Unit Five Chapter Six

What’s next?

• White Georgians want good standing in the Union.• Natives still live in Georgia.• Many are forced out of their homes between 1783-1838.• Cherokee have learned much from settlers.

Cherokee

• George Gist is son of Cherokee princess and Virginia Scout.

• Takes Cherokee name Sequoyah, which meant “lonely lame one.”

• Hurt in a hunting accident.

• Interested in “talking leaves.”

Syllabary

• Sequoyah is fascinated by how words can communicate.

• He begins to write a syllabary.

• Syllabary is a group of symbols that stand for sounds/syllables.

• All sounds in the Cherokee language can be spoken without closing the lips (except for letter “m”).

Syllabary

• 12 years to complete the 85 symbol syllabary.• Once a few people began to learn to use the syllabary, the

idea caught on.• 6 months later, tribes can read and write with new

symbols.• Sequoyah is awarded the first literary prize in America.

Cherokee Phoenix

• Elias Boudinot begins first Indian newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix.

• Name comes from mythical bird that rose from it’s own ashes.

• Printed in English and Cherokee.

• Tribes all over Southeast can keep in communication with each other.

New Echota

• Before, the Cherokee capitol was always where the principal chief lived.

• 1825 Cherokee establish a permanent capitol at New Echota (near Calhoun).

• Very thriving community.• Print shop, library,

courthouse all exist here.• Cherokee adopt a

constitution.

Chief James Vann

• Vann was said to be “feared by many and loved by few.”

• Believed in Christianity.• Famous home near

Chatsworth, son Joseph inherited land.

• Nicknamed “Rich Joe.”• When he hired a white

man to work for him, the state seized his holdings.

Relationships with Settlers

• Hernando de Soto first European to meet natives in Georgia.

• Some traders and missionaries interact with natives.

• Tensions rise between the traders and the natives over deerskin trades and other matters.

Relationships with Settlers: Yamasee War

• Yamasee War begins when the Yamasee tribe kill agent Thomas Nairne and some traders.

• Natives outnumber whites.

• Settlers turned the natives against each other.

• The Creek and Cherokee split alliances after Yamasee war.

Relationships with Settlers: French and Indian War

• Four wars occur between France and Great Britain for control of New World.

• Seven Years’ War is fought in North America.

• Both nations claim Ohio and Mississippi River.

• France builds forts to slow down British advancement.

• George Washington is sent to deliver an ultimatum to French.

• Ultimatum is a threat to take action if a demand is not met.

Relationships with Settlers: French and Indian War

• The French do not comply.• Few Indian tribes join with British—Iroquois support

them but do not actively help.• Most join with French: Cherokee, Delaware,

Shawnee, Ottawa, and Chippewa.• War is brutal and harsh in the backwoods.

Relationships with Settlers: French and Indian War

Relationships with Settlers: French and Indian War

• The Congress of Augusta meets in 1763 to discuss peace.

• Southern colonies meet with representatives from Indians and promise to live in peace.

• Creek cede 2.5 million acres.

• Treaty of Paris officially ends French and Indian War. Britain is in control of lands east of Mississippi River.

Problems after the Seven Year’s War

• Britian now has to manage 2 million colonists and 600,000 Canadians.

• Peace must be kept between natives and settlers.

• The Proclamation of 1763 was meant to manage the country.

• Broke the land into two parts• Colonists could settle east of

Appalachian Mountains, and everything north was for Indians.

Oconee War• Natives and settlers don’t get

along.• Led by Chief Alexander

McGillivray, Indians burn houses and capture settlers.

• Georgia colonists vowed to kill any Creeks.

• This period of skirmishes is called Oconee War.

• McGillivray meets with Washington and agrees to peace after making a deal.

• Treaty of New York ends war.• “Peace” lasts from 1797-1812. • Yazoo land fraud takes place

during this time and natives are forced to move again.

War Against Creeks

• Some native American leaders want to unite the Indians.

