˙U≤˚X ÿRXÙm Bi” R™r...yœl ˙lw[aw— lpÆj’˚\ uÙ®xd lpÆvÙwÙnf£ utﬂm t´t£...

$: ˙U≤˚X ÿRXÙm Bi” R™r...yœl ˙lw[aw— lpÆj’˚\ uÙ®xd lpÆvÙwÙnf£ utﬂm t´t£ ®ﬂy]m (scert), ˙lw[m 2015 ˙u≤˚x ÿrxÙm bi” r™r higher secondar y course$
Yœl◊

˙LW[ AW—

LpÆj’˚\

UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m (SCERT), LW[m

2015

˙U≤˚X ÿRXÙm Bi”

R™r

HIGHER SECONDARY COURSE

SECOND LANGUAGE - TAMIL

First Year

XI

˙RNıV LˆRm

_] LQ U] ARıSÙVL _V ˙a

TÙWR TÙdV YıRÙRÙ

TgNÙT £k’ œ_WÙR UWÙhPÙ

RıWÙYıP EjLX TeLÙ

YıkRıV aıUÙNX Vÿ]Ù LeLÙ

EfNX _XRı RWeLÙ

RY —T SÙ˙U _Ù˙L

RY —T BNı^ UÙ˙L

LÙ˙L RY _V LÙRÙ

_] LQ UeL[ RÙVL _V ˙a

TÙWR TÙdV YıRÙRÙ

_V ˙a! _V ˙a! _V ˙a!

_V _V _V _V ˙a!

˛ ULÙLÆ CW≈kßWSÙj RÙ·o

EflRı˘UÙZı

CkRıVÙ G]’ SÙ”. CkRıVo A˚]Y⁄m G]’ EPuTı\k˙RÙo.

G]’ SÙh˚P SÙu E´¨‡m ˙UXÙL Ußd°˙\u. ARu Y[m YÙnkRTpY˚Ll TWmT˚Wl ◊LØp SÙu ˘T⁄˚U˘LÙs°˙\u. ARtœjRL SÙuGuflm SPk’˘LÙs˙Yu.

Gu ˘Tt˙\Ùo, BNıÙıVo, Íj˙RÙo CYoL˚[ SÙu Suœ Ußl˙Tu.

GpXÙ⁄P‡m SÙu Ti◊Pu TZœ˙Yu. G]’ SÙh•≤Pÿm SÙh”UdL∞Pÿm TdßŸPu C⁄l˙Tu G] Eflß ·fl°˙\u. AYoL∞uSXjß¤m Y[jß¤mRÙu G]’ CuTÿm APe°´⁄d°\’.

Prepared by State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012, Kerala.

Website www.scert.kerala.gov.in e-mail [email protected]

Typeset and design by SCERT Computer Lab

To be printed in quality paper - 80gsm map litho (snow-white)

© Government of Kerala • Department of Education • 2014

UÙQYf ˘NpYeL˙[!

˘UÙØ GuT’ U≤R˚] Ju±˚QdLf ˘NnŸm

L⁄ÆVÙL Uh”Uu±, U≤R EQo‹L˚[ Y∞lT”j’mL⁄ÆVÙL‹m ßLr°\’. ˘UÙØ´u C≤˚UŸmBt\¤m AR˚]l TVuT”j’˙YÙ¨u Ru˚U˚Vl˘TÙflj˙R A˚UŸm G]XÙm. UÙØ YÙ´XÙLl TiTÙ”, L˚X, CXd°Vm B°VYt˚\d Ltfl, LÙXLhPjßtœHtT AYt˚\j ß\mTPl TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m.LÙXf„Z¤dœ HtT UÙØ´p UÙt\eLs ®LrY’i”.AYt˚\ A±k’ ˘UÙØ A˚Ul©˚] Suœ ◊¨k’,AR˚]d ˚LVÙfim ß\˚] UÙQYoLs ˘T\˙Yi”m. Aj’Pu YÙrÆVp Ußl¿”L˚[Ÿm◊¨k’˘LÙi” AYt˚\j ReLs YÙrd˚L´p©uTt\ ÿVX ˙Yi”m. Ck˙SÙd°p Lt\pA˚P‹Lfidœ HtTl TÙPlTœßLfim ˘NVpTÙ”Lfim Y•Y˚UdLlTh ”s[]. CYt˚\ Suœ LtflUÙQYoLs TV]˚PV YÙrj’°˙\u.

YÙrj’Ls,

ÿ˚]-Yo. Gv. CW-≈k-ß-Wu SÙVo

CVdœSoUÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m

ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm

Textbook Development Team

Std XI - TAMIL - GENERAL

Members

Emile, A., HSST, GHSS, Vagamon, Idukki.

Dr. Jeeva Latha, S., Govt. Model Boys HSS, Thiruvananthapuram.

Dr. Kumar, S., HSST, Govt. CPMHSS, Peermedu, Idukki.

Leema Metilda, A., HSST, GHSS, Kanjikode, Palakkad.

Dr. Nisha Raffi, Asst. Prof., University College, Thiruvananthapuram.

Vijayan, A., Asst. Prof., Govt. College, Chittur, Palakkad.

Experts

Dr. Doctor Nazeemdeen, Prof.,(Rtd.), Kerala University, Thiruvananthapuram.

Dr. Gomathy nayagam, E., Guest Lecturer. University of Madras, Chennai.

Dr. Kanchana, Prof. & Head, (Rtd.), University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram.

Dr. Nainar. M., Reader., (Rtd.), University College, Thiruvananthapuram.

Dr. Parasuraman, T., Prof., PILC, Pondicherry.

Dr. Rajaram, S., Prof.,(Rtd.), Tamil University, Thanjavur.

Dr. Ratnasabapathy, P., Prof.(Rtd.), Chennai.

Dr. Sethupandian Prof., M.K. University Madurai.

Dr. Veerappan, P., Prof., (Rtd.), NCERT, Mysore.

Artists

SHAHRAJ., Artist, Velanthavalam, Palakkad.

Subin, M.S., Artist, Kollam.

Academic Co-ordinator

Dr. Sahaya Dhas, D, Research Officer, SCERT.

State Council of Educational Research and Training(SCERT)

Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012.

AXœ 1 L˚XŸm TiTÙ”m 7˛29

l R™Zo TiTÙ”m CXd°Vÿm ..................................... 8

l CkßWÆZÙ ........................................................................................... 13

l VÙWPÙ ˘YiU¶ Á¶˙X SW£mUÙ... ............. 16

l T˚PV¶............................................................................................. 24

AXœ 2 —˚YL∞u LX˚Y 30˛53

l CXd°Vf —˚YLs ................................................................... 31

l U⁄UdLs YØ UÙu™Vm................................................ 40

l ˚YœiP ˚YjßVo ............................................................. 42

AXœ 3 ◊’˘Ys[m 54˛71

l S≈]j’Ym ...................................................................................... 55

l ˘Ti‘Xœ......................................................................................58

l Ui˘UÙØ .......................................................................................... 63

AXœ 4 YÙr‹ SXUÙL... 72˛95

l R™ØXd°Vm LÙh”m CVt˚L .............................. 73

l ◊]¤m UQ¤m......................................................................... 80

l Íu\Ùm EXLl ˙TÙo ......................................................... 84

l øX°¨ ®XfN¨‹ VÙo LÙWQm? ............................... 88

AXœ 5 ThP±‹l ˘ThPLm 95˛108

l £mXÙÆp Íufl SÙs ..........................................................96

l YÙrd˚L YWXÙfl..................................................................... 100

l J⁄ °WÙUj’ Sß ...................................................................... 105

ALWÿR≠ 109

E s [ P d L m

7

AXœ 1

TiT”R˙X TiTÙ” G] A˚PVÙ[lT”jRlT”°\’. C’ UW◊

NÙokR’. TiTÙh•u T•®˚X Y[of£˙V J⁄ U≤R˚] ˛ ©\

U≤Ru, NÍLm, SÙ”, EXLm GuT]YtflPu RÙPo◊T”j’°\’

L˚XLs TiThP NÍLjßu ˘Y∞¬”Ls. C˚Y ˘NqÆVp

L˚XLs, SÙhPÙo L˚XLs G] Y˚LlT”jRlT”°u\]. U]

CfldLj˚Rd L˚[k’ U≤R‡dœ CuT EQo˚Y A∞dœm

L˚XLs ˘UÙjRm AflTj’ SÙuœ G]lT”°u\]. CjR˚LV

L˚XL˚[ Y∞lT”j’m YÙ´pL[Ù] ÆZÙdLs UdL[Ùp TX

Y˚LL∞p £\l©dLlT”°u\]. UdL∞u TiTÙ”, L˚X,

ÆZÙdLs GuT]Yt˚\ ˘Y∞dLÙh”m LÙXdLiQÙ•VÙL

AYoRm CXd°VeLs A˚URp CVp◊. Ck˙SÙd°p R™Zo

TiTÙ”, AYoRm LÆuL˚XLs, AYt˚\f £\l©dœm ÆZÙdLs

GuT]Yt˚\ CqYXœ ÿRu˚UlT”j’°u\’.

LûXÙm TiTôÓmLûXÙm TiTôÓmLûXÙm TiTôÓmLûXÙm TiTôÓmLûXÙm TiTôÓm

l CXd°Vjßtœm NÍLjßtœÿs[ RÙPo©˚] CXd°VeL˚[

YÙ£lTRu YØVÙL‹m, LXk’˚WVÙPpLs ÆYÙReLs YÙ´XÙL

‹m A±k’˘LÙsfiRp.

l ˘Y∞¬h” EjßL˚[l Tp˙Yfl T˚Pl◊L∞u YÙ´XÙL A±k’,

AYt˚\j ReLs T˚Pl◊L∞p ˘Y∞lT”j’Rp.

l FPL ®Lrf£L˚[l TÙo˚Y´h” FPLlT˚Pl◊Ls œ±j’

A±k’, FPLeLs YÙ´XÙLl T˚Pl◊L˚[ ˘Y∞´”Rp.

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

8

R™-Zo Ti-TÙ-”m CXd-°-V-ÿmR™-Zo Ti-TÙ-”m CXd-°-V-ÿmR™-Zo Ti-TÙ-”m CXd-°-V-ÿmR™-Zo Ti-TÙ-”m CXd-°-V-ÿmR™-Zo Ti-TÙ-”m CXd-°-V-ÿm

Ti-TÙh-•t-œm Ti◊ Gu-T-Rt-œm S⁄e-°V RÙPo◊

C⁄l-T-’ TÙp TXod-œm RÙu-flm. Ti-T-”-Rp Gu-T-’ ß⁄k-

’-Rp, Nm- Ul-T-”-Rp, Rœ-ß-VÙ-Rp Gu-fl TÙ⁄s-T-”m. Cq

Æ˚]f-˘NÙp-RÙu Ti-TÙ-” G] øi-” ˘TV-WÙL A˚Uk-ß-

⁄d-°-\-’. "R™-Zo Ti-TÙ-”' Gu-\Ùp R™r Ud-L-fid˙L E-¨V

ß⁄k-ßV U]l-TÙu˚U Gu-fl ˘TÙ⁄s-T-P-˙Yi-”m. R™r

˘UÙØ-´-˙X-Ÿm R™r CXd-°-Ve-L-∞-˙X-Ÿm Cj-R-≤l-ThP

ß⁄k-ßV U]l-TÙu˚U R∞-YÙ-L-‹m £\l-TÙL‹m Æ[e-œ-

Y-RÙ-œm.

TiTÙ” œ±j’ UÙjÎ Bo-]Ùp-” ˘LÙiP ˘LÙs-

˚L- V˙V SÙÿm Jj-’d- LÙs- YÙm. CYo L⁄j-ßp, ‘Lpf-No’

G]l-T-”-Y-’ J⁄-Yu Ru œQ-S-Xu-L˚[ ®Wl-◊-Y-ß-¤m Ru-

˚]f „rk-ß-⁄d-œm Nÿ-RÙ-Vj-ßu SXu-

L-˚[l ˙T‘-Y-ß-¤m ˙TW-YÙd ˘LÙi-

•-⁄d-œm Td-œY ®˚X˙V Bœm. œQ-

S-Xm Gu-T-ßp A±-‹-S-Xm ÿR-≠-V-‹m

APe-°-]-YÙL CYo LÙi-P-]o. G]˙Y

A±-‹, œQm ÿR-≠-V˚Y ˙Uu-˙U-¤m

®Wm©f Nÿ-RÙV SXj˚R ˙Uu-˙U-¤m

˙T‘-°\ U]-®˚X Lpf-No G]l-T-”m.

˙Uu-˙U-¤m H\ CPe-˘LÙ -”j -’d

˘LÙi˙P Np-Y-’-RÙu CRu CVt-˚L.

˙Uu- U-¤m T´t-£- -]Ùp ß⁄k-ßl Ti-

Th-”d ˘LÙi˙P Y⁄m U]l-TÙu-˚U-

RÙu ‘Lpf-No’ Gu-flm Ti-TÙ-” Gu-flm ·\l-T-”-Y-Ru

CVp-◊.

Ti-TÙh-•u Ru˚U Gq-YÙ-fl A±-Vl-T-”-°u-\-’? "Ud-

Ls A±k-R-Yt-fls˙[ £\k-R-Yt-\Ù-¤m, £k-ßj-R-Yt-fls˙[

£\k-R-Yt-\Ù-¤m' Gu-fl-RÙu Tßp ˘NÙp-X-˙Yi-”m Gu-TÙo

UÙjÎ Bo-]Ùp-”. BL-˙Y, C˚Y´Wi-”m £\k-’ LÙQl-

T-”-°u\ CXd-°-Ve-L-[Ùp Ti-TÙ-” SUd-œl ◊Xl-T-”m Gu-

T-’ ˘R∞-YÙ-°u-\-’. ARÙ-Y-’ Ko B£-¨-V-]-’ Ti-TÙ-”

AYu CVt-±V CXd-°-Vj-RÙp ◊X-]Ù-œ˘UuT˙R L⁄j-’.

9

J⁄ Nÿ-RÙV Ud-L-∞-Pj-ßp Ap-X-’ J⁄ ˙RNj-’ Ud-L-∞-

Pj-ßp Es[ Æ˙N-`-UÙ] TX CVp-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm EQo-Y-Rt-

œd L⁄Æ VÙ’? CYo-L-fi-˚PV ˘TÙ’l Ti-TÙ-” CXd-°-Vj-

RÙp Æ[e-œ-UÙ? J⁄-YÙ-fl Æ[e-œm Gu˙\ SÙm ’¶k-’ ·\-

XÙm. "®Xj-ß-‡-˚PV CVp˚T Aß˙X

ÿ˚[jR ÿ˚[ LÙh-”m; C’-˙TÙ-X, œXj-

ßu CVp˚T Aß˙X ©\k-R-Y-⁄-˚PV

˘NÙp LÙh-”m' Gu-fl ß⁄-Ys-fi-Yo ·±-]Ùo.

®Xj-ßt °Pk-R˚U LÙp-LÙh-”m; LÙh-”m

œXj-ßt ©\k-RÙo-YÙnf ˘NÙp (œ-\s ˛ 959)

Gu-T-’ AYo ß⁄-YÙd-œ.

C’ Ti-TÙh-•u Æ`-Vj-ß-¤m Ei-

˚U-˙V-VÙm. J⁄ Nÿ-RÙ-Vj˚R Ap-X-’ J⁄

˙RNj-’ Ud-L-∞u ˘TÙ’-˚U˚V ®Xj-ßt-œ

Jl-TÙ-Lf ˘NÙp-X-XÙm. S˚P-Ÿ-˚P-TÙ-Y-˚],

˘UÙØ, C˚N, £t-Tm ÿR-≠V L˚X-Ls, AYo-

Ls ˙Ut-˘LÙi-”s[ Xh-£-Ve-Ls, NU-Vd

˘LÙs- L-Ls, ©\-U-Rm TÙflj’d˘LÙsfim

CVp-◊, AW-£-Vp ˘LÙs˚-L-Ls, AW-£-Vp

YW-XÙ-fl-Ls, Nÿ-RÙV ®˚X-˚U, ˘Ti-L-∞u

®˚X-˚U, A±-Æ-Vp £\l-◊, LpÆ ®˚X-Ve-

Ls, Ëp ®X-Ve-Ls, Æg-OÙ] ®˚X-Ve-Ls

ÿR-≠-V˚Y £\l-TÙ-Ld ·\j-Rd-L-]. CYt-fls

"R™r- UÙ-Ø-Ÿm CXd-°-V-ÿm' Gq-Y- L-VÙ]

Ti-TÙ-”-L˚[ EQoj-’-°u-\] Gu-fl

˙SÙd-œ- YÙm.

CXd-°V YW-XÙt˚\ SÙm ˙SÙd-°-]Ùp,

R™-Zo-L-[-’ Ti-TÙ-” Gl-T-• Y[of-£-Ÿt-fl Yk-

ß-⁄d-°-\-’ Gu-T-’ J⁄-YÙ-fl Æ[e-œm. Bß-

´p AYo-Ls EX-Ll-Tt-fl E˚P-V-Y-WÙn, EXL —Le-L-∞p D”-

Th-•-⁄k-R-]o. G≤-‡m, LÆ-Oo-Ls £Xo Re-Ls LÆjY ß⁄x-

•-VÙp EVokR Xh-£-Ve-L-˚[d Li-”, AYt-˚\j R™r-Ud-L-

fid-œ G”j-’d-LÙh-•-]o.

Ti˘T]lT”Y’

UÙ UXo ÿi-P-Lm ßp-˚X-˙VÙ-” J⁄e-œ EPu

LÙ]p A¶kR EVo UQp Gd-Lo-˙Up

∫o-™-œ £\l-©-˙]Ùu UW-ÿ-Rp ˚L˙NojR

øo-U≠ LW-Lm-˙TÙp TZmÁeœ ÿPj-RÙ-˚Zl

ÈU-Xok-R˚Y ˙TÙX,-◊s Ap-œm ’˚\Y! ˙Ls!

"Bt-fl-Rp' Gu-T-’ Ju-fl AXok-R-Yod-œ ER-‹-Rp;

"˙TÙt-fl-Rp' Gu-T-’ ◊Qok-RÙ-˚Wl ©¨-VÙ˚U;

"Ti◊' G]l-T-”-Y-’ TÙ” A±k-’ J›-œ-Rp;

"Au◊' G]l-T-”-Y-’ Ru-°˚[ ˘N\Ù-A˚U;

"A±‹' G]l-T-”-Y-’ ˙T˚R-VÙo ˘NÙp ˙SÙu-\p;

"˘N±‹' G]l-T-”-Y-’ ·±-V-’ U\Ù-A˚U;

"®˚\' G]l-T-”-Y-’ U˚\ ©\o A±-VÙ˚U;

"ÿ˚\' G]l-T-”-Y-’ Li-˙QÙ-PÙ-’ E´o ˘Y¸Yp;

"˘TÙ˚\' G]l-T-”-Y-’ ˙TÙt-\Ù-˚Wl ˘TÙflj-Rp;

Be-œ A˚R A±k-R-≤o B´u, Gu ˙RÙØ

Sp-÷-Rp SXu-Ei-” ’\j-Rp ˛ ˘LÙiL! ˛

æm-TÙp Ei-T-Yo ˘LÙs-L-Xm Y˚W-Rp;

˛ L≠j˘RÙ˚L: 133

10

Ei-PÙp AmU Cq-‹-X-Lm; Ck-ß-WoA™r-Rm C˚VY RÙ´-‡m C≤-˘R-]jR™-Vo Ei-P-¤ ™X˙W; ÿ≤-Æ-Xo;’g-N-¤ ™Xo ©\o Ag-—Y Rg£;◊L-˘Z-≤u E´-⁄e ˘LÙ”d-œ-Yo; TØ-˘V-≤uEX-œ-Pu ˘T±-‡m ˘LÙs-[-Xo; AVo-Æ-Xo;Au] UÙh£ A˚]V WÙ°jRUd-˘L] ÿVXÙ ˙SÙu-\Ùh

©\od-˘L] ÿV-¤-So Ei-˚U-VÙ˙] (◊-\m. 182)

Gu\ Nn-Ÿs CRt-œf NÙu-fl. Yfl-£Xo

OÙ≤-Lh-œ-¨V NU-®-˚X-˚Vj Re-Ls A±-

‹j ß\j-RÙp EQok-’ ARu-Li ®u-fl

Rm J›d-Lf£-\l-˚Tl ◊Xl-T-”j-ß-]o.

VÙ’m F˙W; VÙY-⁄m ˙L∞o;

æ’m Su-flm ©\o-RW YÙWÙ;

˙SÙR-¤m R¶-R-¤m AYt˙\Ù Wu];

NÙR-¤m ◊’Y Ru˙\; YÙr-Rp

C≤-˘R] U°rk-Ru-fl ™X˙U; ÿ≤-Æu

Cu]Ù ˘Ru-\-¤ ™X˙U; ™u-˘]Ù-”

YÙ]m Ri-”∞ R˚XC B]Ù-’

Lp-˘TÙ-⁄ ßWe-œ Up-Xt ˙To-VÙt-fl

øo-Y-Øl TÂ-Em ◊˚Q-˙TÙp B⁄-´o

ÿ˚\-Y-Øl TÂ-Em Gu-T-’ ß\-˙YÙo

LÙh-£- t \∞k-R-]m BL-≠u, UÙh-£- t

˘T¨-˙VÙ˚W ÆVj-R-¤ ™X˙U;

£±-˙VÙ˚W CLr-Rp AR-≤-‡ ™X˙U

(◊-\SÙÚfl: 192)

Gu\ ˘Nn-Ÿ-[Ùp C’ Æ[e-œm.

©u-]o, YP-SÙh-•-≠-⁄k-’ ˘Rt-°p

YkR ˚YßL BNÙ-We-L-fim °¨-˚V-L-fim,

˚Yß-Lj ˘Rn-Ye-L-fim R™-Zo-L-[-’ Es-

[j-ßp CPe-˘LÙi-P-]. R™r Ud-Ls

˚Yß-L-U-Rf NÙo-©-]-WÙ-°, ARu ˘LÙs-˚L-

´˙X D”-Th”, Cm-˚Ul TV-˚]l ˘Tfl-Y-

˙RÙ-” A˚U-VÙ’, Ufl-˚Ul TV-˚]-Ÿm

A˚P-Y-ßp L⁄j-’d ˘LÙi-P-]o. CRu ©u-]o, NU-Vl-Tt-fl ÿßok-’

œt±V¤LWm

J⁄ ˘NÙp≠u Cflß´p Y⁄m Yp≠] ˘UnL∞u(d, f, h, j, l, t) ˙Up "E'LWm H± Y⁄m˙TÙ’ (œ, —, ”, ’,◊, fl) Aq‹LWUÙ]’ ÿ›˚UVÙL J≠dLÙUp œ˚\k’J≠dœm. CqYÙfl œfl° J≠lT˚Rd œt±V¤LWmGuTo.

(G.”.) TÙdœ, Íf—, ≈”, LÙ’, El◊, Bfl

B]Ùp R≤dœ±˘X›j˚R A”j’ Y⁄m Yp≠]"E'LWeLs CqYÙfl œfl° J≠lTßp˚X.

(G.”.) T—, U’, Y”

œt±V¤LW Y˚LLs

œt±V¤LW G›jßu ÿu]Ùp G›jßu A•lT˚P´p œt±V¤LWj˚R Bfl Y˚LVÙLl ©¨lTo.A˚YVÙY],

1) ˘S•p˘RÙPodœt±V¤LWm : R≤ S•˘X›j˚Rj˘RÙPok’ Y⁄Y’ (G.”.) Bfl, LÙ—

2) E´oj˘RÙPodœt±V¤LWm : E´˘W›j˚Rj˘RÙPok’ Y⁄Y’. (G.”.) YWœ, Y´fl

3. Yu˘RÙPodœt±V¤LWm : Yp≠] G›j˚Rj˘RÙPok’ Y⁄Y’. (G.”.) Th”, ÿj’

4. ˘Uu˘RÙPodœt±V¤LWm : Up≠] G›j˚Rj˘RÙPok’ Y⁄Y’. (G.”.) Neœ, Tk’

5. C˚Pj˘RÙPodœt±V¤LWm : C˚P´]G›j˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ Y⁄Y’. (G.”.) UÙo◊, NÙp◊

6. BnRj˘RÙPodœt±V¤LWm : BnR G›j˚Rj˘RÙPok’ Y⁄Y’. (G.”.) L@—, G@œ

11

R™r Ud-Ls Tdß TW-Y-N-WÙn J›° Yk-

R-]o. Tdß J›d-Lj-˙RÙ-” A˚U-VÙ-’,

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UÙÿ’ TÙolTÙu U˚\YØ LÙh•Pj

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(£XlTßLÙWm ˛ 1 : 1 : 41 ˛ 64)

12

Ck®˚X˙V ˙R£V‹-Qof£ Sm˚U Bh-˘LÙi-P-’.

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˛ Gv. ˚YVÙ-◊-¨l-©s˚[

Gv. ˚YVÙ◊¨l©s˚[ (1891 ˛ 1956)

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s ‘R™Zo SÙL¨Lm Auflm Cuflm’ G‡m R˚Xl©p œ›ÆYÙRm SPjßd

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s L≠j˘RÙ˚L œ±l©”m TiTÙh”d ·flL˚[d LXk’˚WVÙ•j ˘RÙœj’

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13

CkßW ÆZÙCkßW ÆZÙCkßW ÆZÙCkßW ÆZÙCkßW ÆZÙ

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˘TÙ⁄k’m. TÙh•¤m C˚N´¤m,

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˙TÙt±l TV˘]nß Y⁄°u˙\Ùm.

˛ R≤SÙVL A•Ls

14

Htfl¨ ˙TÙojR Æ•Ÿfl ÿZd°t

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R≤SÙVL A•Ls (1913 ˛ 1980)

CYo VÙrlTÙQjßpYÙrkR R™r A±Oo.EXLj R™ZÙWÙnf£d

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’˚QVÙœm Y˚L´p Be°Xjßp“Tamil Culture” (R™rlTiTÙ”) Gu\

ÿjßeLs CR˚Z SPjßVYo. ClTœßR™rj Á’ ˛ Lh”˚Wd ˘LÙj’ Gu\

Ë≠≠⁄k’ G”dLlTh”s[’.

15

TßYÙr N’dLj’j ˘RnY¡ \ÙL

˙Yfl˙Yfl £\l©u ˙Yfl˙Yfl ˘NnÆ˚]

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Tt\Ù UÙdL PmÿP ]Ù´‡m

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˘NVpTÙ”Ls

s CkßWÆZÙ ˙TÙufl øÆo Li”L∞jR H˙R‡m ÆZÙ œ±j’ Æ[dLd œ±l◊

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˛ U¶˙UL˚X ˛ ÆZÙY˚\d LÙ˚R

16

VÙWPÙ ˘Yi-U¶VÙWPÙ ˘Yi-U¶VÙWPÙ ˘Yi-U¶VÙWPÙ ˘Yi-U¶VÙWPÙ ˘Yi-U¶Á¶˙X SW-£mUÙ...Á¶˙X SW-£mUÙ...Á¶˙X SW-£mUÙ...Á¶˙X SW-£mUÙ...Á¶˙X SW-£mUÙ...

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-L-∞p Cufl Im-T-ßt-œm ˙Ut-ThP _UÙj-’-Ls Es-[-].

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Ls. S•-Lo-L-[ÙL Es[ SÙe-Ls RÙu S≠k-ß-⁄d-°- \Ùm. S≠k-

˙RÙ-⁄d-LÙ] ˘Tu-`u-·P Ge-L-fid-œd °˚Pl-T-ßp˚X.

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Tj Rm-©-WÙ-≤u ULu Nm-Tk-R-≤u YÙoj-˚R-Ls. . .

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’-°-»o-Ls?

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Bi-L˙[ ˘Ti ˙YPe-L˚[ Ht-fl S•l-TÙo-Ls.

˘R⁄d-·j˚R ÿ›- S-Wj RÙØ-XÙ-Ld LÙs-

Y-Rt-œ ÿu Gk-Rj RÙØ-≠p D”-Th-•-⁄k-RÙo-Ls?

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◊¨˚N NmTkR Rm©WÙu

17

SPj-ß-Ÿs-[Ùo. ARt-œl ©u-RÙu ˘R⁄d-·j-ßt-œ Yk-ß-⁄d-°-

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A”j-’ J⁄ LÙX Lh-Pj-ßp Li-QÙ-•-VÙL C⁄k-

R-’. Al-◊-\m ¥°]Ù TÙPl-Th-•-⁄k-R-’. B]Ùp,

Cl-˙TÙ-’m SÙe-Ls Li-QÙ-•-´-˙X-˙V-RÙu

˙TÙh-•-⁄d-°-˙\Ùm. Cm-UÙ-ß-¨-VÙ] UÙt-\e-Ls

Ht-Th-•-⁄d-°u-\-].

˘R⁄d-·j-ßt-œ Ee-L-∞u Te-L-∞l-TÙL

˛ ˙Nod-˚L-VÙL G˚Rf ˘NÙp-X-XÙm?

SÙe-Ls ◊’-NÙL G˚R-Ÿm ˙Nod-L-Æp-˚X.

E˚P AXe-LÙ-Wm Uh-”m-RÙu. Al-◊-\m L˚R˚V

˙Yi-”-UÙ-]Ùp UÙt-±-´-⁄l-˙TÙm. ARÙ-Y-’

Ge-Ls TWm-T-˚W-´p ULÙ-TÙ-W-Rd ·j˚R Uh-

”m-RÙu SPj-ßd-˘LÙi-•-⁄k-RÙo-Ls. SÙe-Ls

CWÙ-UÙ-V-Qd ·j-˚R-Ÿm SPj-ß-´-⁄d-°-˙\Ùm.

A”j-’ ˘R]Ù-≠-WÙ-Uu L˚R-˚V-Ÿm ·j-RÙL

®Lrj-ß- -⁄d-°- \Ùm. Al-◊-\m _o-Uu SÙh-•-

‡- PV NÙodNo-°p, LÙXm-©VÙ‹˚PV £fl-L- R.

LÙ@-©-≠-TÙod˚N; ˘T¨V C\-œ-˚PV Y˙VÙ-ßL

U≤-Ru Gu-fl R™-Øp ˘Nn-˙RÙm. Aßp TÙh-

˘Pp-XÙm Al-TÙ-‹- P-V-’. CVd-Lm Uh-”m SÙu

Ti-¶- ]u.

J´XÙhPm

J´XÙhPm GuT’ BiLsœ›YÙL C˚Qk’ B”mBhPUÙœm. œ›Æ]o GpXÙ⁄mJ˙W ®\jßp R˚XdLh”m˚Ldœh˚PŸm ˘LÙi” Æ[eœ-Y-RÙLCdL˚X ®LrjRlT”°\’.

CdL˚X Bi˚Uj Ru˚U˘Y∞lT”m AP‹L˚[d ˘LÙiPBhPUÙL Es[’ Gufl˘RÙØpÿ˚\VÙL CdL˚X˚V®Lrj’˙YÙo ·fl°u\]o. J´pGu\ ˘NÙp AXeLÙWm, JnVÙWm,AZœ, NÙVp G]l ˘TÙ⁄s R⁄°\’.G]˙Y J´XÙhPm GuTRu ˘TÙ⁄sAZœs[ BhPm GuTRÙœm.

CdL˚X ˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙÆu˙TÙ’m ˘TÙ’ ®Lrf£L∞¤m®LrjRlT”°\’.

CdL˚X R™rSÙh•p ß⁄˘Sp˙Y≠UÙYhPjßp E˚PVÙoTh•,BXeœ[m YhPjßp CWRÿ˚PVÙoœ[m, ◊∞VmTh•, ˘Sp˚X Nkßl◊˙TÙu\ TœßL∞¤m U’˚WdœYP°Zd˙L AZLo˙LÙ´≠u A⁄˙LY˚XVlTh• °WÙUjß¤m, ß⁄f£,˙LÙVm◊jÁo B°V CPeL∞¤m®LrjRlT”°\’. CXe˚L´¤mCdL˚X S˚P˘Tfl°\’.

18

Re-L-∞u ˘R⁄d-·j-’ TÙ¶ œ±j-’?

·j-ßp YPd-Ljßl TÙ¶, Rt-Ljßl TÙ¶

Gu-fl CWi-” Es-[-’. Ge-L-fi- P-V-’ YPd-Ljßl

TÙ¶. YPd-Ljßl TÙ¶-VÙL C⁄k-RÙ-¤m Ge-L-

fi-˚PV œ› Uh-”m R≤-VÙ-L˙Y ˘R¨-Ÿm. LÙW-

Qm Ak-Rd LÙXj-ß-≠-⁄k˙R Ge-Ls œ›-Æt-

˘Lu˙\ J⁄ R≤-VÙ] ®˚X-´˚] LRÙ-£-¨-Vo-

Ls A˚Uj-’d ˘LÙ”j-ß-⁄d-°-\Ùo-Ls. Cl-T-•f

˘NÙp-X-XÙm: Ut-\d L˚X-Oo-Ls Ge-Ls œ›-

Æp ˙Nok-RÙp AYo-L-[Ùp Ge-Ls A[-‹d-œ

D”-˘LÙ-”dL ÿ•-VÙ-’. ARÙ-Y-’, TÙh-”l TÙ”

-Y-’ ÿRp AP-‹-Ls- TÙh-” B”-Rp Y˚Wd-œm

Æj-ß-VÙ-N-UÙL C⁄d-œm. ARÙu YPd-Ljßl

TÙ¶-´-˙X˙V Ge-L-fi-˚P-V-’ Nt-fl Æj-ß-VÙ-N-

UÙL C⁄d-œm Gu-˙\u.

