Updated November 2004 Created by C. Ippolito December 2001 Energy, Life, & Biosphere Chapter 3 Pages...

Updated November 2004Updated November 2004Created by C. Ippolito Created by C. Ippolito

December 2001December 2001

Energy, Life, & Energy, Life, & BiosphereBiosphere

Chapter 3Chapter 3

Pages 50 - 65Pages 50 - 65



Energy and NutrientsEnergy and Nutrients

Chapter 3Chapter 3

Pages 50 - 53Pages 50 - 53

Created by C. Ippolito Created by C. Ippolito December 2001December 2001Updated November 2004Updated November 2004

Energy & NutrientsEnergy & Nutrients Free EnergyFree Energy - energy that is - energy that is

available for organisms to use.available for organisms to use. ChemicalChemical EnergyEnergy - most - most

common form found in common form found in nutrients.nutrients.


EnergyEnergy Two basic types:Two basic types:

KineticKinetic - energy doing work

PotentialPotential -inactive or stored energy



Forms of EnergyForms of Energy

Organisms use different forms of Organisms use different forms of energy to do workenergy to do work


ChemicalChemical EnergyEnergy stored in bonds of chemical stored in bonds of chemical

substances (potential)substances (potential) when bonds are broken it does when bonds are broken it does

work (kinetic)work (kinetic) body activities “run” by energy in body activities “run” by energy in

food organisms eat food organisms eat


ElectricalElectrical EnergyEnergy results from results from movementmovement of of

charged particlescharged particles (kinetic) (kinetic)–ions move across cell membranes ions move across cell membranes

(nerve impulses) (nerve impulses)


MechanicalMechanical EnergyEnergy

directly directly movesmoves mattermatter (kinetic) (kinetic)–muscles shorten (contract) to move muscles shorten (contract) to move

bones bones


RadiantRadiant EnergyEnergy travels in travels in waveswaves (kinetic) (kinetic)

–electromagneticelectromagnetic energyenergy (X-rays, (X-rays, light, radio waves, UV light)light, radio waves, UV light) light stimulate retina of eye for visionlight stimulate retina of eye for visionUV light cause tanning and from UV light cause tanning and from

Vitamin D in skin Vitamin D in skin


Types of NutritionTypes of Nutrition AutotrophsAutotrophs – make their own food molecules – make their own food molecules

– Photosynthetic Photosynthetic – – use sunlight energy to use sunlight energy to combine inorganic molecules to form organic combine inorganic molecules to form organic nutrientsnutrients

– ChemosyntheticChemosynthetic – use oxidation and reduction – use oxidation and reduction chemical energy to combine inorganic chemical energy to combine inorganic molecules to form organic nutrientsmolecules to form organic nutrients

– ThermosyntheticThermosynthetic – use heat energy from – use heat energy from thermal vents in ocean to combine inorganic thermal vents in ocean to combine inorganic molecules to form organic nutrientsmolecules to form organic nutrients

HeterotrophsHeterotrophs - get energy from other organisms - get energy from other organisms


Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration Used by both autotrophs and Used by both autotrophs and

heterotrophs to heterotrophs to releaserelease energyenergy fromfrom nutrientsnutrients (food) (food)


Food WebsFood Webs Process by which energy is Process by which energy is

passed from organism to passed from organism to organism through the organism through the environment.environment.


ProducersProducers Always form the basis of a food Always form the basis of a food

chain.chain. Are the Are the green plantsgreen plants that carry that carry

out photosynthesis.out photosynthesis.


ConsumersConsumers Organisms that eat others for Organisms that eat others for

nutrientsnutrients–PrimaryPrimary ConsumersConsumers - eat - eat

producers - producers - herbivoresherbivores

–SecondarySecondary ConsumersConsumers - eat - eat other consumersother consumers


Secondary ConsumersSecondary Consumers

CarnivoresCarnivores - eat other animals as a - eat other animals as a predatorpredator - hunt- hunt

ScavengersScavengers - eat remains of animals killed - eat remains of animals killed by otherby other

DetritivoresDetritivores - break down remains of - break down remains of producers & consumersproducers & consumers DecomposersDecomposers – breakdown organic molecules – breakdown organic molecules

into inorganic one reusable by producersinto inorganic one reusable by producers


EnvironmentEnvironment An organism’s surroundingsAn organism’s surroundings

–AbioticAbiotic FactorsFactors - nonliving parts - nonliving parts (air, water, weather).(air, water, weather).

–BioticBiotic FactorsFactors - other living - other living organisms.organisms.


