digunakan untuk menghas ilkan bajabio ini adalah terdiri
daripada bahan buangan tembikai betik nenas limau manis dan pisang Kaedah
yang digunakan untuk menyemai benih sayllr sampel juga diterangkan dengan teliti
dalam laporan ini Ujian fizik al terhadap tumbuhan sampel berusia 5 minggu
digunakan untuk menentukan kesan penggunaan bajabio Keputusan ujian mendapati
bahawa tumbuhan yang menggunakan bajabio daripada bahan buangan-agro
tembikai betik dan pisang mempu nya i ciri fizik al yang baik Ujian juga dilakukan
dalam kajian ini untuk mengetahui nilai pH dan potassium yang terdapat di dalam
setiap bajabio Oaripada ujian yang telah dilakukan didapati bahawa bajabio
tembikai mempunyai nilai pH yang paling baik berbanding bajabio yang lain iaitu
5 15 Manakala daripada keputusan ujian kandungan potassium pula mendapati
bahawa pisang mempunyai kandungan potassium yang tinggi berbanding bajabio
yang lain iaitu sebanyak 3932g KlL Berdasarkan keputusan ujian yang telah
diperolehi didapati bahawa bah an buangan-agro daripada tembikai betik dan pisang
boleh dijadikan bajabio dengan mengg unakan kaedah penapaian berkeadaan pepejal
v
Pugt~l Khidmat MaJdumat Akuel UN IVEKSTI MJUn ~ ~AiAlttiM
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
DEDICATION 11
ACKNOWI~EDGEMENT III
ABSTRACT lV
ABSTRAK v
TABLE OF CONTENT Vl
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xv
LIST OF NOMENCLAT URES XXII
CHAPTER
1 INTROD UCTION
1 1 Background of Biofertilizer
12 Problem Statement 3
13 Objective 4
14 Significant of Study 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2 1 Waste and Agro-Waste 5
211 Utilization or Agro-Waste 7
2 12 National Stat istic Amount of Agro-Waste 12
Discharge
22 Type ofNutrient in Bioferti lizer 14
vi
221 N itrogen 14
222 Phosphorus 18
223 Potass ium 19
23 Crop Response 20
24 Conventional Method to Produce Biofertilizer 23
24 1 Compo sting 23
242 Solid State Fermentation Method 24
25 Dilution Teclmique 26
3 METHODOLOGY
3 I Preparation of Material 30
311 Agro-Waste Raw Material 30
(Pineapple Water Melon Papaya and
Citrus Orange Fruit Waste)
32 Preparation of Filtering Equipment 3 1
33 Solid State Fermentation Method 32
33 1 First Batch Fermentation Procedure 33
332 Second Batch Fermentation Procedure 33
34 Fermented App lication on Sample Plant 34
34 1 Procedure A App lication of the liquid 35
Biofertil izer on Plant Sample
342 Procedure B App licat ion of Liquid 36
BiofertiJizer on Plant Sample
343 Procedure of App lication of Solid Wet 37
Biofeliilizer on Sample Plant
vii
344 Procedure of Application of Solid Dry 38
Biofer1ilizer on Plant Sample
345 Procedure of Application of chemical 39
fertilizer on Plant Sample
346 Procedure oftreatment without any 40
application of biofertilizer
347 Procedure for the Plantation of Plant Sample 40
35 Physical Analysis of Plant Samples 41
351 Procedure to Measure the Length of the Root 42
of Plant Samples
352 Procedures for Measuring the Weight of Plant 42
Samples
353 Procedures for Calculating the Number of 43
Leaves of Plant Samples
354 Procedures for the Test of the Effect of 44
Nutrients On Surface of the Leaves
36 Characterization of Biofer1ilizer 45
361 Procedures for pH Test 45
362 Procedures for Analysis of Potassium Content 46
in the Liquid Biofer1ilizer
4 RESULTS ANALYSIS amp DISCUSSION
41 Solid State Fermentation Analysis 48
42 Filtering Equipment 49
421 Fabrication Process 53
viii
42 2 Procedure for Using Filtering Equipment
42 3 Cleaning the Filt ering Equipment
43 Application ofBio fertilizer in Plantation
431 Results for the Weight Analysis of the Plant
432 Results for Analysis of the Roo t of
plant Samples
433 Results Jor the Analysis of the Number of
Plant Samples
44 pH Test Results
45 Potassium Test Results
46 Discussion
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion
52 Reco mmendation for Futme
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
A-I
A-2
A-3
A-4
56
57
58
58
64
70
76
77
78
83
84
86
A-2
A-8
A-20
A-32
ix
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
2 11 Disposal practice from agro-industry 12
23 1 Effect of modes of bio- fertilizer app lications 20
on the changes in NH4-N content (mgkg) in so il
(Mean of3 replications)
232 Effect of modes of bio-fertilizer applications on the 20
changes in N03N content (mgkg) in soil
(Mean of 3 replications)
233 Effect of modes ofbio-fertilizer applications on the 21
changes in available P content (mgkg) in
soil (Mean o f 3 replications)
234 Effect of modes of bio- fert ilizer applications on the 21
changes in available K content (mgkg)
in soil (Mean of3 replications)
4 11 Fermentat ion period of bio fertiliz er 49
42 1 Ma in components filt ering equipment 52
43 1 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using first batch of 59
bioferti lizer
43 2 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using second batch 60
o f bio fertilizer
4 33 Weight of water spinach vegetable treated using second 62
batch biofertilizer
x
434 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 65
using first batch biofertilizer
435 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 66
using second batch biofertilizer
4 3 6 Length of the longest root length of water spinach 68
treated using second batch biofertilizer
43 7 Number of mustard vegetable leaf treated using fiTst 70
batch biofertili zer
438 N umber of mustard vegetable leaf treated using second 72
batch biofertilizer
4 39 N umber of water spinach vegetable leaf treated using 74
second batch
4A I pH level of biofertilizer 76
451 Potassium (K) content ofbiofertilizer 77
biofertili zer (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer (mustaTd plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A Il Weig ht of plant treated using flTst batch liquid A-2
A U Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-3
AU N umber of plant leaf treated 1lSing flTst batch liquid A-4
A lA Weight of plant treated using flTst batch solid wet A-5
A 1 5 Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-6
so lid wet biDfertilizer (mustaTd plant)
xi
A-7 A 16 Number of plant leaf treated using first batch solid wet
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-S
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
so lid wet bio fertilizer (mustard plant)
wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
bio fertil izer (mustard plant)
A 2 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A- IS
solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A22 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-9
A23 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-IO
A 24 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-II
A 25 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-12
A 26 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-13
A27 Weight of plant treated using second batch so lid wet A-14
A28 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-IS
A2 9 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch so lid A-16
A 210 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-17
xii
A 212 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch solid A-1 9
dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 3 1 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-20
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 32 Longest root length ofplant treated using second batch A-21
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 33 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-22
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 34 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-23
biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 35 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-24
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 36 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-25
biofertilizer procedure B (water sp inach plant)
A 37 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid wet A-26
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 38 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-27
so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 39 Number of plant leaf treated llsing second batch so lid A-28
wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 310 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-29
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-30
so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiii
A 312 Number of plan leaf treated using second batch so lid A-31
dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 1 Picture of (a) types of biomass and a (b) another types 9
of biomass source (waste wood from saw mill)
2 12 Picture of (a) filtered waste vegetab le oi l (b) ethano l II
oi l and fuel by soy seeds and a (c) herb and laboratory
glass with alternative fuels
221 Picture of (a) Jensen s seed ling agar method (b) agar 16
seed ling method modified by Gibson (c) Leonard jar
assembly for growing large seeded legumes and
(d) Fahreus seedling tube for studying infection
of roots by rhizobia
241 Picture of a (a) aerobic process and (b) an active 24
compost heap steaming on a co ld winter morning
30 1 Flow chart for experiment procedure 29
3 11 Picture of waste of (a) Pineapple (b) Water Melon 30
(c) Banana (d) Citrus orange and (e) Papaya fruits
321 Flow chart for preparation of filtering equipment 31
33 1 Flow chart for solid state fermentation method 32
procedure
332 Picture of (a) so luble wastes inside po lyethene bottle 33
(b) fruit waste that being weighted and (c) banana that
has been sliced and cut
xv
333 Picture of (a) liquid fertili zer that has been filt ered out and 34
were used as catalyst for the second batch fermentation and
(b) liquid biofertilizer that was used as catalyst is being
measured using super cup measuring
341 Picture of (a) mustard seed lings that have been planted 35
inside a planting basin and (b) the mustard plants that
have been harvested
342 Picture of (a) liquid biofet1ilizer that was used as a fertili zer 36
for the seed lings and (b) the seeds of mustard that are
planted and used in the research
343 Picture of (a) solid wet biofertili zer (b) so lid wet 37
bio fertilizer is undergoing weight-measuring process
and (c) so lid wet biofertilizer that is being introduced
to the seedlings
344 Picture of (a) dry so lid biofertilizer that has been dri ed 38
using aluminum foil and (b) dry so lid biofertilizer that
has been co llected and will be used to fertili zed the
seedlings
345 Picture of chemical fertilizer that has been applied in 39
the experiment
xvi
346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41
used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps
for the plantation seedlings that are covered with
leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct
expose to sun ray and also from raining
351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42
352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43
of plant sample
353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44
361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45
pH meter
362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47
machine
411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49
421 Picture of filtering equipment 51
422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54
423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55
assembled with its component
424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56
liquid biofertilizer collected using pail
425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57
equipment
431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59
batch of biofertilizer
xvii
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study is (0 develop a simple and cost-effective method
to produce biofenili zer using agro-wastes Solid stat e fermentation was the method
used to produce such biofertilizer There were 5 types of agro-wastes being used in
this research They were wastes from water melon papaya pineapple citrus orange
and banana The met hod used to plant the vegetable samples were also exp lained in
detail within this report Physical propeJ1y tests were done on the plant samples of 5
weeks of age in order to determine the effectiveness of the biofertilizer The results
of the experiment showed that the plant samples treated with biofertilizer from water
melon papaya and banana wastes bad promising physical characteristics Other tests
such as analyses of pH values and potassium content in the biofertilizers were also
done in this research It was found that water melon biofertilizer had th e highest pH
value (5 15) The banana biofertilizer had the highest content of potassium with a
content of 3932g KlL Thus it was found that agro-wastes from water melon
papaya and banana were suitable to be used to produce biolertilizer using so lid state
fermentation method
IV
ABSTRAK
Mallamat kajian ini adalah untuk membangunkan teknik yang effeklif dan
mmah untuk menghasilkan bajabio daripada bahan buangan-agro Penapaian
berkeadaan pepejal adalah kaedah yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan bajabio ini 5
jenis bahan buangan agro digunakan untuk menghas ilkan bajabio ini adalah terdiri
daripada bahan buangan tembikai betik nenas limau manis dan pisang Kaedah
yang digunakan untuk menyemai benih sayllr sampel juga diterangkan dengan teliti
dalam laporan ini Ujian fizik al terhadap tumbuhan sampel berusia 5 minggu
digunakan untuk menentukan kesan penggunaan bajabio Keputusan ujian mendapati
bahawa tumbuhan yang menggunakan bajabio daripada bahan buangan-agro
tembikai betik dan pisang mempu nya i ciri fizik al yang baik Ujian juga dilakukan
dalam kajian ini untuk mengetahui nilai pH dan potassium yang terdapat di dalam
setiap bajabio Oaripada ujian yang telah dilakukan didapati bahawa bajabio
tembikai mempunyai nilai pH yang paling baik berbanding bajabio yang lain iaitu
5 15 Manakala daripada keputusan ujian kandungan potassium pula mendapati
bahawa pisang mempunyai kandungan potassium yang tinggi berbanding bajabio
yang lain iaitu sebanyak 3932g KlL Berdasarkan keputusan ujian yang telah
diperolehi didapati bahawa bah an buangan-agro daripada tembikai betik dan pisang
boleh dijadikan bajabio dengan mengg unakan kaedah penapaian berkeadaan pepejal
v