S≈] SÙP-Lj-ß-]Ùp ·j-ßp Ht-ThP

UÙt-\m Ap-X-’ ·j-ßt-LÙ] TVu Gu-]?

ARÙ-Y-’, AlTÙ NÙp-≠d LÙ”jR T´t£

ÿ˚\d-œm Cl-˘TÙ-›-’ SÙu ˘NÙp-≠d-˘LÙ-”d-

œm T´t£ ÿ˚\d-œm Yfl-TÙ-” C⁄d-°-\-’. Cl-

˘TÙ-›-’ Gl-T-• —X-T-UÙ-Ld Lt-flj RW-XÙm...? Gu-

T˙R S≈] SÙP-Lj-ßu ÍXm G]d-œ Ht-ThP

RÙd-Lm Gu-flm ˘NÙp-X-XÙm. ARÙ-Y-’ ÿu◊

°±d° A•d-L-‘m]Ù Gu-] Ti-‘-YÙe-L. Ge-

Ld œ›-‹X YRÙ-N-Xm-‡ J⁄ YÙj-ß-VÙ-⁄ C⁄k-

RÙ-⁄. AY-⁄ G]d-œ œ⁄ UÙß-¨. AY-⁄ ˙YL-

˙Y-LUÙ °±d° A•f£ A•f£ ˘NÙp-≠d

˘LÙ”l-TÙ-⁄. B]Ù, SÙu ClT NÙp-≠d LÙ”d-

œm TÙ’, Gl-T-•d LÙX Yd-L-‘m Gl-T-• YfNÙ YLUÙ

°±d° A•d-L-XÙm-‡ ˘NÙp-≠j-Ro-˙\u. C’ S≈] SÙP-Lj-

˙RÙP RÙd-Lm-RÙu. A˙R- TÙX S≈] SÙP-Lj-˙RÙP Gp-XÙj-

RÙd-L-ÿm C⁄d-œ Gu-fl ˘NÙpX ÿ•-VÙ-’.

˘R⁄d-·j˚Rd Lh-˚Pd-·j-’ Gu-°-\Ùo-L-˙[?

Cp- X; Lh- Pd-·j-’ Cp- X. R⁄d-·j-’ RÙu. £Xo

Lh- Pd-·j-’ Gu-fl NÙp-°-\Ùo-Ls. B]Ùp Al-T-•f NÙp-

BhPdLÙWoLs Ik˚Rk’ ˙TWÙL C⁄Y¨˚N´p ®ufl ˘UÙjRm Tj’ ˙To

ApX’ Tu≤Wi” ÿRp C⁄T’ ˙ToG] CdL˚X˚V ®Lrj’°u\]o.

CdL˚X´p ˘TiLs Te˙LtTßp˚X.TÙo˚YVÙ[oL[ÙL˙Y Es[]o.

YÙnlTœß ˙RÙXÙp LhPlThP œPm(TÙ˚]jRÙ[m), RÆp, £e°, ˙PÙXd

˙TÙu\ C˚NdL⁄ÆLsTVuT”jRlT”°u\]. L˚XOoLs

LÙ≠p Lh•V LfNm G]lT”mNXe˚LŸm C˚N˚Vj R⁄°\’.

J´XÙhPl TÙPpL˚[l TÙ”TYoLfidœBPj ˘R¨kß⁄dL ˙Yi”m Gu\

AY£Vm Cp˚X. ÿu◊ J´XÙhPjßp"Rl◊' Gu\ C˚NdL⁄ÆŸm

TVuT”jRlThP’. Cl˙TÙ’ ARtœlTßXÙL TÙ˚]jRÙ[m C˚NdLlT”°\’.

CjRÙ[ J≠Lfidœd Lh”lTÙh˚PYZeœY’ £e°VÙœm.

19

¤-T-Yo-L-∞u Al-TÙ, RÙjRÙ Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m ˘R⁄d-

·j-’ Gu-flRÙu NÙp-≠- -⁄l-TÙo-Ls. Bß-LÙ-Xj-

ß-≠-⁄k˙R GeL Al-TÙ, AY-⁄-˚PV AlTÙ

AY-⁄-˚PV AlTÙ. ARÙ-Y-’, TÙh-Pu ÿl-TÙh-

Pu LÙXj-ß-≠-⁄k˙R CRt-œj ˘R⁄d-·j-’ Gu-T-

’-RÙu TVo. Cu- \d-œj R⁄d-·j˚R SÙP-Lm,

•WÙ-UÙ, Lh-˚Pd-·j-’ Gu-fl ˘NÙu-]Ù-¤m Bß-

ÿ-R-≠-⁄k˙R CRt-œj ˘R⁄d-·j-’ Gu-T-’-RÙu

˘TV-WÙL Es-[-’.

Ee-Ls œ›-Æt-LÙ] ·j-’l ©W-ß˚V

VÙo E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-’?

SÙe-Ls TWm-T˚W TWm-T- W-VÙL ULÙ-TÙ-W-Rd ·j˚R SPj-

ßd-˘LÙi-” Y⁄-°-˙\Ùm. Ce˙L ˘Ne-LÙh-•p ß⁄-˙Ye-LP

WU-Qu Gu-fl J⁄ LRÙ-£-¨-Vo C⁄k-RÙo. AY-¨-Pm SÙ‡m

Al-TÙ-‹m Nu-fl Uh-”d-L-˚[f NÙp-¤-˙YÙm. ARÙ-Y-’,

CWÙ-UÙ-V-Qm Gu-fl ˚Yj-’d-˘LÙi-PÙp, Ck-ß-W-¥j L˚R

Gl-T-• BWm-©dL Yi-”m. Gl-T-• ÿ•dL Yi-”m Gu-

T˚R SÙe-L˙[ ˘NÙp-≠-Æ-”-˙YÙm. AY-⁄m SÙe-Ls ˘NÙu-

]˚R Yj-’d- LÙi-” TÙPp-L˚[ G›-ßd- LÙ-”l-TÙo. Cl-

T-•j-RÙu SÙe-Ls ©W-ß-L- [d LÙi-” Y⁄- YÙm. 1985-Cp

CWÙ-UÙ-V-Qd L˚R˚V G›-ß-˙]Ùm. A”j-’ TÙW-ß-VÙ-¨u

TÙg-NÙ≠ NT-Rj˚R G›-ß-˙]Ùm. A˙R-˙TÙp _]Ùoj-R-]u

Gu-fl J⁄ LRÙ-£-¨-Vo CWi-” L˚R-L˚[ G›-ßd ˘LÙ”j-

RÙo. Cl-T-•-VÙ-Ld LRÙ-£-¨-Vo-Ls TÙPp-L˚[ G›-ß-jR-⁄-YÙo-

Ls. ˘Uh-˘Pp-XÙm SÙe-L˙[ ˘NÙp-¤-˙YÙm. Cl-˘TÙ-›-’

Ak-Rl TÙPp-L-∞u ÿ› E¨-˚U-˚V-Ÿm SÙe-L˙[ YÙe-°-

Æh-˙PÙm. Æ˚W-Æp ËXÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-” YWl-˙TÙ-°-˙\Ùm.

·j-ßp TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”m B˚P BT-W-Qe-L-fim

˘TV-⁄m ÿL Jl-T-˚]d-LÙ] Yi-Qe-L-fim Gu-

˘]u]?

°√-Pm, ◊_m, Th-Pm, ÿj-’f-N-Wm, LÙ’d-Lh-˚P,

Lu]l È, ¡˚N, YÙd-œ-UÙ-˚X, Ro-TÙo, UÙo-◊l-T-Rd-Lm,

˚LdLh”, TÙYÙ-˚P, Noh, ˙Tih, LÙp Th-˚P C˚Y

VÙ‹m B˚P BT-W-Qe-Ls. ÿL Jl-T-˚]-´u Yi-Qe-

Ls Gufl TÙod-œm˘TÙ›-’ ÿj-’ ˘Ys-˚[, £Ll-◊, Ug-

Ns, Tf-˚N, øXm, ˘NkÁWm; A”j-’ ˚U. Aq-Y-[-‹-RÙu.

Æ˚]ÿtfl

J⁄ Æ˚] ApX’ ˘NV˚X

EQoj’Y’

Æ˚]f˘NÙpXÙœm.

Æ˚]f˘NÙtLs Æ˚]ÿtfl,

Æ˚]˘VfNm, ˘TV˘WfNm G]

Íufl ®˚XL∞p A˚UŸm.

Æ˚]ÿtfl : J⁄ Æ˚]

ApX’ ˘NVp ÿ•‹ ˘Ttfl

Y⁄Y˚Rd œ±dœm ˘NÙp

Æ˚]ÿtfl G]lT”m.

(G.”) TÙ•]Ùs, K•]Ùu,

G›ß]Ùo, Yk˙Ru, B•˙]Ùm,

Lt\ÙoLs.

20

øe-Ls TVu-T-”j-’m Jq- YÙ-⁄ Yi-Qj-ßt-œm R≤j-

R≤ Aoj-Rm Ei-PÙ?

BUÙm Ei-”. Jq-˘YÙu-fld-œm Jq-

˘YÙ-⁄ Aoj-Rm Ei-”. Aof-—-]u Gu-\Ùp

Tf- N; Li-Q-‡d-œ øXm; ¿U-‡d-œd L⁄l◊

Ap-X-’ L⁄m-Tf˚N. Ug-N-fim £Ll-◊m

LXkR ˘Yk-RV Yi-Qm Lo-Q-‘d-œ. Cl-

T-•-VÙL Jq- YÙ-⁄Y⁄d-œm Jq- YÙ-⁄ Yi-

Qm C⁄d-°-\-’. C˙R TÙp Aof-—-]u RT-—

Gu-\Ùp EPp ÿ›-’m ÆÈß ˙TÙh-”d-

˘LÙi-” ˘Ys-˚[-VÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.

˘R⁄d-·j-ßp "˘Ti-˙YP' Jl-T˚]

œ±j-’.

BWm-Tj-ßp Gl-T-• C⁄k-R˙RÙ Al-T-

•j-RÙu Cu-˚\d-œm ˘Ti ˙YPm Jl-

T˚] C⁄d-°-\-’. BWm-Tj-ßp R˚X- p °√-

Pm A¶k-ß-⁄k-RÙo-Ls. Rt-˘TÙ-›˙RÙ Gp-

XÙl ˘Ti-L-˚[l ˙TÙX NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙ-L˙Y

Es-[Ùo-Ls.

·j-ßp Lh-•-Vd-LÙ-W-≤u Ti◊ œ±j-’.

ÿu- Tp-XÙm Lh-•-Vd-LÙ-Wu C’-Y- Wd-

œm (C-”l-◊d-œd ∏r) U•-Lh-•d ˘LÙi”

˙Yh-•-˚Vj RÙo-lTÙnf£ Lh-•d-˘LÙi-”

C⁄l-TÙu. Cl- TÙ-›˙RÙ Tih Noh TÙh-

”d LÙi-” C⁄d-°-\Ùu. AY-‡-˚PV TÙj-

ß-Wm Gu-T-’ Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ S•-L-˚]-Ÿm A±-

ÿ-Ll-T-”j-’-Y-RÙ-œm. A”j-’ Gu] ·j-’,

·j-’ SPd-œm CPm, ·j˚R SPj-’-°\ T -

V-Yo-Ls VÙo VÙo Gu-fl ˘NÙp≠ AYo-L-

˚[-˘Vp-XÙm A±-ÿ-Ll-T-”j-ß, S˚Lf-—-˚Y-VÙL E˚W-VÙ-”-

Y-’ Lh-•-Vd-LÙ-W-≤u Ti-TÙ-œm.

˘R⁄d-·j-ßp TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”m C˚Nd L⁄-Æ-Ls

œ±j’.

BWm-Tj-ßp ˙RÙp L⁄-Æ-Ls C⁄k-R-˘Ru-fl AlTÙ

˘NÙp-¤-YÙo. ARÙ-Y-’ —⁄ß Ll- Th-• Cl- TÙ-›-’ Bo-

Æp¤lTÙh”

˙TÙod L⁄ÆLfis Ju\Ù] Æp ˙TÙu\C˚NdL⁄ÆVÙp ®LrjRlT”m L˚X

Æp¤lTÙh”. Æp˚X C˚Nj’d ˘LÙi”SÙhPÙo ˘RnYd L˚RL˚[ Æp¤lTÙh”dL˚XOo C˚NŸPu TÙ• Æ[dLm R⁄YÙo.

’˚Qd L˚XOoLfim ReLsC˚NdL⁄ÆL˚[ ¡h•j R˚X˚Ud

L˚XO¨u TÙh”dœl ©uTÙh”l TÙ”Yo.

Æp≠˚N´u ˙RÙt\m œ±j’BWÙnkRYoLs ˘LÙp¤m BŸRUÙ]

Æp˙X C˚NdL⁄ÆVÙ°V ÆpXÙLUÙ±V’ Guflm, ˙TÙodL[jßp ≈WoLs

L˚[l˚Tj æodL Æp≠u SÙ˚Qj Rh•U°rkR ®˚X˙V Æp≠˚Nd L⁄ÆVÙ]’

Guflm ·fl°u\]o.

21

˙UÙ-≤-Vm (LÙ-≠p ™ßd-°\ ˘TPp), ™⁄-Re-Lm, ˙PÙXd-œ,

ÿL-≈- Q, RÙ[m TÙu-\-]. C˙R ÿL-≈˚Q ßi-•-Y-]m Td-

Lm TÙ]Ùp C⁄d-LÙ-’. H˘]u-\Ùp Ae˙L Rt-Ljßl TÙ¶.

˘Rt-Ljßl TÙ¶- p ÿL≈˚Q- Vl TVu-T-”jR UÙh-PÙo-Ls.

C’-RÙu CWi” TÙ¶-L-fid-œm Es[ ˙Yfl-

TÙ-”. A˙R- TÙp SÙm U˚Pd-œl ©u-]Ù- X˙V

˙Ud-Ll Ï˚U Yj-ß-⁄l-˙TÙm. B]Ùp, AYo-

L˙[Ù (˘Rt-Lj-ß-LÙ-Wo-L-s) ˘LÙg-Nm ÁWUÙ]

CPj-ßp ˙Ud-Ll Ï˚U ˚Yj-ß-⁄l-TÙo-Ls.

·j-ßp Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ˙SWj-ßt-œm Jq-˘YÙ-⁄

WÙLm YW- Yi”m Gu-°\ Y˚W-V˚\ H’m

Es-[-RÙ?

Cl-˘TÙ-›-’, CW-¶V ©W-L-XÙ-Ru Gu-°\

L˚R˚V G”j-’d- LÙi-PÙp, Aßp GkR SWj-

ßp GkR CWÙ-Lm YW-˙Yi-”˙UÙ AkR CWÙ-Lj-

ßp-RÙu LRÙ-£- -Vo G›-ß- -⁄l-TÙo. Cl- TÙ-›-’

ÈTÙ-[m Gu-\Ùp A’ Æ•-Vd-LÙ- Xd-œm Y⁄m

Ni-˚Pd-œm Y⁄m. ˘WÙm-T-‹m NÙk-R-UÙ] „Z-

≠-¤m Y⁄m. ARÙ-Y-’ ©W-L-XÙ-R-˚]l TÙoj-’

""VÙWPÙ . . . EX-Le-Ls A±k-R-Yu T˚Pj-

R-Yu! ˙SWÙL ®flj-’-YÙn ˚UkRÙ . . . B . . .

B . . . C’ LÙTj- RÙ-” TÙ”-°\ ÈTÙ-[m. C˙R-

˙TÙp

VÙWPÙ ˘Yi-U¶ Á¶˙X SW-£mUÙ . . . ''

Gu-T-’m ÈTÙ-[m RÙu. Cl-T-•-Ÿm Gk-˘RkR

˙SWj-ßt-œ Gl-T-• Gl-T-• YW Yi-”m Gu-flm

B£- -Vo G›-ß- -⁄l-TÙo.

øe-Ls R⁄d-·j-’ ®Lrj-’m „Zp-Ls?

˙LÙÆp Æ˙N-`e-L-fid-œm C\k-R-Yo-

L-∞u LÙ¨V NPe-°t-œm SPj-’-°- \Ùm. Cl- TÙ-

›-’ Lp-Ì¨ ÆZÙd-L-∞-¤m A”j’ ˘Y∞-SÙ-”-

L-∞p L˚X-®-Lrf-£-L-∞u- TÙ-’m SPj-’-°- \Ùm.

B]Ùp, R⁄d-·j-ßp °˚Pd-œm Y⁄-UÙ-]m KW-[-Æt-œj-RÙu

˙TÙ’-UÙ-]-RÙL Es-[-’.

CdL⁄j’Lfidœ AWi ˙Nodœm

Y¤YÙ] ©\ NÙuflL˚[

CqY±OoLs RWÆp˚X. "Æp' Gu\

˙TÙodL⁄ÆŸm, CkR C˚NdL⁄ÆŸm

A˚Ul©p Ju\ÙL C⁄lTRÙ¤m,

CWi”m J˙W ˘TV˚Wl

˘Tt±⁄lTRÙ¤m Cmÿ•‹Lfidœ

Y⁄°u\]o Gu˙\ L⁄R ÿ•°\’.

Æp≠˚N˚V E⁄YÙd°VYo 15 Bm

Ët\Ùi•p YÙrkR AWNl ◊XYo

Gufl ˙NÙU˘XŸm, A⁄Rdœh•l

◊XY˙W Gufl ÿ. A⁄QÙNXÿm

·fl°u\]o. CRtœ Y¤YÙ] BRÙWd

L⁄j’Ls H’m Cp˚X.

ÿd·Pp Tsfi, ˘RnYf£˚XVÙo

Æ\≠Æ” Á’ ˙TÙu\ CXd°V

ËpLs Æp≠˚NdL˚X SÙhPÙo

˘RnYd ˙LÙÆpL∞p ®LrjRl

ThP˚Rd œ±l©”°u\]. CkËp

L∞u LÙXj˚Rd ˘LÙi” CR˚]d

°.©. 1550˛Bm Bi”dœ ÿtThP’

G]XÙm.

22

·j-ßp ß˚W-©-•j-R-≠u ˙R˚Y Gu-]?

Jq- YÙ-⁄ ˙YP-ÿm Y⁄m- TÙ-’ ß˚W ©•d-Ll-T-”-°-\-’.

Ak-Rj ß˚Wd-œs S•-Lu R]dœ Æ⁄l-Tl-ThP ˙RY-˚R-

˚V˙VÙ Ap-X’ NÙ™-˚V˙VÙ ®˚]j-’ Nj-R-

UÙ-Ll TÙPp-TÙ-•j Ru-˚]j RÙ˙] RVÙo-T-”j-

ßd-˘LÙs-°-\Ùu. Cl-˘TÙ-›-’ SÙm ‘YÙom-Al’

(warmup) Nn-°- \Ùm Cp- XVÙ? Al-T-•j-RÙu

A’. £X Lm-˘T-≤-L-∞p £±V ’i-” Ap-X-’

PY˚X ˚Yj-’-d·P ß˚W-˙TÙp CWi-” ˙To

©•l-T-’ YZd-Lm.

˘R⁄d-·j-ßp S•-L-⁄d-œm TÙo-˚Y-VÙ-[-⁄d-

œm Es[ E\-‹?

Ge-L-fid-œm TÙo-˚Y-VÙ-[-⁄d-œm ˘S⁄d-L-

UÙ] E\-‹-RÙu. SÙe-Ls TÙo- Y-VÙ-[o-L-∞u S”-

Æp ˙TÙY-’m AYo-Ls ·j-ßt-œs Y⁄-Y-’m

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25

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26

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27

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28

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Y•Ym T˚PV¶. TjR]kßh˚P˚Vf ˙NokR

LPmU≤hPÙ, LÙPÙ≠ UeLXm TÙu\ CPeL∞p

Es[ TX TLYß ˙LÙÆpL∞p ©lWY¨ ÿRp

HlWp UÙRm Y˚W CkRl T˚PV¶ SP] YØTÙ”

®LrjRlT”°\’. YÙnl◊d °˚Pdœm˙TÙ’ S¨p

˘Nufl TÙoj’ U°›eLs.

ÿL JlT˚]˚V

"©WÙd˘L›j’' Guflm "Ne˘L›j’"

Guflm ·flYo. C˚P´p A¶Ÿm

BTWQm "˘Yh˙PÙ˚P'

G]lT”°\’. LÙ≠p £Xm◊

A¶Yo. ˘Ti ˘RnY

˙YPeL∞u˙TÙ’ Uh”m UÙo©p

Lf˚N A¶VlT”°\’. R˚X´p

˘Rf£l È, ˘Ru˚] K˚X

˙TÙu\Yt\Ùp B] ™Ll˘T¨V

R˚XV¶ (°√Pm)

˚YdLlTh•⁄dœm. CqY˚LVÙ]

AXeLÙWm TÙo˚YVÙ[oLfidœ

˘RnYjßu ˙RÙt\j˚R

HtT”j’°\’.

˘RnYjßu A⁄s

˘TflYRtLÙL ÿR≠p

˙RÙt\lTÙh” TÙPlT”°\’.

˙RÙt\lTÙh” ÿ•k’ Íufl

ApX’ SÙuœ U¶˙SW

C˚P˘Y∞dœl ©\œ ˘RnV

BhPm ˘RÙPeœm. CkR

C˚PlThP ˙SWjßp ˘RnY

A⁄s ˘Tt\Rt˙LtT (Bi ˛

˘Ti ˘RnYm) AXeLÙWm

˘NnVlT”°\’. ÿf£˙XÙh”

TLYß, LiQeLÙh” TLYß,

TWÙ∞VmUÙ, LßVÚo ≈Wu,

œ\jß GuT] ˘RnVjßp

LÙQXÙœm £X Y˚LLs.

29

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

s FPLeL∞u ERÆŸPu U˚\Ÿm ®˚X´p C⁄dœm L˚XL∞u

◊˚LlTPeL˚[j ßWh• YœlT˚\´p J⁄ ◊˚LlTPd LiLÙh£SPj’eLs.

s ˘RnVm, T˚PV¶ G‡m L˚XL˚[ Jl©h” "SÙh”l◊\ÆVp' Gu‡m

£t±RØp ˘Y∞´”YRtLÙ] ÆUoN]d Lh”˚W Jufl RVÙo ˘NnL.

s TiTÙh”j’˚\ NÙoTÙL S˚P˘Tflm L⁄jRWe°p Te˙LtL "TiTÙh•u

©WßT≠l˙T L˚XLs' Gu‡m R˚Xl©p L⁄jRWeLd Lh”˚W RVÙo˘NnL.

LUXSÙRu

ß⁄Y]kR◊Wj R™ZWÙ] CYW’ CVt˘TVo CW≈kßWu. CYo J⁄—tflXÙl ©¨Vo. CUVm ÿRp œU¨ Y˚W —t±VYo.L˚Xdœ”mTjßp ©\kR CYW’ ˙LW[j’ ˙LÙÆp L˚XLs Gu\Ë≠p T˚PV¶Ÿm Jufl. TV‡s[ Lh”˚WLs, Tdßd Lh”˚WLs,TVQd Lh”˚WLs, £flL˚RLs Gufl TXÆRUÙ] T˚Pl◊L˚[l

©WTX Tjß¨˚LL∞p ˘RÙPok’ G›ß YkRYo. CdLh”˚W

˙LW[j’ LÙÆp L˚XLs Gu\ Ë≠≠⁄k’ G”dLlTh”s[’.

¯¯¯¯¯

30

AXœ 2

CXd°Vm, U≤R U]eLfidœ CuTj˚R Fh”Y]. Jq˘YÙ⁄

CXd°Vj˚R YÙ£dœm˙TÙ’m YÙNLu U]jßp HRÙY’ Ko

EQof£ HtT”°\’. AqY˚L´p A˚UT˚Y˙V £\kR CXd

°VeLs G]d ˘LÙs[XÙm. ˘Un´p ˙RÙuflm EQof£L˙[

˘UnlTÙ”Ls Gufl Y˚WVfldLlT”°u\]. ˘RÙpLÙl©V⁄m

U≤R≤p LÙQXÙœm GiY˚L UnlTÙ”L˚[l Th•V≠h”d

LÙh”°\Ùo. Cm˘UnlTÙ”Ls ˙RÙu\l T˚PdLlThP Tp˙Yfl

CXd°VeL˚[j R™r˘UÙØ Ru]Lj˙R LÙi”s[’. CuTm,

AYXm, ≈Wm, ˙LÙTm Gu‡m Tp˙Yfl —˚YL˚[ Es[Pd°l

T˚PdLlThP CXd°VeL˚[Ÿm, AYt˚\l T˚PjR∞jR

T˚PlTÙ∞L∞u T˚PlTÙt\˚XŸm A±V ER‹m ˙SÙd°p

Tp˙Yfl —˚YL˚[ E˚PV CXd°Vl TœßLs CqYX°p RWl

Th”s[].

ÑûYL°u LXûYÑûYL°u LXûYÑûYL°u LXûYÑûYL°u LXûYÑûYL°u LXûY

l CXd°Vf —˚Y˚V A±k’˘LÙsfiRp.

l CXd°V Y˚LL˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ Æ[dLdLh”˚WLs

RVÙ¨jRp.

l CXd°Vjßtœm NÍLjßtœm Es[ ˘RÙPo©˚] CXd°Ve

L˚[d LtTRu YÙ´XÙL Jl©Pp.

l ˘UÙØ´Vp ·flL˚[ A˚PVÙ[m LÙ‘Rp.

l SÙPLm, ß˚WlTPm ˙TÙu\Yt˚\j ß\]Ùn‹ ˘NnRp.

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

31

CXd°Vf —˚YLsCXd°Vf —˚YLsCXd°Vf —˚YLsCXd°Vf —˚YLsCXd°Vf —˚YLs

BV L˚XLs AflTj’ SÙuœ GuTo. AYtfls ™Lf£\kR’ CXd°Vd L˚X˙V GuT’ NÙu˙\Ùo ·tfl. U≤RuT˚Pj’d ˘LÙiP SÙL¨Ld L⁄ÆLfis ™Lf £\kR’ A’.˙T—YRtœm G›’YRtœm E¨VRÙL U≤Ru T˚Pj’d LÙiP’RÙu UÙØ Gu\Ù¤m, UÙØ Cp˚XVÙú Cu˚\V SÙL¨LY[of£˙V Cp˚X G]XÙm. UuT˚Rú Y[of£dœmYÙr‹dœm A•lT˚PVÙ]’ UÙØ˙V. AjR˚LV UÙØú˘NÙtL˚[˙V F”˘TÙ⁄[ÙLd LÙi” A˚UY’ CXd°Vm.B˚LVÙp A’ L˚XL∞p £\kR’ GuTÙo ÍR±Ooÿ. YWRWÙN]Ùo.

L⁄j’, EQof£, LtT˚], Y•Ym B°VSÙuœm CXd°Vjßtœ Cu±V˚UVÙR˚Y.GkR J⁄ T˚PlTÙL C⁄kRÙ¤m Aßp J⁄ L⁄j’C⁄k˙R BL˙Yi”m. G]˙Y L⁄jß˚]CXd°Vjßu Eó Gu˙\ ·\XÙm. L⁄jßpXÙCXd°V Y•Ym GuT’ E´¨pXÙ EPm˚Tl˙TÙu\’.

LÙRp, ≈Wm, A\m, Tdß, TÙNm ÿRXÙ]Yt˚\EQoj’T˚Y Ti˚P CXd°VeLs Gu\Ùp,Cu˚\V CXd°VeLs Au\ÙP YÙrd˚Ll ©Wf£˚]L˚[˙V ˘T⁄mTÙ¤m ÿu˚Yd°u\]. GlT• YÙZ˙Yi”m G] YÙrd˚Ldœ YØLÙh•V˚Y Au˚\V CXd°VeLs. ClT•Ÿm YÙr°\ÙoL˙[ Gufl Y⁄k’T˚Y Cu˚\VCXd°VeLs. AYWYo U] HdLeL∞u RÙdLeL˙[ Cu˚\VCXd°VeL∞u TÙ”˘TÙ⁄sL[ÙL A˚U°u\]. L⁄j’ApX’ TÙ”˘TÙ⁄s LÙXk˙RÙflm UÙ±d˘LÙi˙P C⁄dœm.

“EtflØ ERÆŸm Efl˘TÙ⁄s ˘LÙ”j’m ©t˚\®˚X ÿ≤VÙ’ Lt\p Su˙\”

“◊Lr G≤u E´⁄m ˘LÙ”dœYo ˛ TØG≤u EXœPu ˘T±‡m ˘LÙs[Xo”

""˘NpYj’l TV˙] DRp ˛ ’nl˙TÙmG≤˙] Rl◊S TX˙Y.''

‘VÙ’m F˙W VÙY⁄m ˙L∞o’

GiY˚L˘UnlTÙ”Ls

“S˚L˙V A›˚L C∞YWp U⁄h˚L

AfNm ˘T⁄™Rm ˘Yœ∞ EY˚L Gufl

AlTÙp Gh˙P ˘UnlTÙ” GuT”

˛ ˘RÙp. ˘TÙ⁄s. ˘Un : 3

32

“ALrYÙ˚Wj RÙeœm ®Xm˙TÙXj Rm˚U CLrYÙol ˘TÙfljRp R˚X”

‘UÙ]m AØkR©u YÙZÙ˚U ÿu≤≤’’

‘Au˚]Ÿm ©RÙ‹m ÿu]± ˘RnYm’

‘A\m ˘NnV Æ⁄m◊ BflY’ £]m’

“GpXÙ⁄m Cu◊t±⁄dL ®˚]lT’˙Y ApXÙp ˙Y˘\Ùuflm A±˙Vu”

“JuflThPÙp Ei” YÙr‹ -˛ Sm™p Jtfl˚U øe°•p A˚]Yodœm RÙr‹”

Gu˘\pXÙm Eu]RUÙ] L⁄j’L˚[ G”j˙RÙßV˚Y SmCXd°VeLs.

CXd°Vjßp A˚UV˙Yi•VCu˘]Ù⁄ ÿd°VUÙ] ·fl EQof£GuTRÙœm. H˘]≤p U≤Ru EQof£Y•YÙ]Yu. EQof£Ls CpXÙUpU≤R]Ùp YÙZ CVXÙ’. EQoÆpXÙU≤Ru S˚Pl ©QUÙLjRÙu C⁄lTÙu.EQof£Ls EPm˘T‡m ˘Un´uYØVÙL ˘Y∞lT”YRÙp CXdL¶LsCYt˚\ UnlTÙ”Ls Gufl œ±l©hP]o.S˚L, A›˚L, C∞YWp, U⁄h˚L,AfNm, ˘T⁄™Rm, ˘Yœ∞, EY˚L G]GiY˚L ˘UnlTÙ”L˚[ ARÙY’EQof£L˚[j ˘RÙpLÙl©Vo œ±l©h”s[Ùo. CXd°Vÿm EQof£Ÿm Ju˚\˘VÙufl NÙok’ ®tT˚Y. EQof£LsCXd°Vl T˚Pl◊dœ ÍXLÙWQUÙLÆ[eœm. SpX CXd°Vl T˚Pl◊LsSpX EQof£L˚[j Ái•Æ”m.

CuTm, ’uTm, ˙LÙTm, ≈Wm, LÙRp, CWdLm, Tdß, TÙNm˙TÙu\˚Y U≤R‡dœ HtT”m £X A•lT˚PVÙ]EQof£Ls.

“L˚X˘Vu\Ùp EQof£L˚[d LYW˙Yi”mL∞lÈh• A±Æ˚]l ˙TÙnd LqY ˙Yi”m”

GuTÙo SÙUdLp LÆOo ˘Y. WÙU≠eLm. Ck®˚X´pAufl ÿRp CuflY˚W R™r CXd°VeL∞p Y∞lT”m£X A•lT˚P EQof£L˚[ C≤d LÙi˙TÙm.

Sh◊œY˚[ SÙflm œ˚Y C⁄e ·kRp

BmTp SÙflm ˙Rm ˘TÙß ’Yo YÙn

œi” øoj RÙU˚Wd ˘LÙe°u Au]

’i Tp ßjß UÙA˙VÙ˙V

ø˙V, AgNp Gu\ Gu ˘NÙp AgN˚X˙V

VÙ˙], œfle LÙp Au]m œY‹ UQt ˙Ndœm

LPp „r Ui•Xm ˘T±‡m

ÆPp „ZXu VÙu, ®u‡˚P Sh˙T

œflk˘RÙ˚L ˛ 300

33

CuTm

CXd°Vjßu ˙SÙdL˙U CuTm TVlT’RÙu. CuTEQof£˚V˙V Lt˙TÙo ˘T¨’m Æ⁄m◊Yo.

