Unit 3 Tomorrow’s world

To learn the basic forms of the passive voice and some special passive patterns

To learn how to use modal verbs in the passive voice

To find out the verbs often used in the passive voice

Read the explanation and speak out the word or the expression it explains.

electric

built-in

adj. 电的，电动的

adj. 内置的，嵌入式的

using electricity for power

permanently connected with sth and cannot be easily removed

thick, heavy soil that is soft when wet, and hard when dry or baked, used for making bricks and containers

clayn. 黏土，陶土

a dry mass of very small fine pieces or grains; explosive powder used esp. in bombs or fireworks

in the form of a liquid; a substance, such as water, that is not solid or a gas and that can be poured easily

liquidadj. & n. 液体（的）

powdern. 粉末；火药

last but not least最后但同样重要的

importantly, despite being mentioned after everyone else

vi. 逐渐消失；（使）变淡；走下坡路，衰落

accuse

fade

vt. 控诉，控告；谴责

to say that someone has done sth. morally wrong, illegal or unkind

to disappear gradually; to become or to make sth. become paler or less bright; if a sports player, team, actor, etc. fades, they stop playing or performing as well as they did before

In one case, a teenager who was afraid of talking and playing with his schoolmates was treated with VR.An argument has been put forward that some users will be disappointed by RealCine because VR is not real.Besides this, VR can be used to practise skills in a secure environment that otherwise would be quite dangerous.

These sentences are in passive voice.

Both the headsets and the gloves are connected to a computer network in the VR studio.

语态 (Voice) 是动词的一种形式，它表示句子的主语和谓语动词之间的关系。语态通常分为主动语态和被动语态。被动语态 (Passive Voice) 表示句子的主语是动作的承受者。其句子的谓语动词是：be + V-ed 形式。由于构成被动语态的行为动词变成了动词 -ed 形式，所以，被动语态句子的时态都要体现在助动词 be 上。

语态 (Voice) 是动词的一种形式，它表示句子的主语和谓语动词之间的关系。语态通常分为主动语态和被动语态。被动语态 (Passive Voice) 表示句子的主语是动作的承受者。其句子的谓语动词是：be + V-ed 形式。由于构成被动语态的行为动词变成了动词 -ed 形式，所以，被动语态句子的时态都要体现在助动词 be 上。

The man _______ (call) “ A good husband”.

is called

Read the points on Page 48 carefully, and then fill in the blanks according to the words in the bracket.

The pet dog _______________ (treat) by a vet.

is being treated

A frog __________ (catch) by a big bird just now.

was caught

An argument _____ already ________

________ (put forward).

has been put forward

上面的空你都填对了吗？如此多不同时态的被动语态，我们应当如何使用呢？接下来就进行详细的讲解。

Point out the verb, the subject and the object in the following sentences.

We kept food in the fridge.

We close the windows and the door.

S V. O.

S V. O

Food was kept (by us) in the fridge.

The windows and the door are closed.

How can we change a sentence into passive voice?

1. Find out the object of the sentence and use it as the subject of the sentence with the passive voice.

2. Decide the tense of the sentence and use the related form of its passive.3. If necessary, use “by” to join the former subject, which should be put into its object form.

When do we use the passive voice?

Many houses will be built here.

1. 不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者。

The song was composed by a young worker.

2. 说话人对宾语的兴趣大于对主语的兴 趣 ( 这时可用 by 引导出动作的执行者 ) 。

The plan was supported by those who wished to have more chances to speak English.

3. 动作的执行者有较长的修饰语。

You are requested to attend the meeting.

4. 出于礼貌 , 不愿意说出动作的执行者。

be + done

am/is/are 一般现在时

am/is/are+being现在进行时

shall/will+be一般将来时

have/has+been现在完成时

be + done

was/were 一般过去时 was/were+being

过去进行时

would+be过去将来时

had+been过去完成时

被动语态的各种句型

1. 单宾语结构。Our English teacher often uses a tape-recorder in teaching English.

A tape-recorder is often used (by our English teacher) in teaching English.在被动语态中，动作发出者往往置于 by 之后，但在不必指出动作发出者是谁、动作发出者并不重要或很难指出动作发出者是谁时，一般不提及动作发出者。

The villagers gave the foreign guests a warm welcome.