Pugt~l Khidmat MaJdumat Akuel UN IVEKSTI MJUn ~ ~AiAlttiM
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
DEDICATION 11
ACKNOWI~EDGEMENT III
ABSTRACT lV
ABSTRAK v
TABLE OF CONTENT Vl
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xv
LIST OF NOMENCLAT URES XXII
CHAPTER
1 INTROD UCTION
1 1 Background of Biofertilizer
12 Problem Statement 3
13 Objective 4
14 Significant of Study 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2 1 Waste and Agro-Waste 5
211 Utilization or Agro-Waste 7
2 12 National Stat istic Amount of Agro-Waste 12
Discharge
22 Type ofNutrient in Bioferti lizer 14
vi
221 N itrogen 14
222 Phosphorus 18
223 Potass ium 19
23 Crop Response 20
24 Conventional Method to Produce Biofertilizer 23
24 1 Compo sting 23
242 Solid State Fermentation Method 24
25 Dilution Teclmique 26
3 METHODOLOGY
3 I Preparation of Material 30
311 Agro-Waste Raw Material 30
(Pineapple Water Melon Papaya and
Citrus Orange Fruit Waste)
32 Preparation of Filtering Equipment 3 1
33 Solid State Fermentation Method 32
33 1 First Batch Fermentation Procedure 33
332 Second Batch Fermentation Procedure 33
34 Fermented App lication on Sample Plant 34
34 1 Procedure A App lication of the liquid 35
Biofertil izer on Plant Sample
342 Procedure B App licat ion of Liquid 36
BiofertiJizer on Plant Sample
343 Procedure of App lication of Solid Wet 37
Biofeliilizer on Sample Plant
vii
344 Procedure of Application of Solid Dry 38
Biofer1ilizer on Plant Sample
345 Procedure of Application of chemical 39
fertilizer on Plant Sample
346 Procedure oftreatment without any 40
application of biofertilizer
347 Procedure for the Plantation of Plant Sample 40
35 Physical Analysis of Plant Samples 41
351 Procedure to Measure the Length of the Root 42
of Plant Samples
352 Procedures for Measuring the Weight of Plant 42
Samples
353 Procedures for Calculating the Number of 43
Leaves of Plant Samples
354 Procedures for the Test of the Effect of 44
Nutrients On Surface of the Leaves
36 Characterization of Biofer1ilizer 45
361 Procedures for pH Test 45
362 Procedures for Analysis of Potassium Content 46
in the Liquid Biofer1ilizer
4 RESULTS ANALYSIS amp DISCUSSION
41 Solid State Fermentation Analysis 48
42 Filtering Equipment 49
421 Fabrication Process 53
viii
42 2 Procedure for Using Filtering Equipment
42 3 Cleaning the Filt ering Equipment
43 Application ofBio fertilizer in Plantation
431 Results for the Weight Analysis of the Plant
432 Results for Analysis of the Roo t of
plant Samples
433 Results Jor the Analysis of the Number of
Plant Samples
44 pH Test Results
45 Potassium Test Results
46 Discussion
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion
52 Reco mmendation for Futme
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
A-I
A-2
A-3
A-4
56
57
58
58
64
70
76
77
78
83
84
86
A-2
A-8
A-20
A-32
ix
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
2 11 Disposal practice from agro-industry 12
23 1 Effect of modes of bio- fertilizer app lications 20
on the changes in NH4-N content (mgkg) in so il
(Mean of3 replications)
232 Effect of modes of bio-fertilizer applications on the 20
changes in N03N content (mgkg) in soil
(Mean of 3 replications)
233 Effect of modes ofbio-fertilizer applications on the 21
changes in available P content (mgkg) in
soil (Mean o f 3 replications)
234 Effect of modes of bio- fert ilizer applications on the 21
changes in available K content (mgkg)
in soil (Mean of3 replications)
4 11 Fermentat ion period of bio fertiliz er 49
42 1 Ma in components filt ering equipment 52
43 1 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using first batch of 59
bioferti lizer
43 2 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using second batch 60
o f bio fertilizer
4 33 Weight of water spinach vegetable treated using second 62
batch biofertilizer
x
434 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 65
using first batch biofertilizer
435 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 66
using second batch biofertilizer
4 3 6 Length of the longest root length of water spinach 68
treated using second batch biofertilizer
43 7 Number of mustard vegetable leaf treated using fiTst 70
batch biofertili zer
438 N umber of mustard vegetable leaf treated using second 72
batch biofertilizer
4 39 N umber of water spinach vegetable leaf treated using 74
second batch
4A I pH level of biofertilizer 76
451 Potassium (K) content ofbiofertilizer 77
biofertili zer (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer (mustaTd plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A Il Weig ht of plant treated using flTst batch liquid A-2
A U Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-3
AU N umber of plant leaf treated 1lSing flTst batch liquid A-4
A lA Weight of plant treated using flTst batch solid wet A-5
A 1 5 Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-6
so lid wet biDfertilizer (mustaTd plant)
xi
A-7 A 16 Number of plant leaf treated using first batch solid wet
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-S
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
so lid wet bio fertilizer (mustard plant)
wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
bio fertil izer (mustard plant)
A 2 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A- IS
solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A22 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-9
A23 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-IO
A 24 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-II
A 25 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-12
A 26 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-13
A27 Weight of plant treated using second batch so lid wet A-14
A28 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-IS
A2 9 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch so lid A-16
A 210 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-17
xii
A 212 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch solid A-1 9
dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 3 1 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-20
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 32 Longest root length ofplant treated using second batch A-21
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 33 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-22
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 34 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-23
biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 35 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-24
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 36 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-25
biofertilizer procedure B (water sp inach plant)
A 37 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid wet A-26
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 38 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-27
so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 39 Number of plant leaf treated llsing second batch so lid A-28
wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 310 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-29
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-30
so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiii
A 312 Number of plan leaf treated using second batch so lid A-31
dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 1 Picture of (a) types of biomass and a (b) another types 9
of biomass source (waste wood from saw mill)
2 12 Picture of (a) filtered waste vegetab le oi l (b) ethano l II
oi l and fuel by soy seeds and a (c) herb and laboratory
glass with alternative fuels
221 Picture of (a) Jensen s seed ling agar method (b) agar 16
seed ling method modified by Gibson (c) Leonard jar
assembly for growing large seeded legumes and
(d) Fahreus seedling tube for studying infection
of roots by rhizobia
241 Picture of a (a) aerobic process and (b) an active 24
compost heap steaming on a co ld winter morning
30 1 Flow chart for experiment procedure 29
3 11 Picture of waste of (a) Pineapple (b) Water Melon 30
(c) Banana (d) Citrus orange and (e) Papaya fruits
321 Flow chart for preparation of filtering equipment 31
33 1 Flow chart for solid state fermentation method 32
procedure
332 Picture of (a) so luble wastes inside po lyethene bottle 33
(b) fruit waste that being weighted and (c) banana that
has been sliced and cut
xv
333 Picture of (a) liquid fertili zer that has been filt ered out and 34
were used as catalyst for the second batch fermentation and
(b) liquid biofertilizer that was used as catalyst is being
measured using super cup measuring
341 Picture of (a) mustard seed lings that have been planted 35
inside a planting basin and (b) the mustard plants that
have been harvested
342 Picture of (a) liquid biofet1ilizer that was used as a fertili zer 36
for the seed lings and (b) the seeds of mustard that are
planted and used in the research
343 Picture of (a) solid wet biofertili zer (b) so lid wet 37
bio fertilizer is undergoing weight-measuring process
and (c) so lid wet biofertilizer that is being introduced
to the seedlings
344 Picture of (a) dry so lid biofertilizer that has been dri ed 38
using aluminum foil and (b) dry so lid biofertilizer that
has been co llected and will be used to fertili zed the
seedlings
345 Picture of chemical fertilizer that has been applied in 39
the experiment
xvi
346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41
used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps
for the plantation seedlings that are covered with
leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct
expose to sun ray and also from raining
351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42
352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43
of plant sample
353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44
361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45
pH meter
362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47
machine
411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49
421 Picture of filtering equipment 51
422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54
423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55
assembled with its component
424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56
liquid biofertilizer collected using pail
425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57
equipment
431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59
batch of biofertilizer
xvii
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
ABSTRAK
Mallamat kajian ini adalah untuk membangunkan teknik yang effeklif dan
mmah untuk menghasilkan bajabio daripada bahan buangan-agro Penapaian
berkeadaan pepejal adalah kaedah yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan bajabio ini 5
jenis bahan buangan agro digunakan untuk menghas ilkan bajabio ini adalah terdiri
daripada bahan buangan tembikai betik nenas limau manis dan pisang Kaedah
yang digunakan untuk menyemai benih sayllr sampel juga diterangkan dengan teliti
dalam laporan ini Ujian fizik al terhadap tumbuhan sampel berusia 5 minggu
digunakan untuk menentukan kesan penggunaan bajabio Keputusan ujian mendapati
bahawa tumbuhan yang menggunakan bajabio daripada bahan buangan-agro
tembikai betik dan pisang mempu nya i ciri fizik al yang baik Ujian juga dilakukan
dalam kajian ini untuk mengetahui nilai pH dan potassium yang terdapat di dalam
setiap bajabio Oaripada ujian yang telah dilakukan didapati bahawa bajabio
tembikai mempunyai nilai pH yang paling baik berbanding bajabio yang lain iaitu
5 15 Manakala daripada keputusan ujian kandungan potassium pula mendapati
bahawa pisang mempunyai kandungan potassium yang tinggi berbanding bajabio
yang lain iaitu sebanyak 3932g KlL Berdasarkan keputusan ujian yang telah
diperolehi didapati bahawa bah an buangan-agro daripada tembikai betik dan pisang
boleh dijadikan bajabio dengan mengg unakan kaedah penapaian berkeadaan pepejal
v
Pugt~l Khidmat MaJdumat Akuel UN IVEKSTI MJUn ~ ~AiAlttiM
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
DEDICATION 11
ACKNOWI~EDGEMENT III
ABSTRACT lV
ABSTRAK v
TABLE OF CONTENT Vl
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xv
LIST OF NOMENCLAT URES XXII
CHAPTER
1 INTROD UCTION
1 1 Background of Biofertilizer
12 Problem Statement 3
13 Objective 4
14 Significant of Study 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2 1 Waste and Agro-Waste 5
211 Utilization or Agro-Waste 7
2 12 National Stat istic Amount of Agro-Waste 12
Discharge
22 Type ofNutrient in Bioferti lizer 14
vi
221 N itrogen 14
222 Phosphorus 18
223 Potass ium 19
23 Crop Response 20
24 Conventional Method to Produce Biofertilizer 23
24 1 Compo sting 23
242 Solid State Fermentation Method 24
25 Dilution Teclmique 26
3 METHODOLOGY
3 I Preparation of Material 30
311 Agro-Waste Raw Material 30
(Pineapple Water Melon Papaya and
Citrus Orange Fruit Waste)
32 Preparation of Filtering Equipment 3 1
33 Solid State Fermentation Method 32
33 1 First Batch Fermentation Procedure 33
332 Second Batch Fermentation Procedure 33
34 Fermented App lication on Sample Plant 34
34 1 Procedure A App lication of the liquid 35
Biofertil izer on Plant Sample
342 Procedure B App licat ion of Liquid 36
BiofertiJizer on Plant Sample
343 Procedure of App lication of Solid Wet 37
Biofeliilizer on Sample Plant
vii
344 Procedure of Application of Solid Dry 38
Biofer1ilizer on Plant Sample
345 Procedure of Application of chemical 39
fertilizer on Plant Sample
346 Procedure oftreatment without any 40
application of biofertilizer
347 Procedure for the Plantation of Plant Sample 40
35 Physical Analysis of Plant Samples 41
351 Procedure to Measure the Length of the Root 42
of Plant Samples
352 Procedures for Measuring the Weight of Plant 42
Samples
353 Procedures for Calculating the Number of 43
Leaves of Plant Samples
354 Procedures for the Test of the Effect of 44
Nutrients On Surface of the Leaves
36 Characterization of Biofer1ilizer 45
361 Procedures for pH Test 45
362 Procedures for Analysis of Potassium Content 46
in the Liquid Biofer1ilizer
4 RESULTS ANALYSIS amp DISCUSSION
41 Solid State Fermentation Analysis 48
42 Filtering Equipment 49
421 Fabrication Process 53
viii
42 2 Procedure for Using Filtering Equipment