—¨œZp A˚N‹\ A˚N‹\j

’´˘X› U´˘X] U´˘X]l

T¨◊Wm J≠˘VZ J≠˘VZl

T≤˘UÙØ VYoL˚P ß\™˙]Ù (L≠e: 23)

Gu‡m TW¶l TÙPp CuTf —˚Ydœ G”j’dLÙhPÙL A˚U°u\’.

“©u≤d °Pdœm ÿp˚Xd ˘LÙ•˚Vl©¨dL ÿ•ŸUÙ ˛ Au˚Tl©¨dL ÿ•ŸUÙ?Li‘m Li‘m Lh•] ·h˚PdL˚XdL ÿ•ŸUÙ?”

G]f —˚YÎflm R™Øp CuTj˚Rl TÙ”°\Ùo Th”d˙LÙh˚P LpVÙQ—kRWm.

LÙRp

LÙR˚Xl TÙPÙR ◊XYoL˙[ Cp˚X G]XÙm.LÙRp LÙRp LÙRp; LÙRp TÙ´u LÙRp TÙ´u NÙRp,NÙRp, NÙRp Gufl TÙ•VYo TÙWßVÙo.

“A¶tTp Au] ˘LÙeœÿßo ÿiPLj’

U¶d˙Lr Au] UÙøof ˙NolT

Cm˚U UÙ± Ufl˚U B´‡m

ø B°Vo Gm LQY˚]

VÙu B°Vo ®u ˘Sg— ˙SoTY˙[“

(œflk˘RÙ˚L: 49)

Gu‡m NeLlTÙP≠p, Cl©\l©p Uh”UpX A”jR©\Æ´¤m ø Gu LQY]ÙL‹m SÙu Eu U˚]ÆVÙL‹m C⁄dL˙Yi”˘Uufl Rm R˚XY˚] ®˚]j’lTÙ”°u\Ùs R˚XÆ. R˚XÆ Ru R˚XY≤Pm LÙh”mAu◊dœ C˚RÆPf £\kR G”j’dLÙh” Cp˚X.C˚Rl˙TÙu˙\, Cu˘]Ù⁄ R˚XYu, EVokR £\l©˚]Ÿm ˘NpYj˚RŸm Y[jß˚]Ÿm E˚PVLÙÆ¨lÈmTh•]j˚R˙V T¨NÙLj RkRÙ¤m SÙu GuR˚XÆ˚Vl ©¨VUÙh˙Pu Gu°\Ùu.

GfNm

J⁄ Æ˚] ApX’ ˘NVp ÿtfll

˘T\ÙUp A˚UkRÙp A’ GfNm

G]lT”m. (G.”) Yk’, G›k’,

TÙ•V, T•jR

GfNm Æ˚]˘VfNm, ˘TV˘WfNm

G] C⁄Y˚LlT”m.

Æ˚]˘VfNm

ÿ•‹ ˘T\ÙR J⁄ GfNf ˘NÙp≠u

©u]Ùp Æ˚] Gg£ ®u\Ùp A’

Æ˚]˘VfNm G]lT”m. A’

˘R¨®˚X Æ˚]˘VfNm, œ±l◊

Æ˚]˘VfNm G] C⁄Y˚LlT”m.

(G.”) LUXÙ G›k’ ®u\Ùs

Rm© Áe° G›kRÙu

B£¨Vo Æ[d°f ˘NÙu]Ùo

Ceœ G›k’, Áe°, Æ[d°

Gu‡m GfNf ˘NÙtL∞u ©u˙]

®u\Ùs, G›kRÙu, ˘NÙu]Ùo

Gu‡m Æ˚] Gg£ ®tTRÙp

C˚Y Æ˚]˘VfNf ˘NÙtLs

B´t].

34

“ÿhPÙf £\l©u Th•]m T±‡mYÙo C⁄e·kRp YVe°˚Z JØVYÙ˙Wu”

G‡m ClTÙPX•Ls Tj’lTÙh”s Ju\Ù°V Th•]lTÙ˚Xú Cflß´p CPm˘Tfl°u\’.

≈Wm

LÙR˚XŸm ≈Wj˚RŸm Rm C⁄ LiL[ÙLd˘LÙiP˚Y NeL CXd°VeLs. NeL LÙXj˚R ≈WŸLdLÙXm Gu˙\ ·flYo. NeL CXd°Vl TÙPpL∞p◊\lTÙPpLs ˘T⁄m TÙu˚UŸm ≈Wf—˚Y ™dL˚Y.

“SœRdL]˙W SÙ” ¡d·flSo

C˚[VYu CYu G] E˚[Vd·±

T”U¶ CWh”m TÙY•l T˚QjRÙs

˘S”Sp VÙ˚]Ÿm ˙R⁄m UÙ‹m

T˚P A˚U U\Y⁄m E˚PVm VÙm Gufl

Efl’l◊ AgNÙ’ EPp £]m ˘N⁄d°

£fl˘NÙp ˘NÙp≠V £]m ˘L› ˙YkR˚W

A⁄gNUm £˚RVj RÙd° ÿWN˘UÙ”

J⁄eœ ALlT˙Pu Bú ˘TÙ⁄kßV

Gu≤Zp YÙrSo ˘Np®Zp LÙQÙ’

˘LÙ•Vu Gm C˚\˘V]d LiΩo TWl©

œ•TØ Átflm ˙LÙ˙Xu BœL”

(◊\SÙËfl: 72)

Gu‡m TÙP≠p, TÙi•Vu R˚XVÙXeLÙ]j’f N⁄˘Yu\ ˘S”g˘NØVu ≈WÿZdLj˚Rd ˙LhLXÙm.

“˘TÙ⁄RPd˚L YÙ˘[e˙L U¶UÙo˘Te˙L˙TÙoÿLjßp GYoY¨‡m ◊\e˘LÙPÙR

T⁄Y´Wj ˙RÙ˘[e˙L Ge˙L GuflT´WÆ˚Vd ˙LhTÙ˚[d LÙi™u LÙi™u”

(L≠eLj’lTW¶: 483)

Gu\ TÙP≠p J⁄ RÙú ≈Wm ˘Y∞lT”Y˚R A±VCV¤m.

—kRW]Ùü U˙]ÙuUΩVm SÙPLjßp ÀYLu RmT˚P≈WoL˚[ ˙SÙd°d ·flm ·t\ÙL A˚UŸm,

˘TV˘WfNm

ÿ•‹ ˘T\ÙR Ko GfNf ˘NÙp≠u©u]Ùp ˘TVo Gg£ ®u\ÙpAR˚]l ˘TV˘WfNm GuTo.

˘TV˘WfNm ˘R¨®˚Xl˘TV˘WfNm, œ±l◊l ˘TV˘WfNm

G] C⁄Y˚LlT”m.

(G.”) ˙Stfl YkR SpXYo

Aufl TÙ•V ˘Ti ˙StflYkRÙs

CkRl TPm Y˚WkRKÆVu Gu SiTu

Ceœ, YkR, TÙ•V, Y˚WkRGu‡m GfNf˘NÙtL∞u ©u]oSpXYo, ˘Ti, KÆVo Gu‡m˘TVoLs Gg£ ®tTRÙp C˚Y

˘TV˘WfNf ˘NÙtLs B´].

35

“CjR≤l ˙TÙ¨p øo Ht±”m LÙVm

£jRe L∞j’ _VUÙ ’Udœ

ÿjR™h P∞jR ÿjß˚W B°

GjR˚] R˚Xÿ˚\d °XdLÙn ®tœm!

˙TÙodœ±d LÙV˙U ◊LØu LÙVm

VÙodL’ YÙndœm B! B! ˙SÙdœ™u”

(AeLm : 4, L[m : 1 148 ˛ 153)

Gu\ TœßŸm ≈Wf—˚Ydœ Ko G”j’dLÙh”.

TÙWRjßp RoU◊jßWu Nœ≤ŸPu „RÙ• SÙh˚PUh”UpX, Ru N˙LÙRWoL˚[Ÿm U˚]Æ˚VŸm CZd°u\Ùu. AjR˚LV J⁄ „r®˚X´p,

“SÙh˚P ˘VpXÙk ˘RÙ˚XjRÙn ˛ Ai˙Q

SÙeLs ˘TÙflj ß⁄k˙RÙm

¡h”m G˚U V•˚U ˘NnRÙn

˙U¤m ˘TÙflj ß⁄k˙RÙm

’⁄TRu UL˚[j ˛ ßhPj

’nS ‡Pt ©\l˚T

C⁄ TL˚P ˘Vu\Ùn ˛ I˙VÙ

CYod L•˚U ˘Vu\Ùn

C≤ ˘TÙfllT ßp˚X ˛ Rm©

G¨RZp ˘LÙi” YÙ

Lß˚W ˚YjßZkRÙu ˛ AiQu

˚L˚V G¨j ß”˙YÙm” (TÙgNÙ≠NTRm)

G]d ˙LÙTjßu Ef£˚V A˚PŸm ≈U≤u ˘UÙØLsAu≤V⁄dœ GßWÙ] TÙWß´u ˙LÙTdL]pLs Gu˙\·\XÙm.

AYXm

NeL ALlTÙPpLs LÙR˚X˙V TÙ”˘TÙ⁄[ÙLd ˘LÙiPÙ¤m, LÙR≠uTj˚RÆPd LÙRp YVlT”YRÙp HtT”mAYXeL˚[˙V ™œßVÙLl TÙ”°u\]. ALlTÙPpLs‘˘TiL∞u LiΩoj ’∞Ls’ Gufl ·±]Ù¤m RYfl Cp˚X.RtLÙXjß¤m SpX T˚Pl◊Ls TX‹m AYXf —˚Y˚V˙Vÿu˚Yd°u\].

L˚P˘V› Ys[pL∞p J⁄Yu T\m◊U˚Xj R˚XYuTÙ¨. J⁄ ÿp˚Xd LÙ•´u Y⁄jRj˚Rd ·Pj RÙeLÿ•VÙ

36

Up RÙu H± YkR ˙R˚W Dk’ ˘LÙ˚PUPmThPYu. AjR˚LV Ys[p ˘T⁄UÙ˚]Í˙YkR⁄m Jufl·•d LÙuflÆ”°u\]o.CR]Ùp AWiU˚] YÙrd˚L YÙrkR AY]’˘TiUdLs A]Ù˚RL[Ù° Æ”°u\]o.Af„r ®˚X´p AYoLs TÙ”m,

“At˚\j ßeLs Aq˘Yi ®XÆuGk˚RŸm E˚P˙Vm Gmœuflm ©\o˘LÙ[ÙoCt˚\j ßeLs Cq ˘Yi ®XÆu˘Yufl G± ÿW£u ˙YkRo Gmœuflm LÙiPÙo VÙm Gk˚RŸm CX˙U”

(◊\SÙËfl: 112)

Gu‡m ◊\lTÙPp AYXf —˚Ydœ KoAt◊RUÙ] G”j’dLÙh”. NeLl TÙPpL∞p˚LVfl®˚Xl TÙPpLs GpXÙ˙U AYXf—˚YlTÙPpLsRÙm.

˘Ti˘QÙ⁄jßj RÙu Æ⁄m©V BPY‡Pu˘NuflÆ”°\Ùs. CR˚] A±kR RÙn T¨’mLY˚Xdœs[Ù°\Ùs. Ak˙SWm AVp≈hPÙoYk’ AYfidœ BflRp ·fl°u\]o. B]ÙpAkRj RÙVÙp Ru J˙W UL∞u ©¨˚YjRÙeL ÿ•VÆp˚X. Al˙TÙ’ AYs TÙ”m,

“J⁄ULs E˚P˙Vu Uu˙] AYfim˘N⁄™œ ˘UÙnm©u ·o˙Yt LÙ˚[˘VÙ”˘T⁄U˚X A⁄g—Wm ˘S⁄Sp ˘Nu\]sC≤˙V RÙeœ ®u AYXm Gu±o B’UtflVÙeL]m Jp¤˙UÙ A±‹˚P¬˙WEs∞u Es[m ˙Y˙U ˛ EiLiU¶YÙr TÙ˚Y S˚P Lt\u] GuA¶ CVt œflULs B•VU¶ Ho SÙf£Ÿm Rt±Ÿm Li˙P” (St±˚Q : 184)

Gu‡m TÙPp RÙnlTÙNjßu HdLjßu Y∞lTÙPÙL A˚U°u\’.

˘Tt\ œZk˚R TÙm◊ æi• C\k’Æ”°\’.A˚RdLi” U]m ˘TÙ\ÙR RÙn ˘SgNm ˘Sdœ⁄°l TÙ”m,

“©u≤ ÿ•f£PmUÙ ©f£lÈ „•PmUÙGu‡m ˘UÙØLs C≤ GdLÙXm ˙LhTu IVÙ”

£˙X˚PF£Ÿm ßeLfim

˘UpXd L˚X˙Vflm ˙U‹™⁄ TdLÿUÙm

˘NÙpXj RœRÙWm „rRXÙp ˛ ˘RÙp¤X°p

È£dœg NeLW˚]l ˙TÙtflm ÿ⁄LlTÙ

F£dœf NkßW˙]o K’.

˛ AeLlT©s˚[

AeLlT©s˚[

CYo TYÙ≤ Gu‡m F¨p

SÙLlT©s˚[ GuTY¨u A⁄˚Ul

◊RpYWÙLj ˙RÙu±]Ùo. £\kR ◊XYWÙLj

ßLrkR CYo ËpLs £X ˘Nn’s[Ùo.

Rmÿ˚PV A⁄˚U U˚]Æ

LÙXg˘Nu\˙TÙ’ SÙtT’ CWeLtTÙdLs

TÙ• Y⁄kß]Ùo. C⁄TRÙm Ët\Ùi•u

˘RÙPdLjßp C⁄kRYo. ClTÙPp

R≤lTÙPp ßWh•≠⁄k’ G”dLlTh”s[’.

37

“YÙnÿjRm RÙWÙUp UZ˚XŸ˚W VÙPÙUp˙Nn °PjRp Li˘P]dœf £k˚R R”UÙfl˚RVÙ”

(B£V˙_Ùß)

ÿRXÙ] TÙPpLs Lp˘Sg˚NŸm L˚Wj’Æ”m;

Lt˙TÙ˚Wd LiΩod LP≠p Brj’m. AYXf—˚Y Æg£

®tœm ClTÙPpL˚[j RkRYo LÆU¶ R£L ÆSÙVLm

©s˚[ AYoLs.

S˚Lf—˚Y

Lt˙TÙ⁄m LÙi˙TÙ⁄m T¨’m Æ⁄m◊Y’ S˚Lf

—˚YRÙu. LÙXk˙RÙflm ˙RÙu±V R™rlTÙPpL∞p

S˚Lf—˚Y EQo‹ Su\ÙL˙Y A˚Ukß⁄dLd LÙQ

CV¤m. A\˘S±TÙP YkR YsfiY⁄m BeLÙe˙L S˚Lf

—˚Y˚V As∞j ˘R∞j’f ˘Nufls[Ùo.

BPYu J⁄Y‡dœj ’mUp Y⁄°u\’. EP˙]

VÙ˚W ®˚]j’j ’m™…o Gufl ˙Lh°u\Ùs AY]’

U˚]Æ. VÙ˚W˙V‡m ®˚]jRÙp ’mUp Y⁄m GuT’

Sm©d˚L. B]Ùp AkR BPY˙]Ù Ei˚U´p VÙ˚W

Ÿm ®˚]dLÆp˚X. Es[˚Rf NÙu]Ùp U˚]Æ SmT

UÙhPÙs GuTRÙp, AY˚[ SÙd°, ‘Eu˚] ®˚]j’jRÙu

’m™˙]u’ Gu°\Ùu. A˚Rd LhP Al˘Ti, AlT•

VÙ]Ùp CqY[‹ SWm Gu˚] U\k’RÙ˙] C⁄kæoLs?

Gufl NÙp≠ AY≤Pm FPp LÙi”ÆhPÙ[Ùm.

“Es∞˙]u Gu˙\uUtfl GuU\kæo Gu˘\u˚]l

◊pXÙs ◊XjRd L]s” (ß⁄dœ\s : 1316)

GuT’ Adœ\hTÙ.

L≠eLl TÙ⁄dœl©u ·r A”°u\] TnLs. ©u]o

Ad·r Gp˙XÙ⁄dœUÙL Æ[mTlT”°\’. J⁄ ˙Tn ·r

YÙe°V TÙjßWm ∏˙Z Kh˚PVÙL C⁄kRRÙp J›œ°\’.

Ge°⁄k’ J›œ°\’ GuT˚Rl TÙodL A’ TÙjßWj˚Rd

LÆrjßl TÙod°\’. Al˙TÙ’ ·r ÿ›˚UVÙLd ∏˙Z

£kßÆ”°\’. A˚Rd Li” Y⁄k’°\RÙm Al˙Tn.

AeLRm

S˚L EQof£Ÿm CLrk’˚WVÙP¤m UdL∞˚P˙VCVpTÙLd LÙQlT”T˚Y.CXdLQ ËXÙo S˚Lf—˚YCu≤u] LÙWQeL[Ùp©\dœm Gufl Aflß´h”d·±Ÿs[]o. LmTWÙUÙVQmÿR≠V LÙÆVeL∞pAeLe˙L S˚Lf—˚Yœ™Øh˘PZd LÙQXÙm.≈WUÙÿ≤Y¨u TWUÙojR œ⁄L˚R´p S˚Lf—˚YR’m◊°\’. Cufl R™rSÙh•pS˚Lf—˚Y ®Lrf£Ls ˘T¨’mYW˙YtLlT”°u\]. B]ÙpCjR˚LV S˚Lf—˚YlTœßL∞p BrkR EQof£Cp˚X; BrkR ˘TÙ⁄∞p˚X;®˚XjR TV≤p˚X. LQ˙SWU°rf£˚V˙V SUdœj Rk’AR˙]Ù” JØ°\’.

˘Yfll©u E⁄Y ˙YflTÙ˙PCLrf£ GuT’.

CXd°VeL∞¤m C’™œßVÙLd LÙQlT”°u\’.

38

“˘TÙpXÙ ˙YÙh˚Pd LXj’d ·r

◊\j˙R ˘VÙ›L U±j’l TÙoj’

GpXÙm LÆrjÁR ß˚Ljß⁄dœm

C›˚Rl ˙Tndœ YÙ√˙WÙ”

(L≠eLj’lTW¶: 570)

GuT’ AlTÙPp.

Tdß

Tdßf —˚Y, R™r CXd°Vjßu R≤f—˚Y. SÙVu

UÙoLfim BrYÙoLfim LmT⁄m Nd°ZÙ⁄m Uh”UpXo;

A⁄Q°¨VÙ⁄m Ys[XÙ⁄m œUWœ⁄TW⁄m RÙŸUÙ]

Y⁄m GpXÙm Rm Tdßl TÙPpL[Ùp T•l˙TÙ˚Wl

TWYN Íh•VYoLs.

“Í‹Xœm DW•VÙp ÿ˚\®WmTÙ Y˚Lÿ•Vj

RÙÆV˙N Y•˙NlTj Rm©˘VÙ”e LÙu˙TÙk’

˙NÙYW‘m ˙TÙoU•Vj ˘RÙp≠Xe˚L LhPØjR

˙NYLu∫o ˙L[ÙR ˘NÆ˘Vu] ˘NÆ˙V

ß⁄UÙp∫o ˙L[ÙR ˘NÆ˘Vu] ˘NÆ˙V”

(£Xm◊ 17 : 35)

G]j ß⁄UÙ≠u ˘T⁄˚U˚Vl TÙ•VYo C[e

˙LÙY•Ls.

“©jRÙ ©˚\„• ˘T⁄UÙ˙] A⁄[Ù[Ù

GjRÙu U\YÙ˙R ®˚]d°u˙\u U]j’u˚]

˚YjRÙn ˘Ti˚Qj ˘RuTÙp ˘Yi˘Qn

SpÌW⁄h”˚\Ÿs

AjRÙ E]dLÙ[Ùn C≤Ap˙Xu G]XÙ˙U”

G] —kRWjR™Øp Ik˘R›jRÙ˚] ALÿ⁄Ll TÙ•VYo

—kRWo.

“B]ÙR ˘NpYj’ AWm˚TVoLs Rt„Z

YÙ]Ùfim NpYÿm UiQW—m VÙu˙Yi˙Pu

˙R]Ùo Èg˙NÙ˚Xj ß⁄˙Ye LPf—˚]´p

¡]Ùnl ©\dœm ÆßŸ˚P˙Vu B˙Y˙]”

CLrk’ TÙ”R˚X˙V Rm˘RÙØXÙLd ˘LÙi” AqY˚Ll

TÙP≠p £\k’ Æ[e°VYoLÙ[˙ULm Gu‡m ◊XYo.

CLrf£Ÿ˚W Y˚NVÙL UÙjßWmA˚UVÙRT•, œt\j˚Rd

Li•j’ ødœR˚X˙VEi˚UVÙ] ˙SÙdLUÙLd

˘LÙiPRÙ´u, Al˙TÙ’ AqCLrf£ J⁄T• EVok’

Æ”°\’. CqYÙ\ÙLd Li•dL˙Yi•VYt˚\ ApX’

ÆUo£dL ˙Yi•VYt˚\S˚Lf—˚Yl TÙ¶´p

—h•dLÙh”Y˚R Be°Xjßp^hPVo (Satire) GuTÙoLs.C’RÙu ˘RÙpLÙl©Vjßp

AeLRm G]dœ±l©PlT”°u\’.

Y˚L˘VÙ”m S˚L˘VÙ”m·•V˙R AeLRm.

39

G]j Ru Tdß´u ˘T⁄d˚Ll TÙ•VYo ˙NWoœXl ˘T⁄UÙu

œX˙NLWl ˘T⁄UÙs.

“©\YÙ˚U ˙Yi”m ¡i”m ©\l◊i˙Pp

Eu˚] Guflm U\YÙ˚U ˙Yi”m”

G]l TÙ•VYo LÙ˚WdLÙp Am˚UVÙo.

“ædœs ÆW˚X ˚YjRÙp SkRXÙXÙ Eu˚]j

æi”m CuTm ˙RÙuflRPÙ SkRXÙXÙ”

G] Cu˘]Ù⁄ ®˚X´p Tdß EQo˚Yl TÙ•VYo TÙh”d˘LÙ⁄

◊XYu TÙWß.

SU’ CXd°VeLs —˚Y ™dL˚Y; EQof£ ™dL˚Y.

AYt˚\j ˙Rok˘R”j’l T•j’ Cu◊fl˙YÙm.

“GjR˚]˙VÙ CuTm CkR SÙh•˙X Ei”

AjR˚]dœm ˘T¨V CuTm TÙh•˙X Ei”” ˛ (ÀYÙ)

˛ T¶U˚]´p E⁄YÙdLlThP’

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

s "ÆØjRLi ˙Yp˘LÙi ˘P±V AØjR˚Ul©u

JhPu˙\Ù YuL QYodœ'' (≈Wm ˛ 775)

""AWm˙TÙ¤m ·o˚UV ˙W‡m UWm˙TÙpYo

UdLhTi ©pXÙ RYo'' (CØ‹ ˛ 997)

C’˙TÙufl Tp˙Yfl —˚YL∞p A˚UkR œ\sL˚[j ˘RÙœdL.

s AfNm, S˚Lf—˚Y, ˘T⁄™Rm G‡m —˚YL∞u A•lT˚P´p J⁄ £flL˚R

G›’L.

s "LÙXk˙RÙflm R™ØXd°Vjßp —˚YL∞u ˙TÙdœ' G‡m R˚Xl©p J⁄

˘NÙt˘TÙØ‹ RVÙo ˘NnL.

s AeLRf —˚Y´p A˚UkR TZ˘UÙØL˚[j ßWh”L.

40

˙LÙoh”d LÙ¨Vm ˘LÙgNÿm ˘R¨Ÿ˙UÙ?

TÙWl T•Lfim Th•˚Ll T•Lfim

NÙ∑l T•Lfim NUu^˜l T•Lfim

LQd° XPeLÙd L™ù T•Lfim

_lßl T•Lfim ˙XXl T•Lfim

YÙWi”l T•Lfim YÙNt T•Lfim

H¶l T•Lfim, ClT• AlT•

GpXÙl T•Lfim H± C\e°,

YÙQÙs ˘LÙ”j’ YÙQ æojRm

BP Bfim ø˙WÙ? I˙VÙ!

˙LÙoh” ¿^˜ œUÙvRÙ ¿^˜

·•d LÙl© œ•dLl ¿^˜

˘Yt±˚X YÙe°P ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ ¿^˜

Yd∏p ¿^˜ UL˚Ul ¿^˜

YdLÙ Xj’ Y˚Ld˘LÙ⁄ ¿^˜

G›Rl ¿^˜ ˘NÙpXl ¿^˜

G›ßV RÙ˚[ G”dLl ¿^˜

®tLl ¿^˜ C⁄dLl ¿^˜

øh•] ˚L˚V UPdLl ¿^˜

TÙWl ¿^˜ ∏Wl ¿^˜

TWÙ CZ‹ T´tfll ¿^˜

Li” ¿^˜ LÙQÙl ¿^˜

U⁄UdLsYØ UÙu™VmU⁄UdLsYØ UÙu™VmU⁄UdLsYØ UÙu™VmU⁄UdLsYØ UÙu™VmU⁄UdLsYØ UÙu™Vm

◊Qof£

CWi” ˘NÙtLs ˙N⁄m ˘TÙ›’Af˘NÙtL∞p HtT”m UÙt\eL˚[l Tt±d ·flm

CXdLQm ◊Qof£ CXdLQm G]lT”m.

®˚X˘UÙØŸm Y⁄˘UÙØŸm

CWi” ˘NÙtLs Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl C˚QY’◊Qof£ G]lT”m. CqYÙfl C˚QŸm ˘NÙtL∞pÿR≠p ®tT˚R "®˚X˘UÙØ' G]‹m CWiPÙY’

Y⁄m ˘NÙp˚X "Y⁄˘UÙØ' G]‹m œ±l©”YoCXdLQ ËXÙo.

YÙ˚Z + Ri” = YÙ˚ZjRi”

YÙ˚Z ˛ ®˚X˘UÙØ

Ri” ˛ Y⁄˘UÙØ

YÙ˚Z ˛ (I) ˛ ®˚X˘UÙØ Dfl

Ri” ˛ (j) ˛ Y⁄˘UÙØ ÿRp

EóÿRp : Eó G›j˚R ÿR≠p E˚PV ˘NÙp

G.”. A¶ (A)

˘UnÿRp : ˘Un G›j˚R ÿR≠p E˚PV ˘NÙp

G.”. ˘TÙu (l + J)

Eó Dfl: Eó G›j˚R Cflß´p E˚PV ˘NÙp

G.”. A¶ (i + C)

˘Un Dfl: ˘Un G›j˚R Cflß´p E˚PV ˘NÙp

G.”. ˘TÙu (u)

CVp◊ ◊Qof£

®˚X˘UÙØŸm Y⁄˘UÙØŸm C˚QŸm ˘TÙ›’AYt±≤˚P˙V GqÆR UÙt\ÿm CpXÙUp

CVpTÙL C˚QY’ CVp◊ ◊Qof£ G]lT”m.

G.”. YÙ˚Z + UWm = YÙ˚ZUWm

41

ÆLÙWl◊Qof£

˘NÙtLs C˚QŸm ˘TÙ›’ C˚P˙V UÙt\eLsEiPÙ]Ùp A’ ÆLÙWl ◊Qof£ G]lT”m.ÆLÙWl◊Qof£ Íufl ®˚XL∞p A˚UŸm.

A) ˙RÙu\p: ®˚X˘UÙØdœm Y⁄˘UÙØdœmS”Æp ◊ßRÙL Ko G›j’j ˙RÙuflY’.

G.”. YÙ˚Z + TZm = YÙ˚ZlTZm (l)

B) ß¨Rp: ®˚X˘UÙØ Y⁄˘UÙØLfidœC˚P˙V Y⁄m Ko G›j’ ˙Y˘\Ù⁄G›jRÙL UÙ± Y⁄Y’.

G.”. Ui + œPm = UhœPm (i- → h)

C) ˘L”Rp : ®˚X˘UÙØ Y⁄˘UÙØL∞¤s[G›j’L∞p Jufl Æ”Th” Y⁄Y’.

G.”. UWm + ˙Yo = UW˙Yo (m ˛ Æ”ThP’)

˙Ytfl˚Ul◊Qof£

®˚X˘UÙØdœm Y⁄˘UÙØdœm S”Æp˙Ytfl˚U E⁄◊ U˚\k˙RÙ ˘Y∞lTh˙PÙ ®tL,®˚X˘UÙØŸm Y⁄˘UÙØŸm ˙NoY’ ˙Ytfl˚Ul◊Qof£ G]lT”m.

G.”. ˙UÙo + œ•j˙Ru = ˙UÙoœ•j˙Ru

˙Ytfl˚UŸ⁄◊ ‘I’ U˚\k’ Yk’s[’.

LiQu + Li˙Pu = LiQ˚]d Li˙Pu

I E⁄◊ Yk’s[’).

LÆU¶ ˙R£L ÆSÙVLm ©s˚[ (1876 ˛ 1956)

SÙLo˙LÙÆ˚X A”jR ˙RÏ˚Wf NÙokR ˙TÏ¨p ©\kRYo. CYo

G∞V C≤V TÙPpL˚[l TÙ”Yßp YpXYo. ˙LÙhPÙflTs∞´¤m, ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm ULÙWÙNÙ ˘TiLs LpÌ¨´¤mR™ZÙ£¨VWÙL C⁄kRYo. B£V˙_Ùß Gu‡m ◊jR¨uYWXÙt˚\d ·flm ˘UÙØ˘TVol◊ Ë˚Xj RkRYo. CYo UX⁄mUÙ˚XŸm, EUoLnVÙm TÙPpLs, SÙg£p SÙh” U⁄UdLsYØ

UÙu™Vm ÿR≠V A¨V T˚Pl◊L˚[l T˚Pj’s[Ùo.

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

s ClTÙP≠p LÙQXÙœm —˚Y œ±j’d LXk’˚WVÙ•d œ±l◊ Y˚WL.

s EeLs YÙrÆp ®LrkR U\dLÿ•VÙR S˚Lf—˚Yj R⁄QeL˚[d LÆ˚RY•Æp R⁄L.

ÿi”j ’¶d˘LÙ⁄ ÿ›Up ¿^˜

AkRl ¿^˜ CkRl ¿^˜

B˚]l ¿^˜ È˚]l ¿^˜

H\l ¿^˜ C\eLl ¿^˜

ClT• VÙL Gu˘\u ˚\dœm

¿^˜ ¿^ÙLl ©f—l ©”eœm

˙LÙoh•p ˘Nufl œßjßP ˙YiPÙm.

œßj’d œ•˚V ÿ•jßP ˙YiPÙm;

Í‹X ˙Lj’ ÍY⁄m SÙQl

˘TÙ’¨d LÙoh”l ◊˚W´p R≤VÙn

Ko, Í˚X´p C⁄k’ ÿj˘RÙØp CVtflm

˘RnYj ßu C⁄˙NY• ®Rÿm

Li” ˘RÙ›’ LÙ¶d˚L ´h”

YQeLÙ RYodœ Y⁄k˙RÙ `eLs

CjR˚] ˘Vu±P VÙWÙp ÿ•Ÿm?

˛LÆU¶ R£L ÆSÙVLm ©s˚[

(

42

˚YœiP ˚YjßVo˚YœiP ˚YjßVo˚YœiP ˚YjßVo˚YœiP ˚YjßVo˚YœiP ˚YjßVo

SÙPLl TÙjßWeLs

˚YœiP ˚YjßVo (R™r ˚YjßVo)≈WmÈWu (AYW’ ˙Y˚XVÙs)

BXYÙnl©s˚[ (J⁄ ˙SÙVÙ∞)

ÿRp AeLmÿRt LÙh£

CPm: ˚YœiP ˚YjßVo ≈h•p ˙SÙVÙ∞L˚[lTÙodœm A˚\

LÙXm: LÙ˚X

˚YœiP ˚YjßVo ˙U˚_ A⁄°p EhLÙok’˘LÙi” £X K˚Xl ◊jRLeL˚[j ß⁄l©d˘LÙi•⁄d°\Ùo. ≈h•tœs∞⁄k’ ≈WmÈWu

Y⁄°\Ùu.

≈ : G_UÙu! AkRl È˚]dœh• TÙ≠pXÙUp Lj’°\’. J⁄ A˚WVQÙ C⁄kRÙp TÙp YÙe°...