The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the villagers.

A warm welcome was given to the foreign guests by the villagers.

2. 双宾语结构。

We offered people in the flooded areas some food and clothes.

People in the flooded areas were offered some food and clothes.

Some food and clothes were offered to the people in the flooded areas.

give, offer, send, tell, show 等可接双宾语的动词变被动语态时，通常我们用 sb 作主语，但有时也可以用 sth 作主语。

3. 复合宾语结构。

They heard someone singing in the next 　 room. object object complement

Someone was heard singing in the next room.

在主动语态中，有些使役动词和感官动词后接不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语。 但在被动语态中，要改为带 to 的不定式作主语补足语。如 : see/hear/make sb. do sth.

Sb. be seen/heard/made to do sth.They saw the boy fall from the tree.

The boy was seen to fall from the tree.

相当于及物动词的短语动词也可以有 被动语态。 如 : look after, give up, take care of, pay attention to, make use of, put off, wake up, put out 等。The children are taken good care of.

The big fire has been put out.

孩子们得到了很好的照顾。

大火已经扑灭了。

4. 短语动词结构。

特别注意1.只有及物动词和及物动词短语才可以有 被动语态。不及物动词，不及物动词短语或系动词没有被动语态。如： happen, go on, take place, belong to, sound, feel等。Correct mistakes:

This room is belonged to me.

This music is sounded sweet.

belongs to

sounds

2. 有些动词可用主动语态形式来表示 被动意义，如： open, write, read, sell, wash, measure 等。Your article reads well.

This type of car sells well in China.

This hall measures 100 metres long and 60 metres wide.

It is said that …

It is reported that …

It is hoped that …

It is well known that …

It is believed that …

It was once thought that …

It must be pointed out that …

3. 在一些固定句型中常用被动语态。 如：

It is reported that another man-made satellite will be sent up into space next month.Another man-made satellite is reported to be sent up into space next month.

据报道，下个月又一颗人造卫星将会被发射。

The three missing sailors are believed to have drowned.

It is believed that the three missing sailors have drowned.

人们认为这三个失踪的海员已经淹死了。

Change the following sentences into the passive voice.

1. All of us like her.

2. We are discussing the question.

3. We have put off the meeting.

4. I will develop my picture next week.

She is liked by all of us.

The question is being discussed.

The meeting has been put off.

My picture will be developed next week.

We can use modal verbs in the passive voice to talk about ability, possibility, duty, permission, etc.

Firefighters could be trained using RealCine.

1. The user must wear special gloves.Special gloves must be worn.

2. The user can touch the objects in the film.The objects in the film can be touched.

3. Teachers could use RealCine in the classroom too.

RealCine could be used in the classroom too.

4. The user may feel a real sense of achievement and happiness.

5. RealCine might not attract some users.

A real sense of achievement and happiness may be felt.

Some users might not be attracted by RealCine.

6. Scientists ought to develop RealCine further.

RealCine ought to be developed further.

Some verbs are often used in the passive voice and function like adjectives.

The children are _______ (excite) about the coming holiday.All of us were very __________ (disappoint) last Saturday for our team lost the game.Both of them are ________ (satisfy) with my arrangement.

excited

disappointed

satisfied

be bored/born/disappointed/puzzled/ excited/pleased/surprised/tired + (adv) …

被动语态与系表结构被动语态表示动作，句子主语是该动作的承受者，过去分词表示动作；而系表结构表示状态，说明主语的特点或所处的状态。The long novel was written by Lu Xun in the 1920s.The long novel is well written, isn’t it?

The glass was broken by his little son yesterday.Look, the glass is broken! Who broke it?

被动语态

被动语态

系表结构

系表结构

1. — Town Hall is the tallest building in the city. — ______ from here? A. Can it see B. Can it be seen C. Can be seen it D. Can see

答案 B 。 Town Hall ( 市政厅 ) 应当是 被看见，所以应在 B 和 C 中选择。又因 这是一个问句，故选 B 。

Exercise

2. — The ceremony has already started. — Look! The flag is ______ now. A. being raised        B. risen C. being rose           D. raising

答案 A 。 rise vi. 升起，不能有被动 形式，故 B, C 不能选用。 raise vt. 举 起，升起。后要接宾语，故 D 不适 用。 being raised 正在被升起，正符 合题意。

3. The assassination attempt ______

millions, because the speech was on

television.