42 3 Cleaning the Filt ering Equipment
43 Application ofBio fertilizer in Plantation
431 Results for the Weight Analysis of the Plant
432 Results for Analysis of the Roo t of
plant Samples
433 Results Jor the Analysis of the Number of
Plant Samples
44 pH Test Results
45 Potassium Test Results
46 Discussion
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion
52 Reco mmendation for Futme
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
A-I
A-2
A-3
A-4
56
57
58
58
64
70
76
77
78
83
84
86
A-2
A-8
A-20
A-32
ix
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
2 11 Disposal practice from agro-industry 12
23 1 Effect of modes of bio- fertilizer app lications 20
on the changes in NH4-N content (mgkg) in so il
(Mean of3 replications)
232 Effect of modes of bio-fertilizer applications on the 20
changes in N03N content (mgkg) in soil
(Mean of 3 replications)
233 Effect of modes ofbio-fertilizer applications on the 21
changes in available P content (mgkg) in
soil (Mean o f 3 replications)
234 Effect of modes of bio- fert ilizer applications on the 21
changes in available K content (mgkg)
in soil (Mean of3 replications)
4 11 Fermentat ion period of bio fertiliz er 49
42 1 Ma in components filt ering equipment 52
43 1 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using first batch of 59
bioferti lizer
43 2 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using second batch 60
o f bio fertilizer
4 33 Weight of water spinach vegetable treated using second 62
batch biofertilizer
x
434 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 65
using first batch biofertilizer
435 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 66
using second batch biofertilizer
4 3 6 Length of the longest root length of water spinach 68
treated using second batch biofertilizer
43 7 Number of mustard vegetable leaf treated using fiTst 70
batch biofertili zer
438 N umber of mustard vegetable leaf treated using second 72
batch biofertilizer
4 39 N umber of water spinach vegetable leaf treated using 74
second batch
4A I pH level of biofertilizer 76
451 Potassium (K) content ofbiofertilizer 77
biofertili zer (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer (mustaTd plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A Il Weig ht of plant treated using flTst batch liquid A-2
A U Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-3
AU N umber of plant leaf treated 1lSing flTst batch liquid A-4
A lA Weight of plant treated using flTst batch solid wet A-5
A 1 5 Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-6
so lid wet biDfertilizer (mustaTd plant)
xi
A-7 A 16 Number of plant leaf treated using first batch solid wet
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-S
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
so lid wet bio fertilizer (mustard plant)
wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
bio fertil izer (mustard plant)
A 2 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A- IS
solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A22 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-9
A23 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-IO
A 24 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-II
A 25 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-12
A 26 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-13
A27 Weight of plant treated using second batch so lid wet A-14
A28 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-IS
A2 9 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch so lid A-16
A 210 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-17
xii
A 212 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch solid A-1 9
dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 3 1 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-20
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 32 Longest root length ofplant treated using second batch A-21
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 33 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-22
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 34 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-23
biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 35 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-24
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 36 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-25
biofertilizer procedure B (water sp inach plant)
A 37 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid wet A-26
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 38 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-27
so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 39 Number of plant leaf treated llsing second batch so lid A-28
wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 310 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-29
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-30
so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiii
A 312 Number of plan leaf treated using second batch so lid A-31
dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 1 Picture of (a) types of biomass and a (b) another types 9
of biomass source (waste wood from saw mill)
2 12 Picture of (a) filtered waste vegetab le oi l (b) ethano l II
oi l and fuel by soy seeds and a (c) herb and laboratory
glass with alternative fuels
221 Picture of (a) Jensen s seed ling agar method (b) agar 16
seed ling method modified by Gibson (c) Leonard jar
assembly for growing large seeded legumes and
(d) Fahreus seedling tube for studying infection
of roots by rhizobia
241 Picture of a (a) aerobic process and (b) an active 24
compost heap steaming on a co ld winter morning
30 1 Flow chart for experiment procedure 29
3 11 Picture of waste of (a) Pineapple (b) Water Melon 30
(c) Banana (d) Citrus orange and (e) Papaya fruits
321 Flow chart for preparation of filtering equipment 31
33 1 Flow chart for solid state fermentation method 32
procedure
332 Picture of (a) so luble wastes inside po lyethene bottle 33
(b) fruit waste that being weighted and (c) banana that
has been sliced and cut
xv
333 Picture of (a) liquid fertili zer that has been filt ered out and 34
were used as catalyst for the second batch fermentation and
(b) liquid biofertilizer that was used as catalyst is being
measured using super cup measuring
341 Picture of (a) mustard seed lings that have been planted 35
inside a planting basin and (b) the mustard plants that
have been harvested
342 Picture of (a) liquid biofet1ilizer that was used as a fertili zer 36
for the seed lings and (b) the seeds of mustard that are
planted and used in the research
343 Picture of (a) solid wet biofertili zer (b) so lid wet 37
bio fertilizer is undergoing weight-measuring process
and (c) so lid wet biofertilizer that is being introduced
to the seedlings
344 Picture of (a) dry so lid biofertilizer that has been dri ed 38
using aluminum foil and (b) dry so lid biofertilizer that
has been co llected and will be used to fertili zed the
seedlings
345 Picture of chemical fertilizer that has been applied in 39
the experiment
xvi
346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41
used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps
for the plantation seedlings that are covered with
leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct
expose to sun ray and also from raining
351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42
352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43
of plant sample
353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44
361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45
pH meter
362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47
machine
411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49
421 Picture of filtering equipment 51
422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54
423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55
assembled with its component
424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56
liquid biofertilizer collected using pail
425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57
equipment
431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59
batch of biofertilizer
xvii
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
Pugt~l Khidmat MaJdumat Akuel UN IVEKSTI MJUn ~ ~AiAlttiM
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
DEDICATION 11
ACKNOWI~EDGEMENT III
ABSTRACT lV
ABSTRAK v
TABLE OF CONTENT Vl
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xv
LIST OF NOMENCLAT URES XXII
CHAPTER
1 INTROD UCTION
1 1 Background of Biofertilizer
12 Problem Statement 3
13 Objective 4
14 Significant of Study 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2 1 Waste and Agro-Waste 5
211 Utilization or Agro-Waste 7
2 12 National Stat istic Amount of Agro-Waste 12
Discharge
22 Type ofNutrient in Bioferti lizer 14
vi
221 N itrogen 14
222 Phosphorus 18
223 Potass ium 19
23 Crop Response 20
24 Conventional Method to Produce Biofertilizer 23
24 1 Compo sting 23
242 Solid State Fermentation Method 24
25 Dilution Teclmique 26
3 METHODOLOGY
3 I Preparation of Material 30
311 Agro-Waste Raw Material 30
(Pineapple Water Melon Papaya and
Citrus Orange Fruit Waste)
32 Preparation of Filtering Equipment 3 1
33 Solid State Fermentation Method 32
33 1 First Batch Fermentation Procedure 33
332 Second Batch Fermentation Procedure 33
34 Fermented App lication on Sample Plant 34
34 1 Procedure A App lication of the liquid 35
Biofertil izer on Plant Sample
342 Procedure B App licat ion of Liquid 36
BiofertiJizer on Plant Sample
343 Procedure of App lication of Solid Wet 37
Biofeliilizer on Sample Plant
vii
344 Procedure of Application of Solid Dry 38
Biofer1ilizer on Plant Sample
345 Procedure of Application of chemical 39
fertilizer on Plant Sample
346 Procedure oftreatment without any 40
application of biofertilizer
347 Procedure for the Plantation of Plant Sample 40
35 Physical Analysis of Plant Samples 41
351 Procedure to Measure the Length of the Root 42
of Plant Samples
352 Procedures for Measuring the Weight of Plant 42
Samples
353 Procedures for Calculating the Number of 43
Leaves of Plant Samples
354 Procedures for the Test of the Effect of 44
Nutrients On Surface of the Leaves
36 Characterization of Biofer1ilizer 45
361 Procedures for pH Test 45
362 Procedures for Analysis of Potassium Content 46
in the Liquid Biofer1ilizer
4 RESULTS ANALYSIS amp DISCUSSION
41 Solid State Fermentation Analysis 48
42 Filtering Equipment 49
421 Fabrication Process 53
viii
42 2 Procedure for Using Filtering Equipment
42 3 Cleaning the Filt ering Equipment
43 Application ofBio fertilizer in Plantation
431 Results for the Weight Analysis of the Plant
432 Results for Analysis of the Roo t of
plant Samples
433 Results Jor the Analysis of the Number of
Plant Samples
44 pH Test Results
45 Potassium Test Results
46 Discussion
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion
52 Reco mmendation for Futme
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
A-I
A-2
A-3
A-4
56
57
58
58
64
70
76
77
78
83
84
86
A-2
A-8
A-20
A-32
ix
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
2 11 Disposal practice from agro-industry 12
23 1 Effect of modes of bio- fertilizer app lications 20
on the changes in NH4-N content (mgkg) in so il
(Mean of3 replications)
232 Effect of modes of bio-fertilizer applications on the 20
changes in N03N content (mgkg) in soil
(Mean of 3 replications)
233 Effect of modes ofbio-fertilizer applications on the 21
changes in available P content (mgkg) in
soil (Mean o f 3 replications)
234 Effect of modes of bio- fert ilizer applications on the 21
changes in available K content (mgkg)
in soil (Mean of3 replications)
4 11 Fermentat ion period of bio fertiliz er 49
42 1 Ma in components filt ering equipment 52
43 1 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using first batch of 59
bioferti lizer
43 2 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using second batch 60
o f bio fertilizer
4 33 Weight of water spinach vegetable treated using second 62
batch biofertilizer
x
434 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 65
using first batch biofertilizer
435 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 66
using second batch biofertilizer
4 3 6 Length of the longest root length of water spinach 68
treated using second batch biofertilizer
43 7 Number of mustard vegetable leaf treated using fiTst 70
batch biofertili zer
438 N umber of mustard vegetable leaf treated using second 72
batch biofertilizer
4 39 N umber of water spinach vegetable leaf treated using 74
second batch
4A I pH level of biofertilizer 76
451 Potassium (K) content ofbiofertilizer 77
biofertili zer (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer (mustaTd plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A Il Weig ht of plant treated using flTst batch liquid A-2
A U Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-3
AU N umber of plant leaf treated 1lSing flTst batch liquid A-4
A lA Weight of plant treated using flTst batch solid wet A-5
A 1 5 Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-6
so lid wet biDfertilizer (mustaTd plant)
xi
A-7 A 16 Number of plant leaf treated using first batch solid wet
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-S
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
so lid wet bio fertilizer (mustard plant)
wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
bio fertil izer (mustard plant)
A 2 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A- IS
solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A22 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-9
A23 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-IO
A 24 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-II
A 25 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-12
A 26 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-13
A27 Weight of plant treated using second batch so lid wet A-14
A28 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-IS
A2 9 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch so lid A-16
A 210 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-17
xii
A 212 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch solid A-1 9
dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 3 1 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-20