˚Y : Nj! Rl◊ A’! Su\ÙLd LjRh”m. ""XeLQm TWUJ¸`Rm'' Gufl ˘NÙp≠´⁄d°\’ ˚YjßV NÙvßWjßp. BL˙Y ARtœ XeLQm TÙhPÙp, ARt°⁄dœm ÆVÙß˘VpXÙm ˙TÙn —LU˚PŸm.

(≈WmÈWu Es˙[ ˙TÙ°\Ùu.)

BXYÙnl©s˚[ Y⁄°\Ùu.

B: IVÙ! ˚YjßV˙W! G≠ G≠!

˚Y : VÙWlTÙ ø? Gu] NUÙfNÙWm?

B : G≠! G≠!

˚Y : G≠VÙ? SÙu Gu] G≠ ÆVÙTÙWUÙ ˘Nn°˙\u?

B : AlT•VpXeL! G≠ ETjßWYm TÙfldL ÿ•VÆp˚X!

˚Y : ARtœ Gu≤Pm Y⁄YÙ˙]u? L˚Pdœl ˙TÙnJ⁄ G≠l˘TÙ± YÙe° ≈h•tœd ˘LÙi”˙TÙn˚Y. G≠ ETjßWYm øe°Æ”m.

B : ≈h•˙X ApXeL! Gu Y´t±˙X!

(Y´t˚\j RP‹°\Ùu)

SÙPLm

BPp, TÙPp NÙokR ®LrjRp

ÿ˚\ GuT’ EXLm ÿ›Y’m

TZUWTÙLd ˘LÙs[lT”°\’.

R™r SÙPLm ARtœ

ÆßÆXdLpX. L˚R R›ÆV

·j’, SÙPLm GuTRÙL

NeLLÙXm ˘RÙPe° R™r UW©p

®Lrk’ Yk’s[’. ©tLÙXjßp

·j’ ˙Y\ÙL‹m SÙPLm

˙Y\ÙL‹m E⁄d˘LÙi”s[].

R™Øp, SÙPLm ˙Y\Ù]

Y•YUÙL B] ˙TÙß¤m A’

BPp, TÙP˚Xj

RÆoj’ÆPÆp˚X. ˘RÙPdL

LÙXjßp Ru‡Pu ˘NÙtTUÙ]

YN]eL˚[ C˚Qj’d

˘LÙiP’. ˘R⁄d·jßp BPp,

TÙPp, YN]m Gu°\ ÿ˚\˚V

Cu\[‹m LÙQXÙm. CRu

˘RÙPof£˚V v˘T`p SÙPL

(C˚N SÙPLm UW©¤m Li”

˘LÙs[XÙm. NULÙX v˘T`p

SÙPLm, BhPj˚R ÿt±¤UÙLj

RÆoj’ÆhP˚Rd LY]jßp

˘LÙs[˙Yi”m.

43

˚Y : Y´t±˙XVÙ? E]d˘Lu] ˚TjßVm ©•jß⁄d°\

RÙ Gu]? A˙P ≈WmÈWu, Ce˙L YÙPÙ!

≈WmÈWu Y⁄°\Ùu.

CkR B˚[ ≈h˚P Æh” Al◊\lT”j’!

B : IVÙ! YjßV˙W! AlT•f NÙpXÙæoLs. ÿR≠p Gu

Y´t±≠⁄k’ G≠˚V Al◊\lT”j’eLs. EeLfidœ

˙Yi•V ÏTÙn R⁄°˙\u.

˚Y : A˙P ≈WmÈWm! ˘LÙgNm ˘TÙfl! H]lTÙ? Eu

Y´t±p GlT• G≠ TÙf—’?

B : AlT•d LÙgNm LfieLs NÙp¤°˙\u. SÙu

˙Stfl UjßVÙ]m YZdLm TÙp Áe°d LÙi•

⁄k˙Ru. YÙ˚Vjß\k’˘LÙi” œ\h˚PÆh”d

˘LÙi” Áeœ°\’ YZdLm. AkRf NUVm

TÙoj’ J⁄ G≠ GlT•˙VÙ Es˙[ ÷˚Zk’ ÆhP’.

Es˙[ TÙ]’m Ae°⁄kR NÙlTÙh˚P˘VpXÙm

NÙl©h”d LÙi” N‹d°VUÙn EhLÙok’ LÙi•

⁄d°\’. SÙu GqY[˙YÙ Ÿdß ˘Nn’ TÙoj’m

˘Y∞˙V YWUÙh˙Pu Gu°\’.

˚Y : (AY]’ ˘RÙl˚T˚Vj RPÆl TÙoj’) K! C’

™L‹m ATÙVLWUÙ] Æ`VUÙf—˙R! Em! Em!

Eu Y´t±tœs ÷˚ZkR’ G≠RÙ]Ù? ®fNVUÙnj

˘R¨ŸUÙ? J⁄ ˙Y˚[ ˘T⁄fNÙ∞VÙ´⁄dœUÙ?

B : Cp˚X ˚YjßV˙W, G≠RÙu.

˚Y : Cp˚X... Y´fl ™L‹m ˘T¨RÙ´⁄d°\˙R Gufl

˙Lh˙Pu... Em! Cl˘TÙ›’ AkR G≠ Gu] ˘Nn°\’

Y´t±tœs˙[?

B : Gu] Nn°\RÙ? J⁄ ®™`m —mUÙ´⁄dL UÙh˙Pu

Gu°\’. Ceœm Aeœm K•d˘LÙi˙P´⁄d°\’.

¿©pv TÙod°p KhPlTkRVjßp ÿRt T¨— ˘T\

˙Yi”˘Uufl AlVÙNm NnY’ TÙ≠⁄d°\’. J⁄

®™`m G]dœj ÁdL™p˚X. Au±Ÿm A˙LÙW

T£VÙ´⁄d°\’.

˚Y : Hu AlT•? ø NÙl©”°\’RÙ˙]?

B : G˚Rf NÙl©h” Gu] ©W˙VÙN]m? SÙu G˚Rf

NÙl©hPÙ¤m Y´tfldœs∞⁄k’ A˚R˘VpXÙm

®LrjRp ·flL[Ù]: ®Lrj’

˘Y∞ (˙U˚P/®LØPm) C˚N

(L⁄Æ C˚N, YoQ˘Uh”dLs).

JlT˚] (ÿL JlT˚], B˚P

BTWQeLs). ˙U˚P A˚Ul◊

(set). ˙U˚PlTVuT” ˘TÙ⁄hLs

(props) B°V] LÙXjßtœd LÙXm

AW£Vp, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWf „Z¤dœ

HtT UÙt\m A˚P°u\].

CmUÙflTÙ”Ls AkRkR

®Lrj’L˚X Y•Yjßp C⁄jRp

NÙokR]. UÙflTÙ”L˚[ HtLÙR˚Y;

EsYÙeLÙR˚Y AØk’˙TÙœm.

AlT• AØk’ ThP˚Y HWÙ[m

GuT˚R L˚XYWXÙfl SUdœd

LÙh”°u\’.

44

CkR G≠l©NÙ— NÙl©h” Æ”°\’. Gu EPm◊dœ

Gu] ©W˙VÙN]m? G]dœs Juflm ReœY˙R´p˚X!

IVÙ ˚YjßV˙W, EeLfidœ Gu] ˙Yi”˘Uu

\Ù¤m R⁄°˙\u. CkR G≠ ETÙ˚R˚V ød°Æ”m,

RV‹ ˘Nn’.

˚Y : Em! CWi” UÙodLeLs C⁄d°u\]... Jufl

∫d°WUÙn ÿ•Ÿm. ARÙY’ HRÙY’ TÙ`ÙQj˚Rd

˘LÙ”j’ CkR G≠˚Vd ˘LÙuflÆPXÙm.

B : IVÙ! A’ ˙YiPÙm. TÙ`ÙQj˚Rf NÙl©hPÙp

AkR G≠ NÙœÿu SÙu ˘Nj’l ˙TÙnÆ”˙Yu.

Cu˘]Ù⁄ UÙodL˘Uu]?

˚Y : Cu˘]Ù⁄ UÙodLm, ˘LÙgNm SÙ[Ùœm. ""XeLQm

TWU J¸`Rm'' Gufl YjßV NÙvßWjßp NÙp≠

C⁄d°\’. Tj’ SÙs XeLQm TÙhPÙp CkR G≠

BLÙW™u± C\k’ ˙TÙnÆ”m.

B : ARtœ ÿu SÙu ˙TÙnÆ”˙Y˙]! ARtœ Gu]

˘Nn°\’? ˚YjßV˙W, ˙Yfl HRÙY’ £°f˚N

˘NnŸeLs. ETÙ˚R ˘TÙfldL ÿ•VÆp˚X.

˚Y : Ntflm TVlTPÙ˙R AlTÙ, AlT•˙V ˘Nn°˙\u.

ÿR≠p Y´t±tœs C⁄lT˚R Gdv˙W TPm

(X ray Photo) G”dL ˙Yi”m. ARtœl ¿— Íufl

ÏTÙn B°\’.

B : CkRÙ⁄eLs. (Íufl ÏTÙn

˘LÙ”d°\Ùu.) G˚RVÙY’ ˘NnŸeLs. CkR

G≠l ©NÙ˚N UÙjßWm Y´t±≠⁄k’

Al◊\lT”jß Æ”eLs.

˚Y : A˙P! ≈WmÈWu!

≈WmÈWu Y⁄°\Ùu.

≈ : G_UÙu.

˚Y : CkR ˙SÙVÙ∞˚V Es˙[ A˚Zj’d

˘LÙi”˙TÙn, CYo Y´t±≠⁄lTRtœ J⁄

Gdv˙W TPm G”j’ ∫d°Wm ˘PYXl (develop)

Ti¶d˘LÙi” YÙ.

≈ : YÙ⁄eL˚[VÙ.

(BXYÙnl©s˚[˚V Es˙[

45

A˚Zj’d˘LÙi” TÙ°\Ùu.)

˚Y : Em! Íufl ÏTÙn XÙTkRÙu: B]Ù¤m CRtœHRÙY’ £°f˚N ˘NnV˙Yi”˙U! Smÿ˚PVBŸo˙YR NÙvßWeL∞p C˚Rl Tt±HRÙY’ NÙp≠´⁄d°\RÙ TÙol˙TÙm!

(K˚Xl ◊jRLeL˚[l T¨˙NÙßj’lTÙod°\Ùo.)

Ju˚\Ÿm LÙ˙QÙm! G≠ L•dœ U⁄k’˘NÙp≠´⁄d°\˙R˘VÙØV Y´t±tœs G≠◊œk’˘LÙiPÙp Gu] ˘NnY’ Gufl˘NÙpXÆp˚X! B! G]dœ J⁄ Ÿdß RÙufl°\’! "UÙo_Ù˙XÙ Íµ L¨◊' Gufl NÙp≠´⁄d°\’ A’RÙu N¨.

(BXYÙnl©s˚[ Es∞⁄k’ Y⁄°\Ùu)

Gu]? TPm G”jRÙ´t\Ù?

B : TPm G”jRÙf—e˙LÙ. A˚R Gu]˙UÙ˘PYXl (develop) TiQ Yi”UÙm.

˚Y : C˙RÙ ∫d°Wm Yk’Æ”m. EhLÙWlTÙ... Em,Eu ˘TVo Gu]?

B : BXYÙnl©s˚[.

˚Y : K! Eu YÙ˚Vd LÙh” TÙol˙TÙm.

(A˚Rl T¨˙NÙßj’)

N¨RÙu! Cl˘TÙ›’ vTxPUÙnj ˘R¨°\’.CkR ÆVÙßdœd LÙWQm. Smÿ˚PV YjßVNÙvßWeL∞p, TL≠p ÁeLd ·PÙ˘Rufl˘NÙp≠´⁄d°\’; AlT•j ÁeœYR]Ù¤mYÙ˚Vj ß\k’ LÙi” ÁeLXÙLÙ’, C˙RÙTÙo.

(J⁄ K˚XdLh˚Pl ©¨j’T•lT’˙TÙp TÙNÙeœ Nn°\Ùo.)

"" AlT˙] B∞YÙVÙBk˚R˙TÙp ÆØjR LiQÙ˘Nl©˙]u TL≠p øŸm£±’˙U Áe°PÙ˙R.''

C≤˙UXÙY’ TL≠p YÙ˚Vj ß\k’˘LÙi”ÁeLÙ˙R.

AWeœ

SÙPL NÙ˚X´u ÿL˙] VWeL@

’VokR NURX ÿ˚PjRÙnl TpY˚Ld

L[eLfie LÙh”e LÆ‡fl ß˚WTX

˙Yi•V ˙TÙ’ ≈›k R˚LjRÙnd

LÙiTYo ˘SgN UÙi˘TÙ” LY⁄

˙UÙÆVj ˘RÙØ]X UÙÆVl ◊flS‹m

RÙrf£´ ˘XkßWf „rf£Ÿg NÙu\RÙn

TÙ´⁄s L•k’ OÙ´ ˘\›kR˙RÙ

˘Yu] ˘YÙ∞RY Uu≤ Æ[eœk

Á¶Zt ◊\lTPÙ UÙiÆ[d ˘L”j’

®XÆ[d ˙Lt±Ÿ SXÿ\l TÙjßW

S•l©P UÙ° S≤´Vp Y’˙Y.

-˛ T¨ßUÙtL˚XOo

T¨ßUÙtL˚XOo (1870 ˛ 1903)CYW’ CVt˘TVo „¨VSÙWÙVQNÙvß¨. R™rlTt±u LÙWQUÙL Al

˘TV˚Wl T¨ßUÙt L˚XOo G] UÙt±d LÙiPÙo.CYo U’˚W˚V A”jRÆ[Ùf˙N¨´p ©\kRYo.19Bm Ët\Ùi•u Cflß´p R™›dœj RÙi PÙt±VYoLfis œ±l©PjRdLYo. U’˚W´p4Bm R™rfNeLm ®flY ÿVu\YoLfis J⁄Yo. ÏTÙYß, LXÙYß ˙TÙu\SÙPLeL˚[ G›ßŸs[Ùo. OÙ]˙TÙß≤CR˚Z SPjßŸs[Ùo. "SÙPLÆVp' Gu\Ë≠≠⁄k’ ClTœß G”dLlTh”s[’.

46

(≈WmÈWu J⁄ TPj˚Rd˘LÙi” Yk’ ˘LÙ”d°\Ùu.)

AlT˙]! B∞YÙVÙ! TÙojRÙVÙ! SÙu ®˚]jRT•˙V´⁄d°\’. Eu Y´t±tœs ÷˚ZkR ©\œ CWi”œh•Ls ˙TÙh•⁄d°\’! TPjßp Íufl G≠LsC⁄d°u\] TÙo!

(LÙh”°\Ùo.)

B : IVÙ! YjßV˙W! CkRd œh•Lfim T¨RÙ°d œh•˙TÙ”YRtœ ÿuTÙL HRÙY’ £°f˚N NnŸeLs!

˚Y : AlT•˙V BLh”m, ARtœ 36 ÏTÙn ¿NÙ´tfl.ÿlT’ ÏTÙn ˘T¨V G≠dœm, Bfl ÏTÙn ARuCWi” œh•Lfidœm.

B : IVÙ, ˚YjßV˙W ˘LÙgNm œ˚\j’d ˘LÙs[d·PÙRÙ?

˚Y : ÿ•V˙Y ÿ•VÙ’.

B : B]Ùp N¨RÙu. CkRÙ⁄eLs.

(ÏTÙ˚Vd ˘LÙ”d°\Ùu.)

˚Y : (A˚Rl ˚T´p ˙TÙh”d˘LÙi”) AlT˙], EuÆVÙß ∫d°Wm œQUÙL ˙Yi”˘Uu\Ùp, SÙu˘NÙp°\T•˙V ˘NnV˙Yi”m. œfld˙L YÙ˚Vjß\k’, Juflm ˙TNXÙLÙ’ ˘R¨ŸUÙ?

B : Cp˚XeL.

˚Y : A˙P! ≈WmÈWu, AkR T£jß⁄d°\È˚]dœh•˚V Ce˙L ˘LÙi”YÙPÙ!

(≈WmÈWu J⁄ È˚]dœh•˚Vd˘LÙi” Y⁄°\Ùu.)

AlT˙], B∞YÙVÙ! CkRl È˚]dœh•˚VG”j’d˘LÙi” ˙TÙ. Cu±W‹ Áeœm˘TÙ›’YÙ˚Vj ß\k’˘LÙi” Áeœ. CkRl È˚]dœh•˚VEu UÙo©u ¡’ T”dL ˚Yj’d˘LÙs. GpXÙmN¨VÙLl ˙TÙnÆ”m. SÙ˚[ LÙ˚X Gu˚] Yk’TÙo.

B : J⁄ ˙Y˚[...

˚Y : A’RÙu ˙YiPÙ˘Uu˙\u! ˚YjßVo YÙdœdœdœd œfldLÙL Juflm ˘NÙpXd·PÙ’.˘NÙu]Ùp U⁄k’ T≠dLÙ’. TÙn YÙ.

(BXYÙnl©s˚[ È˚]dœh•˚VjÁd°d ˘LÙi” ˘Y∞˙V ˙TÙ°\Ùu.)

Lm˘T≤SÙPLm

£≤UÙÆu Y⁄˚Ldœ ÿu,˘Nu˚] UÙLÙQjßu

ÿRu˚UVÙ] ˘YœN] FPLmSÙPLd Lm˘T≤LsRÙu. ◊ßV

TiTÙh” ®LrYÙL C⁄kRAkR SÙPLeLs ÿ°rj’f £X

TjRÙi”L˙[ LPkß⁄kR].

CkSÙPLd Lm˘T≤Lsœ”mTm˙TÙp CVe°].

YÙjßVÙo, S•LoLs,C˚NdL˚XOoLs B°˙VÙo

Ju\ÙL YÙrkR]o. Fo FWÙLlTVQm ˘NnR]o. œ±l©hP

£X CPjßp J⁄ UÙR LÙX˙UÙARtœ˙U˙X ·Pj Re°

®Lrf£L˚[ SPjß]o.CdLm˘T≤ SÙPLeL˚[d

LÙiT’ ÿd°VUÙ] ˘YœN]˘TÙ›’˙TÙdLÙL E⁄YÙ]’.

TX £fl SLWeL∞p ®WkRWSÙPLd ˘LÙhP˚LLs

LhPlThP]. ©\œCdLm˘T≤L∞u UÙflThP

Y•YeLfim ˙RÙu\j˘RÙPe°]. TÙnv Lm˘T≤

G]lT”m £flYoL˚[d˘LÙiP œ›dLs

A˚UdLlThP]. R™r£≤UÙÆu ™L ÿd°VUÙ]

L˚XOoLs TÙnvLm˘T≤L∞p

E⁄YÙdLlThPYoL˙[. 1910pNeLWRÙv —YÙ™Ls NUWN

NuUÙodL NTÙ Gu\ TÙnvLm˘T≤˚Vj ˘RÙPe°]Ùo.AYo SÙPL B£¨Vo Utflm

YÙjßVÙo BYÙo. ˘Yœ £X˙WB]Ù¤m ÿ›Y’m

˘TiL[Ùp B] £Xœ›dLfim CVeLj ˘RÙPe°].

47

LÙh£ ÿ•°\’.

CWiPÙY’ LÙh£

CPm: A˙R CPm. LÙXm : UflSÙs LÙ˚X.

˚YœiP ˚YjßVo ÿu◊˙TÙp ˙U˚_ A⁄°p

EhLÙokß⁄d°\Ùo. Es∞⁄k’ ≈WmÈWu Y⁄°\Ùu.

≈ : Gu]ÙeL! CkR G≠Ls ˘RÙkßW‹ ˘T¨NÙl˙TÙf—!˙Stfl WÙjß¨ Gu ’¶˘VpXÙe°Øf„h”’eL!ClT‹m Ed°WÙQ A˚\´p CWi” Íufl ˙Nok’˘LÙi” LÙ◊WÙ Ti¶d ˘LÙi•⁄dœ’eLs! AkRÈ˚]˙V øeL ˘LÙ”jÁhP’ Rl◊eL. A’ C⁄kRÙCkR G≠eLpXÙm °hP SÙPÙ’eL.. . ˙Y˘\Ù⁄È˚]VÙY’ YÙe°°‡ YWh”UÙ?

˚Y : ∫! È˚]dœh•˚V Æ˚X ˙TÙh” YÙeœYRÙY’!VÙWÙY’ ˙LhPÙp £¨lTÙoLs. Em! ˘LÙgNm ˘TÙfl˘NÙp°˙\u. J⁄˙Y˚[! Smÿ˚PV È˚]dœh•Sm™P˙U ß⁄m© YkRÙ¤m Y⁄m Gufl G]dœj˙RÙufl°\’. NÙVeLÙXm Y˚Wdœm TÙol˙TÙm. ø˙TÙn Es˙[ Eu Y˚X˚Vl TÙo... AP˙P LÙgNmC⁄. G]dœ J⁄ ˙VÙN˚] ˙RÙufl°\’. Ed°WÙQjß˙X G≠Ls C⁄d°\’ Gu\Ù˙V, AkR G≠L∞pCWi” Íufl ˘T¨V G≠-L˚[ G≠l˘TÙ± ˚Yj’l©•j’ ˚Y. J⁄ ˙Y˚[ SUdœ Cufl ET˙VÙLlThPÙ¤m T”m.

≈ : AlT•˙V.

(Es˙[ ˙TÙ°\Ùu.)

˚Y : Cu˚\dœ YZdLUÙn Y⁄m ˙SÙVÙ∞Ls ·PYWÆp˚X! U⁄k˙R NÙl©PÙU≠⁄kRÙp —TÙYjß]ÙpGpXÙ ÆVÙßLfim øeœm Gufl J⁄ U˚PVuG›ß]Ù¤m G›ß]Ùu, ˚YjßVoL[Ù°V GeLsTÙ” LxPLÙXUÙnl ˙TÙnÆhP’; Cu‡m ˘LÙgNSÙs TÙod°˙\u. CkR YjßVjßp N¨VÙ] Y⁄mT•YWÙÆhPÙp C˚R Æh” _ÙvVm NÙpX BWm©j’Æ”°˙\u. ARtœ U⁄k’ £X‹, ˙Y˚XVÙs £X‹Juflm ˙Yi•Vßp˚X. CkR K˚Xl◊jRLeL˙[˙TÙ’m.

(BXYÙnl©s˚[ Y⁄°\Ùu.)

B : IVÙ! ˚YjßV˙W! Gu] ClT•f ˘Nn’ ÆhºoL˙[!ÿu©⁄kR˚RÆP Y´fl ˘T⁄j’l ˙TÙnÆhP˙R!

EPmT”˘Un

E´˘W›j˚R CflßVÙLd˘LÙiP J⁄ ˘NÙp,E´˘W›j˚R ÿRu˚UVÙLd˘LÙiP J⁄ ˘NÙp¤PuC˚QŸm˙TÙ’, AqE´˘W›j’Lfidœ C˚P˙V"n' ApX’ "q' Gu‡m˘Un˘V›j’ ™œk’ Y⁄m.CqYÙfl Y⁄Y˚REPmT”˘Un GuTo.

®˚X˘UÙØ Cflß´p C, D, IB°V E´˘W›j’L∞pH˙R‡m Jufl Yk’,Y⁄˘UÙØ ÿR≠p H˙R‡mE´˘W›j’ YkRÙp C˚P˙V"n' Gu‡m ˘UnEPmT”˘UnVÙL Y⁄m.

U¶ + AZœ = U¶VZœæ + Cp˚X = æ´p˚XU˚X + Hfl = U˚X˙Vfl

®˚X˘UÙØ Cflß´p A, B,E, F, G, J, K, J¸ Gu‡mGh” E´˘W›j’L∞p JuflYk’, Y⁄˘UÙØ ÿR≠pH˙R‡m E´˘W›j’ YkRÙp"q' Gu‡m ˘UnEPmT”˘UnVÙL Y⁄m.(G.”.)TXÙ + C˚X = TXÙÆ˚XA’ + ApX = A’YpXÈ + AZœ = ÈYZœ˙LÙ = Cp = ˙LÙÆp

®˚X˘UÙØ Cflß´p "H'G‡m E´oYkRÙp n, qB°V ˘Un˘V›j’L∞pG’˙Yi”UÙ]Ù¤mEPmT”˘UnVÙL YWXÙm.F˙W + ApX = F˙WVpXF˙WYpX

48

LÙ˚X´p G›kR’ ÿRp Íf— Æ”YRtœmLxPUÙ ´⁄d°\˙R!

˚Y : SÙu ˘NÙu]T•˙V ˘NnRÙVÙ AlTÙ? Ge˙LAkR È˚]dœh•?

B : A˚RjRÙu ˙LfieLs! ˙St±W‹ øeLs˘NÙu]T•˙V T”j’d˘LÙsfim TÙ›’ AkRÈ˚]dœh•˚V Gu UÙo©p ˚Yj’d˘LÙi”Gu YÙ˚Vj ß\k’ ˘LÙi” Áe°˙]u.LÙ˚X´p G›k’ TÙod°˙\u È˚]dœh•˚VdLÙ˙QÙm! Gu Y´fl UÙjßWm ÿu˚TÆP˘T⁄j’l ˙TÙ´⁄d°\’. ˙Yi”˘Uu\ÙpT¨˙NÙßj’l TÙ⁄eLs.

˚Y : (AYu Y´t˚\l T¨˙NÙßj’l TÙoj’) K!˘R¨°\’, C⁄kRÙ¤m GRtœm CRtœ J⁄ TPmG”j’l TÙodL˙Yi”m!

B : ARtœ ˙Yfl Íufl ÏTÙn ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”UÙGu]?

˚Y : TVlTPÙ˙R! CWiPÙm ÿ˚\ TPm G”lTRtœCWi” ÏTÙn ˙TÙ’m.

B : AmUh”m Nk˙RÙ`m! CkRÙ⁄eLs CWi”ÏTÙn.

(˘LÙ”d°\Ùu.)

˚Y : A˙P! ≈WmÈWu!

≈WmÈWu Es∞⁄k’ Y⁄°\Ùu.

≈ : Hu?

˚Y : C˙RÙ CkR ©s˚[VÙiPÙ˚] A˚Zj’d˘LÙi” ˙TÙn Y´t±‡s∞⁄lTRtœ J⁄Gdv˙W TPm ∫d°Wm G”j’d˘LÙi” YÙ.

(≈WmÈWu BXYÙnl©s˚[˚V Es˙[A˚Zj’d ˘LÙi” ˙TÙ°\Ùu.)

˚Y : RtLÙXjßp Ah˘YÙ˙Lh”L˚[l˙TÙp, YjßVoLs J⁄ ≈ßdœ JuT’ TVoLs C⁄d°\ÙoLs.BL˙Y HRÙY’ v˘T`p (Special) ˚YjßVuGufl ˘TVo ˚Yj’d˘LÙiPÙpRÙu TQmNmTÙßdLXÙm. Cu˚\d˙L ˘Y∞´≠⁄dœm

NTÙ SÙPLeLsUWÙjß Utflm TÙo£ SÙPLd

Lm˘T≤L∞u ˘Nu˚] Y⁄˚LBe°Xm Lt\Y¨˚P˙V RÙdLm

HtT”jßV’.

øßj’˚\´p T¶VÙt±d˘LÙi•⁄kR TmUp NmTkR

ÿR≠VÙo 1891Cp —œQ ÆXÙNNTÙ Gu\ A˘Uf„o œ›˚Yf

˘Nu˚]´p ®flÆ]Ùo. Cdœ›NÍLjßu EVoUhPjß]˚Wd

LYokR’. ˙U˚Xd LpÆ˘Tt\YoLs, L˚X´p

Te˙LtTRtLÙ] Ae∏LÙWj˚RSÙPLj’˚\ ˘Tt\’. —œQÆXÙN

NTÙ ˙TÙu\ ®flY]eLsAj˙R˚Y˚Vl Èojß ˘NnR].

A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ £flSLWeL∞¤m TX NTÙdLs

E⁄YÙ°]. Rg˚N —RoN] NTÙ,ß⁄f£ W£L WgN≤ NTÙ

B°VYt˚\G”j’dLÙh”L[ÙLd ˘LÙs[XÙm.

CkRf NTÙdLs A˘Uf„oLm˘T≤Ls Bœm.

SÙPLjßuTÙp Es[ D”TÙh•uLÙWQUÙLl TXo Efll©]oL[ÙL

CkRf NTÙdL∞p ˙NokR]o.TQm NmTÙßdL CYt˚\ Sm©C⁄dLÆp˚X. Y¶L √ß´XÙ]

Lm˘T≤Ls ˙TÙXu±,CfNTÙdL∞u SÙPLeLs ™Ld

œ˚\YÙL, £X SLWeL∞p Uh”m®LrjRlThP]. CkR ˙UpRh”

NTÙdL∞u SÙPLeLs˘T⁄mTÙ¤m LÙ∞RÙNo,

˙`dv©Vo SÙPLeL∞u R™rY•YeL[ÙL C⁄kR]. Lm˘T≤SÙPLeL˚[l ˙TÙXu± CkRf

NTÙ SÙPLeLs YN]jßtœÿd°Vj’Ym A∞jR]. C˚N

Utflm TÙPpLfidœ AßLA›jRm RWÆp˚X.

49

Gu ˘TVo ˙TÙo•p (Board) ""C˚Q´pXÙR G≠˚YjßVo'' Gu‡m ˘TV˚W G›ß˚Yd°˙\u.

BXYÙnl©s˚[ Es∞⁄k’ Y⁄°\Ùu.

B : ˚YjßV˙W! TPm G”jRÙ´tfl. Ae˙L UÙh•´⁄dœmUt\l TPeL˚[l TÙodL G]dœ TVUÙ´⁄kR’, Yk’Æh˙Pu! ˚YjßV˙W Cufl LÙ˚X ÿRp Y´tfldœs∞⁄k’ ÿu◊ ˙TÙXpXÙUp ˙YflÆRUÙ] NlRmEiPÙ°\’. A˚R LY≤jæoL[Ù?

˚Y : (Y´t±p v˙PRÙv˙LÙl Stethoscope Yj’l TÙoj’)Bm Bm! C’ St±⁄kR NlRUpX. Stfl G≠NlRm ˙LhP’. Cl˘TÙ›’ È˚] NlRm˙Lh°\’!

B : I˚V˙VÙ! AkRl È˚]dœh•Ÿm Y´t±tœs˙TÙn ÆhPRÙ Gu]?

˚Y : Bm!

≈WmÈWu J⁄ TPj˚Rd ˘LÙi” Y⁄°\Ùu.

C˙RÙ TÙojRÙVÙ TPj˚R! È˚]dœh• EuY´t±tœs EhLÙok’ LÙi•⁄d°\’.

B : I˚V˙VÙ! YjßV˙W! C’ RÙ]Ù øeLs Gu˚]˘NÙvRlT”j’°\’?

B : AlT˙]! B∞YÙVÙ! ø CqYÙfl ◊jß´pXÙRYu˙TÙp TNXÙUÙ? AkR G≠L∞u ETjßWYjß≤uflm Eu˚]d LÙlTÙtflmT• ˙LhPÙn. A˚Rf˘Nn’ ÿ•j˙R˙]Ù Cp˚X˙VÙ?

B : Ge˙L AkR G≠Ls?

˚Y : A˚RjRÙu SÙu Eu˚]d Lh°˙\u? Ge˙L AkRG≠Ls?

B : Gu Y´t±p (TPj˚Rd LÙh•) LÙ˙QÙ˙U.

˚Y : Bm Eu Y´t±≠p˚X. CkRl È˚]dœh•´uY´t±≠⁄d°u\]! CkRl È˚]dœh•, AkR T¨VG≠ Jufl. £u] G≠Ls CWi”, BL Íu˚\Ÿm◊£j’ ÆhP’. ARu Y´fl·P El©´⁄d°\’ TÙo...AkR G≠ TVm C≤ E]dœ YiPÙm. AkR G≠LsGpXÙm Ck˙SWm È˚] Y´t±p ÀWQUÙnl˙TÙ´⁄dœm.

B : BUÙm YjßV˙W! "YÙ¤ TÙ´ Ljß YkR’ ”m”m'

E˚P ˛ JlT˚]

Lm˘T≤ SÙPLeL∞p ◊WÙQl

TÙjßWeLs, ˘RnYeLs,

CWÙ_ÙdLs ˙TÙu\˚Y CWÙ_Ù

WÆYoUÙ KÆVeL∞u

RÙdLjß]Ùp E⁄YÙ] E˚P

JlT˚] ÿ˚\˚Vl

TVuT”j’°u\]. 19 Bm

Ët\Ùi•u Cflßdœs AYW’

KÆVeLs TX Tjß¨˚LL∞¤m

LÙXiPoL∞¤m ˘Y∞VÙ°,

TmTÙn, ˘Nu˚] B°V

UÙLÙQeL∞p Es[ SÙPLd

Lm˘T≤L∞p RÙdLm ˘N¤jß].

