Unit One: Colonization to Reconstruction

Columbus’ Journeys

Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin TOBACCO

Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

SLAVES COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

“The Columbian Exchange”

Colonization to Constitution

• Essential Questions:– What is the difference in motivations to settle

between Jamestown and Plymouth?– Why did the United States of America win

independence?– What were the weaknesses of the Articles of

Confederation?– Describe the structure of the US Constitution

Jamestown, VA

Early Settlements

• Jamestown Settlement- 1606– Joint-Stock Company– 500 arrive; within a year, only 60 are left– Reason?

• President John Smith- 1608– Studies natives – 1609 forces colonists into countryside to farm crops– Forms the foundation of plantations along James River

Tobacco

• John Rolfe -1610– North America’s first

tobacco crop– Nets $ 1 million in

today’s revenue

• By 1624, Virginia is the world’s largest producer of Tobacco

• Nathaniel Bacon– First push west into

Indian territory– Bacon’s Rebellion

• Fought against Indian’s and government corruption

• Burnt Jamestown to the ground in 1676

• Declaration of the People of Virginia (1676)

Plymouth, MA

Plymouth, MA

• Plymouth Settlement- 1620– Called pilgrims; 19 families– Religious sect from England– Today, 10% of all Americans can trace their

ancestry to the Plymouth settlement• Establishes Native American treaties• Forms foundation of Puritan society.

Mayflower Compact-1620

• The first written document in North America– Democratic, giving equal rights to all men – Freedom and liberty, as long as you were puritan

• Social Contract for the “new world”– Later inspires the Constitution

Mayflower Compact

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Plymouthcolonymap.png

Puritan Society

• Protestant sect with 4 main convictions:1. Personal Salvation comes entirely from God2. Bible is the sole guide to life3. Church should express the teachings of the Bible4. Society is one unified whole

• In the new world, they constructed Plymouth and then New England in this way

Mid-Atlantic

• More diversity, focus on trading• Pennsylvania– William Penn wanted it as a colony for religious

freedom• Philadelphia--- city of Brotherly Love• Religious groups flock to PA• Becomes wealthiest colony

Triangular Trade

Enlightenment

• 17th and 18th century interest in the origins and roles of society and gov’t

John Locke• Two Treatises of Government– People are naturally good– Law of Nature- there are certain rights that every

person is entitled to.• (Life, Liberty, Property)• Property is a mix of labor and natural materials

• People form government to protect their rights.– But, government should be limited as much as possible.– If a government fails, it is the right for people to rebel

against that government.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• “Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains”

• Like Locke, people started in a state of nature– (perfect and innocent)

• As population grew, people formed villages and worked together– (frees people to divide labor)

• Invention of Private Property was the root of evil– (with property comes greed and selfishness)

Rousseau

• Therefore, government was created by contract to protect all people, while still helping the richest and most powerful to stay in power!

Rousseau

• “The Social Contract”– Felt society placed too many limitations on human

behavior.– Government should control the people as little as

possible.• Put his faith in the best conscious of the

people… or the “General will”– Democratic nature

Adam Smith

• Wrote Wealth of Nations• Invisible hand (Butcher, Baker, and the Brewer)• Most important thinker on Capitalism (our economy

stems from his thoughts)

Main pts of Capitalism

1. Goods and services are produced for profitable exchange.2. Human labor power is a commodity for

sale LABOR IS THE SOURCE OF VALUE.3. Individuals want success and are driven by self-interest4. Law of Supply and Demand5. Law of Competition6. Government should interfere minimally with the free

and efficient workings of the market– Laissez faire [“Leave things alone.”]

Great Awakening

• Religious revival in New England

Jonathan Edward’s Sinners in the hands of an angry God

• Brimstone and Fire-– Influential style of sermons which focuses on hell

and eternal damnation• Protestant work ethic-– Puritans work hard to escape damnation and help

the community

http://www.cs.indiana.edu/~port/teach/relg/sinners.short.htm

Model of Christian Charity

• Jonathan Winthrop– “City upon a hill”– There will always be rich and poor; rich need to take

care of poor through charity– Role of gov’t is to ensure fair practices in business.