• Indians are divided into two groups:– Red Sticks– White Sticks

Red Sticks and White Sticks

• Those who wanted war were Red Sticks.• Those who wanted peace were White Sticks.• During War or 1812, many Red Sticks fight alongside British.• Red Sticks attack settlers and White Sticks in Fort Mims in

Alabama.• 4 hour battle results in 400 deaths.

“Remember Fort Mims!”

• Americans are outraged— “Remember Fort Mims” is the battle cry!

• Troops begin attacking Creeks.

• Last battle of Creek Indian War starts on March 27, 1814.

• This is called the Battle of Horseshoe Bend—Andrew Jackson leads troops.

• Creeks are defeated.

“Remember Fort Mims!”

• Creeks surrender to Jackson and give up more land.

• Tribes become separated—no communication or trade.

• Treaties are signed without everyone being in agreement.

• Treaty of Indian Springs in Butts County pays Creek chiefs $200,000 to cede the last of Creek land.

• Chief McIntosh later has home destroyed and is stabbed to death and scalped for involvement with Treaty.

James Monroe

• 5th president of United States.

• 2 terms from 1817-1825 called “Era of Good Feelings.”

• Involved with many historical events before presidency: Revolutionary War, Continental Congress, Louisiana Purchase.

• Best known for Monroe Doctrine.

Monroe Doctrine

• Named after James Monroe, though secretary of State John Adams writes most of it.

• Delivered to Congress on Dec. 2, 1823.• Sets precedent for American foreign policy. • Not taken seriously at first because America isn’t

powerful (no navy or strong army).• After many Latin American countries declared

independence from Spain, trouble was brewing.• Three principles:

– No European nation can establish any more colonies in North America (Spain in Latin America, Russia in Pacific)

– Europe stays out of New World affairs, – The U.S. will stay out of Old World affairs.

James Fenimore Cooper

• One of first Americans to write about pioneers.

• Never lived in the West, born in New Jersey in 1789. Helped establish Cooperstown, NY.

• Went to Yale, dropped out. Joined navy, dropped out.

• Wrote for extra income.• Leatherstocking Tales are

famous series of novels.• Last of the Mohicans most

well known.

Indian Removal Act

• 1828 Jackson is elected president.

• Realizes that southerners want Indians out.

• 1830 Congress passes Indian Removal Act.

• Indians are now to be moved to western territories. Bill passes by only 14 votes.

Indian Removal Act• Choctaw are first to be moved—when they refuse, Alabama takes

away legal rights.• Starvation and disease affect Creeks. They can either move west or

stay on reservation.• Treaties are broken, Creeks rebel. • Forced to go to Oklahoma, some made into slaves.• In Cherokee land, Georgians found gold.

Gold!

• Gold is discovered in Dahlonega in 1829. Benjamin Parks finds the metal while deer hunting.

• Over 10,000 come to Cherokee land.

• Georgia legislature passes law that puts part of Cherokee land under state control.

• Also, legislature wont recognize Cherokee laws, and Cherokee cannot speak out against whites in court.

• Cherokee given no rights to mine for gold.

Worchester vs. Georgia

• Small group of white missionaries care about natives.

• Law said whites cannot live on native land without taking an oath of allegiance.

• Samuel Worchester and Elizur Butler refuse and take case all the way to Supreme Court.

• Court rules that state verdict isn’t legal because Cherokee land isn’t state jurisdiction.

• The “victory” isn’t recognized.

Worchester vs. Georgia

• Government holds state lottery for Cherokee lands, Worchester and Butler give up.

• They abandon litigation–will no longer sue in court.

• They also agree to let magnanimity (generosity) of the state decide their prison sentence.

• Governor pardons them, but they must leave.

Trail of Tears

• December 1835 Cherokee meet at New Echota and agree to go west.

• Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and Davy Crocket appeal for rights of Cherokee.

• May 1838 troops force Cherokee to move. • Hundreds die in stockades and boats of disease and bad

food.• Some escape to mountains, many die of cold.• Elias Boudinot, editor of Phoenix, is killed for signing

treaty.• President Van Buren calls the emigration, or moving

out, of Cherokee a success.

Trail of Tears