50

GuT’˙TÙX G≠ ˙TÙ´ È˚] Ykß⁄d°\˙R GuY´t±p!

˚Y : ARtœ ˙Yfl £°f˚N ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

B : (TVk’ G›k’) Gu]! CkRl È˚]dœh•˚Vd˘LÙpX HRÙY’ Ju˚\ SÙ˚[ Gu Y´t±tœsÆPl˙TÙ°»oL[Ù Gu]! ˙YiPÙm ˙YiPÙm! EeLs˚YjßVm ˙YiPÙ˘U]dœ!

(KPl TÙod°\Ùu.)

˚Y : (AYu L˚Vl ©•j’ R”j’) AlT˙] B∞YÙVÙ!AlT• Juflm NnVUÙh˙Pu TVlTPÙ˙R! CkRlÈ˚]dœh•˚V Y∞´p ALt±Æ”°˙\u TVlTPÙ˙R!

B : B! AlT•f ˘NnŸeLs EeLfidœl ¿— ˘LÙ”d°˙\u.

˚Y : ARtœ 50 ÏTÙn ¿NÙœm.

B : Gu] ˚YjßV˙W! AßLUÙnd ˙LhºoLs! J⁄˘T¨V G≠dœm CWi” œh• G≠Lfidœm 36ÏTÙn LÙ”j˙Ru. C’ J˙W È˚]RÙ˙], 12 ÏTÙn˚Yj’d ˘LÙsfieLs.

˚Y : A˘RpXÙm ERYÙ’. J˙W È˚]VÙ´⁄kRÙ¤m C’G≠˚VÆP GqY[‹ T¨V _k’; VÙ£j’l TÙo.

B : A˘RpXÙm ERYÙ’. SÙu ˘NÙp¤°\˚Rd˙LfieLs. Gu≤Pm C⁄T’ ÏTÙnRÙ≤⁄d°\’.A˚R YÙe°d˘LÙi” CkRl È˚]˚V Gu Y´t±≠⁄k’ Al◊\l T”j’YRÙ]Ùp ˘NnŸeLs.CpXÙÆhPÙp SÙu ˘_]Wp BvTjß¨dœl˙TÙn Gu Y´t˚\ Aflj’ CkRl È˚]dœh•˚V˘Y∞lT”jRf ˘NÙp≠Æ”°˙\u. ARtLÙL J⁄NÙo_˜m LhLUÙhPÙoLs.

(G›kß⁄d°\Ùu.)

˚Y : ˙YiPÙm AlTÙ EhLÙo. ø SpX ©s˚[VÙ´⁄d°\Ùn; E]dLÙL Gu NÙo˚_ œ˚\d°˙\u. AkRC⁄T’ ÏTÙŸm Gu≤Pm LÙ”j’Æ”.

(ÏTÙ˚V YÙe°d˘LÙi”)

BT˙W`u (Operation) CpXÙUp A˚W ®™`jßpAkRl È˚]dœh•˚V ˘Y∞lT”j’ Æ”°˙\uTÙo.

C˚P˙Y˚[

CkßVÙÆu ß˚WlTPd

LÙh£L∞p Ju±l˙TÙ]

AmNm C˚P˙Y˚[ Bœm.

C’‹m Lm˘T≤ SÙPLeLs

RkR ˘LÙ˚PVÙœm. ™L øiP

SÙPLeLs, £X NUVm

AßLÙ˚X Y˚W SPdœm „Zp

C⁄kR’. G]˙Y C˚P˙Y˚[,

®Lrf£´u AY£VUÙ] ·\ÙL

C⁄kR’, ˙U˚P A˚Ul◊

UÙt\lT”YRtœm

TÙo˚YVÙ[oLs, ◊j’Qo‹

˘TflYRtœm CkR

C˚P˙Y˚[ ˙R˚YlThP’.

SÙPLm Tt±V Cdœ±l◊Ls

A˚]j’m Lh•Vm LÙXÙi”

BnÆRØ≠⁄k’

G”dLlThP˚Y.

51

B : YÙvRYUÙn?

˚Y : AlT•dœf NnVÙÆhPÙp CkR C⁄T’ ÏTÙ˚V Ÿm

YÙTv ˘Nn’Æ”°˙\u. ClT• YÙ. C˙RÙ CkR

v°√u (Screen) ©u]Ù≠⁄dœm ˙U˚_´u ¡’

T”j’d˘LÙs. (AlT•˙V ˘Nn°\Ùu.) Li˚Q

Í•d˘LÙs. YÙ˚V B∞YÙ˚Vl ˙TÙpß\... E]dœ

B∞YÙVu Gufl N¨VÙ] ˘TVo ˚YjRÙoLs Eu

RÙn Rk˚RVo. A˘P! ≈WmÈWu (Es∞⁄k’ Hu?)

AkR G≠ ˙TÙ˚] ClT•d ˘LÙi” YÙ.

≈WmÈWu G≠˘VÙu\˚PTh•⁄dœm

G≠˙TÙ˚]d ˘LÙi” Y⁄°\Ùu.

≈ : C˙RÙ!

˚Y : C˚R AlT•˙V ß\YÙUp ©s˚[VÙiPÙu YÙV⁄

°p LÙh”. (≈WmÈWu AlT•˙V ˘NnV v°√‡dœl

©u]Ù≠⁄k’ J⁄ È˚]dLh• ˘Y∞˙V œßd°\’.)

AlT˙] B∞YÙVÙ! Nh˘Pufl Eu YÙ˚V Í•d LÙs!

B! AlT•. CpXÙÆhPÙp AkRl È˚]d œh•

UflT•Ÿm YÙndœs ÷˚ZVl ˙TÙ°\’! Cl˘TÙ›’

GlT•´⁄d°\’?

B : AlTÙ! YjßV˙W! (G›kß⁄k’ Y∞´p Yk’) EeL

fidœd LÙ• SUvLÙWm! Y´t±≠⁄k’ ETÙ˚R˘Vp

XÙm øe°ÆhP’ AlTÙ!

˚Y : AlT˙], E]d˘Lu] ˙Y˚X?

B : SÙu ˙TÙo”Ls ˘T´uh(Board paint) Ti‘°\’.

˚Y : K! ®WmTN¨! AlT•VÙ]Ùp G]d˘LÙ⁄ ETLÙWm

˘NnV˙Yi”m.

B : Gu] ˘NÙp¤eLs; EP˙] ˘Nn°˙\u.

˚Y : Gu ˘TV˚Wl ˙TÙh”, ARu ∏r ""G≠ ˚YjßVjßp

C˚Q´pXÙRYo'' Gufl G›ß] ˙TÙo” Jufl RVÙo

˘Nn’˘LÙ”.

B : ARt˘Lu]? AlT•˙V BLh”m. øeLs G]dœf

˘NnRRtœ. A’ ·PYÙ SÙu ˘NnVd·PÙ’? Em,

EeLs ˘TV˘Wu]?

˚Y : ˚YœiP ˚YjßVo, Gufl Gu˚] Gp˙XÙ⁄m

52

·flYÙoLs.

B : ˚YœiP ˚YjßVWÙ! A’ Hu AlT• ˘TVo

YkR’?

˚Y : H˘]u\Ùp, Gu≤Pm Y⁄m SÙVÙ∞Ls SÙu˘LÙ”dœm U⁄kß]Ùp œQlTPÙÆhPÙp, AYoL˚[˚Yœi Pjßtœ A‡l◊Y’ YZdLm. Ae˙L GuR˚UV]Ùo TÙ´⁄d°\Ùo. AYo Ae˙L AYoL˚[˘VpXÙm ˘NÙvRlT”jß Æ”YÙo.

B : AYo ˘TVo Gu]?

˚Y : TWUTR ˚YjßVo.

B : Al˘TÙ›’ AY⁄dœd·P J⁄ ˙TÙo”G›ßd˘LÙi” Y⁄°˙\u.

(◊\lTPl TÙod°\Ùu.)

˚Y : Em! BUÙUlTÙ... A˚R SÙu AY¨Pm GlT•A‡l◊Y’?

B : øeLs ˙SWÙL G”j’d˘LÙi” ˙TÙn EP˙]˘LÙ”j’ Æ”eL˙[u!

(˙TÙ°\Ùu.)

˚Y : CY‡dœd ·P ˘LÙgNm◊jß´⁄d°\’.

˛ TmUp NmTkR ÿR≠VÙo

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

s ˚YœiP YjßVo Gu\ SÙPLjß˚]f —˚Y™dL L˚RVÙL Y•UÙt\m NnL.

s Ts∞d L˚XÆZÙÆp S•dLjRdL Y˚L´p H˙R‡m J⁄ —˚YV•lT˚P´p

SÙPLm G›’L.

s ˚YœiP ˚YjßVo SÙPLjß˚] S•j’d LÙh”eLs.

TmUp NmTkR ÿR≠VÙo (1873- 1967)TmUp Gu\ F¨p ©\kR CYo NhPm Tú\YWÙYÙo. S•l◊j’˚\ú¡’˘LÙiP BoYjRÙp —œQ ÆXÙN N˚T Gu\ SÙPLdœ› Yj ˘RÙPe°]Ùo. WÙqNÙ°l ThPj˚RŸm WÙq TLÁo ThPj˚RŸm Be°X AW£Pm ˘Tt\Yo. S”Yi AW— CY˚Wl TÙWÙh•TjUÈì Æ⁄’ YZe°V’. ˘RÙiÊt±tœm ˙UtThP SÙPLlT‡YpL˚[l T˚Pj’s[Ùo. R™r SÙPLj Rk˚R Gufl˙TÙt\lThPYo. SÙPL˙U˚P ®˚]‹Ls, SÙPLjR™r Gu‡m A¨V ËpL˚[lT˚Pj’ ©tLÙX SÙPL YWXÙtfl BnÆtœ Efl’˚QVÙL C⁄kRYo.

53

s Be°Xm U˚XVÙ[m R™r

˙`dv©Vo Æ. •. ThPß¨lTÙ” NeLWRÙv —YÙ™Ls

˘To]Ùh`Ù Gu. Gu. ©s˚[ ˙N. WÙUÙ‡_m

CYoLs Tp˙Yfl ˘UÙØL∞u SÙPLj’˚\L∞p £\k’ Æ[e°VYoLs.CYoLfi˚PV YÙrd˚Ld œ±l◊L˚[ Es[Pd° J⁄ œflmTPm RVÙ¨dL.

s ˘UnlTÙh•tœm S•l©tœm C˚P˙VVÙ] RÙPo©˚] CXd°VeLs, FPLeL∞u (ß˚WlTPm, SÙPLm, ˘RÙ˚XdLÙh£) ’˚Q˘LÙi” LXk’˚WVÙ•E˚Wd œ±l◊j RVÙo˘NnL.

s Gi Y˚L ˘UnlTÙ”L˚[l Th•V≠”L.

s ÷m TÙPlTœß´p Y⁄m TVof˘NÙp, Æ˚]f˘NÙtL˚[j RÙœj’l Th•V≠”L.

s ÷m TÙPlTœß´p Yk’s[ Tj’ EPmT”˘Un ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’Æ[dœL.

s CqYX°p CPm˘Ttfls[ CVp◊ ◊Qof£, ÆLÙWl ◊Qof£ (˙RÙu\p,ß¨Rp, ˘L”Rp) ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ Æ[dœL.

s C˚Qj’ G›ß AhPY˚QlT”j’L.

TX + ˘TÙ•, Lp + Æ[dœ, VÙ˚] + Li, Lp + Ái, U¶ + AZœ,UWm + ≈”, U˚X + Ht\m, ˘TÙu + RÙU˚W, TZm + L˚P, ◊’ + EXLm

CVp◊ ˙RÙu\p ß¨Rp ˘L”Rp

¯¯¯¯¯

54

AXœ 3

UÙt-\m Gu-‡m ˘NÙp-˚Xj RÆ-W, Gp-XÙj ’˚\-L-∞-¤m

UÙt-\e-Ls LÙXf-„-Z-¤d-œ HtT ®Lrk-’- LÙi˙P RÙu C⁄d-°u-\-].

LÙX-ÿm ˘Y∞-Ÿm (Time and Space) UÙt-\e-L-fidœ A•l-T-˚P.

R™r CXd-°-Vl TWl-©p Y•Y UÙt-\e-Ls Gu-T] LÙXk-˙RÙ-flm

®Lrk-’ Yk-’s-[-]. ˘TÙ⁄i˚U A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ] Cm-UÙt-\e-

L-˚[j R™r CXd-°V YW-XÙt-fl Ët-Ls NeL LÙXm, Ne-Lm

U⁄-ÆV LÙXm, LÙl-©V LÙXm, TdßdLÙXm, £t±-Xd-°VdLÙXm,

E˚W-S-˚Pd LÙXm, ◊j-ß-Xd-°V LÙXm (S-≈] LÙXm) G]l TÙœ-

T-”j-’-°u-\-]. Rt-LÙX/S≈] CXd-°-Ve-Ls CNe-Ls A•l-T-˚P-

´p NÍ-Ll ©Wf-£-˚]-L˚[ A‘-œ-°u-\-]. S≈] CXd-°-Vl

˙TÙd-œ-Ls œ±j-’ A±V Cq-Y-X-œ ER-‹-°u-\-’.

×ÕùYs[m×ÕùYs[m×ÕùYs[m×ÕùYs[m×ÕùYs[m

l Tp- Y-fl CXd-°-Vl T˚Pl-◊-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ NnRp. Tp- Yfl

˘UÙØ Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L-∞p Y∞-´-”-Rp.

l NÍL Ht\jRÙr-‹-L˚[ S≈] CXd-°-Ve-Ls YØ-VÙ-Ll ◊¨k-’

˘LÙi” FPLeLs YÙ´XÙL ˘Y∞´”Rp.

l CXd°VeL˚[ CVdLeLs CNeLs, SÙd°p YÙ£j’l TœlTÙn‹

˘Nn’ A±ÿLlT-”jRp, ÆUo£jRp.

l —V T˚Pl-◊-L-∞p D”-T-”-Rp.

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

55

S≈]j’Ym GuT’ L˚X ˛ CXd°Vm Tt±V J⁄

˘LÙs˚L ApX’ Y∞lTÙ” Gufl NÙpXlThPÙ¤m, TWkR

A[Æp, A’ J⁄ YÙrd˚Lÿ˚\˚V/U]®˚X˚V˙V

œ±d°u\’. ˘RÙØp ÷‘dLl ◊Wh£dœl ©u]o HtThP

ÿRXÙ∞j’Yl ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW Y[of£´u LÙWQUÙLl

Tj˘RÙuTRÙm Ët\Ùi•u ©tTÙß´p, YÙrd˚Lÿ˚\´¤m

A’ Tt±V Li˙QÙhPjß¤m L¶NUÙ] UÙflRp HtThP’.

C’, ÿd°VUÙLl ©WÙu˚N UVUÙL‹m CjRÙ≠, Ce°XÙk’

ÿR≠V ©\ I˙WÙl©V SÙ”L˚[f NÙok’m HtThP’.

A’LÙflm BßdLm ˘N¤jß YkR T˚ZV ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW

EtTjßŸ\‹Lfim TiTÙh” Ußl◊Lfim RU’ CPj˚R

CZk’ÆhP˙TÙ’, UW◊L˚[l Tt±V Li˙QÙhPm UÙ±V’.

TZ—Lfidœ UÙ\Ù]˚Y, ◊’— Gu\ Rœß˙VÙ” UdL∞u

YÙr®˚XL∞¤m £kR˚] ÿ˚\L∞¤m NpYÙdœ N¤jRj

˘RÙPe°V’. S≈]j’Ym ÿu˚Yd°u\ L⁄j’®˚XL˚[f

NÙWÙmNUÙL Ce˙L œ±l©PXÙm.

1. ◊ßV L˚X, ◊ßV CXd°Vm, ◊ßV Y•Ym.

2. L˚X, CXd°Vm —RkßWUÙ]’; —VÙßdLUÙ]’.

3. NULÙXj’Yÿm ARu ©Wf£˚]Lfim L˚X CXd°Vjßt

œ¨V ©Wf£˚]L[ÙLXÙm.

4. AW£Vp At\ Utflm EVo˙Uh•˚UjR]UÙ] U]l˙TÙdœ.

5. R≤j’Ym, RWm, ◊≤Rm ÿR≠VYt˚\ ÿu≤flj’Y’.

6. ˙NÙR˚]L∞¤m NÙR˚]L∞¤m D”TÙ”.

7. RÙWÙ[j’YUÙ] U≤R ˙SVm.

8. T˚Z˚Udœ Gßol◊, Ufll◊, ARt˘LßWÙ] ˙R”Rp.

S≈]j’Ym T˚Pl◊X°¤m ß\]Ùn‹ EX°¤m

A[lT¨V TX NÙR˚]L˚[f ˘Nnß⁄d°\’. Ei˚U´p,

C’ T˚Pl◊jRu˚U ApX’ EtTjßjß\u AßLm E˚PV’.

˙Yfl GkRd LÙXeL˚[Ÿm ÆP, S≈]j’Yd LÙXlTœß´p

RÙu, AßLUÙ] ß\]Ùn‹Lfim CXd °VeLfim Ykß⁄d°u\].

S≈]j’YmS≈]j’YmS≈]j’YmS≈]j’YmS≈]j’Ym

56

AYt±u TX Y˚LlTÙ”Lfim Ykß⁄d°u\]. ˙U¤m,

C’ R≤VÙ]RÙL‹m YWÆp˚X. CR˙]Ù” Jufl°\ ÆRj

ßp EP‡˚\°\ £X ÿd°VUÙ] L⁄j’ ®˚XLfim

˙RÙu±]. CYt±p Gß⁄m ◊ß⁄UÙ] ®˚XlTÙ”Ls Ei˘P

≤‡m, ÆYÙReLfidœm Y[of£dœm C˚Y CPm RkR].

CkRd L⁄j’®˚XLs, VRÙojRÆVp, @©WÙn•Vm,

C⁄jR≠Vm, ¡˘Un˚U´Vp, C⁄i˚UYÙRm, C∞®˚XYÙRm

ÿR≠V]YÙœm. U¤m, A˚Ul©Vp GuT’m, S≈]j’Y

LÙXjßp, B]Ùp, ARu ©tTœß´p ˙RÙu±V˙RVÙœm.

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AY‡dœ R¨V YkR’. U⁄k’L˚[ LXdœm˙TÙ’m,

©\ ˙Y˚XLfidœm ˚LŸ˚\ RkRÙoLs. U⁄k’

B) Íu\Ùm ˙Ytfl˚U

G.”. Ljß œjß]Ùu ˛ ˙Ytfl˚Uj˘RÙ˚L

LjßVÙp œjß]Ùu ˛ ˙Ytfl˚U Æ¨

LRofNh˚P ˛ ˙Ytfl˚U E⁄◊m TV‡m

EPu˘RÙdLj ˘RÙ˚L(LRWÙp ˘SnR Nh˚P)

C) SÙuLÙm ˙Ytfl˚U

G.”. ·≠lT˚P˛ ˙Ytfl˚Uj˘RÙ˚L

·≠dœl T˚P ˛ ˙Ytfl˚U Æ¨

˙LÙØjæY]m (˙LÙØdœl ˙TÙ”m æY]m)˛ 4 Bm˙Ytfl˚U E⁄◊m TV‡mEPu˘RÙdLj ˘RÙ˚L

D) IkRÙm ˙Ytfl˚U

G.”. U˚XV⁄Æ ˛ ˙Ytfl˚Uj˘RÙ˚L

U˚Xú ≈r A⁄Æ ˛ ˙Ytfl˚U Æ¨

YÙnf˘NÙp (YÙ´≠⁄k’ Y⁄m ˘NÙp)˛ 5 Bm ˙Ytfl˚U E⁄◊m TV‡mEPu˘RÙdLj ˘RÙ˚L

E) B\Ùm ˙Ytfl˚U

G.”. œ⁄Æd·”˛ ˙Ytfl˚Uj˘RÙ˚L

œ⁄Æ´]’ ·” ˛ ˙Ytfl˚U Æ¨

˛ E⁄◊m TV‡m EPu˘RÙdLj ˘RÙ˚LY⁄Y’ Cp˚X

F) HZÙm ˙Ytfl˚U

G.”. œ•l©\kRÙo ˛ ˙Ytfl˚Uj˘RÙ˚L

œ•úLi ©\kRÙo ˛ ˙Ytfl˚U Æ¨

ÆØl◊]p (ÆØú Li C⁄k’ Y⁄m ◊]p)˛ 7Bm ˙Ytfl˚U E⁄◊m TV‡mEPu˘RÙdLj ˘RÙ˚L

2) Æ˚]j˘RÙ˚L

LÙXm U˚\k’ Y⁄°\ ˘TV˘WfNmÆ˚]j˘RÙ˚LVÙœm.

G.”. K”LÙp, FflLÙn, —”LÙ”, ˙Rn©˚\,Y[o©˚\, Í”T≤, ˘Y•œi”, œ•øo,—”˙NÙfl, S”Lp

K”LÙp:

K•V LÙp ˛ C\kRLÙXm

K”°u\ LÙp ˛ ®LrLÙXm

K”m LÙp ˛ GßoLÙXmB°V Íufl LÙXj˚RŸm œ±dœm.

70

˘S• Æ`d ·Pjßp ®tT’˙TÙX U⁄h•V’. J⁄

U¶ ˙SWj’dœd·P J⁄ WlTo E˚\ RÙeLÙUp

°Øk’ ˙TÙ°\’. C˚Rj˘R∞jRÙp TóLs Gu]

YÙœm... Tó ®˚]l◊ ©•j’ E¤d°V’m A”jR

˙Y˚Xdœ K•]Ùu.

J⁄ Ti˚Q ≈h•p ˙RÙhPdLÙW]ÙL œl˚T

˘LÙh•]Ùu. A‡Ußú± ◊p˚X·Pl T±dLd·PÙ’.

LhPÙkR˚W ®Xm; RÙh•f˘N•Ls. Yk’ÆhPÙu.

""F⁄, F⁄, EeL F⁄d˙L TÙn UYWÙ N]Ù

˘TÙ[f£d˚LnVÙ'' °∞VmUÙs ˘NÙp≠V˙R NÙdœ.

Yi• H±ÆhPÙu ˘Ys˚[Vu.

SÙu˚Lk’ ¿•L˚[l ◊˚Ljß⁄lTÙu. ÿRXÙ∞

LÙo YkR’. TX Y⁄PeLfidœÿu œ≤kR’ ˙TÙX˙Y

A≤f˚NVÙn AYu EPp œ≤k’ ˘LÙiP’

Cl˙TÙ’m.

YQdLm Y⁄’ £u˘]_UÙu. RÙu TÙoj’

Y[okR ˚TVu Gu]UÙn B°ÆhPÙu. ˘Ys˚[V

‡dœl ˘T⁄™Rm ˘TÙe°V’. LÙ¨≠⁄k’ C\e°V

Y‡dœ ˘Ys˚[Vu ÿLm ©•TP ˙SWUÙ]’.

K... ˘Ys˚[V]Ù? GlT• ∏\? GeL B˙[

LÙ‘m?

Gm TÙiPÙh• TfN Lh”‡ ThPQm TÙ´h

˙Pu G_UÙu. AeL JPm◊ ReLX. JeL SZpX˙V

C⁄kßPXÙm‡ Yk’h˙Pu.

Nh˚Pl T´p R•l Tj’ ÏTÙ˚V øh•]Ùu

AYu. Ys˚[Vu AYNWUÙn Uflj’, G_UÙu J⁄

˙Y˚X Gu\Ùu. TqVUÙn ÿRXÙ∞˚Vl ©u˘RÙPokR

Y‡dœ LÙgN SWjßp J⁄ GpTo Y˚X °˚Pj’

ÆhP’.

˘NÙkR F¨˙X˙V, ◊Ze°d LÙi•⁄kR Ui¶

˙X˙V J⁄ Y˚X Ys˚[V‡dœ YÙnj’ÆhP’.

El©˙X F\ ˚YdLlThP ˙RÙp œÆV≠≠⁄k’

£X ˙RÙpL˚[ Ád°f —Uk’ ˘LÙi” ·u Y˚[V

3) Ti◊j˘RÙ˚L

C⁄ ˘NÙtLfid°˚P´p B°V Gu‡m

Ti◊⁄◊ U˚\k’ Y⁄Y’ Ti◊j˘RÙ˚L

G]lT”m. ÿRp ˘NÙp Ti˚Td

œ±lTRÙL C⁄dœm. CWiPÙm ˘NÙp

AlTi˚Tl ˘Tt\ ˘NÙpXÙL C⁄dœm.

G.”. ˘YiPÙU˚W, ˘NkRÙU˚W, ˘Nm˘TÙu

C⁄˘TV˘WÙh”l Ti◊j˘RÙ˚L:

C⁄ ˘NÙtL∞p, ÿRp ˘NÙp £\l◊l

˘TVWÙL‹m A”j’s[ ˘NÙp ˘TÙ’l

˘TVWÙL‹m C⁄dœUÙú Af˘NÙp

C⁄˘TV˘WÙh”l Ti◊j˘RÙ˚LVÙœm.

G.”. UÙoLØj ßeLs, T£l©¶,

œU¨l˘Ti

4) EY˚Uj˘RÙ˚L

C⁄ ˘NÙtLfid°˚P´p EYU E⁄◊

U˚\k’ Y⁄Y’ EY˚Uj˘RÙ˚L

G]lT”m.

G.”. œY˚[dLi, RÙU˚Wd˚L

œY˚[ ˙TÙu\ Li ˛ ˙TÙX, ˙TÙu\

Gu\ EYU E⁄◊Ls U˚\k’ Y⁄m.

E⁄YLj˘RÙPo

EY˚Uú Ru˚U˚Vl ˘TÙ⁄∞u ˙Up

Ht±, EY˚U˚Vl ˘TÙ⁄[Ùd°d ·flY’

E⁄YLj˘RÙPo G]lT”m. ˘TÙ⁄s

ÿu‡m EY˚U ©u‡m Y⁄m.

G.”. LiœY˚[, ˚LjRÙU˚W

5) Em˚Uj˘RÙ˚L

C⁄ ˘NÙtLfid°˚P´p "Em' GuT’

U˚\k’ Y⁄Y’ Em˚Uj˘RÙ˚L

G]lT”m.

G.”. ˘Yt±˚XTÙdœ (˘Yt±˚XŸm

TÙdœm)

L©X TWQo (L©X⁄m TWQ⁄m)

6) Au˘UÙØj˘RÙ˚L

˙Ytfl˚U, Æ˚], Ti◊, EY˚U, Em˚U

B°V Ik’ ˘RÙ˚L®˚Xj ˘RÙPoLfidœl

◊\j˙R ˙Yfl ˘NÙtLs U˚\k’ Y⁄Y’

Au˘UÙØj˘RÙ˚L G]lT”m.

71

1. ˙Ytfl˚Uj˘RÙ˚L: ˙Ytfl˚U E⁄◊ U˚\k’

Y⁄m.

2. Æ˚]j˘RÙ˚L: LÙXm U˚\k’ Y⁄m.

3. Ti◊j˘RÙ˚L: Ti◊⁄◊ U˚\k’ Y⁄m.

4. EY˚Uj˘RÙ˚L: ˙TÙu\ GuT]˙TÙu\

EYUE⁄◊ U˚\k’ Y⁄m.

5. Em˚Uj˘RÙ˚L: Em Gu\ ˘NÙp U˚\k’ Y⁄m.

6. Au˘UÙØj˘RÙ˚L: Jufldœ ˙UtThP TX

˘NÙtLs U˚\k’ Y⁄m.

AZ°V ˘T¨VYu

CYW’ CVt˘TVo AWÆkRu. 1968 Bm Bi” YÌo UÙYhPjßp

˙Utœ U˚Xj˘RÙPoLs „rkR ˙TWQÙmTh” Gu\ F¨p ©\kRÙo.Cu˚\V ÿu]¶ G›jRÙ[oL∞p J⁄Yo. "RLlTu ˘LÙ•' Gu\SÙY¤dœ 2003 Bm Bi•u R™ZL AW£u Æ⁄˚Rl ˘Tt\Yo.CYW’ ÿRp L˚Rj RÙœlTÙ°V æh” Gu\ Ë≠≠⁄k’ Cf£flL˚RG”dLlTh”s[’.

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

s LÙXm RÙflm R™r CXd°VeLs A˚Pk’ Y⁄m UÙt\eLs œ±j’ J⁄ ß\]Ùn‹d

Lh”˚W RVÙo ˘NnL.

s ˙NWj R™r CRØp Y∞´”YRtLÙL H˙R‡m J⁄ NÍLl©Wf£˚]˚V ÿu˚Yj’J⁄ ◊’dLÆ˚R G›’L.

s J”dLlThP UdL∞u YÙrd˚Lj RWj˚R UmT”j’YRtLÙLj R≠j CXd°VeLsT˚PdLlT”°u\] GuT’ Tt±d œ›YÙL ÆYÙßj’d œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘NnL.

s NoY˙RNl ˘TiLs ß] ÆZÙÆp E˚WVÙtflYRtLÙL, ˘Ti¶Vl ©Wf£˚]LsG‡m R˚Xl©p J⁄ ˘NÙt˘TÙØ‹ RVÙ¨dL.

s H˙R‡m J⁄ NÍLl ©Wf£˚]˚V ÿuYj’ EeLs YhPÙWjßp YZeLlT”m˘UÙØS˚P´p J⁄ £flL˚R G›’L.

s Rtœ±l˙Tt\ A¶dœ Æ[dLm R⁄L.

s ˙Ytfl˚Uj˘RÙ˚Ldœ Æ[dLm R⁄L.

s Ti◊j˘RÙ˚Ldœf £X G”j’dLÙh”Ls R⁄L.

s Cq-Y-X-°p Es[ ˘TVW˚P, Æ˚] A˚PL˚[j ˘RÙœj’ Y¨-˚Nl-T-”j-’-L..

s EY˚Udœm E⁄YLjßtœm Es[ ˙YflTÙh•˚]d œ±l©”L.

s H˙R‡m Ko EY˚U˚Vj Rk’ E⁄YLUÙL UÙtflL.

¯¯¯¯¯

K•VY‡dœ AY˚]l TÙoj’ AkR Ui

£¨lT’˙TÙp ˘R¨kR’. El◊m ˙Yßl

˘TÙ⁄h Lfim, —iQÙm◊m, NÙVeLfim G]

Gu] ˘YpXÙ˙UÙ LXk’ E⁄UÙ±l˙TÙn

T¨RÙTUÙn R¨kR AYu LÙX• Ui˚Q

®˚]jR’m ˘Ys˚[V‡dœ LiΩo

˘TÙj’d LÙiP’.

˛ AZ°V ˘T¨VYu

72

AXœ 4

U≤-R-WÙp T˚Pd-Ll-T-PÙR TÙ⁄h-L-fim Eó-L-fim CVt˚L G]l-

T-”-m. CVt-˚L˚V Et-fl-˙SÙd°f —˚Yl-˙TÙ-⁄d˙L ARu ÷i-¶V

˙TWÙt-\p ◊Xl-T-”m. CVt˚Lú ˙TWÙt\˚X EQWÙR U≤RoLs

AR˚] AØj’ Y⁄°u\]o. LÆu™dL CVt˚L, U≤Rü

ÿ˚\Vt\ ˘NVpTÙ”L[Ùp Y\h£ A˚PY˙RÙ” AØV‹m

˘Nn°\’. G]˙Y GßoTÙWÙR CVt˚Lf ∫t\eLs EX°p ®Lr°u\].

CVt˚L˚Vl TÙ’LÙdL ˙Yi”m Gu\ EQo‹ S≠k’Y⁄m

„Z≠p CVt˚L AZ˚L ÷LoY’Pu CVt˚L˚Vl TÙ’LÙdL

˙Yi•VRu AY£Vm œ±jR ÆØl◊Qo˚Y HtT”j’Rp ™Lÿd°Vm.

ARt˙LtT CqYXœ A˚UdLlTh”s[’.

YôrÜ SX-UôL...YôrÜ SX-UôL...YôrÜ SX-UôL...YôrÜ SX-UôL...YôrÜ SX-UôL...

l CVt˚L˚Vl TÙ’LÙdœm SPj˚RL˚[ ˙Ut˘LÙs[p.

l —tfll◊\ UÙN˚PR¤dœ¨V LÙWQeL˚[ G”j’˚WjRp.

l ˘UÙØS˚P A•lT˚P´p T˚Pl◊L˚[ Jl©”Rp.

l LÙh£L˚[Ÿm ®Lrf£L˚[Ÿm Y⁄Q˚] ˘NnRp.