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 32 Longest root length ofplant treated using second batch A-21
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 33 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-22
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 34 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-23
biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 35 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-24
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 36 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-25
biofertilizer procedure B (water sp inach plant)
A 37 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid wet A-26
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 38 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-27
so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 39 Number of plant leaf treated llsing second batch so lid A-28
wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 310 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-29
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-30
so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiii
A 312 Number of plan leaf treated using second batch so lid A-31
dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 1 Picture of (a) types of biomass and a (b) another types 9
of biomass source (waste wood from saw mill)
2 12 Picture of (a) filtered waste vegetab le oi l (b) ethano l II
oi l and fuel by soy seeds and a (c) herb and laboratory
glass with alternative fuels
221 Picture of (a) Jensen s seed ling agar method (b) agar 16
seed ling method modified by Gibson (c) Leonard jar
assembly for growing large seeded legumes and
(d) Fahreus seedling tube for studying infection
of roots by rhizobia
241 Picture of a (a) aerobic process and (b) an active 24
compost heap steaming on a co ld winter morning
30 1 Flow chart for experiment procedure 29
3 11 Picture of waste of (a) Pineapple (b) Water Melon 30
(c) Banana (d) Citrus orange and (e) Papaya fruits
321 Flow chart for preparation of filtering equipment 31
33 1 Flow chart for solid state fermentation method 32
procedure
332 Picture of (a) so luble wastes inside po lyethene bottle 33
(b) fruit waste that being weighted and (c) banana that
has been sliced and cut
xv
333 Picture of (a) liquid fertili zer that has been filt ered out and 34
were used as catalyst for the second batch fermentation and
(b) liquid biofertilizer that was used as catalyst is being
measured using super cup measuring
341 Picture of (a) mustard seed lings that have been planted 35
inside a planting basin and (b) the mustard plants that
have been harvested
342 Picture of (a) liquid biofet1ilizer that was used as a fertili zer 36
for the seed lings and (b) the seeds of mustard that are
planted and used in the research
343 Picture of (a) solid wet biofertili zer (b) so lid wet 37
bio fertilizer is undergoing weight-measuring process
and (c) so lid wet biofertilizer that is being introduced
to the seedlings
344 Picture of (a) dry so lid biofertilizer that has been dri ed 38
using aluminum foil and (b) dry so lid biofertilizer that
has been co llected and will be used to fertili zed the
seedlings
345 Picture of chemical fertilizer that has been applied in 39
the experiment
xvi
346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41
used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps
for the plantation seedlings that are covered with
leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct
expose to sun ray and also from raining
351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42
352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43
of plant sample
353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44
361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45
pH meter
362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47
machine
411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49
421 Picture of filtering equipment 51
422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54
423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55
assembled with its component
424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56
liquid biofertilizer collected using pail
425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57
equipment
431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59
batch of biofertilizer
xvii
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
221 N itrogen 14
222 Phosphorus 18
223 Potass ium 19
23 Crop Response 20
24 Conventional Method to Produce Biofertilizer 23
24 1 Compo sting 23
242 Solid State Fermentation Method 24
25 Dilution Teclmique 26
3 METHODOLOGY
3 I Preparation of Material 30
311 Agro-Waste Raw Material 30
(Pineapple Water Melon Papaya and
Citrus Orange Fruit Waste)
32 Preparation of Filtering Equipment 3 1
33 Solid State Fermentation Method 32
33 1 First Batch Fermentation Procedure 33
332 Second Batch Fermentation Procedure 33
34 Fermented App lication on Sample Plant 34
34 1 Procedure A App lication of the liquid 35
Biofertil izer on Plant Sample
342 Procedure B App licat ion of Liquid 36
BiofertiJizer on Plant Sample
343 Procedure of App lication of Solid Wet 37
Biofeliilizer on Sample Plant
vii
344 Procedure of Application of Solid Dry 38
Biofer1ilizer on Plant Sample
345 Procedure of Application of chemical 39
fertilizer on Plant Sample
346 Procedure oftreatment without any 40
application of biofertilizer
347 Procedure for the Plantation of Plant Sample 40
35 Physical Analysis of Plant Samples 41
351 Procedure to Measure the Length of the Root 42
of Plant Samples
352 Procedures for Measuring the Weight of Plant 42
Samples
353 Procedures for Calculating the Number of 43
Leaves of Plant Samples
354 Procedures for the Test of the Effect of 44
Nutrients On Surface of the Leaves
36 Characterization of Biofer1ilizer 45
361 Procedures for pH Test 45
362 Procedures for Analysis of Potassium Content 46
in the Liquid Biofer1ilizer
4 RESULTS ANALYSIS amp DISCUSSION
41 Solid State Fermentation Analysis 48
42 Filtering Equipment 49
421 Fabrication Process 53
viii
42 2 Procedure for Using Filtering Equipment
42 3 Cleaning the Filt ering Equipment
43 Application ofBio fertilizer in Plantation
431 Results for the Weight Analysis of the Plant
432 Results for Analysis of the Roo t of
plant Samples
433 Results Jor the Analysis of the Number of
Plant Samples
44 pH Test Results
45 Potassium Test Results
46 Discussion
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion
52 Reco mmendation for Futme
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
A-I
A-2
A-3
A-4
56
57
58
58
64
70
76
77
78
83
84
86
A-2
A-8
A-20
A-32
ix
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
2 11 Disposal practice from agro-industry 12
23 1 Effect of modes of bio- fertilizer app lications 20
on the changes in NH4-N content (mgkg) in so il
(Mean of3 replications)
232 Effect of modes of bio-fertilizer applications on the 20
changes in N03N content (mgkg) in soil
(Mean of 3 replications)
233 Effect of modes ofbio-fertilizer applications on the 21
changes in available P content (mgkg) in
soil (Mean o f 3 replications)
234 Effect of modes of bio- fert ilizer applications on the 21
changes in available K content (mgkg)
in soil (Mean of3 replications)
4 11 Fermentat ion period of bio fertiliz er 49
42 1 Ma in components filt ering equipment 52
43 1 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using first batch of 59
bioferti lizer
43 2 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using second batch 60
o f bio fertilizer
4 33 Weight of water spinach vegetable treated using second 62
batch biofertilizer
x
434 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 65
using first batch biofertilizer
435 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 66
using second batch biofertilizer
4 3 6 Length of the longest root length of water spinach 68
treated using second batch biofertilizer
43 7 Number of mustard vegetable leaf treated using fiTst 70
batch biofertili zer
438 N umber of mustard vegetable leaf treated using second 72
batch biofertilizer
4 39 N umber of water spinach vegetable leaf treated using 74
second batch
4A I pH level of biofertilizer 76
451 Potassium (K) content ofbiofertilizer 77
biofertili zer (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer (mustaTd plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A Il Weig ht of plant treated using flTst batch liquid A-2
A U Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-3
AU N umber of plant leaf treated 1lSing flTst batch liquid A-4
A lA Weight of plant treated using flTst batch solid wet A-5
A 1 5 Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-6
so lid wet biDfertilizer (mustaTd plant)
xi
A-7 A 16 Number of plant leaf treated using first batch solid wet
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-S
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
so lid wet bio fertilizer (mustard plant)
wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
bio fertil izer (mustard plant)
A 2 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A- IS
solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A22 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-9
A23 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-IO
A 24 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-II
A 25 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-12
A 26 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-13
A27 Weight of plant treated using second batch so lid wet A-14
A28 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-IS
A2 9 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch so lid A-16
A 210 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-17
xii
A 212 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch solid A-1 9
dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 3 1 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-20
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 32 Longest root length ofplant treated using second batch A-21
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 33 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-22
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 34 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-23
biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 35 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-24
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 36 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-25
biofertilizer procedure B (water sp inach plant)
A 37 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid wet A-26
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 38 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-27
so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 39 Number of plant leaf treated llsing second batch so lid A-28
wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 310 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-29
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-30
so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiii
A 312 Number of plan leaf treated using second batch so lid A-31
dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 1 Picture of (a) types of biomass and a (b) another types 9
of biomass source (waste wood from saw mill)
2 12 Picture of (a) filtered waste vegetab le oi l (b) ethano l II
oi l and fuel by soy seeds and a (c) herb and laboratory
glass with alternative fuels
221 Picture of (a) Jensen s seed ling agar method (b) agar 16
seed ling method modified by Gibson (c) Leonard jar
assembly for growing large seeded legumes and
(d) Fahreus seedling tube for studying infection
of roots by rhizobia
241 Picture of a (a) aerobic process and (b) an active 24
compost heap steaming on a co ld winter morning
30 1 Flow chart for experiment procedure 29
3 11 Picture of waste of (a) Pineapple (b) Water Melon 30
(c) Banana (d) Citrus orange and (e) Papaya fruits
321 Flow chart for preparation of filtering equipment 31
33 1 Flow chart for solid state fermentation method 32
procedure
332 Picture of (a) so luble wastes inside po lyethene bottle 33
(b) fruit waste that being weighted and (c) banana that
has been sliced and cut
xv
333 Picture of (a) liquid fertili zer that has been filt ered out and 34
were used as catalyst for the second batch fermentation and
(b) liquid biofertilizer that was used as catalyst is being
measured using super cup measuring
341 Picture of (a) mustard seed lings that have been planted 35
inside a planting basin and (b) the mustard plants that
have been harvested
342 Picture of (a) liquid biofet1ilizer that was used as a fertili zer 36
for the seed lings and (b) the seeds of mustard that are
planted and used in the research
343 Picture of (a) solid wet biofertili zer (b) so lid wet 37
bio fertilizer is undergoing weight-measuring process
and (c) so lid wet biofertilizer that is being introduced
to the seedlings
344 Picture of (a) dry so lid biofertilizer that has been dri ed 38
using aluminum foil and (b) dry so lid biofertilizer that
has been co llected and will be used to fertili zed the
seedlings
345 Picture of chemical fertilizer that has been applied in 39
the experiment
xvi
346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41
used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps
for the plantation seedlings that are covered with
leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct
expose to sun ray and also from raining
351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42
352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43
of plant sample
353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44
361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45
pH meter
362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47
machine
411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49
421 Picture of filtering equipment 51
422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54
423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55
assembled with its component
424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56
liquid biofertilizer collected using pail
425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57
