UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA STEM PROPERTIES OF PLANTED...
Transcript of UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA STEM PROPERTIES OF PLANTED...
UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
STEM PROPERTIES OF PLANTED CALAMUS SCIPIONUM AND DAEMONOROPS ANGUSTIFOLIA OF DIFFERENT AGES
ROSZAINI KADIR
FH 1997 2
STEM PROPERTIES OF PLANTED CALAMUS SCIPIONUM AND DAEMONOROPS ANGUSTIFOLIA OF DIFFERENT AGES
By ROSZAINI KADIR
Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science
in the Faculty of Forestry Universiti Pertanian Malaysia
January 1997
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Allah
S.W.T. for giving me the strength, courage and time without which this study could
not be completed.
Thanks are due to my chairman, Tuan Haji Dr. Mohd Hamami Sahri, Faculty
of Forestry, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia for his wise counsel, constant guidance,
healthy criti6sm, constant encouragement, persistent inspiration and various logistic
support throughout the entire graduate programme.
Thanks also due to members of my supervisory committee, Associate
Professor Mohd Zin Jusoh, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia and
Dr. N. Manokaran, Forest Research I nstitute Malaysia (FRIM) for serving and
providing invaluable support, suggestions and comments at the various stages of
this study.
I am indebted to the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) for granting
me a part-time study and scholarship to complete my study at the Universiti
Pertanian Malaysia. My appreciation to Dr. Abdul Latif Mohmod, my project
leader for his valuable comments.
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I also like to record my appreciation to my staff, especial ly to Rosidi
Sulaiman, Ahmad Embak, Shah Mohd Darns, Kamal Bahrin Mahbok, Mohd Rashid
Samad and Mohamad Haji Sahak for their help in collecting and preparing the
samples. An extended thanks to Hasidin Hashim for allowing me to use the
facilities at Anatomy Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry and thanks due to all my
friends and others who in one way or other that have assisted me.
Very special dedication and deep appreciation to my beloved mother, Hamidah
Haji Mohd Desa and my parents for their patience, encourage'l1ent and assistance
during the difficult period and for the constant prayer for my success. Lastly, I
dedicate this thesis to my late father, Kadir Yatim and wish him to be under the
guidance and in the path of Allah S.W.T.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................... 11
LIST OF TABLES Vll
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF PLATES x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi
ABSTRACT xi i
ABSTRAK XIV
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 2
Objectives of the Study 7
I I LITERA TORE REVIEW 8
General Information on Rattan Plantation in Peninsular Malaysia 9
Rattan i n General 11
Rattan Behaviour 1 3
Differences o f Species Studied 16
Calamus scipionum ............................ ................................ 16
IV
III
Daemonorops angustifolia
Properties of Rattans
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2 1
Anatomical Properties ............................................................ 21
Variation in Physical Properties
Factors Affecting the Strength of Rattan
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample Collection
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28
32
32
Discrete Portion of Sampling ............................... ........................... 34
Determination of Physical Properties ....... .................. ...................... 35
Green Moisture Content
Specific Gravity
Shrinkage
35
35
36
Anatomical Properties ..................................................................... 37
Tissue Proportion
Fibre Morphology
Mechanical Properties
Static Bending
Compression Parallel to Grain
Shear Parallel to Grain
Machining Properties
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43
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IV
V
Page
Statistical Analysis 46
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 48
Stem Characteristics ........................................................................ 48
Anatomical Properties of Rattan 51
Size and Frequency of Vascular Bundles 51
Proportion of Sclerenchyma Cells (Fibres and Parenchyma) ................. ................................ 63
Fibre Length ...... ............... .............. ........... ............. ............. 64
Cell Wall Thickness 65
Variation in Physical Properties 66
Initial Moisture Content 66
Specific Gravity 71
Shrinkage 74
Mechanical Properties 78
Machining Properties 86
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 91
BIBLIOGRAPHY 96
APPENDIX 1 06
VITA 1 1 1
Vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1 List of Potential Rattan Species
2 Rattan Genera in the Tropical and Sub-tropical
Page
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Regions of the World .. ..... .. ... ................ . . . ............................. ........ . . 9
3 Mechanical Properties of Some Malaysian Canes................................. 31
4 Properties Tested and the Dimension of Each Test Sample ................................................................................... 34
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6
7
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9
Type of Machines Used in the Study
Average Stem Characteristics of the Rattan Species
Correlation Coefficients of Different Physical Characteristics with Age and Portion of Rattan
Anatomical Characteristics of the Two Rattan Species at Four Different Ages with Five Different Portions
Summary of Analysis of Variance on Anatomical Characteristics of C. scipionum and D. angustifolia
10 Duncan's New Multiple Range Test Mean Values on the Anatomical Characteristics of the Two Rattan Species
11 Correlation Coefficients of Different Anatomical Characteristics with Age and Height of Rattan
12 Average Moisture Content (%) of the Rattan Species
13 Summary of Analysis of Variance for Moisture Content of the Rattan Species ..................................................... ..