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

73

˚L◊-˚]k-ß-Vt-\Ùd LÆu-˘T-fl Y]l˙T CVt-˚L-

V-Z-œ. Cq-Æ-Vt˚L R⁄m LÙh-£-´u-Tm Li-˚Q-Ÿm

U]j-˚R-Ÿm LY-⁄m UÙh-£-™dL Cu-Tm. CVt-˚Ld LÙh-

£˚V ÿ˚[-´-[g ˘Ng-OÙ-´t-±u °[o J∞´¤m,

˘Yi-U-ß- u Ri-¶-X-Æ-¤m, A˚X-≈£ B•-Y-⁄m Bt-

±¤m, ÷˚W G›l© K•-Æ-›m U˚X-V-⁄-Æ-´-¤m LÙQ-

XÙm. øi-” APokR LÙh-•-¤m ◊R-¨˚P ®™ok-’ ®t-œm

UWd-˙LÙh-•¤m, TÙ•-Y-⁄m LÙt-±-¤m, B•-Y-⁄m LP-X-

˚X-´-¤m LÙQ-XÙm. Èj-ß-⁄d-œm Yi-Ql Èd-L-∞-¤m,

˙Ru Ei-Qd LÙj-ß-⁄d-œm Y -Yi-•-¤m, ™u- ]Ù-∞d

LÙh-•l T\d-œm Yi-QlÈf-£-´-¤m, Ui-‘s-∞-⁄k-’

˘RÙi” ˘Nn-Ÿm Gi-Qt\ ◊›-Æ-¤m LÙQ-XÙm.

CVt˚L Gu\ NÙp-≠t-œ J⁄ œ±l-©hP Æ[d-Lm

G’-‹m C⁄l-T-RÙ-Lj ˘R¨-V-Æp-˚X. TX-⁄m Tp-˙Y-fl

˘TÙ⁄s-L- [f NÙp-¤-°u-\-]o. TZk-R-™r Ëp-L-[Ù-°V RÙp-

LÙl-©-Vj-ß-¤m NeL CXd-°-Vj-ß-¤m, CVt˚L Gu\ ˘NÙp

""CVp◊'' Gu\ TÙ⁄-∞p TVu-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[-’. R™rl TW-

L-WÙ-ß, —TÙ-Ym, YZd-Lm, CXd-L-Qm, ®˚X-˚U, ˘LÙs˚L

˘NVt-˚Ld-œ Gß-WÙ-]-’ Gu\ TX ˘TÙ⁄s-L-˚[j R⁄-°u-\-’.

C˚\-Y-≤u T˚Pl˙T CVt-˚L. U≤-R-]Ùp E⁄-YÙd-Ll-

T-PÙR, E⁄-YÙdL CV-XÙR A˚]j- R-Ÿm CVt˚L Gu-fl

˘NÙp-X-XÙm.

Im-È-Re-Ls Gu-fl NÙp-Xl-T-”-°u\ ®Xm, øo, LÙt-fl,

˘S⁄l-◊, BLÙ-Vm B°-V˚Y LXkR J⁄ UVd-L˙U

CVt˚L Gu-fl ˘LÙs-[l-T-”-°-\-’. B]Ùp A±-Oo

©˙[h˙PÙ BLÙ-Vm JØV H˚]V SÙu-°-˚]-Ÿ˙U

CVt˚L Gu-fl ˙T—-°-\Ùo. Im-È-Re-L-fi-Pu ˘TÙ⁄-fim

˙Nok-RÙ˙X CVt˚L Gu\ ˘NÙp-≠t-œ ÿ› E⁄-Ym

°˚PdL ÿ•-Ÿm Gu-°-\Ùo ˚Yh-¿p-”. CY-W-’ L⁄j-’l-

T-• U≤-R-‡m CVt- L- -‡s APe-œ-YÙu. B]Ùp R≤-

SÙ-VL A•-L-[Ùo CR˚] Ufld-°-\Ùo. ""U≤-R˙]Ù AYu

T˚Pl˙TÙ ApX CVt˚L'' Gu-T-’ AYo L⁄j-’.

R™r CXd-°-Vm LÙh-”m CVt˚LR™r CXd-°-Vm LÙh-”m CVt˚LR™r CXd-°-Vm LÙh-”m CVt˚LR™r CXd-°-Vm LÙh-”m CVt˚LR™r CXd-°-Vm LÙh-”m CVt˚L

74

CVt˚L R≤ Bt-\-¤-˚P-V-’. LÙXf —Zt-£-´p

ARu Bt-\p ˘TÙ≠-°-\-’. Y[-ÿm Y[of-£-Ÿm

Bt-\-¤m ™dL Cq-Æ-Vt-˚L-ú Eój-’-•l-TÙp

ARu Y•-Y-ÿm Yi-Q-ÿm UÙ±d-˘LÙi˙P C⁄d-

°u-\-] Gu-fl ‘T -TÙ-P-≠p CVt˚L’ Gu\ Ëp œ±l-

©-”-°u-\-’. CR-]Ùp Cq-Æ-Vt-˚L˚V YÙrd-˚L-

˚Vl ˙TÙu-fl Y•-Yt-\-’ Gu-flm ·fl-YÙo-Ls.

U≤-Ru CVt-˚L-˚Vd LÙ‘m-˙TÙ-’ AR-˚]j

Ru˚] U\k-’ CW-£d-°-\Ùu. AkR CW-£l-©u LÙW-

Q-UÙL AYu Ru LY- X-L˚[ U\k-’ U] A˚Uß

˘Tfl-°-\Ùu. U≤-R-≤u A˚]j-’ EQo-‹-L-˚[-Ÿm

˙RÙt-fl-Æd-œm J⁄ L⁄-Æ-VÙL Æ[e-œ-°u-\-’ CVt-

˚L. CVt˚L UÙ˘T-⁄m LÆ-Oo-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\-’.

AYo-Ls Re-Ls EQo-‹-L-˚[-Ÿm Æ⁄l-◊d-L-˚[-Ÿm A‡-

T-Yj-˚R-Ÿm CVt˚L YÙ´-XÙL ˘Y∞l-T-”j-’-°u-\-]o.

CVt-˚L˚V C˚\-Y-]-’ B˚P-VÙ-Ld LÙi°\Ùo.

"˘L˘R' Gu-T-Yo. CVt-˚L˚V B˚P-VÙL Sm ◊Wh-£d-L-Æ-

Oo TÙW-ß-RÙ-N-‡m œ±l-©-”-°u-\Ùo.

Be-°-Xj-ßp ˙`dv-©-Vo, ˙Yhv-˘YÙoj, ˘`p≠,

∏hv TÙu\ LÆ-Oo-Ls Jq- YÙ-⁄ Y˚L- p CVt- L- Vl

TVu-T-”j-ß-Ÿs-[- Rd LÙi-°- \Ùm. R™rd LÆ-Oo-Ls CVt-

˚L˚V Ik-’-Y-˚L-L-∞p TVu-T-”j-ß-´-⁄l-T-˚Rd

LÙQ-XÙm.

1. CVt˚L A∞d-œm LÙh-£ -´p D”-Th-”f

£j-ß- l-T-’.

2. CVt-˚L˚V EY-˚U-´p TVu-T-”j-’-Y-’.

3. CVt- L- Vl TVu-T-”j-ßd œ±l-TÙ-Ld L⁄j- Rj

˘R -Æl-T-’.

4. CVt-˚L˚V UÙ≤P YÙr-‹-Pu C˚Qj-’d

LÙh-”-Y-’.

5. CVt-˚L-ú YÙ´-XÙL A¨V øß-L-˚[-Ÿm

˘T¨V Ei-˚U-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘R¨-Æl-T-’.

75

R™r CXd-°V YÙ]j-ßp Ue-

LÙ-’ U˚\-VÙ-’ ßLrk-’ Y⁄m Lm-

T-]-’ CWÙ-U-LÙ-˚R-´p CVt-˚Ld

LÙh-£-Ls R≤j-’-Yj-’-Pu £j-ß-¨d-

Ll-Th-”s-[-]. A˙VÙj-ß-VÙ -LÙi-

Pj-ßp CWÙ-U-©-WÙu ∫˚Rd-œd

LÙh-”m LÙh£ CVt˚L Y]l˚T

˘Y∞l-T-”j-’-Y-RÙL A˚U-°-\-’.

LÙh-•˙X Bi-VÙ- ]-Ÿm Ti-VÙ-

˚]-Ÿm ˘Np-°u-\-]. ˘Ti-VÙ˚]

„¤t-±-⁄d-°-\-’. „¤t-±-⁄d-œm

Al-©-•d-œj Ru ™L-‹m Æ⁄l-T-UÙ-]-’. ©•-´u ¡’ Au-◊-

˘LÙiP Bi VÙ˚], YØ- p Es[ œ˚L- p ˙Ru-·-”

C⁄d-Ld LÙi-°-\-’. Ru-·h-•t-œ SWÙ-Lj ’ßd-˚L˚V øh-•-

Æh-PÙp R…d-Ls L”- U-VÙ-Ld LÙh-• YR- ]lT”j-ß-Æ-”m

Gu-T-’ Bi-VÙ-˚]d-œj R¨-Ÿm. BR-XÙp, A’ Ru A⁄-°-

⁄d-œm UWj-ß-≤u-fl £fl-°-˚[˚V J•j-’ ARu R˚Z-VÙp

˙R…d-L˚[ A•j-’j Rh-• Kh-•j ˙Ru ·h˚P G”j-’l

©Øk-’ ©•-´u YÙ´p Fh-”-°-\-’. Cd-LÙh£ CVt-˚L-V-∞d-

œm J⁄ £\kR Æ⁄k-’.

NU-Vl TÙPp-L-∞-¤m CVt- Ld- L-]j R≤- -Pm J’d-Ll-

Th-”s-[-’. °.-©. HZÙm Ët-\Ùi-•p YÙrkR ˚NYNU-Vd œW-

Yo-L-fis J⁄-Y-WÙ] ß⁄-OÙ-]-Nm-Tk-Ro ß⁄-˚Y-VÙt-±u

LÙh-£- V,

""UÙu-TÙV YV-X-⁄˙L UW-˙U±

Uk-ß-TÙV U”d-Ls ˙RÙflm

˙Ru-TÙV ¡u-TÙV ˘N›e-L-UX

˘UÙh-P-X-⁄m ß⁄-˚Y-VÙ˙\''

Gu-flm, ß⁄d-œt-\Ù-Xj-ßu CVt˚L SXj-˚R,

""U˚X-VÙo NÙWp UL-‹-Pu Yk-R-UP Ukß

œ˚X-VÙo YÙ˚Zj æe-L≤ UÙk-’m œt-\Ù-Xm''

Gu-flm RU-’ RYÙ-Wj ß⁄l-TÙd-L-∞p NÙp-˙XÙ-Æ-

Vm æh-•-´-⁄l-T-˚Rd LÙQ-XÙm.

C≤d LÆ-Oo-Ls CVt-˚L˚V EY-˚U-VÙ-Ll

TVu-T-”j-ß- -⁄l-T- Rl TÙol- TÙm. NeL CXd-°-Vm

76

Cj-R-˚LV EY- U-L˚[ Gi-Qt\ ÿ˚\- p SUd-œ

G”j-ß-Vm-◊-°u-\-’.

Sd -∏ -Wo R]-’ ß⁄-ÿ-⁄-LÙt -fll-T -˚P-´p

ÿ⁄-L-]-’ ß⁄-˙U-≤-´u J∞˚V Yo-¶d-œm-˙TÙ-’,

AR˚]

""EX-Lm EYlT YX-˙]o◊ ß¨-R-⁄

TXo-◊-Lr OÙ´-fl LPt-Li PÙAe-œ

KY\ C˚Ud-œg ˙Ni-Æ-[e-œ AÆoJ∞''

Gu-fl LÙ˚X-´p LP-≠t-LÙ-‘m C[g ˘Ng-OÙ-

´t˚\ EY-˚U-LÙh-•l ◊Xl-T-”j-ß-]Ùo.

CXd-°-Ve-L-∞p CVt-˚L-˚Vl TVu-T-”j-ßd

L⁄j-˚Rd œ±l-TÙ-Lj ˘R¨-Æl-T-’ Ut-˘\Ù-⁄ Y˚L-

VÙ-œm. Cq-YÙ-fl ˘Nn-Y-ßp LÆ-Oo CPj-’d-œ

Ht\YÙ-fl L⁄j-˚Rd œ±l-©P YÙnl-◊i-PÙ-°-\-’.

L⁄j-˚Rd œ±lTÙL EQoj’m Ru-˚U-˚V,

Esfi˚\ Gu-flm ˘NÙp-¤-Yo. ALj-ß˚Q CXd-

°Ve-L-∞p Cm-ÿ˚\ A˚U-Ÿm. ""R˚X-Y˙] ø

Ss∞WÆp Yk-’ R˚X-Æ-˚Vd LÙQÙ-˙R. Eu E´-

⁄d-œj æe-œi-PÙ-]Ùp R˚XÆ C\k-’-T-”-YÙs''

Gu‡m œ±l-T-˚Ul-◊-Pu CVt-˚L˚V Yo-¶d-œm

Y˚L- p, J⁄ œflk- RÙ- Ll TÙPp A˚Uk-’s-[’.

SÙu-LÙ-Y-’ Y˚L, CVt-˚L˚V UÙ≤P YÙr-‹-

Pu C˚Qj-’d ·fl-Y-’. CkR ÿ˚\-´p A˚U-

°u-\- NeLlTÙPpLs TX. LÆ-Oo-Ls øß-˚Vd ·fl-

Y-Rt-œm A¨V Ei- U-L- [l ◊Lh-”-Y-Rt-œm CVt-

˚L˚V J⁄ L⁄-Æ-VÙ-Ll TVu-T-”j-ß-]o. Cq-Y- L-

´p Sm R™rd LÆ-Oo-Ls R˚X-£-\k-’ Æ[e-œ- °-\Ùo-

Ls. ˘Nk-R-™rd LÙl-©-V-UÙ] £k-RÙ-U-¶˚V CVt-

±V ß⁄j-Rd-Lj ˙RYo, ©u Yk-R-Yo-L-fid-œd LXe-

L˚W Æ[d-L-UÙn CXe-°-V-Yo. AYo St-L-ßo RÙu-

±j R˚X-®-Uok-’ ®t-T-˚R-Ÿm A’ ÿt-±j R˚X

NÙnk-ß-⁄l-T-˚R-Ÿm Y⁄-¶dL Æ⁄m-©,

®X˙Y!

“øX-YÙu B˚Pd-œs EPp U˚\j-’

®XÙ-˘Yu-fl LÙh-”-°u-\Ùn J∞ ÿLj-˚Rd

˙LÙX ÿ›-’m LÙh-• Æh-PÙp LÙRt

˘LÙs-˚[-´˙X Cq-‹-X-Lm NÙ˙UÙ? YÙ]f

˙NÙ˚X-´˙X ÈjR R≤l È˙YÙ øRÙu!

˘NÙdL ˘Ys-∞l TÙt-œ-P-˙UÙ, AÿR Ft˙\Ù!

LÙ˚X YkR ˘Nm-T-¨ß LP-≠p Ír-°d

L]p UÙ±d œ∞-W-˚PkR J∞l©-Zm˙TÙ!

Akß ´⁄-[Ùt L⁄-œm EX-œ Li-˙Pu!

Aq-YÙ˙\ YÙu Li-˙Pu; ß˚N-Ls Li-˙Pu;

©k-ß-Vk-Rd LÙ¨-⁄s RÙu £¨j-R-’i-˙PÙ?

˘T⁄g-£-¨l-©u J∞ ÿj˙RÙ ®X˙Y ø RÙu!

£k-RÙ-Up £R-\Ù-Up AZ˚L ˘Vp-XÙm

˙NL-¨j-’d œ∞-˙Wt± J∞Ÿm Fh-•

Ck-RÙ-˘Yu˙\ CVt˚L Au˚] YÙ≤p

GØp YÙr-˚Yf £j-R-¨jR Yi-Qk RÙ˙]Ù!”

˛ TÙW-ß-RÙ-Nu

TÙW-ß-RÙ-Nu (1891˛1964)

◊’f˙N¨´p ©\kRYo. L]L

—l◊Wjß]m Gu\ CVt

˘TVo ˘LÙiPYo. TÙWß

VÙo¡’˘LÙiP Tt±]Ùp

Ru ˘TV˚Wl TÙWßRÙNu

G] UÙt±d ˘LÙiPYo.

CYW’ LÆ˚RLs TÙWßRÙNu T˚Pl◊Ls

Gu\ TV¨p RÙœdLl Th”s[]. CYW’

‘AZ°u £¨l◊’ G‡m LÆ˚RËp CVt˚L

œ±jR R≤f£\kR ËXÙœm. CYo R™rlTtfl,

R™ØVdLm, NÿRÙV UflUXof£, TœjR±‹d

Li˙QÙhPm, Ckß Gßol◊, ˘Ti Æ”R˚X,

ÆR˚YUflUQm, ˘RÙØXÙ[o CVdLm

ÿR≠V ◊Wh£LWUÙ] £kR˚]L∞p Rm˚U

D”T”jßd ˘LÙiPYo. CYW’ ©£WÙk˚R

VÙo Gu\ SÙPLËp NÙ°jßV ALÙP™ T¨—

˘Tt\’.

77

""˘NÙp-X-⁄g-„t T—m TÙm-©u ˙RÙt-\m-˙TÙp

˘Up-X˙Y L⁄-Æ-⁄k-’ Du-fl ˙UX-XÙo

˘Np-Y˙U ˙TÙp R˚X ®fl-Æj-˙RokR Ëp

Lp-Æ-˙No UÙk-R-ü C˚\g-£d LÙnj-R˙Y''

Gu-fl TÙ•-]Ùo. Cl-TÙ-P-≠p At-To-Ls N⁄d-LÙp R˚X-®-Uok’

C⁄l-T-’- TÙp Lßo-Ls ®™ok-ß-⁄k-R] Gu-flm,

Lp-Æ- p Rok-’ Bu-\-Æk-R-Pe-°V NÙu- \Ùo

˙TÙp Ad-L-ßo-Ls ÿt-±-V-©u YQe-°d

°PkR] Gu-flm ·± Ud-L-fid-œ øß-˚Vl

◊Lh•-Ÿs-[Ùo.

Ti-˚Pj R™-Zo-L-[-’ YÙr‹ CVt-˚L-

˙VÙ” ˘S⁄e-°V ˘RÙPo-◊-˚P-V-RÙL A˚Uk-ß-

⁄k-R-’. AYo-Ls YÙrd-˚L-ú Jq-˘YÙ-⁄

®˚X-Ÿm CVt-˚L-˙VÙ-” ©u-≤l ©˚Qk-’

LÙQl-Th-P-’. AYo-Ls YÙrk-ß-⁄kR ®Xl-©-¨-

‹-L-fim CVt-˚L-ú A•l-T-˚P-´p G›k-R-

˚Y-˙V. CVt-˚L-˚Vl ◊X-Yo-Ls Tp-˙Y-fl

˙LÙQe-L-∞p TPm ©•j-’d LÙh-•-Ÿs-[-]o.

NeL CXd-°-Ve-L-∞p A˚Uk-R-˚R-ÆP ™œ-ß-

VÙ-Ll ©t-LÙX CXd-°-Ve-L-∞p CVt˚L

YZe° Yk-’s-[-’.

NeL CXd-°-Vj-ßp CVt-˚L, TÙPt ©u-

]-¶-VÙL CPm Tt-\- RÙ-” Es-fi- \d-LÙ-L-‹m

TVu-T-”j-Rl-Th-P-’. EY˚U YÙ -XÙ-L-‹m CVt-

˚Ll Tœ-ß-Ls TX ˚LVÙ-[l-˘Tt-\-]. NeL UW-

©t˙L E¨-V, CVt-˚Ll ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[ A˚Uj-

’l T—m Ti◊ ®˚X-´-¤m CVt˚L Ae-œd

˚LVÙ-[l-Th-P-’. Cm-ÿ-˚\l-T-• £Xm-©-¤m

˚LVÙ-[l-Th-”s-[-’. £Xl-T-ß-LÙ-Wd LÙl-©-Vj-ßp C[e-˙LÙ-

Y-•-Ls T˚Pj-’s[ ""Ak-ß-UÙ- Xf £\l◊ Nn-LÙ˚R'' CVt˚L

Y⁄-Q- ]- u Eu-]R ®˚X˚V Efl-ßl-T-”j-’-°-\-’. Y[m

TÙ”-Y-ßp Lm-T-‡d-œ C˚Q-VÙ-˙YÙo ˙Yfl VÙ⁄m Cp-˚X-

˘Vu-To.

LÙUo Ukß

L⁄eLh RÙdL˚X ˘T⁄m ©±’ Et˘\]d

˚Lm˚U EnVÙL LÙUo Ukß,

LpXÙ YuT\r °˚[ÿRp ˙Nojß,

KeœY˚W A”dLj’l TÙnk’ Eó ˘Nœdœm

NÙWp SÙP S”SÙs

YÙWp YÙØ˙VÙ Y⁄k’’m VÙ˙U

œflk˘RÙ˚L: 69

˛ L”k˙RÙh LW≈W]Ùo

Ái•p

£Xm©u ˘YßWj’ LiÆ” L˚Zd˙LÙp

œWe°u YuT\r TÙnk˘R] CXg£

¡˘]± Ái•≠u ®YdœSÙPu

Et˙\Ùo U\YÙ ˙SÙn Rk’

Li˙PÙo RiPÙ SXe˘LÙiP]˙]!

IeœflËfl: 278

78

""Ri-P˚X U´p-L-[Ù-Pj RÙU˚W Æ[d-Lk-RÙe-Ld

˘LÙi-Pp-Ls ÿZ-Æ-˙]e-Ld œY-˚[ Li

ÆØj-’ ˙SÙd-Lj

˘Ri-•˚W ˘VØ≤ LÙh-Pj ˙Rm-©Ø UL-W-VÙ-Øu

Yi-”-Ls C≤-’-TÙP U⁄-Rm ≈t-±-⁄d-œm UÙ˙RÙ''

Cl-TÙ-Pp Lm-T-‡d-œ CVt-˚L-´u ¡ß-⁄kR D”-

TÙh˚P Æ[dLYp-X-RÙL A˚Uk-’s-[-’.

C˚\- VÙ-” CVt- L- Vj ˘RÙPo-◊-T”j-ßl TÙ”-

Rp Td-ßd LÙXj-ßp ®X-ÆV Ju-fl. CVt˚L YØ-VÙL

C˚\-Y˚] YØ-T-P-‹m ˘Nn-R-]o. UÙ¶d-L-YÙ-N-Lo,

CVt- L- u Jq- YÙ-⁄ TÙ⁄-∞-¤m Nd-ß-Ÿm £Y-ÿm

®˚\k-’ ®t-T- Rd Li-PÙo. Bi-PÙ-[-’ ß⁄l-TÙ- Yl

TÙPp-L-∞-¤m CVt˚L Yo-Q- ]d-œl Tg-N˙U´p- X.

©t-LÙ-Xj-ßp CVt- L˚V Y -Y-•-Y-UÙ-Ll ◊˚]k-

R-∞j-R-Yo-L-∞p TÙW-ß-VÙ-⁄m, LÆ-U¶ R£-L-Æ-SÙ-V-Lm

©s-˚[-V-Yo-L-fim œ±l-©-Pj-Rd-L-Yo-L-[Ù-Yo. TÙW-ß-

´u A•f-—-Yh- Pl ©u-Tt-±-YkR TÙW-ß-RÙ-N-‡m AYo-

L-fid-œ D”-˘LÙ-”j-’l TÙ•-Ÿs-[Ùo. AY-W-’ AZ-°u

£¨l-◊, CVt-˚Ld LÙh-£-L-fid˙L Ko C⁄l-©-P-UÙL

Æ[e-œ-°u-\-’.

Gu-flm UÙ\ÙR AØ-VÙR CVt-˚L-˚Vl T˚Pd-

œm ®˚X-´p TX UÙfl-TÙ-”-Ls A˚U-°u-\-]. Cd-LÙ-

Xj-ßp CVt-˚L-˚V, Be-°-Xd LÆ-Oo-L-˚[l ˙TÙp,

Ufl-U-Xof-£d LÆ-Oo-Lfim ReLs TÙPp-L-∞p CVt-±j

R™-Zu-˚]d-œ Sp-X¶ Èh-• Y⁄-°-\Ùo-Ls. CVt-˚L-

˚Vl TÙ”-°u\ Ru-˚U, LÙXj-ßt-œd LÙXm, CVt-˚L-

Y-˚L, ˘TÙ⁄s, CYt-±t-œ Ht-\-ÿ-˚\-´p UÙfl-Th-”d

˘LÙi˙P ˘Np-¤-°-\-’.

˛ ÿ. ˘N. B´`Ù ˙TLm

Bœ˘TVo

J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄∞u CVt˘TVo A˙RÙ”

˘RÙPo◊˚PV ©±˘RÙ⁄ ˘TÙ⁄˚[d

œ±j’ Y⁄Y’ Bœ˘TVWÙœm.

˘TÙ⁄[Ùœ˘TVo, ÿRXÙœ˘TVo

""RÙU˚W ÈjR’'' Cj˘RÙP¨¤s[ RÙU˚W

Gu\ ˘NÙp, Ri” ÿRXÙ]Yt˚\d

œ±dLÙUp RÙU˚W UX˚W Uh”˙U

œ±d°\’. G]˙Y RÙU˚W GuT’

ÿRXÙœ˘TVo.

CPYÙœ˘TVo

Fo £¨jR’. Fo GuT’ CPj˚Rd

œ±dLÙUp F¨¤s[ UdL˚[d

œ±lTRÙp CPYÙœ ˘TVWÙ´tfl.

LÙXYÙœ˘TVo

LÙo AfljRÙu. Cf˘NÙp≠p LÙo GuT’

LÙXl˘TVo. LÙo LÙXj˚Rd œ±dLÙUp

LÙo LÙXjßp Æ˚[kR ˘Sp˚Xd

œ±lTRÙp LÙXYÙœ˘TVWÙœm.

£˚]VÙœ˘TVo

˘Yt±˚X ShPÙu. ˘Yt±˚X Gu‡m

˘NÙp C˚X˚Vd œ±dLÙUp ARu

ÿRt˘TÙ⁄[Ù°V ˘LÙ•˚V EQojßV’.

G]˙Y C’ £˚]VÙœ˘TVWÙœm.

TiTÙœ˘TVo

˘Ys˚[ A•jRÙu. ˘Ys˚[ Gu‡m

Ti©u ˘TVo, Ak®\j˚RŸ˚PV

—iQÙm˚Td œ±lTRÙp TiTÙœ

˘TVWÙ´tfl.

˘RÙØXÙœ˘TVo

Yt\p EiPÙu. Yt\p Gu\

˘RÙØt˘TVo YtflRp A˚PkR

˘TÙ⁄[Ù°V EQ˚Yd œ±lTRÙp

˘RÙØXÙœ˘TVWÙ´tfl.

79

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

s "CVt˚L SX˙]! U≤R SXu!' G‡m R˚Xl©p J⁄ L⁄jRWeLd Lh”˚W RVÙo

˘NnL.

s NeLLÙX UdL∞u YÙr‹ CVt˚L˙VÙ” C˚VkR YÙr‹ G‡m R˚Xl©p

˘NÙt˘TÙØ‹ BtflYRtœ E¨V E˚Wd œ±l◊L˚[d œ›YÙLd LXk’˚WVÙ•j

RVÙo˘NnL.

s TZkR™Z¨u ß˚Q A•lT˚P´XÙ] TÙœTÙh˚Pf „Z˙XÙ” Jl©h”d

œ±l◊Ls RVÙ¨dL.

s CVt˚L Esfi˚\VÙL A˚Uk’ Æ[dLm R⁄Y˚Rf NeLlTÙPp YØ®ufl

Æ[dœL.

80

◊]¤m UQ¤m◊]¤m UQ¤m◊]¤m UQ¤m◊]¤m UQ¤m◊]¤m UQ¤m

CPYlTÙß U˚ZdLÙXm.

°Zdœ U˚XL∞u N¨‹L∞p ÆPÙ’ LÙh•d LÙi•

⁄dœm U˚Z. L⁄d˘LÙi”, C⁄i”, ßWi” H±Y⁄m

L⁄˙ULd ·hPm LQ˙SWjßp U˚XÿLh•p Eßok’,

˙NÙ˘Yufl ˘LÙh• Aß⁄°\’.

Ídœu≤ U˚XfN¨Æu Li¶tœj R¨VÙR H˙RÙ

Ts[jß≠⁄k’ LÙh˚P Bfl, U˚X Ys[jßp ÷˚Wj’f

£≠oj’, C\dLjßp YLUÙLd LÙh•, NU˘Y∞´p C˚Wj’d

˘LÙi” K• Y⁄°\’.

U˚X A•YÙWd œt±d LÙ”L∞˚P˙V, ˙Yn Íe°p

◊RoL˚[Ÿm, ÿ]m◊p ·hPj˚RŸm RÙi• ˘Ys[m,

÷˚W £≠oj’ K• Y⁄m˙TÙ’, Ae°eLÙ] SÙh”l

◊\eL∞p NmUi ßh”L˚[Ÿm, NWpUi TœßL˚[Ÿm

L˚Wj’, RYrk’ Yk’ FoL˚[ Y[ÿs[RÙdœ°\’.

˙LÙh˚PVÙfl, U˚Z-´u ˘Ys[ ˙YLj-ßp RYrk-’

RYrk-’ K˚P-VÙ-°, £t-\Ù-\Ù-°, ◊∞V UWe-L-fim LÙg-£-W-‹m

Ug-N-]j-ß-Ÿm ˘T⁄-U-We-L-fi-UÙL APokR œi-Pu TÙLm

G‡m HXÙ-˘Y∞ F¨p Y⁄m-˙TÙ-’, T⁄-Y-U-˚PkR Se˚L

˙TÙX Bfl Gu\ ÿ›-˚U˚V A˚P-°-\-’.

œiPu-TÙ-Lm SÙh-” Y∞- p Yflm UWf-∫≤d °Ze-

œj ˙RÙh-Pe-Ls, ˘Nm-Ui ˘Y∞j-ßh-”-Ls,

Tf-˚Nd LÙ”-Ls ®˚\k-’ °Pl-T-R-]Ùp ˘Sp

YVp-L˙[ Cp-˚X. Y¨p LÙn Rs-∞V TXÙ

UWe-L-fim LÙj-RÙLd LÙn-Ls LÙnd-œm UÙU-

We-L-fim LÿL UWd-·h-P-ÿm Bt-±u Y[j-

ßp NØj-’d °Pd-°u-\-]. Yflm Nm-Ui

˘Ys[UÙL K•-Y-⁄m Bt-±u Lu-≤j

Ru˚U œi-PÙu LP-Æp Y⁄m-˙TÙ-’ Y≠

Lh-• ®flj-Rl-T-”-°-\-’. Td-L-YÙh-•p œX-˙N-

LWm, LÙu-≤, Fo-L-∞u YVp-L-fid-œ Btfl

Yi-P-¤m ˘Ys-[-ÿm Aj-ß-VÙ-Y-£-V-UÙ-°-

81

Æ-”-°u-\-]. ARu TV-]ÙL Bt-±p ’s-[-¤d-œ U⁄-Ru-œØl

TÙXm A˚Q Lh-”-°-\-’. K• YkR ˙YLj-˚R-˘Vp-XÙm ∫l◊

Lh-•V A˚Qd-œ-Ø-´p ®˚\j-’-Æh-” C⁄m-◊j R”l-◊-L-∞u

˙Up ˘TÙe-°V Bfl An-˙VÙ-˘Yu-fl A⁄-Æ-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙh-”-

°\-’.

∏r-˘Y-∞l Ts-[-˘Ue-œm, œh-• VÙ˚]-Ls ˙TÙXl TW-

Æd °Pd-œm TÙ˚\-L-∞p ÿh-• UÙßd LÙi-” ÷˚W £¨j-R-

YÙ-fl Bfl ©u-‡m K”-°-\-’. J⁄ ˚Up ˘RÙ˚X-Æp _Lß

Y˚W-´p A˚U-ß-VÙL Y˚[k-’ J›-°, TÙ˚\f-£˚\ G‡-

™Pjßp Yk-R-‹-Pu, Æp-Yh-P-UÙL J⁄-ÿ˚\ —Zu-fl, ©\-œ

˘Sh-”d-œ K• Y⁄-°-\-’.

Bt-±u Cj-R˚] ÁWl TV-Qj-ßp U⁄-Ru-œØ

A˚Q-Yh-Pj- R-Æ-Pl TÙ˚\f £˚\, Æp-YhP Nkß ÿd-°-Vj-

’-Ym Tfl-°-\-’. Gq-Y-[‹ U˙]Ù-L-W-UÙ] Bt-±u —t-\m! AßL

BZ-™p-XÙ-Up, A˚X KnkR LPp Y∞-˙TÙ-X, C⁄-U-⁄e-œm

£™i-” L˚W-Lh-• Yi-QÙu NX-˚Yj ’˚\. L˚W Y∞-´p,

˘S”e-Li, AV¶ UWe-L-fim Áeœ Íg£ Tf˚N UWe-L-fim

˙RÙ˚L-VÙL Y[okR Ug-Ns Íe-°p ·h-P-ÿm Ae-°e-LÙL

ÿ˚[jR Wj-RlÈ LÙj-’d LÙh-”m Rt-±l-Èf N•-L-fim ∏Z-

˙Uh-•p K˚X ≈”-L-[ÙL Yi-QÙo œ•-˚N-L-fim, œ•-VÙ-]-Yo

≈”-L-fim Jt˚\ ≈h-” Am-T-X-UÙL ÿ•l-◊˚W RÆ LÙ -¤m

˙LÙ´p Td-L-YÙh-•p L⁄m◊ YVp-L-fim Nod-L˚W Ys-∞d

°Ze-œ YVp-L-fi-UÙLl TÙ˚\f£˚\ Bt-fllT”˚L AZ-œd

˙LÙXm Èi-•-⁄d-°-\-’.