A. was seen by B. was saw by

C. seen by  D. was seen for

答案 A 。 assassination 暗杀。根据题意：暗杀行为被数百万人所看见，故选 A 。

4. The things talked about in this report ______ over a year ago.  A. had taken place     B. took place C. have taken place    D. were taken place

答案 B 。发生 (take place, occur, happen) 均为不及物动词 ( 词组 ) ，没

有 被动语态。

5. The Anti-Japanese War ___ in 1937

and it _____ eight years.

A. was broken out; lasted

B. broke out; lasted

C. break out; lasts

D. broke out; was lasted

答案 B 。 break out, last 均为不及物动词（短语），没有被动语态。

6. Come and sit down by the fire. Your

hand ______.

A. feels so cold     B. is felt so coldly

C. feels so coldly    D. feel so cold

答案 A 。 feel （摸起来有……的感觉） seem, sound, look 等作为系动词使用，系表结构没有被动语态。

7. I need one more stamp before my collection ______. A. has completed           B. completes C. has been completed       

D. is completed

答案 D 。 before 引导的时间状语从句中用现在时表示将来，而 collection与complete 之间为被动关系。

我所集的邮票还差一张才能成整套。

8. In some parts of the world, tea ___ with milk and sugar. A. is serving         B. is served C. serves               D. served

答案 B 。本题叙述的是一般的情况，常用一般现在时，答案可在 B 和 C中选择。 serve 意思是“供给”或“送上”，此处应用被动语态。

在世界上一些地区，人们饮茶时都加牛奶和蔗糖。

9. If city noises ___ from increasing, people ___ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now. A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have to C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep; have to

答案 A 。 If 从句中，“噪声被加以控制”需

用被动语态，答案为 A 或 B 。主句中时间

状语为“从现在起二十年后”，要用将来

时表示，所以答案为 A 。

10. The water will be further polluted unless some measures ____. 

A. will be taken    B. are taken

C. were taken       D. had been taken

答案 B 。主句中为一般将来时， unless 引导条件状语从句用一般现在时表示将来，而“措施”应该是“被采取”，用被动语态。

如果不采取措施，河水将会进一步受到污染。

The active voice The passive voice

do/does

am/is/are doing

has/have done

be going to/will do

did

was/were doing

had done

are/is doneam/is/are being donehas/have been done

be going to/will be done

was/were done

was/were being done

had been done

Individual activity

Quiz I: Multiple choice 1. No decision _____ about any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed. (2008 北京 ) A. will be made B. is made C. is being made D. has been made

2. — Do you have any problems if you ___ this job? (2008 湖南 ) — Well, I’m thinking about the salary. A. offer B. will offer C. are offered D. will be offered

3. In recent years many football clubs ______ as business to make a profit. (2008 上海 ) A. have run B. have been run C. had been run D. will run4. Though we don’t know what was discussed, yet we can feel the topic ____. (2008 陕西 ) A. had changed B. will change C. was changed D. has been changed

5. I like these English songs and they ____ many times on the radio. (2008 安徽 ) A. taught B. have taught C. are taught D. have been taught6. — What’s that noise? — Oh, I forgot to tell you. The new machine ______. (2008 浙江 ) A. was tested B. will be tested C. is being tested D. has been tested

7. The wet weather will continue tomorrow when a cold front _____ to arrive. (2008 全国 I) A. is expected B. is expecting C. expects D. will be expected 8. Officials say that few patients ______ with the virus owing to the effective prevention. (2008 上海春 ) A. infected B. are infected C. have infected D. be infected

9. He ___ as a national hero for winning the first gold medal for his country in the Olympics. (2008 重庆 ) A. regarded B. was regarded C. has regarded D. had been regarded

10. — Why does the lake smell terrible? — Because large quantities of water ______. (2009福建 )   A. have polluted     B. is being polluted    C. has been polluted  D. have been polluted

11. ________ many times, he finally understood it. (2009四川 )   A. Told     B. Telling    C. Having told    D. Having been told12. Would you please keep silent? The weather report ________ and I want to listen. (2009 湖南 ) A. is broadcast   B. is being broadcast C. has been broadcast   D. had been broadcast