14 Duncan's New Multiple Range Test Mean Values
on the Physical Properties of Rattans ......................................... .
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46
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Table
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Correlation Coefficients of Different Physical Properties with Anatomical Characteristics, Age and Height of Rattan .................................................................... .
Average Specific Gravity of the Rattan Species
Summary of Analysis of Variance for Specific Gravity of the Rattan Species ......................................................... .
Average Shrinkage Value (%) of the Two Rattan Species ............................................................................. .
Summary of Analysis of Variance for Shrinkage for Shrinkage Value of the Rattan Species ..................................... .
Correlation Coefficients of Shrinkage with Moisture Content and Specific Gravity of the Rattan
Average Mechanical Properties of the Rattan in Dry Condition ................................................................................ .
Summary of Analysis of Variance on Mechanical Properties of C. scipionum and D. angustifolia
Correlation Coefficients of Age and Height on Mechanical Properties of Rattan ................................................. .
Correlation Coefficients of Physical and Anatomical Characteristics on Mechanical Properties of Rattan .......................... .
Machining Properties of the Rattan Species
26 Anatomical Characteristics of the Two Rattan Species
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Page
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Geographical Ranges of the Asian Rattan 10
2 Digrammatic Illustration of Rattan Stem Form and Structure ......................................................................... . 14
3 Schematic Representation on General Patterns of Variations in Physical and Mechanical Properties Along and Across the Stem .............................................................. . 15
4 General Patterns of Variation in Anatomical Properties Along and Across the Stem ........................................... . 15
5 Sampling of Portions 33
6 Classification of Samples Along Stem Height 33
7 Sketch of Static Bending Test Setup 41
8 Compression Parallel to Grain Test Specimen 42
9 Shear Parallel to Grain Test Specimen 44
10 Sketch of Shear Parallel to Grain Test Setup 44
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LIST OF PLATES
Plate
1 Stem of C. scipionum Grown in A Secondary
Forest at Bukit Ari, FRIM, Selangor ............................................. .
2 Stem of D. angustifolia Grown in A Secondary
Forest at Sungai Buloh, Selangor ................................................ ..
3 Arrangement of Testing Equipment for
Compression Parallel to Grain Test ................................................ ..
4 Arrangement of Testing Equipment for
Shear Parallel to Grain Test .......................................................... .
5 Cross Section of C. scipionum
6 Cross Section of D. angustifolia
7 Transverse Section of C. scipionum Showing
Relatively Thin Walled Fibres .................................................... ..
8 Transverse Section of D. angustifolia Showing
Relatively Thin Walled Fibres ..................................................... .
9 Anatomical Features of C. scipionum Showing the
Transverse Section of the Central Portion of the Stem
10 Anatomical Features of D. angustifolia Showing the
Transverse Section of the Central Portion of the Stem
11 Treated and Untreated Samples of C. scipionum After
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Sanding Process ...... . . . .......... .... .......................... .. . ....... ............ ..... 89
12 Treated and Untreated Samples of D. angustifolia After Sanding Process . . . ......................................................................... 89
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
FRIM Forest Research Institute Malaysia
MOE Modulus of Elasticity
MOR Modulus of Rupture
MTS Maximum Tensile Stress
MCS Maximum Compressive Stress
Sp Species
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Abstract of thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Pertanian Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.
STEM PROPERTIES OF PlANTED CALAMUS SCIPIONUM AND DAEMONOROPS ANGUSTIFOLIA OF DIFFERENT AGES
By
ROSZAINI KADIR
January 1997
Chairman Dr. Mohd Hamami Sahri
Faculty Forestry
Knowledge on anatomical, physical, mechanical and machining properties is
necessary in assessing the potential use of rattan but little research has been
conducted on the commercially important large diameter species. A total of fifty two
stems of two species namely Calamus scipionum Lour. 'Rotan semambu' and
Daemonorops angustifolia (Griff.) Mart. 'Rotan getah' from plantation plots were
chosen for the study to evaluate the effect of age and height on the properties of
rattan.