• Ex. Can’t take advantage in time of need… price setting

• John Cotton (and John Locke)– All men are equal; first universal male suffrage– It takes a village to raise a child; tight-knit community

Wars

• British dominance in the world asserted– King William’s War– Queen Anne’s War– King George’s War

• 7 Year’s War (French and Indian War) 1754-1763– Spills over to Europe due to border disputes– British/colonists vs. French, Indians on both sides– Proclamation of 1763

What caused the Revolutionary War?

• Economics- taxes (Tea, Sugar, Stamps)– Britain operating under mercantilism, while not letting

American colonists retain money for themselves• Political and Social differences

– British monarchy gave no representation(“no taxation without representation”)--Freedoms (religious and political)

• Boston Massacre• Continental Congress• Signing of Declaration of Independence

– (July 4th, 1776)

Taxes• Sugar Act• Stamp Act• Navigation Act• Wool Act• Hat Act• Molasses Act• Iron Act• Proclamation of 1763• Quartering Act• Townsend Act• Tea Act• Currency Act• Intolerable Acts

Start of War

• British objectives--- put down insurrection quickly while avoiding larger scale war with France or Spain

• American objective--- create an army, system of finance, government to include all colonies, outlast the British

Washington’s Headaches

• Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral].

• State/colony loyalties.

• Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army.

• Poor training [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.]

Loyalist

Strongholds

Exports & Imports: 1768-1783

Military Strategies

1. Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].

2. Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]

3. Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.

The Americans The British

1. Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.

2. Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.

3. “Divide and Conquer” use the Loyalists.

Phase I: The Northern Campaign

[1775-1776]

Bunker Hill (June, 1775)

The British suffered over 40% casualties.

“Don’t Fire until you see the white’s of their eyes.” -William Prescott

Phase II:

NY & PA[1777-1778]

New York City in Flames(1776)

Washington Crossing the Delaware

Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

Saratoga: “Turning Point” of the War?

Phase III: The Southern Strategy [1780-1781]

Britain’s “Southern Strategy”

• Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.

• Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.

• The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside

• Good US General:Nathanial Greene

• Understood logistics and British

needs to win

The Battle of Yorktown (1781)

Count de Rochambeau

AdmiralDe Grasse

Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown:

Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

• Did the US win or did the British lose?

North America After theTreaty of Paris, 1783

Articles of Confederation Government: 1781-1789

Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the End of the

War• Federalists favor a

strong federal gov’t• Antifederalists favor

strong state gov’ts

Weaknesses of theArticles of

Confederation• A unicameral Congress

[9 of 13 votes to pass a law].

• 13 out of 13 to amend.

• Representatives were frequently absent.

• Could not tax or raise armies.

• No executive or judicial branches.

State Constitutions• Republicanism.

• Most had strong governors with veto power.

• Most had bicameral legislatures.

• Property required for voting.

• Some had universal white male suffrage. (PA)

• Most had bills of rights.

• Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

Occupational Composition of Several State Assemblies

in the 1780s

Indian Land Cessions:1768-1799

Disputed Territorial ClaimsBetween Spain & the U. S.:

1783-1796

State Claims to Western Lands

Land Ordinance of 1785

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress!

• Statehood achieved in three stages:

1. Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory.

2. When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners elect territorial legislature.

3. When population reached 60,000 elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

The United States in 1787

American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789

WholesalePriceIndex:1770-1789

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-1787

• Daniel Shays

• Western MA

• 1,200 small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

• Attack Springfield Armory with plans of leading a rebellion

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7

There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.

-- George Washington

Annapolis Convention (1786)

• 12 representatives from 5 states[NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]

• GOAL address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.

• Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.

• Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

Constitutional Convention

• May 25-September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia

• Goal: Address or change the weaknesses with the Articles of Confederation

Virginia Plan

• Led by James Madison to create a new gov’t.• Called for a…

1. bicameral legislature elected proportionally by state population

2. Executive branch elected by the legislature3. Judicial branch with veto power

New Jersey Plan (small state plan)

• A revision of the Articles of Confederation• Called for a…

1. Unicameral legislature with one vote per state2. Executive branch that is elected for one year

Great Compromise

• Aka the Connecticut Compromise• Took ideas from both the Virginia Plan and the

New Jersey plan• Created a new gov’t under the Constitution– Bicameral legislature • Senate– 2 elected per state• House of Representatives– elected proportionally

– Executive Branch (President elected popularly)– Judicial Branch– creates the Supreme Court

Ratification

• Required 9 states to support the Constitution• Supporters called themselves Federalists

– “It is a matter both of wonder and regret, that those who raise so many objections against the new Constitution should never call to mind the defects of that which is to be exchanged for it. It is not necessary that the former should be perfect; it is sufficient that the latter is more imperfect.” -The Federalist, No. 38, 1788

Ratification

• Opponents became Antifederalists– Argued that the

Constitution did not guarantee protection of the rights of states or the people

– Requested a Bill of Rights to assure protection

Bill of Rights

• First ten Amendments of the US Constitution– 1st through 8th Amendments detail personal

liberties– 9th and 10th impose limits on the powers of the

Federal government• Adopted by 1791

Early USA: 1800-1864

• Points to contemplate:1. The World’s first modern democracy will be

challenged constantly for clout and limitations2. Economic differences will divide the USA

between the North and South

National Bank debate

• Alexander Hamilton, as secretary of the Treasury, job was to start American capitalism

• Called for a National Bank with a unified currency

• Loose interpreters vs. strict constructionist

PBS source: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/hamilton/sfeature/scenes_02_qt_hi.html Or try : http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/hamilton/sfeature/scenes.html#bank

XYZ Affair of 1798

• Led to a Quasi-War with France– Alien and Seditions Acts by Federalists• Republicans say it aimed to penalize those expressing

“false, scandalous, and malicious statements” against the government. • (repealed in 1802 by Naturalization Act)

Election of 1800 and uniqueness

• Thomas Jefferson versus John Adams– Jefferson and vice pres. Candidate Aaron Burr tie– Who becomes president?– Congress passes the 12th Amendment

• Jeffersonian Republicanism– Have gov’t provide basic support for the needs of

the people (Q: what are some basic needs)– Favored Decentralized federal gov’t and low taxes

Marbury vs. Madison

• Story of Marbury vs. Madison

• Important outcome: Judicial review- – The Supreme court has the ability to declare a law

unconstitutional

Louisiana Purchase & Lewis and Clark

• Pres. Jefferson made $15 million purchase from the French (Napoleon) in 1803

• Doubled the size of the USA at $.03 per acre• Ordered the exploration of Merriwether Lewis

and William Clark– Lasted for 2 years; blazed paths to the west

“O Grab Me”

• Jeffersonian embargo against the British,– Idea is that it would punish the British, ends up

hurting US more– 70,000 merchants unemployed, farmers can’t sell

excess crops, leads to stagnation• Positive: – Sparks Industrial Revolution in the North

War Hawks

• Wanted war with Britain… why?– Britain was arming Native Americans to fight

against settlers moving west– Impressment of Americans in British navy– British Ships in US waters– Many Americans want Canada as part of US

War of 1812

• Mid-June 1812 President Madison and Congress declare War

• August 1814- British burn D.C.• January 8, 1815, Battle of New Orleans– Andrew Jackson becomes the hero

• Treaty of Ghent– signed December 24, 1814

Important outcomes from War of 1812

1. Led to the end of the Federalist Party, which had opposed the war.

2. Encouraged the expansion of US industry to support the war.

3. Affirmed the US as a free and independent nation

4. Canada stays a part of Britain

Monroe Doctrine

“Our policy in regard to Europe… is not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers… But in regard to those continents (of the Western Hemisphere), circumstances are imminently and conspicuously different. It is impossible that the allied (European) powers should extend their political system to any portion of either continent without endangering our peace and happiness.”