Yi-QÙo T•j-’- \- p U˚Zd-LÙX LXd-°p Ys[m

Cp-XÙ-R-˙TÙ-’, Nk-˚R-˙U-” ˙TÙXf NX-˚Y-VÙ-[o-Ls, ˘Ti” -

L-fim ©s-˚[-L-fi-UÙLj ß™-˙XÙ-Ll-T-”m, DW-™p-XÙR L˚W-

˙Uh•p Æ¨j-ß-⁄d-œm ˘Ys-˚[j-’-¶-´p, ’˚Yj-’

ÿfld°V E⁄l-T-•-L˚[ Af˙NÙ Nj-Rj-’-Pu ≈£-˘V-±-YÙo-Ls.

AkR E⁄l-T-•d œÆ-V-≠u KWj-ßp Cu- ]Ù-⁄ NX- Y-VÙ-[o

œ”m-Tj ß]o, œi-PÙ-‡m ˙NÙt-fl YÙ∞-Ÿ-UÙL AUok-ß-⁄k-’

˙NÙfl ßu-TÙo-Ls. T•j-’- \- p œ∞j-’d œm-UÙ-[-™P Y⁄m

YÙi-”-Ls, œ”m-Tj-ßu ß\kR ˘Y∞ Æ⁄k˚R Gh-•l TÙoj-

’d-˘LÙi-” ®t-œm, AP ˙TÙe-L, £u] An-VÙ-UÙ-⁄-L-˙[...

˙TÙnd œ∞e-L. SÙeL £jR Lg-£˚Vd œ•f-£d-°-Ph-”m. ˙YX

˘LPd-œ... Gu-fl, TÙm-T-Pm Lu-]e-L-∞p ˙UÙR, VÙWÙ-Y-’ Yi-

˘TVW˚P

J⁄ ˘TV˚Wf £\l©j’ Y⁄m˘NÙp ˘TVW˚P G]lT”m.

G.”. SpX ˚TVu, AZœ UXo,

C≤V ˘UÙØ

Æ˚]V˚P

J⁄ Æ˚]˚Vf £\l©j’ Y⁄m˘NÙp Æ˚]V˚P G]lT”m.

G.”. ˙YLUÙL K•]Ùu, Su\ÙLl TÙ•]Ùu, CVpTÙLl ˙T£]Ùo

E⁄YLm

EY˚Udœm ˘TÙ⁄fidœm˙YflTÙ” ˙RÙu\ÙRYÙfl˘TÙ⁄∞≤Pj’ EY˚U´uRu˚U˚V Ht±l ˘TÙ⁄˚[EY˚UVÙL˙Y E⁄Y°lT’E⁄YLm.

G.”. UßÿLm

Uß ˙TÙu\ ÿLm ˛ EY˚U

ÿLUß

ÿLUÙ°V Uß ˛ E⁄YLm

82

QÙj-ßd °ZÆ ÆWh-”-YÙs. ◊p-˙Uh-•p L›-˚R-Ls A›d-

œf —˚U-L˚[ C\d-°-Æh-”, ™PÙ-˙U-[j-ßp Ne-∏-Rd Lj-R-

XÙL AWt-±d ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-œm.

œ∞-Vp ’˚\-´p, YÙi-”-Ls °˚[-˘Yh-•V YÙ˚Zj

Ri-”-L˚[ ™Rl-Tu TP-œ-L-[ÙL Ch-” Ys-[- U± Æ˚[-VÙh-”

SPj-’m L˙[-T-Wm ÷˚W-Lh-”m. TÙ˚\-L-∞u U≠-⁄k-’ Bt-

fl-˘Ys-[j-ßp LW-Q-U-•j-’d œßj-’, øf-N-X-•j-’ U±-Y-ßp

©s- [-L-∞u œµ AXÙ-ß. Y´p LÙXj-’ ø¨p-XÙR Bt-±p,

Ri-Ω˚Wd LXd-°-V-•j-’d œßd-œm £fl-Yo-L˚[f NX˚Y

BNÙ-™-Ls YN‹˘UÙØ-L-[Ùp ÆWh-”-YÙo-Ls. AP, GeL TÙ˚Zl

-©˘X Ui- Ql ˙TÙPÙ-æeL WÙNÙ-UÙ-⁄-L- [. Ri¶ LXe-œ-’,

˘NÙp-Xd ˙Ld-œ-RÙ? Gu-fl £]l-T-”-YÙo-Ls.

TÙ˚\f£˚\ ˘Y∞- u L˙[-T-Wd ·j˚R YQe-°-Æh-”

Bfl ˘Sh-˙PÙh-P-UÙL Cu-‡m CWi-” Lp

K•, RÙ˚X-Æp Y⁄m- TÙ˙R T¨V NÙ˚Xd

LP‹ Li-¶t-˘Lh-”-°-\-’.

˘T¨-V-NÙ-˚Xd LP‹ Bt-±u ÿLj-ßt-œ

Íd-L¶ TÙu-\-’. LP-Æt-œ U˙X Ll-©-Ui

TÙ˚R-˙V± ˘Rt-œl Tœ-ß-´p, NÆv-RÙ-W-UÙL

Æ¨j-’d °Pl-T-’ £u-]-Óo —”-LÙ-”. SL-Wj-ßu

SÙ˚Xk-’ Up —t-fl-Yh-Pj-’ NÙd-LÙ- X APd-L

-˘Up-XÙm Ce-˙L-RÙu. L⁄-UÙß LÙ¨-Ve-L-fid-

œm, R˚X ÿ›d-°t-œm T¨-V-NÙ-˚Xd LP-‹j-

’˚\ ˘Ys-[-™h-•-⁄d-°-\-’. Bfl Ck-Rl Tœ-ß-

´p øi-” TWk-R œ∞l-◊j ’˚\-Ÿ-Pu A˚Uk-

ß-⁄d-°-\-’. ˘T¨-V-NÙ˚X Ad-W-aÙW ©WÙ-U-Qo-L-fid-œ Bfl

J⁄ YWl-©-W-NÙ-Rm. Æ•-Vt-LÙ˚X Íu-fl U¶- -≠-⁄k˙R T•j-

’˚\ L˚[Lh-•-Æ-”m. Uh-”˘Y∞- p £Yu˙LÙÆp C⁄l-T-’

Aj-R-˚]d-œm ˘T¨V ÿj-ß-˚W. Æ•-VÙd L⁄d-L-≠p ˘Ti-

Ls ’˚\d-œd œ∞dL Y⁄m SÙ√-U-¶-L-˚[, ¡˚N ˚YjR

SÙVu-UÙo-Ls LQd-œl TiQ Y⁄-Y-’m Ei-”. Gu] C⁄k-

RÙ-¤m Bt-flj ’˚\-´p ©WÙ-U-Q-⁄d-œ Ut\ _Ùß-´-]-⁄d-

œm Ni˚P S˚Uf-Np Cp-˚X. Bfl ˙TR-Ut-\-RÙ-´t˙\!

˘T -V-NÙ- Xd LP˚Y ®˚\j-’-Æh-” © -VÙ-Æ- P- Tt-fl

Y⁄m UQl-˘Ti-˚Ql TÙX, Bfl SLok-’ RYrk-’ Y⁄-

83

°-\-’. Ll© ˙WÙ” °s-∞l-TÙ-Xj-˚Rj RÙi-• ◊j-Ru-˙LÙh-˚P-

´u ˘Ys-˚[l TÙ˚\-L-∞u F˙P ◊œk-’ Yp-X-˙Uh-•t-œ

Y⁄m-˙TÙ-’ Bt-fld-œj R˚X-Yh-Pj-ß-≠-⁄k-’ ’˚Q Yk-’

LXd-°-\’. T⁄-U˚] Bfl. Yp-X- Uh-•p-RÙu Bt-±u NÆv-

RÙ-W-UÙ] N¨j-ßW YÙrd˚L S˚P-˘T-fl-°-\-’.

˛ B. UÙRYu

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

s TÙPlTœß˚V ˚UVlT”jß CVt˚L Y⁄Q˚] RVÙo ˘NnL.

s TÙWßVÙo, TÙWßRÙNu ˙TÙu\ LÆOoL∞u CVt˚L Tt±V LÆ˚RL˚[j

˘RÙœdL.

B. UÙRYu

CYo ß⁄Y]kR◊Wjßp 1934 Cp ©\kRYo. œ±l©PjRdL £flL˚R B£¨VoL∞p

J⁄Yo. CYo U˚XVÙ[ ˘UÙØŸm SuL±kRYo. øiP Y⁄PeL[ÙLd L˚R G›ß

Y⁄TYo. Ui UQm LU›m L˚RLs CY⁄˚PV˚Y. ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm

NÙ˚Xd L˚Pj˘R⁄˚Y ˚UVUÙLd˘LÙi” CYo L˚Pj˘R⁄d

L˚RLs Gu\ £flL˚Rj ˘RÙœl˚T ˘Y∞´h”s[Ùo.

˙UÙLTpXÆ, B˚]f NkRm, UÙRYu L˚RLs, A˙W©Vd

œß˚W ˙TÙu\˚Y CYW’ ©\ £flL˚Rj ˘RÙœl◊L[Ùœm.

£flL˚R˚Vl ˙TÙufl SÙY≠¤m NÙR˚] T˚Pj’s[Ùo.

°⁄xQl T⁄k’ ÿd°VUÙ] J⁄ SÙYp. CYW’ ◊]¤m

UQ¤m Gu\ SÙY≠≠⁄k’ ClTœß G”dLlTh”s[’.

84

Íu-\Ùm EX-Ll- TÙoÍu-\Ùm EX-Ll- TÙoÍu-\Ùm EX-Ll- TÙoÍu-\Ùm EX-Ll- TÙoÍu-\Ùm EX-Ll- TÙo

Au-˘\Ù-⁄ SÙs...

Aß-LÙ˚X AZ˚L YØ-TP Yk-R-Ys LPt-L- W- - X˙V

E˚\k-’ ˙TÙ]Ùs Lt-£-˚X-VÙL.

˙St-fll TÙojR UQp ˘Y∞VÙ C’? ®\m UÙ± C⁄k-

R-’. LÙt-±u TÙP-¤d-œ SP-]-UÙ-•V SÙQt-◊-RWÙ A’...? R˚W-

˙VÙ-” R˚W-VÙnd °Pk-R-’. ˘Ys-∞-U-Qp ˘Y∞-˘Ve-œm

RÙfl-UÙ-\Ùnj RÙo Ft-±-V-’ ˙TÙp J⁄ L⁄m-T-P-Xm.

C’ Gu] CVt-˚Ld-œl ◊\m-TÙn...? C’ ˘Ud-£˙LÙ

Y˚[-œ-PÙ-RÙ-]Ù? Ì£-VÙ]Ù LPt-L-˚W-RÙ-]Ù? CPm-UÙ±

Yk-’ Æh-˙P-]Ù? R˚X —t-±-V-’ AY-fid-œ.

LP-˙XÙ-˚N-´p ˙Lh-P-’ Ko AY-Xj-ßu

—Wm; ®™ok-’ ®u-\-Ys ß”d-°h-PÙs. A˚X-

´u ®\m ˘Ys˚[ Ap-X-YÙ? ©\-œ Hu C⁄-

∞u ßWY Y•-Y-UÙn A˚X ˘TÙe° A•d-°-

\’ L⁄e-L-⁄l-TÙn?

TVk-’ SPk-RÙs; LÙX-¶-Ls RÙi-•d LÙp-

L-∞p H±-V-’ H˙RÙ ©—d-œ. J⁄ LÙp Fu±

Ufl-LÙp ER-±-]Ùs G™-≠. LÙX¶ LZu-\-Ru-

±d Lfll-◊f NÙVm ˙TÙL-Æp-˚X.

Ai-QÙk-’ TÙoj-RÙs. LÙ˚Xl T\˚Y H’m LÙQ-

Æp˚X YÙ]j-ßp. Cu-‡m R˚W-´-\e-L-Æp˚X ˘Y∞f-

Nj-ßu Æ›-’-Ls. ÁWd-L-P-≠p RÙ”-YÙ-]j-ßp Nm-©-Zm◊

˘R¨k-R-’. LPp G¨-Ÿ-UÙ? G¨-°-\˙R...

LPp-T-Wl-©p £Yk-’ G›k-’ ®u-\-’ æj-Ái Ju-fl.

A˚R Ui-• ®u-\-’ ◊˚L Ui-P-Xm. G¨-U˚X Y•j-ß-⁄d-

œ˙UÙ LP-¤d-œs...?

AYs EPp S”e-°-V-’. Re-Lf NÙV-™hP Th-” Ëp

Lt-˚\-L-[Ùn AYs ˘Ys-∞d L›j-ßp ˘TÙu-ÿ-•-Ls

TP-T-Pj-R]; LÙt-±p B•-V-’ LÙ’ Y˚[-Vm.

85

˘Y∞f-Nm TW-Æl TWÆj ÁWj-’ C⁄-˚[j ’˚Pj-’d-

˘LÙi˙P Yk-R-’. Ì£-VÙ]Ù LPt-L- W- u Tß-]Ù-fl- Up ø[j-

ßt-œm J˙W Lfll-◊d LÙh-£-RÙ-]Ù? H˙RÙ Ju-fl Sok-ß-⁄d-°-\-’

È™-ú C⁄l-◊d-œ Æ˙WÙ-R-UÙn.

ÁWj-ßp Gu-]˙YÙ œÆ-Vp œÆ-V-XÙn..? K•l- TÙnl

TÙoj-RÙs.

""K ÀNv!''

˘LÙj-’d ˘LÙj-RÙnf ˘Nj-’d °Pk-R] ˘T≠-LÙu T\-˚Y-

Ls. AYt-±u "TZm-T-” T˚]-ú °Ze-œ ©[k-Ru]' ·¨V

AX-œ-Ls TX ß\k˙R °Pk-R]; £X £\-œ-Ls LÙh-•] ÀY-

≤u L˚P£ A˚N-‹-L-˚[.

Cu- ]Ù-⁄ Td-Lm TÙoj-RÙs G™≠; C›jR Íf˚N Y∞-

´P U\k-RÙs. A˚X-Ls Ád-°-˘V-±kR TP-œ-Ls Ju-\u Up

Ju-˙\± J›e-Lt-fld °Pl-T-’ ˙TÙp ·h-Pm ·h-P-UÙn

C\k-’ °Pk-R] Ët-fldLQd-LÙ] PÙp@-©u-Ls.

C›jR Íf˚N Cl-˙TÙ-’ Æh-P-ßp H± C\e-°-V-’

G™-≠- u UÙo-◊.

Cu-˘]Ù-⁄ ◊\m ˛ ˘S”g-NÙ˚X YÙ¨-´p ˘LÙh-•f £R-

±V RÙ≤-Ve-L-[Ùn B´-Wd-L-Qd-LÙ] ¡u-Y-˚L-Ls C\k-’

°Pk-R-], C\k-’m C\-YÙ-U-¤m. £X ¡u-L-∞u Eó-Ls ˘Y∞-

˙V-±d LÙi-•-⁄l-T-’ R¨k-R-’ YÙp-L-∞u ’•-’-•l-©p.

Gu] ˘LÙ”˚U C’! ŸLm-Ÿ-L-UÙn Eó-Ls T˚PjR

CVt˚L J˙W SÙ∞p AØd-Ll TÙod-°-\-RÙ? ™f-N-™-⁄d-Ll-

˙TÙœm J˙W ©WÙ¶ U≤-Ru-RÙ-]Ù? U≤-Ro-Ls Cp-XÙR EX-

Lj-ßp ÆXe-œ-L-fim T\- Y-L-fim YÙZ ÿ•-Ÿm. B]Ùp U≤-

R-WÙp YÙZ ÿ•-ŸUÙ ÆXe-œ-L-fim T\- Y-L-fi-Ut\ EX-Lj-ßp?

Ck-Rl Td-Lm UÙj-R-UÙnf Nj-’d °Pk-R] aWÙu T\-

˚Y-Ls. AYt-±u T⁄-Pp-L-fid-œl TÙ⁄j-R-™p-XÙR œf-£d

LÙp-Ls ©u-≤d °Pk-R] Ju-˙\Ù-˘PÙu-fl.

""˘NjR T\-˚Y-L-∞p Ju-fl-RÙu ˙St-fl Gu ˙LU-WÙ-Æp

¡u ©•j-R-RÙ?''

T\-˚Y-L-∞u £˙S-°-ß-VÙnl ©\k-’ —t-flf-„-Zp Th-P-RÙ-¨-

VÙn Y[okR G™-≠-ú øXd-Li-Ls øÏ-±-].

86

Lol-©¶ TÙp Y -fl T⁄jR LPp B˚U-Ls C\k-’

L˚W J’e-°-]YÙ L˚W J’e° C\k-R-]YÙ ˘R¨-V-Æp-˚X.

˘Ud-£˙LÙ ÆØd-L-Æp-˚X. ™£-£l-©-´u L˚W-L-fid-œ Gh-

P-Æp˚X ˙Nß Cu-‡m.

G™≠ ˘R∞k-RÙs. ˙RÙs-L-˚[d œ¤d-°j ’¶f-N˚X

A˚Zj-’d ˘LÙi-PÙs. K• K•l TPm G”j-RÙs. GpXÙ

EPp-L-∞-¤m Gi- Qnl ©—d-œ Uh-”m C⁄l-T-’ Li-PÙs.

£X Aß-LÙ-¨-L-fim ≈Wo-L-fim LP-¤d-œs Æ˚Wk-’-˘LÙi-•-

⁄k-RÙo-Ls AY-N-We-L-∞u ÿ’-°p H±.

Gu-]-YÙ- t-fl?

Ìn£-VÙ]Ù LPt-L-˚W-´-≠-⁄k-’ SÙt-Tj-˙RÙ-WÙ-Y-’

˚U≠p ˘Ud-£˙LÙ Y˚[-œ-PÙ-‹d-œs A’ ®Lrk-R-’.

Gi- Qnd °Q-fl œ˚PkR Br-’- [d L⁄-Æ-Ls Rm

Nd-ß-´˚] ˘UÙj-Rm ßWh-• BZj-ßp J⁄ ÿh-” ÿh-•-V-

˙TÙ-’ ˘Y•j-’ ˘Y∞-˙V-±-V-’ È™-_Ù-•-´p Èh-Pl-Th-”d

°PkR ¡j- Ru ÈRm. A’ Y∞l-ThP YLj-ßp Th- Pu-fl

ß\k-’ LÙi-P-’ Th-˙WÙp Ft-±u T⁄e-Li.

¡j-˙R-‡m ˘Th-˙WÙ-¤m ÿh-•d-˘LÙi-P-ßp Tt-±d

˘LÙi-P-’ Y˚[-œPÙ; LPp øWÙ-¤m A˚R A˚QdL ÿ•-

V-Æp-˚X. LPt-T-Wl-©p CWi-Pe-œ-Xm TPokR ˘Th-˙WÙp

˙TÙLl ˙TÙLl Tj-Re-œ-X-UÙnd ˘Lh-•l-Th-P-’. LPp Ge-

œm L£-‹-RÙu; 580 N’W ˚U¤d-œ Gi-˘Qnl ˙TÙo-˚Y-

RÙu. Gi-˘Qn˚Vf —YÙ-£d-Lj ˘R¨-VÙR Ri-Ωo ÀÆ-L-

∞p ˘Nj-’f ˘Nj-’ ™Rk-R˚Y TX; L˚W J’e-°-V˚Y £X.

G¨-°-\-’ LPp; Lfll-TÙ˚P Lh-”-°-\-’ È™.

CkR U≤-Ro-Ls È™- u ÿLj-ßp A˚\-Y- R-Ÿm, ÿ’-

°p œj-’-Y-˚R-Ÿm, Y´-fl ∏fl-Y-˚R-Ÿm, L⁄-Y-˚\-´p Lm©

÷˚Zl-T- R-Ÿm K˙NÙu ·˚W Kh˚P YØ Gh-• Gh-•l

TÙoj-’-Æh-” Ko A›d-œ ˙ULj˚R C›j-’ ÿLm

˘TÙj-ßd ˘LÙi-P-’ „¨-Vu.

˛ YW-ÿj-’

87

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

s ‘U≤RoLs CpXÙR EXLjßp ÆXeœLfim T\˚YLfim YÙZÿ•Ÿm. B]Ùp

U≤RWÙp YÙZÿ•ŸUÙ ÆXeœLfim T\˚YLfim CpXÙR EXLjßp’ ˛

ÆYÙRm ˘NnL.

s CVt˚L AZ˚L ˚UVlT”jßd LÆ˚RLs G›ß, AR]•lT˚P´p J⁄

LÆVWeLm ®Lrj’L.

s TÙPl-T-œ-ß-´p Y⁄m ˘TV-W-˚P, Æ˚]-V˚Pf ˘NÙt-L˚[j ˘RÙœj’ G›’-L.

˚YWÿj’

1953Cp R™rSÙ”, ˙R≤ UÙYhPm Y”LlTh•´p ©\kRYo.

˘Nu˚] Tf˚NVlTu LpÌ¨´p T´u\Yo. £\kR LÆOo. Utflm

ß˚WlTPl TÙPXÙ£¨Vo. Bfl ÿ˚\ £\kR TÙPXÙ£¨V⁄dLÙ]

_]ÙßTß Æ⁄’, TjUc, L˚XUÙU¶, NÙ°jV AdLÙR™ ˙TÙu\

Æ⁄’L˚[l ˘Tt\Yo. ˚YL˚\ ˙ULeLs, C’Y˚W SÙu, ˘Tn˘V]l ˘TnŸm

U˚Z, Ls∞dLÙh” CßLÙNm, Íu\Ùm EXLl˙TÙo TÙu\ TX ËpL˚[l T˚Pj’s

[Ùo. ClTœß Íu\Ùm EXLl˙TÙo Gu\ Ë≠≠⁄k’ G”dLlTh”s[’.

88

øX-°¨ ®Xf-N- ‹ VÙo LÙW-Qm?øX-°¨ ®Xf-N- ‹ VÙo LÙW-Qm?øX-°¨ ®Xf-N- ‹ VÙo LÙW-Qm?øX-°¨ ®Xf-N- ‹ VÙo LÙW-Qm?øX-°¨ ®Xf-N- ‹ VÙo LÙW-Qm?

øX-°¨ UÙYh-Pj-ßu ˙Ljß G‡m CPj-ßp YW-XÙ-fl

LÙQÙR Y˚L-´p 24 U¶-˙S-Wj-ßp 820 ™p≠ ¡h-Po U˚Z

˘Tn-R-’. ˘Nu˚] EVo-øß Uu-\m Ai-˚U-´p A∞jR

Ej-R-W-Æp ""øX-°¨ UÙYh-Pj-ßp Nh-Pj-ßt-œl ◊\m-TÙL UWe-

L˚[ ˘Yh-P-˙YÙ, UQp Ut-flm Lp-œ-YÙ¨ ˙RÙiP˙YÙ

·PÙ-’'' G]d ·±-Ÿs-[-’.

CkR C⁄ ®Lr-‹-L-fim Yq- Y-\Ù-]˚Y TÙu-fl R -

V-XÙm. B]Ùp, øX-°¨ UÙYh-Pj-ßp SPk-’-s[ ˙L”-L-fid-

œm, C’ Gßo-˘LÙs[ C⁄d-œm £d-Lp-L-fid-œm CkR ®Lr-

‹-L-fi-Pu S⁄d-L-UÙ] RÙPo◊ Ei-”!

øX-°-¨-´p SYm-To UÙRj-ßu CWi-” SÙh-L-∞p 543

®Xf-N- -‹-Ls ®Lrk-R]. 816 ≈”-Ls A•j-’f ˘Np-Xl-Th-P-].

600 Gd-˙Po Tó-Ls SÙN-UÙ-°-]. 145 CPe-L-∞p NÙ˚X-Ls

˙NR-U-˚Pk-R-]. 43 Eó-Ls T≠-VÙ-´-]. 1100 ˙To ≈•-Zk-R-

]o. ◊Lr-˘Tt\ øX-°¨ U˚X ˘RÙPo-Yi-•l TÙ˚R ˙UÙN-

UÙLl TÙßl-T-˚Pk-R-’. C˚Y Gp-XÙm CVt˚Lf ∫t-\j-ßu

Æ˚[‹ Gu-fl TNl-Th-P-’.

B]Ùp, Ei˚U A’-Yp-X. U≤-Ro-Ls ˘NnR RY-fl-

Ls œt-\e-Ls-RÙu CkR ®˚Xd-œ Ei-˚U-VÙ] LÙW-Qm.

CVt˚L U≤-Ro-L˚[j Ri-•d-L-Æp-˚X. ˙TWÙ-˚N-ú

Æ˚[-YÙp, U≤-Ro-Ls RUd-œj RÙ˙U Ht-T-”j-ßd ˘LÙiP

˙L”-RÙu øX-°-¨-´p ˙SokR ˙NÙLm!

CVt-˚L˚V SÙm ®VÙ-V-UÙ] Nd-ß-VÙL Ußl-©P ÿ•-

VÙ-’. H˘]-≤p, U≤-Ru ˘NnR RY-fl-L-fid-œj Ri-P-˚]-

VÙ-Lj-RÙu CVt˚Lf ∫t-\m ß⁄l© A•d-°-\-’ Gu-fl G”j-

’d-˘LÙi-PÙ-¤m A’ œt-\-YÙ-∞-L˚[ Æh-”-Æh-” Al-TÙ-

Æ-L-˚[j Ri-•d-°-\-’. øX-°-¨-ú ®Xf-N-¨-Æp TÙßd-Ll-Th-

˙PÙ-¨p ˘T⁄m-TÙ-XÙ-]-Yo-Ls H˚Z-Ls. øX-°-¨-ú —t-flf-

„-Z˚Xd ˘L”jRYo-Ls AYo-Ls ApX!

CVt˚L Ke-œm

∫t-\e-Ls

A˚Xd-L-Ød-œm WNÙ-V-]d LX-˚Y-Ls

LXeL ˚Yd-œm LØ-‹-øo NÙd-L-˚P-Ls

˘Sg˚N S”d-°-”m ˘O°-Ød œl- T-Ls

Íf˚N Cfld-œm UÙ™-Nd LØ-‹-L-[Ùm

Bt-±u —YÙN ÷˚W-¬-Wp ßQ-±P

£]j-RÙp NX-N-Xj-’ œßj-˘R-›k-’

—Ø-TX „• Gp-XÙm —⁄h-•-V-•j-’

˘N• ˘LÙ•-L˚[ ˙Y˘WÙ-” ©”e°

YVp YWl-◊-L˚[ AØd-°u-\-]-˙YÙ?

LPp A˚X-L-˚[j Ái-• Æh-”

Ái-•p LÙWo-L- [j ˘RÙ˚Xj-’d Lh-•

˘LÙs-ÿ-Rp-LÙ-Wo-Ls ÿR˚X AØj-’

FØl ˙TW-˚X-L-[Ùn E⁄˚YUÙt± F˚W˙V £˚Rj-’Bh-L- [d LÙp-¤- UÙ?

£±V ˘T¨V YÙL-]e-Ls ˘Y∞-Æ-”m

L¨-V-™X YÙŸ ◊˚L Ui-P-Xe-Ls

˘RÙØp NÙ˚X-Ls-Rsfim L⁄m-◊- L-Ls

ænkR œl-˚Td ·[e-Ls A›°

˘Y∞-Y-⁄m Æ`m LXkR YÙŸ

Es-∞p C›j-’ Efll-◊-Ls E˚XV

Íf-—d œZp Cfl° ˙SÙn RÙd-°V

LÙt-fl ˘Ym© Æ˚Wk-’ ∫t-\-U-˚Pk-’

◊V-XÙnj RÙd-°Pl ˘T⁄-U-We-L˙[ NÙŸm

H˚Zd ·˚WLs K”-Ls T\d-œm!

89

LÙW-Qm Gu-]?

øX-°¨ UÙYh-Pj-ßp ˙Sok-’-s[ ®Xf-N-¨‹ Ut-flm A’

˘RÙPo-TÙ] Æ˚[-‹-L-fid-œ Íu-fl ÿRu-˚U-VÙ] LÙW-Qe-L-

˚[d ·\-ÿ-•-Ÿm. 1. ◊Æ-˘Yl-Tm Aß-L-UÙ-Y-’. 2. —t-flf-„-Zp

∫o-˙L-”, 3. ÿu-˘]f-N-¨d˚L SP-Y-•d˚L Cp-XÙ-R-’ B°-V-

]˙Y LÙW-Q-UÙ-œm.

YZd-Lj-˚R-ÆP Aß-L-UÙ] U˚Z, AßL YLj-ßp ◊Vp,

YW-XÙ-fl LÙQÙR Y\h£ ˙TÙu-fl CVt˚Lf ∫t-\e-L-∞u ˙YL-

ÿm A[-‹m Aß-L-¨l-T-Rt-œl ◊Æ ˘Yl-T-U-˚P-Y-’-RÙu LÙW-

Qm G] A±-Æ-V-XÙ-[o-Ls ·fl-°u-\-]o. Cj-R-˚LV "YZd-Lj-

ßt-œ UÙ\Ù]' Ap-X-’ "YW-XÙ-fl LÙQÙR' CVt˚Lf ∫t-\e-Ls

EX-Lm ÿ›-Y-’˙U Aß-L-UÙ-°-Æh-P-]. AkR Y˚L-´p øX-°-¨-

´p YW-XÙ-fl LÙQÙR U˚Zl ˘TÙØ-‹d-œl ◊Æ ˘Yl-T-U-˚P-

Rp-RÙu LÙW-Qm G]d ·\-XÙm.

◊Æ ˘Yl-T-U-˚P-Ÿm ®Lr‹ Gu-T-’ G¨-˘TÙ-

⁄s TVu-TÙh-•u Æ˚[-YÙL S⁄-°-\-’. ·P-˙Y,

LÙP-Ød-Ll-T-”-Y-’m CRt-œ J⁄ LÙW-Q-UÙ-œm. È™-

´p ˘Yl-Tm C⁄l-T-Rt-œd L¨-V-™X YÙŸ-RÙu

ÿRu-˚U-VÙ] LÙW-Qm. „¨-V-≤-≠-⁄k-’ È™-´p

Æ›m ˘YlT Ndß ¡i-”m Al-T-•˙V YÙu-˘Y-

∞d-œj ß⁄m©f Np-XÙ-R-YÙ-fl L¶-N-UÙ] Yl-

Tj˚Rd L¨-V-™X YÙŸ ©•j-’ ˚Yj-’d˘LÙs-°-

\’. Y∞ Ui-P-Xj-ßp L¨-V-™X YÙŸ-‹m Cu-‡m

£X T—- U-- pX YÙŸd-L-fim(Green house gases)

Cp-XÙ-Up ˙TÙ]Ùp È™ L”m œ∞-¨p E˚\k-’

˙TÙ -⁄d-œm.

È™-ú Y∞-Ui-P-Xj-ßu ˙Ut-T-Wl-©p LÙXÙ-LÙ-X-UÙL

J˙W A[-YÙ] L¨-V-™X YÙŸ-RÙu C⁄k-’ Yk-R-’. ARt-˙LtT

È™-ú Rh-T-˘YlT ®˚X-Ÿm J˙W A[-YÙ-Lj-RÙu C⁄k-R-’.

LÙX ®˚X-´p ˘T¨V UÙt-\m G’-‹m TX B´-Wm Bi-”-L-

[ÙL Cp-˚X.

B]Ùp LPkR 300 Bi-”-L-[ÙL ®Xd-L-¨, ºNp, ˘Th-

˙WÙp, G¨-YÙŸ ˙TÙu\ ˛ È™-ú A• BZj-ßp ◊˚Rk-’

°PkR ◊˚R-T-•Y G¨-˘TÙ-⁄h-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß Yk-R-ßu

Æ˚[-YÙL Y∞-Ui-P-Xj-ßu L¨-V-™X YÙŸ APojß Aß-L-

90

UÙ-°-Æh-P-’. LPkR 300 Bi-”-L-fid-œ ÿu◊ 275 ppm A[-

YÙL C⁄kR L¨-V-™X YÙŸ APojß Cl-˙TÙ-’ 390 ppm

A[-YÙL Aß-L-UÙ-°-Æh-P-’. (J-⁄ ppm Gu-T-’ Tj-’ Xh-Nj-

ßp J⁄ Tœß) CRt-œ HtT È™- u NWÙ-N¨ Ut-T-Wl◊ Yl-

T-®- X-Ÿm LPkR Ë\Ùi-”-L-∞p 0.8 •°¨ Np-£-Vv A[‹

Aß-L-UÙ-°-Æh-P-’.