All the anatomical characteristics studied were significantly correlated to age,
portion, part (except fibre length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness) and
segment. In terms of size, distribution, percentage area and fibre length (anatomical
properties), C. scipionum was bigger than D. angustifolia. The fibre length tended
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to decrease from basal ( 1 .99 mm) towards the top portion (1 .41 mm) and from
the peripheral layer (1 .67 mm) towards the inner wall (1.56 mm) for both species.
The average range of cell wall thickness was from 3.49 to 5.67 f.lm , fibre d iameter;
from 20.58 to 24.07 f.lm and lumen diameter, from 12.63 to 13.61 f.lm, respectively.
The initial moisture content and specific gravity were significantly correlated
with height, maturity of the stem and anatomical properties but not with the part of
the specimens for both species. The moisture content of C. scipionum ranged from
74 to 331 percent and from 54 to 321 percent in D. angustiJolia while the specific
gravity value ranged from 0.40 to 0.83 and from 0.27 to 0.58, respectively. All the
shrinkage values of rattan were significantly correlated with height of the stem. It
increased from the basal towards the top portions.
However, the value of mechanical properties of both species increased with
age but decreased with height of the stem. In sanding, C. scipionum was found to be
a stronger cane and exhibited better qual i ty than D. angustifolia. The treated samples
(boiled with diesel) gave a better result (smoothness and easy to process) than
untreated samples.
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Abstrak tesis ini di kemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Pertanian Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk mendapatkan Ijazah Master Sains.
SIFAT-SIFAT BATANG BAGI CALAMUS SCIPIONUM DAN DAEMONOROPS ANGUS TIFOLIA YANG DITANAM
PADA TAHAP UMUR YANG BERBEZA
Oleh
ROSZAINI KADIR
Januari 1997
Pengerusi Dr. Mohd Hamami Sahri
Fakulti Perhutanan
Pengetahuan mengenai sifat-sifat anatomi, fizikal, mekanikal dan pemesinan
amat diperlukan di dalam menilai potensi kegunaan spesis-spesis rotan tetapi hanya
sedikit sahaja penyelidikan yang telah dijalankan ke atas spesis-spesis komersial yang
berdiameter besar. Sejumlah lima puluh dua batang dari spesis Calamus scipionum
Lour. (Rotan semambu) dan Daemonorops angustifolia (Griff.) Mart. (Rotan getah)
daripada plot tanaman telah dipilih untuk kajian bagi menilai kesan umur dan
ketinggian batang terhadap sifat-sifat rotan berkenaan.
Kesemua sifat-sifat anatomi didapati memberi kesan yang bererti terhadap
umur, ketinggian, bahagian (kecuaIi panjang gentian, diameter lumen dan ketebalan
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dinding sel) dan segmen. Di dalam erti kata saiz, taburan dan peratusan kawasan ke
atas sifat- sifat anatomi serta panjang gentian, C. scipionum mempunyai nilai yang
lebih besar berbanding D. angustifolia. Penurunan panjang gentian adalah ketara
daripada bahagian bawah (1 .99 mm) sehingga ke bahagian teratas sekali ( 1 .41 mm)
dan daripada lapisan luar (1 .67 mm) terus kepada lapisan dalam sekali ( 1 .56 mm) bagi
kedua-dua spesis. Ketebalan dinding sel setiap satunya berjulat di antara 3.49 hingga
5.67 lAm, diameter gentian di antara 20.58 hingga 24.07 lAm dan diameter lumen
daripada 12.63 hingga 13.61 �lm.
Kandungan lembapan dan ketumpatan bandingan didapati amat dipengaruhi
oleh ketinggian dan peningkatan umur batang serta si fat-sifat anatomi tetapi tidak
dengan bahagian-bahagian sampel bagi kedua-dua spes is. Kandungan lembapan bagi
C. scipionum berjulat di antara 74 hingga 331 peratus dan dari 54 hingga 321 peratus
bagi D. angustifolia sementara bagi ketumpatan bandingan, masing-masing berjulat di
antara 0.40 hingga 0.83 (C. scipionum) dan 0.27 hingga 0.58 (D. angustifolia).
Kesemua nilai pengecutan rotan amat dipengaruhi oleh ketinggian sampel. Nilainya
meningkat daripada bahagian bawah sehingga ke bahagaian teratas batang.
Walau bagaimanapun, sifat-sifat mekanikal kedua-dua spesis didapati
meningkat bersama peningkatan umur tetapi menurun dengan ketinggian batang.