--Annual message to Congress Dec. 2, 1823

Manifest Destiny

• Idea that the US should stretch from “Sea to Shining Sea.”

• Used “divine inspiration” as a justification for expansion and

conquest

Supreme Court Cases

• McCullough vs. Maryland 1818– Ruling: Fed gov can tax

and regulate state banks, not the opposite.

• Gibbons vs. Ogden 1824– Ruling: Interstate

commerce should be regulated by Congress, not states

Missouri Compromise

• Maine and Missouri both had met the requirements to become states.

• Outcomes: – Maine becomes free state– Missouri becomes slave state– Dividing line at 36*30’

Andrew Jackson

• Jacksonian Democracy– Expanded the US– Indian Removal Act of

1830 and Trail of Tears

• Elected into office in 1828.

• First Democrat party president

Spoils System

• Elected his own friends and supporters into office.– Brought popular support from the common man;

their first time in office positions– Leads to increasing corruption– Pork Barrel politics

Nullification

• John C. Calhoun – Jackson’s V.P. from South Carolina– Outraged over Tariff of 1816, and increasing tariff

in 1824 and 1828.– Called for Southern states to nullify the tariff,

threaten secession

Indian Removal Act of 1830

• Roots in Locke– From “of Property”• Cannot own/maintain land if not using it• Indians were more hunter/gatherers, not farmers

• Americans want to move west

• Trail of Tears

Market Economy

• By the 1830’s, industry was growing.– Erie Canal, Cotton Gin, Telegraph, Steam Engine,

railroad lines all facilitated non-agricultural growth.– Most industrial growth took place in the North,

from New York City and Philly to Chicago– New markets emerge, start of consumerism– Development of free enterprise– Commonwealth v. Hunt

• Right to strike for worker rights

Cotton Mills 1828

• Manufacturing goods in World by %

Texas Independence

• Americans move into the Texas territory of Mexico--- more Americans than Mexicans by 1830

• Push for independence rises from cultural differences with Mexico, especially taxes, language and slavery

• Battle of the Alamo 1836• Treaty of Velasco

Mexican-American War

• Texas seeked annexation by USA• President Polk urged war with Mexico, allowing

the annexation of several other territories, including California

• 1845-1848 • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo– $15 million for CA, AZ, NM, UT, NV and CO, WY– Set boundary at Rio Grande

• Gasden Purchase– 1853 US buys southern AZ , CA and NM for $10 Mil– Allows RR lines to connect US South with Cali

Abolition movement

• William Lloyd Garrison– The Liberator– White Abolitionist

• Frederick Douglass– The North Star– Freed slave– Becomes the central abolitionist writer from the

North• Nat Turner’s Rebellion– Virginia slave leads 50 slaves, kill 68 slave owners

Political laws regarding slavery

• Compromise of 1850– CA enters as free state– Increase in Fugitive slave laws– Popular sovereignty for NM and Utah

• Kansas-Nebraska Act– Repealed Missouri Compromise– “Bleeding Kansas”

Compromise of 1850

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

Dred Scott Decision

• Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri, but lived in IL, WS and MN

• Supreme court ruled on March 6, 1857 that Scott was not free, because as property, the slave owner could take him anywhere, including free states and territories.

Lincoln elected president

• Lincoln, a Republican, was elected in the 1860 election– Competed against Stephen Douglas (D) Jonathan

Breckenridge (D) and John Bell (Constitutional Union Party)

– Received less than a majority of the popular vote and didn’t win any Southern states

– South fears Lincoln will get rid of slavery, decide to secede• South Carolina is first in December 20, 1860

Election of 1860

Civil War

• Discussion: what was the main issue between the North and South?

Battles

• Bull Run July 1st 1861 Confederate Victory

• Antietam Sept. 18th 1862 Draw• Gettysburg July 1st-3rd, 1863Union Victory• Vicksburg ends July 4th, 1863 Union

Victory• Atlanta April-July 1864 Union

Victory• Appomattox Courthouse– April 9th, 1865

1861-62

1863

1863

1864-65

Election of 1864