13. — Why don’t we choose that road to save time? — The bridge to it ___. (2009四川 )A. has repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. will be repaired 14. — Hi, Terry, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon? 　 — Sorry. _______. (2009 江苏 )A. It’s repaired B. It has been repaired 　C. It’s being repaired D. It had been repaired

15. The way the guests _____ in the hotel influenced their evaluation of the service. (2009 北京 )　 A. treated 　　 B. were treated　　 C. would treat 　 D. would be treated16. His sister left home in 1998, and ____ since. (2009 全国 I ) A. had not been heard of B. has not been heard of C. had not heard of D. has not heard of

17. Traditional folk arts of Tianjin like paper cutting _____ at the culture show of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo. (2010天津 ) A. are exhibiting B. is exhibiting

C. are being exhibited D. is being exhibited18. This coastal area ________ a national wildlife reserve last year. (2010 湖南 ) A. was named B. named C. is named D. names

19. Linda, make sure the tables _______ before the guests arrive. (2010 全国 II) A. be set B. set C. are set D. are setting20. Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the money-making jobs they ________ before leaving their hometowns. (2010福建 ) A. promised B. were promised C. have promised D. have been promised

21. In the spoken English of some areas in the US, the “r” sounds at the end of the words _____. (2010 北京 ) A. are dropped B. drop C. are being dropped D. have dropped 22. The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune _______. (2010 全国 I) A. is made B. would make C. was to be made D. had made

23. Experiments of this kind ____ in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War. (2011 北京 ) A. have conducted B. have been conducted C. had conducted D. had been conducted24. In the near future, more advances in the robot technology _____ by science. (2011 湖南 ) A. are making B. are made C. will make D. will be made

25. All visitors to this village ______ with kindness. (2011四川 ) A. treat B. are treated C. are treating D. had been treated26. In the last few years thousands of films ___ all over the word. (2011天津 ) A. have produced B. have been produced C. are producing D. are being produced

27. After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team ____ four days later. (2011 上海 ) A. rescued B. was rescued C. has rescued D. had been rescued28. — What do you think of store shopping in the future? — Personally, I think it will exist along with home shopping but _____. A. will never replace (2011 安徽 ) B. would never replace C. will never be replaced D. would never be replaced

Quiz II: Fill in the blanks with the right form of the words given.

1. I __________ (give) a new book by my father on my birthday.

2. English __________ (find) very useful.

3. The work ______________ (finish) tomorrow.4. The flowers _______________ (water)

by them now.

was given

is foundwill be finished

are being watered

5. The railway ______________ (build) this time last year.6. The railway ____ already _________ (build).7. The new railway ____________ (build) by the end of last year.8. He told me the sports meeting _____________ (hold) the next month.9. Rice ________ (grow) in the south of the States.

was being built

has been built

had been built

would be held is grown

Quiz III: Complete this radio news report using the Passive form of the verbs in brackets.Good afternoon. The lunch-time news today (1) ___________ (report) by John Howard. The Prime Minister has visited a primary school in Ipswich where he(2) _____________ (welcome) by the children and their teachers. He opened a new sports centre that (3) ____________

is reported

was welcomed

is being built

(build) with money raised by the parents

and teachers. Half of the money (4) _____

__________ (spend) on building the playg

round. Another ￡ 20,000 (5) ________ (n

eed) to finish the swimming pool so more

money raising activities (6) ____________

___ (organize) in the following months.

is needed

will be organized

been spenthas

1. 禁止吸烟。 _______________________

2. The house _______________ ( 正在上油

漆 ).

3. The flames _____________ ( 能看到 )

several miles away.

Smoking is not permitted.is being painted

Quiz IV: Translation.

could be seen

4. 乔治被选为班长而代替了亨利。 John __________ president of the class instead of Harry.

5. 核能已被我们用来发电。 Nuclear energy _____________________ _________ by us.

6. 到去年年底他们已建造了三艘船。 By last December three ships ____________________.

was elected

has been used to produceelectricity

had beenbuilt by them

To preview Task on Page 52:Skills building 1: distinguishing between facts and opinionsSkills building 2: asking for informationSkills building 3: formal writing

Finish the exercises on Pages 49, 50, and 51.

Finish Part C1 and Part C2 on Page 108.