equipment
431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59
batch of biofertilizer
xvii
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
344 Procedure of Application of Solid Dry 38
Biofer1ilizer on Plant Sample
345 Procedure of Application of chemical 39
fertilizer on Plant Sample
346 Procedure oftreatment without any 40
application of biofertilizer
347 Procedure for the Plantation of Plant Sample 40
35 Physical Analysis of Plant Samples 41
351 Procedure to Measure the Length of the Root 42
of Plant Samples
352 Procedures for Measuring the Weight of Plant 42
Samples
353 Procedures for Calculating the Number of 43
Leaves of Plant Samples
354 Procedures for the Test of the Effect of 44
Nutrients On Surface of the Leaves
36 Characterization of Biofer1ilizer 45
361 Procedures for pH Test 45
362 Procedures for Analysis of Potassium Content 46
in the Liquid Biofer1ilizer
4 RESULTS ANALYSIS amp DISCUSSION
41 Solid State Fermentation Analysis 48
42 Filtering Equipment 49
421 Fabrication Process 53
viii
42 2 Procedure for Using Filtering Equipment
42 3 Cleaning the Filt ering Equipment
43 Application ofBio fertilizer in Plantation
431 Results for the Weight Analysis of the Plant
432 Results for Analysis of the Roo t of
plant Samples
433 Results Jor the Analysis of the Number of
Plant Samples
44 pH Test Results
45 Potassium Test Results
46 Discussion
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion
52 Reco mmendation for Futme
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
A-I
A-2
A-3
A-4
56
57
58
58
64
70
76
77
78
83
84
86
A-2
A-8
A-20
A-32
ix
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
2 11 Disposal practice from agro-industry 12
23 1 Effect of modes of bio- fertilizer app lications 20
on the changes in NH4-N content (mgkg) in so il
(Mean of3 replications)
232 Effect of modes of bio-fertilizer applications on the 20
changes in N03N content (mgkg) in soil
(Mean of 3 replications)
233 Effect of modes ofbio-fertilizer applications on the 21
changes in available P content (mgkg) in
soil (Mean o f 3 replications)
234 Effect of modes of bio- fert ilizer applications on the 21
changes in available K content (mgkg)
in soil (Mean of3 replications)
4 11 Fermentat ion period of bio fertiliz er 49
42 1 Ma in components filt ering equipment 52
43 1 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using first batch of 59
bioferti lizer
43 2 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using second batch 60
o f bio fertilizer
4 33 Weight of water spinach vegetable treated using second 62
batch biofertilizer
x
434 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 65
using first batch biofertilizer
435 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 66
using second batch biofertilizer
4 3 6 Length of the longest root length of water spinach 68
treated using second batch biofertilizer
43 7 Number of mustard vegetable leaf treated using fiTst 70
batch biofertili zer
438 N umber of mustard vegetable leaf treated using second 72
batch biofertilizer
4 39 N umber of water spinach vegetable leaf treated using 74
second batch
4A I pH level of biofertilizer 76
451 Potassium (K) content ofbiofertilizer 77
biofertili zer (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer (mustaTd plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A Il Weig ht of plant treated using flTst batch liquid A-2
A U Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-3
AU N umber of plant leaf treated 1lSing flTst batch liquid A-4
A lA Weight of plant treated using flTst batch solid wet A-5
A 1 5 Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-6
so lid wet biDfertilizer (mustaTd plant)
xi
A-7 A 16 Number of plant leaf treated using first batch solid wet
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-S
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
so lid wet bio fertilizer (mustard plant)
wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
bio fertil izer (mustard plant)
A 2 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A- IS
solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A22 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-9
A23 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-IO
A 24 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-II
A 25 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-12
A 26 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-13
A27 Weight of plant treated using second batch so lid wet A-14
A28 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-IS
A2 9 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch so lid A-16
A 210 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-17
xii
A 212 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch solid A-1 9
dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 3 1 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-20
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 32 Longest root length ofplant treated using second batch A-21
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 33 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-22
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 34 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-23
biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 35 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-24
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 36 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-25
biofertilizer procedure B (water sp inach plant)
A 37 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid wet A-26
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 38 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-27
so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 39 Number of plant leaf treated llsing second batch so lid A-28
wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 310 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-29
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-30
so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiii
A 312 Number of plan leaf treated using second batch so lid A-31
dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 1 Picture of (a) types of biomass and a (b) another types 9
of biomass source (waste wood from saw mill)
2 12 Picture of (a) filtered waste vegetab le oi l (b) ethano l II
oi l and fuel by soy seeds and a (c) herb and laboratory
glass with alternative fuels
221 Picture of (a) Jensen s seed ling agar method (b) agar 16
seed ling method modified by Gibson (c) Leonard jar
assembly for growing large seeded legumes and
(d) Fahreus seedling tube for studying infection
of roots by rhizobia
241 Picture of a (a) aerobic process and (b) an active 24
compost heap steaming on a co ld winter morning
30 1 Flow chart for experiment procedure 29
3 11 Picture of waste of (a) Pineapple (b) Water Melon 30
(c) Banana (d) Citrus orange and (e) Papaya fruits
321 Flow chart for preparation of filtering equipment 31
33 1 Flow chart for solid state fermentation method 32
procedure
332 Picture of (a) so luble wastes inside po lyethene bottle 33
(b) fruit waste that being weighted and (c) banana that
has been sliced and cut
xv
333 Picture of (a) liquid fertili zer that has been filt ered out and 34
were used as catalyst for the second batch fermentation and
(b) liquid biofertilizer that was used as catalyst is being
measured using super cup measuring
341 Picture of (a) mustard seed lings that have been planted 35
inside a planting basin and (b) the mustard plants that
have been harvested
342 Picture of (a) liquid biofet1ilizer that was used as a fertili zer 36
for the seed lings and (b) the seeds of mustard that are
planted and used in the research
343 Picture of (a) solid wet biofertili zer (b) so lid wet 37
bio fertilizer is undergoing weight-measuring process
and (c) so lid wet biofertilizer that is being introduced
to the seedlings
344 Picture of (a) dry so lid biofertilizer that has been dri ed 38
using aluminum foil and (b) dry so lid biofertilizer that
has been co llected and will be used to fertili zed the
seedlings
345 Picture of chemical fertilizer that has been applied in 39
the experiment
xvi
346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41
used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps
for the plantation seedlings that are covered with
leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct
expose to sun ray and also from raining
351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42
352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43
of plant sample
353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44
361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45
pH meter
362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47
machine
411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49
421 Picture of filtering equipment 51
422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54
423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55
assembled with its component
424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56
liquid biofertilizer collected using pail
425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57
equipment
431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59
batch of biofertilizer
xvii
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
42 2 Procedure for Using Filtering Equipment
42 3 Cleaning the Filt ering Equipment
43 Application ofBio fertilizer in Plantation
431 Results for the Weight Analysis of the Plant
432 Results for Analysis of the Roo t of
plant Samples
433 Results Jor the Analysis of the Number of
Plant Samples
44 pH Test Results
45 Potassium Test Results
46 Discussion
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclus ion
52 Reco mmendation for Futme
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
A-I
A-2
A-3
A-4
56
57
58
58
64
70
76
77
78
83
84
86
A-2
A-8
A-20
A-32
ix
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
2 11 Disposal practice from agro-industry 12
23 1 Effect of modes of bio- fertilizer app lications 20
on the changes in NH4-N content (mgkg) in so il
(Mean of3 replications)
232 Effect of modes of bio-fertilizer applications on the 20
changes in N03N content (mgkg) in soil
(Mean of 3 replications)
233 Effect of modes ofbio-fertilizer applications on the 21
changes in available P content (mgkg) in
soil (Mean o f 3 replications)
234 Effect of modes of bio- fert ilizer applications on the 21
changes in available K content (mgkg)
in soil (Mean of3 replications)
4 11 Fermentat ion period of bio fertiliz er 49
42 1 Ma in components filt ering equipment 52
43 1 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using first batch of 59
bioferti lizer
43 2 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using second batch 60
o f bio fertilizer
4 33 Weight of water spinach vegetable treated using second 62
batch biofertilizer
x
434 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 65
using first batch biofertilizer
435 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 66
using second batch biofertilizer
4 3 6 Length of the longest root length of water spinach 68
treated using second batch biofertilizer
43 7 Number of mustard vegetable leaf treated using fiTst 70
batch biofertili zer
438 N umber of mustard vegetable leaf treated using second 72
batch biofertilizer
4 39 N umber of water spinach vegetable leaf treated using 74
second batch
4A I pH level of biofertilizer 76
451 Potassium (K) content ofbiofertilizer 77
biofertili zer (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer (mustaTd plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A Il Weig ht of plant treated using flTst batch liquid A-2
A U Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-3
AU N umber of plant leaf treated 1lSing flTst batch liquid A-4
A lA Weight of plant treated using flTst batch solid wet A-5
A 1 5 Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-6
so lid wet biDfertilizer (mustaTd plant)
xi
A-7 A 16 Number of plant leaf treated using first batch solid wet
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-S
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
so lid wet bio fertilizer (mustard plant)
wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
bio fertil izer (mustard plant)
A 2 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A- IS
solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A22 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-9
A23 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-IO
A 24 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-II
A 25 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-12
A 26 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-13
A27 Weight of plant treated using second batch so lid wet A-14
A28 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-IS
A2 9 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch so lid A-16
A 210 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-17
xii
A 212 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch solid A-1 9
dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 3 1 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-20
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 32 Longest root length ofplant treated using second batch A-21
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 33 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-22
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 34 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-23
biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 35 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-24
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 36 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-25
biofertilizer procedure B (water sp inach plant)
A 37 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid wet A-26
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 38 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-27
so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 39 Number of plant leaf treated llsing second batch so lid A-28
wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 310 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-29
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-30
