Unit 6: Learning. Unit Overview How Do We Learn? Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning...
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Transcript of Unit 6: Learning. Unit Overview How Do We Learn? Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning...
![Page 1: Unit 6: Learning. Unit Overview How Do We Learn? Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Learning by Observation Click on the any of the above hyperlinks.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f575503460f94c7b9f8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Unit 6:Learning
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Unit Overview
• How Do We Learn?
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Learning by Observation
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
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How Do We Learn?
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Introduction
• Learning
• Habituation
• Associative learning–Classical conditioning
–Operant conditioning
–Observational learning
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Classical Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
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Introduction
• Classical conditioning–Ivan Pavlov
–John B. Watson
–Behaviorism
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Pavlov’s Experiments
• Ivan Pavlov–Background
–Experimental procedure
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Pavlov’s Experiments
• Parts of Classical Conditioning–Unconditioned stimulus (US)
–Unconditioned response (UR)
–Conditioned stimulus (CS)
–Conditioned response (CR)
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Pavlov’s Experiments
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Classical Conditioning
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Pavlov’s ExperimentsAcquisition
• Acquisition
• Higher-order conditioning
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Pavlov’s ExperimentsExtinction and Spontaneous Recovery• Extinction
• Spontaneous recovery
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Pavlov’s ExperimentsGeneralization
• Generalization
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Pavlov’s ExperimentsDiscrimination
• Discrimination
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Extending Pavlov’s Understanding
• Cognitive Processes–Learned helplessness
• Biological Predispositions–Conditioned
taste aversion
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Extending Pavlov’s Understanding
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Biopsychosocial Influences on Learning
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Pavlov’s Legacy
• Classical conditioning applies to other organisms
• Showed how to study a topic scientifically
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Pavlov’s LegacyApplications of Classical Conditioning
• John Watson and Baby Albert
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Operant Conditioning
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Introduction
• Respondent behavior
• Operant conditioning
• Operant behavior
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Skinner’s Experiments
• Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect
• B.F. Skinner–Behavioral technology
–Behavior control
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Skinner’s Experiments
• Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)
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Skinner’s ExperimentsShaping Behavior
• Shaping–Successive approximations
–Discriminative stimulus
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Skinner’s ExperimentsTypes of Reinforcers
• Reinforcer–Positive reinforcement
–Negative reinforcement
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Skinner’s ExperimentsTypes of Reinforcers
• Primary reinforcer
• Conditioned reinforcer–Secondary
reinforcer
• Immediate vs delayed reinforcers
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Skinner’s ExperimentsReinforcement Schedules
• Continuous reinforcement• Partial (intermittent) reinforcement• Schedules
–Fixed-ratio schedule–Variable-ratio schedule–Fixed-interval schedule–Variable-interval schedule
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Skinner’s ExperimentsReinforcement Schedules
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Skinner’s ExperimentsReinforcement Schedules
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Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment
• Punishment–Positive punishment
–Negative punishment
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Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment
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Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment
• Negatives of using punishment– Punished behavior is suppressed not
forgotten
– Punishment teaches discrimination
– Punishment can teach fear
– Physical punishment may increase aggression
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Extending Skinner’s UnderstandingCognition and Operant Conditioning
• Latent learning–Cognitive map
• Insight learning• Intrinsic
motivation
• Extrinsic motivation
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Extending Skinner’s UnderstandingBiological Predispositions
• Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive
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Skinner’s LegacyApplications of Operant Conditioning
• At school
• In sports
• At home
• For self- improvement
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Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning
• Similarities between classical and operant conditioning
• Differences between classical and operant conditioning
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Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning
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Learning by Observation
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Introduction
• Observational learning–Social learning
–Modeling
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Mirrors in the Brain
• Mirror neurons
• Theory of mind
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Bandura’s Experiments
• Bandura’s bobo doll experiment
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Bandura’s Experiments
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Applications of Observational LearningProsocial vs Antisocial Effects
• Prosocial effects
• Antisocial effects
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The End
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Definition Slides
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Learning
= a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
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Habituation
= an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it.
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Associative Learning
= learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning).
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Classical Conditioning
= a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
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Behaviorism
= the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
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Unconditioned Response (UR)
= in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
= in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally – naturally and automatically – triggers a response.
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Conditioned Response (CR)
= in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
= in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (CS), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
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Acquisition
= in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
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Higher-order Conditioning
= a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)
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Extinction
= the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
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Spontaneous Recovery
= the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
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Generalization
= the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
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Discrimination
= in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
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Learned Helplessness
= the helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
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Respondent Behavior
= behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
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Operant Conditioning
= a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
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Law of Effect
= Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
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Operant Chamber
= in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner Box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking.
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Shaping
= an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
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Discriminative Stimulus
= in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement).
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Reinforcer
= in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
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Positive Reinforcement
= increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
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Negative Reinforcement
= increases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (Note: negative reinforcement is NOT punishment).
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Primary Reinforcer
= an innately reinforcer stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
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Conditioned Reinforcer
= a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.
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Continuous Reinforcement
= reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
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Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement
= reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.
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Fixed-ratio Schedule
= in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses.
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Variable-ratio Schedule
= in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
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Fixed-interval Schedule
= in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed.
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Variable-interval Schedule
= in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
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Punishment
= an event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
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Cognitive Map
= a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.
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Latent Learning
= learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
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Insight
= a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.
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Intrinsic Motivation
= a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.
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Extrinsic Motivation
= a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.
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Observational Learning
= learning by observing others. Also called social learning.
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Modeling
= the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
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Mirror Neurons
= frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy.
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Prosocial Behavior
= positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.