C. scipionum merupakan rotan yang lebih kuat serta menunjukkan kualiti lebih baik
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berbanding D. angustifolia terutamanya di daJam proses pernpeJasan. SarnpeJ yang
dirawat (direbus bersarna diseJ) memberikan perrnukaan yang lebih baik berbanding
dengan sarnpel yang tidak dirawat.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Rattan is one of Malaysia's rich natural and renewable resources. As a native
plant of the jungle, it is a source of sustenance and livelihood (Raja Fuziah, 1985).
Although categorised as a minor forest product, rattans together with bamboo far
outweigh all the minor forest produce in economic terms. Before this, their
importance is overshadowed by the forest's primary product, the logs. These
nonwood forest products were ignored, destroyed and left to rot during logging
operations or were gathered by the local for domestic consumption.
According to Menon (1980), rattans have been exploited and utilised for
several centuries and during the last few decades, rattan has emerged as the most
sought after raw material for the furniture i ndustry within the country, thus resulting
into a multi-million dollar husiness.
Locally, rattan may be of great social significance in providing a source of
income for the poorer communities living near the forest. These people may use wild
rattan growing in the forest as a source of i ncome for riding over difficult periods in
the agricultural crop cycle.
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Dransfield (1979) reported that all rattans of the world may number about 600
species in 13 genera. Aminuddin (1994) further revealed that about 25 out of the 106
species of rattan found in the forest of Peninsular Malaysia are presently collected and
utilised commercially (Table 1). This could be due to the inferior quality of some
species and in others they produced only very short stems of non-commercial lengths
(Manokaran, 1990). Because of these reasons, most of the world's 600 species do
not enter the trade.
Background of the Study
In the past, rattan which was regarded as a minor forest product was beyond
the scope and interest of forest departments which concentrated on timber extraction
and the regeneration of timber stands. Today, rattan is the most important resource
after timber. Despite the antiquity of its uses, rattans rarely constitute a managed
resource and in spite of their great economic value, they are poorly understood
biologically.
According to Darus & Aminah (1985), the economic importance of rattan has
been found to be significant mainly because of the rattan furniture industry and
handicrafts items which tum into a modem multi-million dollar industry. These
products enjoying very high demand domestically as well as internationally. In facts,
Table 1 List of Potential Rattan Species
Species Large diameter (>18 mm) Calamus manan C. tumidus C. palustris C. ornatus C. scipionum C. peregrinus C. erinaceus Daemonorops grandis D. angustifolia Korthalsia rigida K. flagellaris K. laciniosa
Small diameter «18 mm) C. caesills C. axillaris C. speciosissimus C. insignis C. laevigatus C. densiflorus C. diepenhorstii C.javensis C. exilis C. pycnocarpus Daemonorops propiqlla D. didymophylla D. micrantha
(Source: Aminuddin, 1993)
Vernacular name
Rotan manau Rotan tikus Rotan manau langkawi Rotan mantang Rotan semambu Rotan jelayan Rotan bakau/air Rotan sendang Rotan getah Rotan dahan Rotan dahan Rotan dahan/merah
Rotan sega Rotan sega air Rotan sega badak Rotan batu Rotan tunggal Rotan kerai Rotan kerai hitam Rotan lilin/seni Rotan paku Rotan kong Rotan jernang Rotan jernang Rotan jernang miang
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its roots still remain firmly embedded in village and small-scale rural cottage-type
activities.
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The international trade in rattan dates to the mid-nineteen century before the
Portuguese brought the material to Europe (Corner, 1966; Whitmore, 1973;
Dransfield & Manokaran, 1993). However, village-level utilisation in the Asia region
spans many centuries ago. Rattan enters into the world market as rattan sticks, cane
core and split canes. Menon (1980) reported that the rattan brings US$50 million into
village economies, annually and more than US$1.2 billion in terms of manufactured
products. Such a large volume in rattan trade indicates that there is great demand for
rattan and rattan products throughout the world.
In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in demand for furniture
especially from Japan, Europe and United States of America (USA). Singapore was
the clearing-house for practically the entire rattan output of the South-East Asia and
the Western Pacific at the turn of the 20th century. Singapore and Hong Kong,
without raw rattan resources of their own, have been playing the lucrative role of the
middle-man from the beginning of international trade in raUans. They have been
importing, processing and then re-exporting of rattan products (Manokaran, 1990).
From 1922 to 1927, Singapore exported from 2750 to 16000 tonnes, mainly
to Hong Kong, the United States and France. During the same period, the export
from Kalimantan and Sulawesi increased from 9400 to 19300 tonnes and 10300 to
21800 tonnes, respectively. By the 1970's, Indonesia supplied about 90% of raw
rattan of the worlds. In 1977, Singapore and Hong Kong which have no
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commercially harvestable rattan resources, earned more than US$21 million and
US$68 million, respectively in export value. By comparison, Indonesia's share only
US$15 million of the trade, mainly of unprocessed canes (Manokaran, 1 990). Anon
(1987) reported that these two non-rattan producing nations in the region have
established their processing industries by training a large pool of ski l led labour
and have developed technologies to treat and utilise a wide variety of lesser known or
low quality rattan. Malaysia needs to develop her rattan industry further to overcome
this unhealthy situation.