so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiii
A 312 Number of plan leaf treated using second batch so lid A-31
dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 1 Picture of (a) types of biomass and a (b) another types 9
of biomass source (waste wood from saw mill)
2 12 Picture of (a) filtered waste vegetab le oi l (b) ethano l II
oi l and fuel by soy seeds and a (c) herb and laboratory
glass with alternative fuels
221 Picture of (a) Jensen s seed ling agar method (b) agar 16
seed ling method modified by Gibson (c) Leonard jar
assembly for growing large seeded legumes and
(d) Fahreus seedling tube for studying infection
of roots by rhizobia
241 Picture of a (a) aerobic process and (b) an active 24
compost heap steaming on a co ld winter morning
30 1 Flow chart for experiment procedure 29
3 11 Picture of waste of (a) Pineapple (b) Water Melon 30
(c) Banana (d) Citrus orange and (e) Papaya fruits
321 Flow chart for preparation of filtering equipment 31
33 1 Flow chart for solid state fermentation method 32
procedure
332 Picture of (a) so luble wastes inside po lyethene bottle 33
(b) fruit waste that being weighted and (c) banana that
has been sliced and cut
xv
333 Picture of (a) liquid fertili zer that has been filt ered out and 34
were used as catalyst for the second batch fermentation and
(b) liquid biofertilizer that was used as catalyst is being
measured using super cup measuring
341 Picture of (a) mustard seed lings that have been planted 35
inside a planting basin and (b) the mustard plants that
have been harvested
342 Picture of (a) liquid biofet1ilizer that was used as a fertili zer 36
for the seed lings and (b) the seeds of mustard that are
planted and used in the research
343 Picture of (a) solid wet biofertili zer (b) so lid wet 37
bio fertilizer is undergoing weight-measuring process
and (c) so lid wet biofertilizer that is being introduced
to the seedlings
344 Picture of (a) dry so lid biofertilizer that has been dri ed 38
using aluminum foil and (b) dry so lid biofertilizer that
has been co llected and will be used to fertili zed the
seedlings
345 Picture of chemical fertilizer that has been applied in 39
the experiment
xvi
346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41
used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps
for the plantation seedlings that are covered with
leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct
expose to sun ray and also from raining
351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42
352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43
of plant sample
353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44
361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45
pH meter
362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47
machine
411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49
421 Picture of filtering equipment 51
422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54
423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55
assembled with its component
424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56
liquid biofertilizer collected using pail
425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57
equipment
431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59
batch of biofertilizer
xvii
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
2 11 Disposal practice from agro-industry 12
23 1 Effect of modes of bio- fertilizer app lications 20
on the changes in NH4-N content (mgkg) in so il
(Mean of3 replications)
232 Effect of modes of bio-fertilizer applications on the 20
changes in N03N content (mgkg) in soil
(Mean of 3 replications)
233 Effect of modes ofbio-fertilizer applications on the 21
changes in available P content (mgkg) in
soil (Mean o f 3 replications)
234 Effect of modes of bio- fert ilizer applications on the 21
changes in available K content (mgkg)
in soil (Mean of3 replications)
4 11 Fermentat ion period of bio fertiliz er 49
42 1 Ma in components filt ering equipment 52
43 1 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using first batch of 59
bioferti lizer
43 2 Weight of mustard vegetable treated using second batch 60
o f bio fertilizer
4 33 Weight of water spinach vegetable treated using second 62
batch biofertilizer
x
434 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 65
using first batch biofertilizer
435 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 66
using second batch biofertilizer
4 3 6 Length of the longest root length of water spinach 68
treated using second batch biofertilizer
43 7 Number of mustard vegetable leaf treated using fiTst 70
batch biofertili zer
438 N umber of mustard vegetable leaf treated using second 72
batch biofertilizer
4 39 N umber of water spinach vegetable leaf treated using 74
second batch
4A I pH level of biofertilizer 76
451 Potassium (K) content ofbiofertilizer 77
biofertili zer (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer (mustaTd plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A Il Weig ht of plant treated using flTst batch liquid A-2
A U Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-3
AU N umber of plant leaf treated 1lSing flTst batch liquid A-4
A lA Weight of plant treated using flTst batch solid wet A-5
A 1 5 Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-6
so lid wet biDfertilizer (mustaTd plant)
xi
A-7 A 16 Number of plant leaf treated using first batch solid wet
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-S
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
so lid wet bio fertilizer (mustard plant)
wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
bio fertil izer (mustard plant)
A 2 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A- IS
solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A22 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-9
A23 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-IO
A 24 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-II
A 25 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-12
A 26 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-13
A27 Weight of plant treated using second batch so lid wet A-14
A28 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-IS
A2 9 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch so lid A-16
A 210 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-17
xii
A 212 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch solid A-1 9
dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 3 1 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-20
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 32 Longest root length ofplant treated using second batch A-21
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 33 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-22
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 34 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-23
biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 35 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-24
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 36 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-25
biofertilizer procedure B (water sp inach plant)
A 37 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid wet A-26
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 38 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-27
so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 39 Number of plant leaf treated llsing second batch so lid A-28
wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 310 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-29
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-30
so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiii
A 312 Number of plan leaf treated using second batch so lid A-31
dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 1 Picture of (a) types of biomass and a (b) another types 9
of biomass source (waste wood from saw mill)
2 12 Picture of (a) filtered waste vegetab le oi l (b) ethano l II
oi l and fuel by soy seeds and a (c) herb and laboratory
glass with alternative fuels
221 Picture of (a) Jensen s seed ling agar method (b) agar 16
seed ling method modified by Gibson (c) Leonard jar
assembly for growing large seeded legumes and
(d) Fahreus seedling tube for studying infection
of roots by rhizobia
241 Picture of a (a) aerobic process and (b) an active 24
compost heap steaming on a co ld winter morning
30 1 Flow chart for experiment procedure 29
3 11 Picture of waste of (a) Pineapple (b) Water Melon 30
(c) Banana (d) Citrus orange and (e) Papaya fruits
321 Flow chart for preparation of filtering equipment 31
33 1 Flow chart for solid state fermentation method 32
procedure
332 Picture of (a) so luble wastes inside po lyethene bottle 33
(b) fruit waste that being weighted and (c) banana that
has been sliced and cut
xv
333 Picture of (a) liquid fertili zer that has been filt ered out and 34
were used as catalyst for the second batch fermentation and
(b) liquid biofertilizer that was used as catalyst is being
measured using super cup measuring
341 Picture of (a) mustard seed lings that have been planted 35
inside a planting basin and (b) the mustard plants that
have been harvested
342 Picture of (a) liquid biofet1ilizer that was used as a fertili zer 36
for the seed lings and (b) the seeds of mustard that are
planted and used in the research
343 Picture of (a) solid wet biofertili zer (b) so lid wet 37
bio fertilizer is undergoing weight-measuring process
and (c) so lid wet biofertilizer that is being introduced
to the seedlings
344 Picture of (a) dry so lid biofertilizer that has been dri ed 38
using aluminum foil and (b) dry so lid biofertilizer that
has been co llected and will be used to fertili zed the
seedlings
345 Picture of chemical fertilizer that has been applied in 39
the experiment
xvi
346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41
used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps
for the plantation seedlings that are covered with
leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct
expose to sun ray and also from raining
351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42
352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43
of plant sample
353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44
361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45
pH meter
362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47
machine
411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49
421 Picture of filtering equipment 51
422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54
423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55
assembled with its component
424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56
liquid biofertilizer collected using pail
425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57
equipment
431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59
batch of biofertilizer
xvii
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
434 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 65
using first batch biofertilizer
435 Length of the longest root of mustard vegetable treated 66
using second batch biofertilizer
4 3 6 Length of the longest root length of water spinach 68
treated using second batch biofertilizer
43 7 Number of mustard vegetable leaf treated using fiTst 70
batch biofertili zer
438 N umber of mustard vegetable leaf treated using second 72
batch biofertilizer
4 39 N umber of water spinach vegetable leaf treated using 74
second batch
4A I pH level of biofertilizer 76
451 Potassium (K) content ofbiofertilizer 77
biofertili zer (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer (mustaTd plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A Il Weig ht of plant treated using flTst batch liquid A-2
A U Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-3
AU N umber of plant leaf treated 1lSing flTst batch liquid A-4
A lA Weight of plant treated using flTst batch solid wet A-5
A 1 5 Longest root length of plant treated using first batch A-6
so lid wet biDfertilizer (mustaTd plant)
xi
A-7 A 16 Number of plant leaf treated using first batch solid wet
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-S
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
so lid wet bio fertilizer (mustard plant)
wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
bio fertil izer (mustard plant)
A 2 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A- IS
solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A22 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-9
A23 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-IO
A 24 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-II
A 25 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-12
A 26 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-13
A27 Weight of plant treated using second batch so lid wet A-14
A28 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-IS
A2 9 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch so lid A-16
A 210 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-17
xii
A 212 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch solid A-1 9
dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 3 1 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-20
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 32 Longest root length ofplant treated using second batch A-21
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 33 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-22
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 34 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-23
biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 35 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-24
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 36 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-25
biofertilizer procedure B (water sp inach plant)
A 37 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid wet A-26
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 38 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-27
so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 39 Number of plant leaf treated llsing second batch so lid A-28
wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 310 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-29