EcosystemEcosystem All of the abiotic and biotic All of the abiotic and biotic

factors in a particular area taken factors in a particular area taken together as a whole.together as a whole.


HabitatHabitat The specific area within an The specific area within an

ecosystem where a particular ecosystem where a particular organism is adapted to survive.organism is adapted to survive.


BiosphereBiosphere All of the ecosystems found on All of the ecosystems found on

the planet earth.the planet earth.



Energy FlowEnergy Flow

Chapter 3Chapter 3

Pages 53 - 58Pages 53 - 58


Energy ConversionsEnergy Conversions

1st Law of Bioenergetics1st Law of Bioenergeticsenergy can not be created or energy can not be created or

destroyeddestroyedit can change from one form to it can change from one form to

anotheranother


Energy ConversionsEnergy Conversions

2nd Law of Bioenergetics2nd Law of Bioenergetics – When energy is transformed the process When energy is transformed the process

is inefficient is inefficient

– Some “usable” energy is lost, there is less Some “usable” energy is lost, there is less free energy to do work so entropy free energy to do work so entropy (disorder) increases (disorder) increases


EntropyEntropy Is a measurement of the disorder of Is a measurement of the disorder of

a systema system–when energy is transformed, some when energy is transformed, some

free energy is released, and there is free energy is released, and there is more disordermore disorder log burned - ashes less structured log burned - ashes less structured


Energy / EntropyEnergy / Entropy Living systems need constant Living systems need constant

source of energy to maintain source of energy to maintain their order or structuretheir order or structure

Without energy they literally “fall Without energy they literally “fall apart.”apart.”


MetabolismMetabolism

Is all of the chemical reactions that Is all of the chemical reactions that exist in all organismsexist in all organisms–CatabolismCatabolism - the chemical reactions - the chemical reactions

that breakdown materials for free that breakdown materials for free energy and building blocksenergy and building blocks

–AnabolismAnabolism - the chemical reactions - the chemical reactions that require free energy to build and that require free energy to build and maintain organismsmaintain organisms


Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

ReactantsReactants - the materials that - the materials that participate in a reaction, they participate in a reaction, they exist before the reaction exist before the reaction begins.begins.


Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions ProductsProducts - the materials that - the materials that

result after the reaction is result after the reaction is completed, they are produce by completed, they are produce by the reaction.the reaction.


Free EnergyFree Energy Is the energy available from a reaction Is the energy available from a reaction

to do work, it is represented by G.to do work, it is represented by G.– Exergonic ReactionExergonic Reaction - the products have - the products have

less free energy (-less free energy (-∆∆G) than the G) than the reactants, so free energy is released.reactants, so free energy is released.

– Endergonic Reaction Endergonic Reaction - the products - the products have more free energy (+have more free energy (+∆∆G) than the G) than the reactantsreactants so free energy is taken in. so free energy is taken in.


Coupled ReactionsCoupled Reactions In organisms these two types of In organisms these two types of

reactions occur together, or are reactions occur together, or are coupled.coupled.

Exergonic (catabolic) reaction Exergonic (catabolic) reaction provides the energy needed to provides the energy needed to drive the endergonic (anabolic) drive the endergonic (anabolic) reaction.reaction.


ATPATP Cells can only use energy in the Cells can only use energy in the

form of ATP.form of ATP. ATP stands for ATP stands for AAdenosine denosine

TTriripphosphatehosphate it is a special energy holding it is a special energy holding

nucleotidenucleotide


Structure of ATPStructure of ATP

Adenine Adenine

Ribose Ribose

PhosphatesPhosphates have energyhave energy


ATP releases EnergyATP releases Energy

To use energy the cell removes To use energy the cell removes the last phosphate of the ATP the last phosphate of the ATP molecule.molecule.–This releases energy: This releases energy:

ATP ATP ADP + P + free energy ADP + P + free energy


Structure of ADPStructure of ADP

Adenine Adenine

Ribose Ribose

PhosphatesPhosphates energy energy

released released


ADP stores EnergyADP stores Energy

To store energy the cell adds To store energy the cell adds the last phosphate to the ADP the last phosphate to the ADP molecule.molecule.–This stores energy:This stores energy:

ADP + P + free energy ADP + P + free energy ATP ATP


ATP cycleATP cycle

The cell continually does this The cell continually does this using catabolism to make ATP using catabolism to make ATP from ADP.from ADP.–Then using the ATP in anabolism Then using the ATP in anabolism

reforming ADP.reforming ADP.

Updated November 2004 Created by C. Ippolito December 2001 Energy, Life, & Biosphere Chapter 3 Pages...

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