In order to discourage the export of raw rattans, the goverment has imposed a
RM 2700/metric tonne export duty recently of any species, size and condition, in an
attempt to safeguard the interest of local rattan furniture makers since August 1 987.
As extension of this, only finished rattan products were al lowed to be exported from
December 1989 onward. This is to ensure that there is a continuous supply of high
quality raw rattan within the country thus conserving i ts resource base. In fact,
these can contribute the industry's ability to meet the Industrial Master Plan export
target of US$60 million worth of rattan furniture by 1995 (Manokaran, 1990).
With the increasing demand of rattan products and improvement of processing
techniques, the rattan industry is growing up rapidly. More than 642 rattan factories
are registered in the country where, 30% is categorised as cottage and small scale
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and 70% as large scale industries. Of the 642 mills, 24.6% are involved in
rattan processing while the remaining 484 mills are engaged in the manufacturing
activities (Aminuddin & Abdul Latif, 1992). However, the distribution of these
factories are concentrated mainly in the north-west of the Peninsular Malaysia, which
is rich in rattan resources.
Malaysia has abundant supply of raw rattan. Abdul Latif (1989) reported
that, the total gross value of raw rattans collected could amount to over RM 5 million
a month. The value can increase to more than seven to nine times if the
manufactures concentrate on downstream processing as in furniture or semi
processed products such as ropes and binds which are traditionally imported from
Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia and Taiwan. However the supply for
commercially importanat large diameter rattan species is getting very scarce. The
supply is very difficult to come by and most of the industries have resorted to replace
Calamus manan (Rotan manau) with other large diameter canes. Rattan has huge
potential for industrial development and Malaysia should exploit these resources to
the maximum. The supply of these rattan species can be increased through large scale
planting on available land langing from wastelands to forests and rubber estates
(Aminuddin & Nur Supardi, 1991).
The potential of these species could partly be realised by understanding its
basic characteristics and properties. It is also important to compare its properties to
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other commercial species in order to obtain rational explanation on i ts potential
usage. In view of this, two planted rattans species were chosen as material for the
study in assessing its potentia l suitabitlity for various end products.
In the light of the increasing emphasis on improved rattan utilisation, the
suitability of Calamus sp., Daemonorops sp., Korthalsia sp. and other species for
specific end-uses such as handicrafts and furniture has to be studied. This study has
been designed to assess the properties of p lanted rattans viz. Calamus scipionum
'Rotan semambu' and Daemonorops angustifolia 'Rotan getah' which covers the
anatomical, physical, mechanical and machining properties to provide the basic
information for their utilisation.
Objectives of the Study
The study emphasised on the followings:-
a. To determine the anatomical features, physical, mechanical and machining
properties of two planted rattan species viz. Calamus scipionum Lour. and
Daemonorops angustifolia (Griff.) Mart.
b. To study the variations between and within the parameters studied in relation
to age and stem heights.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
Rattans are mostly trailing or spiny climbing palms with characteristics scaly
fruits belonging to the Lepidocaryoid Major Group of the Palm Family (Moore, 1 973;
Dransfield & Uhld, 1986). It's the most important group of forest species after
timber. These palms are abundantly found in low and medium virgin forests.
Although there are thirteen recognised genera which comprise about 600 species in
the world, rattans are mostly concentrated in tropical and subtropical areas in the Asia
Pacific region (10 genera) and West Africa (4 genera). The most commercial genus is
Calamus while others include Calospatha, Ceratolobus, Daemonorops, Korthalsia,
Myrialepis, Plectocomia and Plectocomiopsis (Table 2). There is no other rattan
growing naturally in other tropical and sub-tropical areas, or in temperate regions
(Manokaran, 1990).
According to Whitmore (1973), rattans have their centre in South East Asia
and Malaya lies at the very hub (Figure 1). Nine genera, including all the principal
ones. occur in this region. In fact, Calamus and Daemonorops are our two largest
palm genera with 72 and 32 species, respectively. Numbers of genera and
species fall off sharply in all directions away from the old Sunda shelf cou ntries of
Sumatra, Malaya and Borneo. In Malaya out of 220 species of palms, 106 species
are rattans and these figures are only provisional.
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