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-30
so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiii
A 312 Number of plan leaf treated using second batch so lid A-31
dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 1 Picture of (a) types of biomass and a (b) another types 9
of biomass source (waste wood from saw mill)
2 12 Picture of (a) filtered waste vegetab le oi l (b) ethano l II
oi l and fuel by soy seeds and a (c) herb and laboratory
glass with alternative fuels
221 Picture of (a) Jensen s seed ling agar method (b) agar 16
seed ling method modified by Gibson (c) Leonard jar
assembly for growing large seeded legumes and
(d) Fahreus seedling tube for studying infection
of roots by rhizobia
241 Picture of a (a) aerobic process and (b) an active 24
compost heap steaming on a co ld winter morning
30 1 Flow chart for experiment procedure 29
3 11 Picture of waste of (a) Pineapple (b) Water Melon 30
(c) Banana (d) Citrus orange and (e) Papaya fruits
321 Flow chart for preparation of filtering equipment 31
33 1 Flow chart for solid state fermentation method 32
procedure
332 Picture of (a) so luble wastes inside po lyethene bottle 33
(b) fruit waste that being weighted and (c) banana that
has been sliced and cut
xv
333 Picture of (a) liquid fertili zer that has been filt ered out and 34
were used as catalyst for the second batch fermentation and
(b) liquid biofertilizer that was used as catalyst is being
measured using super cup measuring
341 Picture of (a) mustard seed lings that have been planted 35
inside a planting basin and (b) the mustard plants that
have been harvested
342 Picture of (a) liquid biofet1ilizer that was used as a fertili zer 36
for the seed lings and (b) the seeds of mustard that are
planted and used in the research
343 Picture of (a) solid wet biofertili zer (b) so lid wet 37
bio fertilizer is undergoing weight-measuring process
and (c) so lid wet biofertilizer that is being introduced
to the seedlings
344 Picture of (a) dry so lid biofertilizer that has been dri ed 38
using aluminum foil and (b) dry so lid biofertilizer that
has been co llected and will be used to fertili zed the
seedlings
345 Picture of chemical fertilizer that has been applied in 39
the experiment
xvi
346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41
used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps
for the plantation seedlings that are covered with
leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct
expose to sun ray and also from raining
351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42
352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43
of plant sample
353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44
361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45
pH meter
362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47
machine
411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49
421 Picture of filtering equipment 51
422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54
423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55
assembled with its component
424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56
liquid biofertilizer collected using pail
425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57
equipment
431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59
batch of biofertilizer
xvii
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
A-7 A 16 Number of plant leaf treated using first batch solid wet
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-S
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
biofertilizer (mustard plant)
so lid wet bio fertilizer (mustard plant)
wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
bio fertil izer (mustard plant)
A 2 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A- IS
solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A22 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-9
A23 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-IO
A 24 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-II
A 25 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-12
A 26 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-13
A27 Weight of plant treated using second batch so lid wet A-14
A28 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-IS
A2 9 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch so lid A-16
A 210 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-17
xii
A 212 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch solid A-1 9
dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 3 1 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-20
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 32 Longest root length ofplant treated using second batch A-21
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 33 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-22
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 34 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-23
biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 35 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-24
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 36 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-25
biofertilizer procedure B (water sp inach plant)
A 37 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid wet A-26
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 38 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-27
so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 39 Number of plant leaf treated llsing second batch so lid A-28
wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 310 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-29
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-30
so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiii
A 312 Number of plan leaf treated using second batch so lid A-31
dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 1 Picture of (a) types of biomass and a (b) another types 9
of biomass source (waste wood from saw mill)
2 12 Picture of (a) filtered waste vegetab le oi l (b) ethano l II
oi l and fuel by soy seeds and a (c) herb and laboratory
glass with alternative fuels
221 Picture of (a) Jensen s seed ling agar method (b) agar 16
seed ling method modified by Gibson (c) Leonard jar
assembly for growing large seeded legumes and
(d) Fahreus seedling tube for studying infection
of roots by rhizobia
241 Picture of a (a) aerobic process and (b) an active 24
compost heap steaming on a co ld winter morning
30 1 Flow chart for experiment procedure 29
3 11 Picture of waste of (a) Pineapple (b) Water Melon 30
(c) Banana (d) Citrus orange and (e) Papaya fruits
321 Flow chart for preparation of filtering equipment 31
33 1 Flow chart for solid state fermentation method 32
procedure
332 Picture of (a) so luble wastes inside po lyethene bottle 33
(b) fruit waste that being weighted and (c) banana that
has been sliced and cut
xv
333 Picture of (a) liquid fertili zer that has been filt ered out and 34
were used as catalyst for the second batch fermentation and
(b) liquid biofertilizer that was used as catalyst is being
measured using super cup measuring
341 Picture of (a) mustard seed lings that have been planted 35
inside a planting basin and (b) the mustard plants that
have been harvested
342 Picture of (a) liquid biofet1ilizer that was used as a fertili zer 36
for the seed lings and (b) the seeds of mustard that are
planted and used in the research
343 Picture of (a) solid wet biofertili zer (b) so lid wet 37
bio fertilizer is undergoing weight-measuring process
and (c) so lid wet biofertilizer that is being introduced
to the seedlings
344 Picture of (a) dry so lid biofertilizer that has been dri ed 38
using aluminum foil and (b) dry so lid biofertilizer that
has been co llected and will be used to fertili zed the
seedlings
345 Picture of chemical fertilizer that has been applied in 39
the experiment
xvi
346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41
used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps
for the plantation seedlings that are covered with
leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct
expose to sun ray and also from raining
351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42
352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43
of plant sample
353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44
361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45
pH meter
362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47
machine
411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49
421 Picture of filtering equipment 51
422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54
423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55
assembled with its component
424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56
liquid biofertilizer collected using pail
425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57
equipment
431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59
batch of biofertilizer
xvii
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
A 212 N umber of plant leaf treated using second batch solid A-1 9
dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 3 1 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-20
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 32 Longest root length ofplant treated using second batch A-21
liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 33 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-22
biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach plant)
A 34 Weight of plant treated using second batch liquid A-23
biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 35 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-24
liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach plant)
A 36 Number of plant leaf treated using second batch liquid A-25
biofertilizer procedure B (water sp inach plant)
A 37 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid wet A-26
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 38 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-27
so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 39 Number of plant leaf treated llsing second batch so lid A-28
wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 310 Weight of plant treated using second batch solid dry A-29
biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 11 Longest root length of plant treated using second batch A-30
so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiii
A 312 Number of plan leaf treated using second batch so lid A-31
dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 1 Picture of (a) types of biomass and a (b) another types 9
of biomass source (waste wood from saw mill)
2 12 Picture of (a) filtered waste vegetab le oi l (b) ethano l II
oi l and fuel by soy seeds and a (c) herb and laboratory
glass with alternative fuels
221 Picture of (a) Jensen s seed ling agar method (b) agar 16
seed ling method modified by Gibson (c) Leonard jar
assembly for growing large seeded legumes and
(d) Fahreus seedling tube for studying infection
of roots by rhizobia
241 Picture of a (a) aerobic process and (b) an active 24
compost heap steaming on a co ld winter morning
30 1 Flow chart for experiment procedure 29
3 11 Picture of waste of (a) Pineapple (b) Water Melon 30
(c) Banana (d) Citrus orange and (e) Papaya fruits
321 Flow chart for preparation of filtering equipment 31
33 1 Flow chart for solid state fermentation method 32
procedure
332 Picture of (a) so luble wastes inside po lyethene bottle 33
(b) fruit waste that being weighted and (c) banana that
has been sliced and cut
xv
333 Picture of (a) liquid fertili zer that has been filt ered out and 34
were used as catalyst for the second batch fermentation and
(b) liquid biofertilizer that was used as catalyst is being
measured using super cup measuring
341 Picture of (a) mustard seed lings that have been planted 35
inside a planting basin and (b) the mustard plants that
have been harvested
342 Picture of (a) liquid biofet1ilizer that was used as a fertili zer 36
for the seed lings and (b) the seeds of mustard that are
planted and used in the research
343 Picture of (a) solid wet biofertili zer (b) so lid wet 37
bio fertilizer is undergoing weight-measuring process
and (c) so lid wet biofertilizer that is being introduced
to the seedlings
344 Picture of (a) dry so lid biofertilizer that has been dri ed 38
using aluminum foil and (b) dry so lid biofertilizer that
has been co llected and will be used to fertili zed the
seedlings
345 Picture of chemical fertilizer that has been applied in 39
the experiment
xvi
346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41
used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps
for the plantation seedlings that are covered with
leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct
expose to sun ray and also from raining
351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42
352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43
of plant sample
353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44
361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45
pH meter
362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47
machine
411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49
421 Picture of filtering equipment 51
422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54
423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55
assembled with its component
424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56
liquid biofertilizer collected using pail
425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57
equipment
431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59
batch of biofertilizer
xvii
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
A 312 Number of plan leaf treated using second batch so lid A-31
dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 1 Picture of (a) types of biomass and a (b) another types 9
of biomass source (waste wood from saw mill)
2 12 Picture of (a) filtered waste vegetab le oi l (b) ethano l II
oi l and fuel by soy seeds and a (c) herb and laboratory
glass with alternative fuels
221 Picture of (a) Jensen s seed ling agar method (b) agar 16
seed ling method modified by Gibson (c) Leonard jar
assembly for growing large seeded legumes and
(d) Fahreus seedling tube for studying infection
of roots by rhizobia
241 Picture of a (a) aerobic process and (b) an active 24
compost heap steaming on a co ld winter morning
30 1 Flow chart for experiment procedure 29
3 11 Picture of waste of (a) Pineapple (b) Water Melon 30
(c) Banana (d) Citrus orange and (e) Papaya fruits
321 Flow chart for preparation of filtering equipment 31
33 1 Flow chart for solid state fermentation method 32
procedure
332 Picture of (a) so luble wastes inside po lyethene bottle 33
(b) fruit waste that being weighted and (c) banana that
has been sliced and cut
xv
333 Picture of (a) liquid fertili zer that has been filt ered out and 34
were used as catalyst for the second batch fermentation and
(b) liquid biofertilizer that was used as catalyst is being
measured using super cup measuring
341 Picture of (a) mustard seed lings that have been planted 35
inside a planting basin and (b) the mustard plants that
have been harvested
342 Picture of (a) liquid biofet1ilizer that was used as a fertili zer 36
for the seed lings and (b) the seeds of mustard that are
planted and used in the research
343 Picture of (a) solid wet biofertili zer (b) so lid wet 37
bio fertilizer is undergoing weight-measuring process
and (c) so lid wet biofertilizer that is being introduced
to the seedlings
344 Picture of (a) dry so lid biofertilizer that has been dri ed 38
using aluminum foil and (b) dry so lid biofertilizer that
has been co llected and will be used to fertili zed the
seedlings
345 Picture of chemical fertilizer that has been applied in 39
the experiment
xvi
346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41
used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps
for the plantation seedlings that are covered with
leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct
expose to sun ray and also from raining
351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42
352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43
of plant sample
353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44
361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45
pH meter
362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47
machine
411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49
421 Picture of filtering equipment 51
422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54
423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55
assembled with its component
424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56
liquid biofertilizer collected using pail
425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57
equipment
431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59
batch of biofertilizer
xvii
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 1 Picture of (a) types of biomass and a (b) another types 9
of biomass source (waste wood from saw mill)
2 12 Picture of (a) filtered waste vegetab le oi l (b) ethano l II
oi l and fuel by soy seeds and a (c) herb and laboratory
glass with alternative fuels
221 Picture of (a) Jensen s seed ling agar method (b) agar 16
seed ling method modified by Gibson (c) Leonard jar
assembly for growing large seeded legumes and
(d) Fahreus seedling tube for studying infection
of roots by rhizobia
241 Picture of a (a) aerobic process and (b) an active 24
compost heap steaming on a co ld winter morning
30 1 Flow chart for experiment procedure 29
3 11 Picture of waste of (a) Pineapple (b) Water Melon 30
(c) Banana (d) Citrus orange and (e) Papaya fruits
321 Flow chart for preparation of filtering equipment 31
33 1 Flow chart for solid state fermentation method 32
procedure
332 Picture of (a) so luble wastes inside po lyethene bottle 33
(b) fruit waste that being weighted and (c) banana that
has been sliced and cut
xv
333 Picture of (a) liquid fertili zer that has been filt ered out and 34
were used as catalyst for the second batch fermentation and
(b) liquid biofertilizer that was used as catalyst is being
measured using super cup measuring
341 Picture of (a) mustard seed lings that have been planted 35
inside a planting basin and (b) the mustard plants that
have been harvested
342 Picture of (a) liquid biofet1ilizer that was used as a fertili zer 36
for the seed lings and (b) the seeds of mustard that are
planted and used in the research
343 Picture of (a) solid wet biofertili zer (b) so lid wet 37
bio fertilizer is undergoing weight-measuring process
and (c) so lid wet biofertilizer that is being introduced
to the seedlings
344 Picture of (a) dry so lid biofertilizer that has been dri ed 38
using aluminum foil and (b) dry so lid biofertilizer that
has been co llected and will be used to fertili zed the
seedlings
345 Picture of chemical fertilizer that has been applied in 39
the experiment
xvi
346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41
used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps
for the plantation seedlings that are covered with
leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct
expose to sun ray and also from raining
351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42
352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43
of plant sample
353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44
361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45
pH meter
362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47
machine
411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49
421 Picture of filtering equipment 51
422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54
423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55
assembled with its component
424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56
liquid biofertilizer collected using pail
425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57
equipment
431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59
batch of biofertilizer
xvii
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
333 Picture of (a) liquid fertili zer that has been filt ered out and 34
were used as catalyst for the second batch fermentation and
(b) liquid biofertilizer that was used as catalyst is being
measured using super cup measuring
341 Picture of (a) mustard seed lings that have been planted 35
inside a planting basin and (b) the mustard plants that
have been harvested
342 Picture of (a) liquid biofet1ilizer that was used as a fertili zer 36
for the seed lings and (b) the seeds of mustard that are
planted and used in the research
343 Picture of (a) solid wet biofertili zer (b) so lid wet 37
bio fertilizer is undergoing weight-measuring process
and (c) so lid wet biofertilizer that is being introduced
to the seedlings
344 Picture of (a) dry so lid biofertilizer that has been dri ed 38
using aluminum foil and (b) dry so lid biofertilizer that
has been co llected and will be used to fertili zed the
seedlings
345 Picture of chemical fertilizer that has been applied in 39
the experiment
xvi
346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41
used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps
for the plantation seedlings that are covered with
leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct
expose to sun ray and also from raining
351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42
352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43
of plant sample
353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44
361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45
pH meter
362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47
machine
411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49
421 Picture of filtering equipment 51
422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54
423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55
assembled with its component
424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56
liquid biofertilizer collected using pail
425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57
equipment
431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59
batch of biofertilizer
xvii
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
346 Picture of (a) process of preparing the soil that are being 41
used to plant the mustard seedlings and (b) soil bumps
for the plantation seedlings that are covered with
leaves in order to prevent the seedlings from direct
expose to sun ray and also from raining
351 Picture of measurement process of the root length 42
352 Picture of electronic balance use to measure the weight 43
of plant sample
353 Picture of metallurgical microscope 44
361 Picture of (a) procedure to measure pH and (b) digital 45
pH meter
362 Picture of (a) sample that already diluted and (b) AAS 47
machine
411 Chart for fermentation perioud of biofertilizer 49
421 Picture of filtering equipment 51
422 Picture of filtering equipment frame 54
423 Picture of filtering equipment frame that had been 55
assembled with its component
424 Picture of (a) method to filtering biofertilizer ad (b) 56
liquid biofertilizer collected using pail
425 Picture (a) and (b) is cleaning procedure of filtering 57
equipment
431 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using first 59
batch of biofertilizer
xvii
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
432 Graph for weight of mustard vegetable treated using 61
second batch of biofertilizer
433 Graph for weight of water spinach vegetable using 63
second batch biofertilizer
434 Graph for length of the longest root of mustard 65
vegetable tr eated using fllSt batch biofertilizer
43 5 Graph fo r the length of the longest root of mustard 67
vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
436 Graph for the length of the longest root length of water 69
spinach vegetable treated using second batch biofertilizer
437 Graph for the number mustard vegetable leaftreated using 71
fIrst batch biofertilizer
438 Graph fo r the number of mustard vegetable leaftreated 73
using second batch biofertilizer
441 pH level of biofertilizer 76
45 1 Graph fo pottasium (k) contained in biofertilizer 78
46 1 Effect of plant expose to excess water 79
462 Effect of insufficient UV ray 80
46 3 Midrib and vein of plant receive adequate nutrient 81
464 Midrib and vein of plant lack of nutrient 81
liquid biofertilizer (mustmmiddotd plant)
first batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
AU Chm1 for the weight of plant treated using first batch A-2
A 12 Chm1 for the longest root length of plant treated using A-3
xviii
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
A-4 Al3 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst
batch liquid biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 14 Chart for the weight of plant treated using fIrSt batch A-5
solid wet biofeltilizer (mustard plant)
A 15 Chart for the longest root length ofplant treated using A-6
fIrst batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 16 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using fIrst A-7
batch solid wetbiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 21 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-8
liquid batch biofertilizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A22 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-9
second batch liquid bio fertilizer procedure A (mustard
plant)
A23 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-IO
batch liquid biofertiIizer procedure A (mustard plant)
A 24 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-II
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A25 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using A-12
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard
plant)
A 26 ChaIt for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-13
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (mustard plant)
A27 Chalt for the weight of plant treated using second A-14
batch solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
xix
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
A-IS A 28 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A29 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batcb solid wet biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 210 Chart for the weight ofpJant treated using second
batch solid dry biofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 211 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch solid dry biofeliilizer (mustard plant)
A 212 Chart for the number ofpJant leaf treated using second
batch solid drybiofertilizer (mustard plant)
A 31 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 32 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure A (water
spinach plant)
A 33 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure A (water spinach
plant)
A 34 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second
batch liquid biofeliilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 35 Chart for the longest root length of plant treated using
second batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water
spinach plant)
xx
A-1 6
A-I
A-18
A-1 9
A-20
A-2 1
A-22
A-23
A-24
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi
A 3_6 Chan for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-25
batch liquid biofertilizer procedure B (water spinach
plant)
A 3_7 Chan for the weight of plant treated using second A-26
batch so lid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3_8 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-27
second batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 3_9 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-28
batch solid wet biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 3 10 Chart for the weight of plant treated using second A-29
A 3_11 Chan for the longest root length of plant treated using A-30
second batch so lid dry biofertilizer (water spinach
plant)
A 312 Chart for the number of plant leaf treated using second A-31
batch solid dry biofertilizer (water spinach plant)
A 41 Figure offiltering equipment frame A-33
A42 Figure of filtering equipment side cover (I) A-34
A43 Figure of filtering equipment lower cover A-35
A 44 Figure of filtering equipment door A-36
A4S Figure of fi ltering equipment side cover (2) A-37
A46 Figure of filtering equipment upper cover A-38
xxi