—t-flf-„-Zp ∫o- L-”

◊Æ ˘Yl-Tm Aß-L-UÙ-Y-’m ARu Æ˚[-YÙLd œfl-

°V LÙXj-ßp AßL A[‹ U˚Z TÙØ-Y-’m øX-°¨ UÙYh-

Pj-ßu TÙßl-◊-L-fid-œ J⁄ LÙW-Qm. G≤-‡m, A’˙Y ÿRu-

˚U-VÙ] LÙW-Qm Ap-X. UÙ\Ù-L, —t-flf-„-Zp ∫o-˙L-” RÙu

Gp-XÙ-Yt˚\ ÆP-‹m ™L ÿd-°-V-UÙ] LÙW-Qm Bœm. œ±l-

TÙ-L, LÙP-Øl-◊, Lp œYÙ-¨-Ls, Y˚W-ÿ-˚\-Vt\ Lh-”-UÙ-]e-

Ls-RÙu ®Xf-N- -‹d-œ A•l-T˚P Bœm. ARÙ-Y-’, øX-°¨l

Tœ-ß-´p U≤-Ro-L-[Ùp ˘Nn-Vl-ThP RY-fl-Ls-RÙu TÙßl-◊-

L-fid-œd LÙW-Q-UÙ-œm.

øX-°¨ U˚Xl-T-œß Gu-T-’ TÙ’-YÙLf —t-fl-XÙ-‹d-LÙ]

CP-UÙ-L-‹m, ˙R´-˚X ˙TÙu\ Tó-L-˚[l T´-¨-”m Tœ-ß-

VÙ-L-‹m RÙu TÙod-Ll-T-”-°-\-’. B]Ùp, A’ ˘Ru-≤k-ß-

VÙ-Æu J⁄ ™Ll -˘T-¨V CVt˚L Y[m Gu-°\ Ei˚U

Li-”˘LÙs-[l-T-”-Y-’ Cp-˚X.

øX-°¨ U˚Xl-T-œß ˘Yflm U˚X-VÙ-Lj ˘R¨k-RÙ-¤m

A’ Ei-˚U-´p Ru-≤k-ß-VÙ-Æu øoj-˙Rd-Lm. Ce-œ Ko

Bi-•p —UÙo 400 •.-Gm.-£. A[-‹d-œ U˚Z TÙØ-Y-RÙLd

·fl-°-\Ùo-Ls. Cq-YÙ-fl °˚Pd-œm U˚Z-ø˚Wd LÙ”m, T—-

˚Ul-T-Wl-◊m, U˚X-Ÿm ˙N™j-’ Bfl-L-fid-œj R⁄-°u-\-].

24 °˚[ Bfl-L-˚[d ˘LÙiP ˙UÙVÙ-fl Y•-®-Xl-T-œß, 26

°˚[ Bfl-L-˚[d ˘LÙiP TYÙ≤ Y•-®-Xl-T-œß C˚Y

-´-Wi-”m øX-°¨ U˚X-´-≠-⁄k-’-RÙu ø˚Wl ˘Tt-fld LÙÆ-

¨d-œj R⁄-°u-\-]. LÙÆ-¨ú °˚[-VÙ] L©≤ Y•-®-Xl-T-

œ-ß-Ÿm ARu 5 °˚[-VÙ-fl-L-fim øX-°- ´p-RÙu ø˚Wl- ˘T-fl-

°u-\-]. ˙LW-[Ù-‹d-œ ø˚Wj-R-⁄m NÙ≠-VÙ-fl Y• ®Xl-T-œ-ß-

Ÿm ARu 6 °˚[-VÙ-fl-L-fim-·P øX-°-¨˚V Sm-©j-RÙu

C⁄d-°u-\-]. ˛ Cq-YÙ-\ÙLj R™r-SÙ-”, ˙LW-[Ù, L⁄-SÙ-PL

UÙ®-Xe-L-fid-œ Bi-”d-œ 400 •.-Gm.-£. Ri-Ωo R⁄m A˚Qd

-Lh” ˙TÙu-fl øX-°¨ C⁄k-’ Y⁄-°-\-’.

Au˚] È™-ú AZ-°V ˘Sg-£p

BŸ-Rm TÙnf£ œj-ßd ∏±d °Øj-’d

Lp-¤m £™ih LX-˚Y-Ÿm ®Wl©

SÙ• SWm-◊-L-∞p ’o-øo TÙnf£d

œl-˚Td ·[e-Ls œØ-L-∞p-Í-•d

L∞-Ui L¨-U-Qp ˙RÙi-•-˘V-”dLl

˘TÙflj-’l TÙoj-’l ˘TÙfl˚U CZk-’

Ap-¤m TL-¤m BZ-UÙn Ap-X-¤t-fl

˘Yk-’ ˘SÙk-’ ˙YR-˚]-Ÿt-fl

˘Sg-Nm Aßok-’ S”e° ÆWd-ß-Ÿt-fld

œ⁄-ß-Ÿm R˚N-Ÿm ø⁄m ˙TÙp

˘Y•j-’f £R± Æ¨-Np-Ls YØ˙V

Lp-¤m UQ-¤m ø⁄m ˘S⁄l-◊m

˘Y∞-˙V-fl-Y˙R G¨-U-˚Xf ∫t-\-ÿm

®X Aßo-˘Y-‡m È™ œ¤d-L-ÿm!

˛ ß⁄-˙Y¶

ß⁄˙Y¶

CYo 1954Cp R™rSÙ” JhPu

NjßWjßp ©\kRYo. Rg˚N´p Tú

\Ùo; R™ZÙ£¨Vo. CYW’ LÆ˚RLs

Tp˙Yfl CRrL∞p ˘Y∞Yk’s

[]. "ø¨p G¨Ÿm ˘S⁄l◊Ls' Gu\

LÆ˚Rj ˘RÙœß´≠⁄k’ G”dLl

ThP’ CdLÆ˚R.

91

U˚Xl-T-œ-ß- p LÙ”-L-fim, ◊p- Y-∞-Ÿm C⁄kRY˚W, Gq-

Y-[‹ U˚Z Tn-RÙ-¤m AR˚]j RÙe° Bfl-L-fid-œm, ARu

ÍXm NU- Y-∞l-T-œ-ß-L-fid-œm ø˚Wj-R-⁄m YW-UÙL C⁄k-’ Yk-

R-’ øX-°-¨. B]Ùp CVt˚L A˚Ul-©p ™Ll-˘T-¨V NRe-

L˚[f NnR ©\-œ A˙R U˚Z-Ÿm ø⁄m LPÙL UÙ±ÆhP’.

Lh-PPe-Ls

Lh-P-Pe-Ls Lh-”-Rp, NÙ˚X-Ls A˚Uj-Rp B°VYt±p

Æß-ÿ-˚\-Ls ¡\l-Th-P˙R ®Xf-N-¨-‹d-œ ÿd-°-V-UÙ] LÙW-Q-

UÙ-œm. øX-°¨ UÙYhP ÿ›-˚Uj ßh-Pm, U˚Xl-T-œß ˙Um-

TÙh-” B˚Q-Vm G]l TX-Æ-R-UÙ] Æß-ÿ-˚\-Ls Lh-P-Pe-

Ls Lh-”-Y-ßp L”-˚U-VÙ] Lh-”l-TÙ-”-L˚[ Æßj-RÙ-¤m,

A˚Y Gp-XÙm LÙt-±p T\dL ÆPl-Th-”s-[-]. 30 Æ›d-LÙ-”

N -‹d-œ Up Lh-P-Pe-L- [d Lh-Pd ·PÙ-’ Gu-°\ Æß-ÿ- \

-Ls C⁄l-©-‡m, 70 Æ›d-LÙ-” N¨‹Y˚W-·Pd LhPPe-Ls Lh-Pl-

Th-”s-[-].

Y•-LÙp

œfl-°V LÙXj-ßp AßL A[-YÙL U˚Z

˘TÙØ-Ÿm ˙TÙ’ A’ YØk-˙RÙP Y•-LÙp AY-£-

Vm. NU- Y-∞-L-∞- X˙V Y•-LÙp AY-£-V-UÙL C⁄d-

œm-˙TÙ-’ U˚Xl-T-œ-ß-´p C’ Cu-±-V-˚U-VÙ-R-’.

GpXÙ U˚Xl-T-œ-ß-L-∞-¤m Y•-LÙp-Ls CVt-˚L-

VÙL A˚Uk-’s-[-]. UW-ÿm, LÙ”m, ◊p-˘Y-∞-Ÿm

©•j-’ Yl-T˚R ÆP Aß-L-UÙL U˚Z TÙØ-Ÿm

˙TÙ’ A˚Y-RÙ-]Ù-L˙Y YØk-˙RÙP CVt˚L YØ

˘Nn-’s-[-’. B]Ùp, øX-°¨l Tœ-ß- p T⁄m-TÙ-

XÙ] Y•-LÙp-L˚[ U±j-’d Lh-P-Pe-Ls Lh-Pl-Th-”s-[-].

Lp-œ-YÙ¨

LÙ”-L˚[ AØl-T-’m, Lh-P-Pe-Ls Lh-”-Y-’m Nh-Pj-ßt-

œl ◊\m-TÙL SPl-T-’ ˙TÙu-fl ˛ CVt-˚Ld-œ Gß-WÙLd Lp-œ-

YÙ-¨-Ls, UQp œYÙ-¨-Ls øX-°¨l Tœ-ß-´p E⁄YÙdLlTh”

˘UÙj-Rjßp U≤-R-≤u TWÙ- Nd-œ øX-°¨ UÙYh-Pm T≠-VÙd-

Ll-Th-”s-[-’. Gp-XÙ-Æ-R-UÙ] —t-flf-„-Zp ∫o- L-”-L-fim ®Lrj-

Rl-Th-P-Ru Æ˚[-YÙL øX-°¨ UÙYh-Pm ®Xf-N-¨-‹d-œl

T≠- -Pl-Th-”s-[-’.

92

ÿu-˘]f-N-¨d˚L SP-Y-•d-˚L-Ls

CVt˚Lf ∫t-\e-L-∞u A[-‹m RÙd-L-ÿm C≤ RÙPok-’

Aß-L-UÙ-œm Gu-T-’ A±-Æ-V-XÙ-[o-L-∞u Efl-ß-VÙ] L⁄j-

RÙ-œm. Y∞-Ui-PX L¨-V-™X YÙŸ Aß-L-¨l-T-Ru Æ˚[-

YÙLl ◊Æ-´u ˘Yl-T-®-˚X-´p 0.8 •°¨ ˘Np-£-Vv ˘Yl-

Tm EVok-’-s-[-’. C’ ˘RÙPok-’ Ru-≤f-˚N-VÙL 1.5 •°¨

˘Np-£-Vv Y˚W Aß-L-UÙ-œm G] I.-SÙ. LÙX-®˚X A˚Ul◊

·fl-°-\-’. C’ U¤m Aß-L-UÙ° 2 •°¨ Np-£-V-˚Nd LPk-

RÙp È™-´p U≤R C]˙U YÙZ CV-XÙ-’ Gu-T-RÙp ˛ AR-

˚]j R”dL I.-SÙ. LÙX®˚X UÙt\ UÙSÙ-” Jufl ˘Pu-

UÙod-°u ˙LÙTu-˘a-Lu SL-¨p SPjßV’.

ARÙ-Y-’, C’-Y˚W Aß-L-UÙ-°-Ÿs[ 0.8 •°¨ ˘Np-£-

Vv ·”-Rp ˘Yl-Tj-RÙp Ht-Th-”s[ CVt˚L ˙TW-Ø-‹-

L˙[ Sm˚U Af-—-flj-’-°u-\-]. Ck-®- X- p C’ RÙPok-’

1.5 •°¨ ˘Np-£-Vv Y˚W Aß-L-UÙ-Y-’ ®f-N-Vm Gu-T-RÙp ˛

UÙ-±-Y-⁄m ◊ßV „Z-¤d-œ HtTj RL-Y-˚Uj-’d ˘LÙs-Y-’

AY-£-V-UÙ-œm.

UÙ±-Y-⁄m LÙX-®- Xd-œ HtT CVt˚Lf ∫t-\e-L˚[f

NUÙ-∞d-œm Y˚L-´p ÿu-·h-•˙V ßh-P-™P ˙Yi-”m

GuT-’ EX-°u GpXÙ SÙ”-L-fim Ht-fld- LÙiP LÙs- L.

øX-°¨l Tœ-ß˚V J⁄ —t-fl-XÙl Tœ-ß-VÙL Uh-”˙U

TÙol-T˚R ®fljR Yi-”m. A’ J⁄ CVt˚L Y[m; Ru-

≤k-ß-VÙ-Æu øoj-˙Rd-Lm Gu-T˚R LY-]j-ßp ˘LÙs[

˙Yi-•-V-’ AY-£-V-UÙ-œm. øX-°¨ UÙYh-Pj-ßp S˚P- Tt-fl

Y⁄m A˚]j-’ Y˚L-VÙ] —t-flf-„-Zp ∫o-˙L-”-L-˚[-Ÿm

EP-]-•-VÙ-Lj R”j-’ ®flj-’-Y-’ EP-]-•-VÙ-Lf NnV Yi-

•-V-RÙ-œm. AkR Y˚L-´p, 1997-Bm Bi-•p E⁄-YÙd-Ll-

ThP ÿ›- Uj ßh-Pj˚R (Master Plan) ¡i-”m Ud-Ls

Te- Lt-◊-Pu Ufl Bn‹ Nn-’ ◊ß-RÙL ®˚\- Yt\ Yi-

”m. A’ —t-flf-„-Zp TÙßl-◊-L˚[f ∫W-˚Ul-T-RÙL A˚UV

˙Yi-”m.

˛ CW. A⁄s

CdLh”˚W 2009 Bm Bi” •NmTo UÙRm Y∞VÙ]

T—˚UjRÙVLm —tflf„Zp œ±jR CRØ≠⁄k’ G”dLl

Th”s[’.

93

Li-Pp UWe-L-[pX; LWe-Ls!N’l◊ ®Xd LÙ”-

L˚[ Y[ol-T-ßp SÙmAd-L˚\ LÙh-• -]ÙpCVt-˚Ll ˙T¨-Po-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ SÙm Rl-©d-L-XÙm.CkR ÆØl-◊-Qo‹ LP-˙XÙW UÙYh-Pe-Ls ÿ›-Y-’m LPkR (_¯˚X 26)YÙWm Gß- WÙ-≠j-R-’. Li-Pp UWe-L˚[ Y[ol-T-ßu AY-£-Vm œ±j-’f£Rm-T-Wm, TWe-°l-˙Th-˚P-´p Es[ Ai-QÙ-U- Xl Tp-L-˚Xd-L-ZLLPp-YÙr E´-¨] EV-WÙn‹ UV ER-Æl TWÙ-£-¨-Vo ÿ˚]-Yo •. WÙU-SÙR≤Pm T£- ]Ùm.

""—]Ù™ ˙TW-Ø-Æu˙TÙ’ ˘T⁄m-TÙ -XÙ]Eó ˙NRj˚Rj R”j-’,Tp-XÙ -´-Wd -L -Qd-LÙ]Eó-L-˚[d LÙjR ˘T⁄-˚U-˙VÙ-” LPp øü˙Up ·h-P-UÙnd LWm˙LÙoj-’ ®t-T˚Y Li-Pp UWe-Ls, A˚X-VÙjßLÙ”-Ls Gu-\-˚Zd-Ll-T-”m C˚Y LP-¤m BflmLXd-œm EYo øo ®˚X-L-∞p Y[-⁄m Ru˚U˘LÙi-P- Y.

LPp A˚X-L -∞u˙YLj-˚RLÛ Lh-”l-T-”j-’m Bt-\p LÙi-P- Y-

VÙ-R-XÙp A˚X-VÙj-ßdLÙ”-Ls Gu\ LÙW-Ql- T-V-˙WÙ-” Æ[e-œ-°u-\-].

EX-°u ™Ll- ˘T-¨VN’-l◊ ®Xd- LÙ-”-Ls Ut-œ Ye-LÙ-[j-ßp Es[ —k-R-W-Y-]d LÙ”-L-[Ù-œm.C˚Y RÆ-W, Ck-ß-VÙ-Æpœ_-WÙj, Ak-R-UÙu, ®d-˙LÙ-TÙo, Bk-ß-WÙ, J¨-NÙ,ULÙ-WÙx-•-WÙ, LW-[Ù, Lo-SÙ-P-LÙ, R™r-SÙ-”, ◊’f-˙N¨ Tœ-ß-L-∞p Cd-LÙ-”-Ls TW-Æ-Ÿs-[-].

R™r-SÙh-•p £Rm-T-Wm A⁄˙L Ye-Ld LP˚XJh-•V Tœ-ß-VÙ] ©f-NÙ-Y-Wj-ßp 2800 Hd-L-¨pA˚X-VÙjß LÙ”-Ls Es-[-]. U¤m R™-Z-Lj-ßpÿj-’l- Th- P, LÙ•-Vd-L- W, Ts-∞d-L-W- Q, TZ-

˙Yt-LÙ-” Tœ-ß-L-∞-¤mCd-LÙ-”-L- [d LÙQ-XÙm.

L›˚R ÿu-≤, S¨d-Li-Pp, ˘Yi-Li-Pp,Tu-‡d-œj-ß, L⁄e-Li-Pp, £fl-Li-Pp, ßp-˚X,ßl-T-Wk-˚R, ˘Sh-˚P, —W-◊u-˚], œh˚P —W-◊u-˚], UXh-” —W-◊u-˚],˙NÙÿk-ß¨ Es-∞hPUWe-Ls Cd-LÙ-”-L-∞pAß-L-UÙL Es-[-].

C˚Y ˘Nl-Pm-ToÿRp SYm-To Y˚W Èd-œm Ru˚U LÙi-P- Y.Cm UWe-L-∞u U⁄j-’-Yl TVu-Ls EX-°t-œCu-‡- UÙo Aß-N-V-UÙ-LjßLr-°u-\ -]. Gnhv,˘RÙ›-˙SÙn Es-∞hPEód-˘LÙp≠ ˙SÙn-L-˚[-Ÿm Lh-”l-T-”j-’m

Yp-X˚U ˘LÙiP˙Yßl -˘TÙ -⁄s -L˚[(Secondary Metabo-lites) Es-[-Pd-°-V˚YC˚Y.

Li-Pp UWe-L-∞uC˚X, ÷≤, LÙm-◊-LsÿRp Yo Y˚W U⁄j-’-Yj-ßt-LÙ-Ll TVu-T-”-°u-\-].

Ai-QÙ-U- Xl Tp-L-˚Xd-L-Z-Lj-ßu LPp-YÙrE´-¨ -Vp EV-WÙn‹˚UVj-ßu CVd-œ-Soÿ˚]-Yo ˙TWÙ-£-¨-Vo —.Lß-˙W-Nu, N’l◊ ®Xd-LÙ-”-L-∞u TWl-T-[˚Y Aß-L-UÙd-œm ÿVt-£- p D”-Th-”s-[Ùo.

C d - L Ù - ” - L ˚ [Y[odLl Tp-˙Y-fl Ej-ß-L˚[ Cm-˚U-Vm Li-P-±k-’s-[-’. ®Lr-LÙ-Xj-ßpSÙm Y[od-œm N’l◊ ®XUWe-Ls Gßo-LÙ-Xj-ßpSm Eó LÙd-œm LWe-LsG] EQok-’ LP-˙XÙWlTœ-ß-L-∞p Li-Pp UWe-L˚[ Y[oj-’ Y⁄e-LÙXf Nk-R-ß-´-]-⁄d-œY[-UÙ] È™˚Vl T¨-N-∞l- TÙm Gu-\Ùo •. WÙU-SÙ-Ru.

˛ ¥. —kRo-WÙ-_u

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

s U˚XL∞p HtT”m ®XfN¨‹LfidLÙ] LÙWQeL˚[d œ›Æp ÆYÙßj’dœ±l◊j RVÙ¨dL.

s U˚XL∞p UWeL˚[ ˘Yh”Rp ®XfN¨Ætœd LÙWQUÙ? CpXVÙ? GuT’œ±j’l Th•Uu\m SPj’L.

s “CVt˚L Ke-œm ∫t-\e-Ls” ˛ LÆ˚R Tt±V ÆU¨N]dœ±l◊ G›’L.

Cl Tjß¨˚Lf ˘Nnß 4˛8˛2013 Cp ˘Y∞YkR ß]U¶, OÙ´fl ˘LÙiPÙhPjß≠⁄k’G”dLlTh”s[’.

94

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

s U≤R C]m GßoLÙXjßp NkßdLl˙TÙœm CVt˚Ll ˙T¨PoLs Tt±d œ›d

LXk’˚WVÙPp ®Lrj’L.

s BØl˙TW˚X AØ‹ (—]Ù™) ®LrkR HRÙY˘RÙ⁄ F⁄dœf Nufl A‡TYe

L˚[d œ±l◊ Y•Æp R⁄L.

s CVt˚Ll T¨Po R”l◊ UVjßtœf Nufl CVt˚Lf ∫t\eL˚[j R”lTRtLÙ]

YØÿ˚\Ls Tt± A±k’ A±ÆVp CRØp G›YRtLÙ] Lh”˚W Ju˚\jRVÙo ˘NnL.

s CVt˚Lf ∫t\jRÙp TÙßdLlThP J⁄ ST˚W SoLÙQp SPj’YRtœ¨V Æ]Ù

®Wp RVÙ¨dL.

s "—tflf„Zp TÙ’LÙl◊' Gu\ R˚Xl©p L⁄jRWeLm Ju±˚] SPj’YRtLÙ]

HtTÙ” NnL.

s Ai˚U´p CkßVÙÆu Tp˙Yfl UÙ®XeL∞p ®LrkR ®XfN¨‹L˚[dLiP±k’ AYt±tLÙ] LÙWQeL˚[ C˚QVm ÍXm ˙R•j ˘RÙœdL.

s ËXLjßtœf Nufl Bœ˘TVoL˚[j RÙœj’ AYt˚\d LÙXYÙœ˘TVo,

TiTÙœ˘TVo, RÙØXÙœ TVo Gufl Y˚LlT”jßj R™Øp Bœ˘TVoLs

Gu\ R˚Xl©p Lh”˚W G›’L.

¯¯¯¯¯

95

AXœ 5

◊ßRÙLl ◊X⁄m Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘TÙ›ß≠⁄k’m U≤Ru ˘Tflm

A‡TYeLs TX. A˚Y U≤R‡dœl Tp˙Yfl TÙPeL˚[d

Ltflj R⁄°u\]. A‡TYeL˙[ ™Lf £\kR B£¨Vu Gu‡m

˘NÙt˘\ÙPo CR˚] A•˘VÙt± E⁄YÙ]RÙL C⁄dLXÙm.

CqY˚L´p, RÙu ˘Tflm A‡TYeL˚[l ©\˙WÙ” T°ok’

˘LÙsfim ˙SÙd°p Tp˙Yfl CXd°V Y•YeL∞p AYt˚\l

Tß‹˘Nn°\Ùu AYu. TVQ CXd°VeLs, SÙhœ±l◊Ls YÙrd˚L

YWXÙfl G] A˚UkR ClTß‹Ls YÙNL‡dœl TX „ZpL∞¤m

YØLÙh•VÙL A˚U°\’. TXY˚Ll ◊ßV A‡TYeL˚[l

˘Tflm Y˚L´p TVQd Lh”˚W, SÙhœ±l◊, YÙrd˚L YWXÙfl

ÿRXÙ] ˘Nnß Y•YeLs CqYX°p A˚Uk’s[].

ThP±Ül ùThPLmThP±Ül ùThPLmThP±Ül ùThPLmThP±Ül ùThPLmThP±Ül ùThPLm

l ˘Y∞¬h” EjßL˚[l Tp˙Yfl T˚Pl◊L∞u YÙ´XÙL

A±k’ AYt˚\j ReLs T˚Pl◊Ls ÍXm ˘Y∞´”Rp.

l YÙrd˚L YWXÙtfld Lh”˚WLs, TVQd Lh”˚WLs, SÙhœ±l◊

˙TÙu\ T˚Pl◊L∞≠⁄k’ NÍL ÆØl◊Qo˚Yl TflY’Pu,

NÍLl ˘TÙfll◊L˚[ EQok’ ˘NVpT”Rp.

l —V T˚Pl◊L∞p D”T”Rp.

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

96

£m-XÙ-Æp Íu-fl SÙs£m-XÙ-Æp Íu-fl SÙs£m-XÙ-Æp Íu-fl SÙs£m-XÙ-Æp Íu-fl SÙs£m-XÙ-Æp Íu-fl SÙs

B\Ù- -Wm U-p-L-fid-Ll-TÙp C⁄k-’ Yk-ß-⁄d-œm AW-

Nl ©W-ß-®-ß, B\Ù-´-Wm A• EV-Wj-’d-œ ˙U≠-⁄k-’ Ck-

ßV SÙh˚P Bh£ Nn-°-\Ùo. CkR CPj-ßt-œl TVoRÙu

£m-XÙ. C’ ˙LÙ˚PLÙXj-’j R˚X-S-L-Wm.

•p-≠- -≠-⁄k-’ £mXÙ —UÙo C⁄Ët-±-⁄-T-’ Up. CW‹

Tj-’ U¶d-œ •p-≠- -≠-⁄k-’ ◊\l-Th-PÙp Ufl-SÙs LÙ˚X

Ik-’ U¶d- Lp-XÙm LÙpLÙ Gu-‡-™-Pj-ßp ˙No- YÙm. LÙp-

LÙ, •p-≠ -´-≠-⁄k-’ CWi-PÙ-´-Wm A• EV-Wm.

LÙp-LÙ-Æ-≠-⁄k-’ £m-XÙ-‹d-œ Afl-T-’ ˚Up. CRt-œf

£±V U˚X W´p A˚Uj-ß-⁄d-°-\Ùo-Ls. CkR U˚X W -

≠p Afl-T-’ ˚Up ˘NpX Bfl U¶ ˙SWj-’d-œ ˙UXÙ-œm.

—UÙo Im-T-’ ˙To H\d-·-•V ˘W´p. ˙UÙh-PÙo-Ls SÙu-œ

U¶ ˙SWj-ßp £m-XÙ˚Y A˚Pk-’-Æ-”-°u-\-]. CYt-±p

©W-VÙ-Qm NnV ÿR-XÙ-Y-’ Yœl◊ •d-Lh YÙe-œ-Y-˙RÙ-”,

CPm Noq Nn-Y-Rt-œ Ik-’ ÏTÙn Y˚W TQm LÙ”dL

˙Yi-”m.

LÙp-LÙ-Æ≠⁄k’ £m-XÙ-‹d-œ SpX A⁄˚UVÙ] WÙ”

A˚Uj-ß-⁄d-°-\Ùo-Ls. SÙu-œ To H\d-·-•V N¸L- -V-UÙ]

YÙP˚L ˙UÙh-PÙo-Ls K”-°u-\-]. ˙UÙh-PÙ-¨p ©W-VÙ-Qm

˘Nn-RÙp Íufl U¶ ˙SWj-ßp £m-XÙ˚Y A˚P-V-XÙm.

J-⁄ U±-Vp

A˙VÙYÙ £•, •Nm-To 8, 1973.

E˚\-T≤ ˘Tn-’ TÙ[m TÙ[-UÙLE˚\k-’ °Pk-R-’. S˚P-TÙ-˚R-´p£X CPe-L-∞p E˚\-T-≤˚V YÙ¨jRs-∞-´-⁄k-RÙo-Ls. A’-‹m NÙ˚XS”˙Y ˙UÙh-PÙo LÙo-Ls ˘Np-¤m-˙TÙ-’ £R± Æ›k-’ E˚\-T-≤-Ÿm˙Nok-’ œÆk-’ °Pk-R-]. L]jR˙LÙh-”-L-fim ˚Ld-œ E˚\-L-fimA¶k-’ ˘LÙi-” Ud-Ls Ak-Rdœ∞-¨-¤m SP-UÙ-•d ˘LÙi-•-⁄k-RÙo-Ls. AYo-Ls Íf-— Æ”m-˙TÙ-’m˙T—m-˙TÙ-’m Íd-°-≠-⁄k-’m YÙ´-≠-⁄k-’m ˘Y∞-˙V-±V LÙt-±u øol-T˚N EP˙] œ∞ok-’ ◊˚L ˙TÙXE⁄d-˘LÙi-P-’. SÙt-Nk-ß-L-∞pNÙ˚Xl ˙TÙd-œ-Y-Wj-’ ™uÆ[d-œ-Ls YZd-Lm-˙TÙ-Xl Tf-˚N-Ÿm £Yl-◊m UÙ± UÙ±d LÙh-•d ˘LÙi-•-⁄k-R-]. E˚\ T≤ LÙW-Q-UÙL Yi-•l˙TÙd-œ-Y-Wj-’, £±-’ ˙YLm œ˚\k-R-RÙ-Ld LÙQl-Th-P-’. TX TÙR-NÙ-¨-Ls "SPd-LÙ˙R' £Yl◊ Æ[d˚LANh˚P ˘NnR Yi-Qm NÙ˚X-˚Vd LPk-RÙo-Ls.

Ak-Rd œfl-L-XÙ] S˚P-TÙ-˚R-´-¤mJ⁄ Yh-Pm A˚Uj-’d ˘LÙi-”£X C˚[-Oo-Ls —t-±f —t± Yk-RÙo-Ls. ""@˙TWÙ TÙuh-L-˚[l T°xL¨-Ÿe-Ls'' Gu\ ˙LÙ`m ˘LÙiPAh-˚P-L-˚[f —UkR Yi-QmY˚[V Y˚[V Yk-RÙo-Ls. AYo-L-˚[f ˙NokR Ko C˚[-Ou Y⁄-˙YÙo ˙TÙ˙YÙ-¨-Pm ’i-”l ©W-—-Wm Ju˚\ Æ®-˙VÙ-°j-’d ˘LÙi-•-⁄k-RÙu.

97

˘W´p ©W-VÙ-Qj-˚R-ÆP UÙh-PÙo ©W-VÙ-Qm RÙu ™L-

‹m N¸L-¨-V-UÙ-]’.

£mXÙ U˚Xl-©-W- R-Nm: Tg-NÙl UÙLÙ-Qj- Rf Nok-R’.

£m-XÙ-‹d-œf ˘Np-¤m YØ-´-¤m £m-XÙ-‹d-œl Td-Lj-ß-

¤-UÙL —UÙo ÿl-T-’ —˙RN NUv-RÙ-]e-Ls C⁄d-°u-\].

C˚YL∞p ˘T⁄mTÙXÙ] NUv-RÙ-]e-Ls A[-Æ-¤m

Y⁄-UÙ-]j-ß-¤m ™Lf £±-V-˚Y.

£mXÙ J⁄ ÿ≤-£-TÙ-≠h-•. LÙ˚Pd LÙXj-ßp CRu

_]j-˘RÙ˚L Aß-Lm: œ∞o-LÙ-Xj-ßp ™Ld œ˚\-‹.

˘Pd-^Ùv, ®Î ˘Ud-≥˙LÙ UÙ®-Xe-L-∞p ˘RÙØt-NÙ-˚X-Ls Es[ @˙TWÙ

®fl-Y-]m Bi, ˘Ti, œZk-˚R-L-fid-LÙ] TÙuh-L-˚[j RVÙ-¨d-°-\-’.

Ck-Rl ˙Tuh-Ls A˘U-¨d-LÙ-ÆuGpXÙ UÙ®-Xe-L-∞-¤m Es[ ’¶d-L-

˚P-L-∞p ÆtLl-T-”-°u-\-]. ˘TÙ’-YÙL A˘U-¨d-LÙ-Æp "˘W•-˙Uh' E”l-◊-Ls-RÙm ˘T⁄-U-[‹ Æt-Ll-T-”-°u-\-].J⁄-Yo R≤-VÙ-Lj ’¶ YÙe° E˚P

˚Rj-’d ˘LÙs-Y-’ ™L AÈo-Ym.C’ ™Ll ˘T¨V TQd-LÙ-Wo-L-fid-œj-

RÙu NÙj-ß-Vm. Gl-T-•l-ThP EP-X-˚Ul◊ C⁄l-T-Yo-L-fid-œm ˘W•-˙Uh

E”l-◊-Ls °˚Pj-’-Æ-”m. @˙TWÙTÙuhLs ’¶-ú RWj-’d-œm

˚RVp ˙Uu-˚Ud-œm ˘TVo ˙TÙ]-˚Y.

˙Y˚X ®flj-Rm ˘Nn-Y-Rt-œ E¨˚UEs-[-’ ˙TÙX ˙Y˚Xd-œ Ufl-Bs

˚Yj-’d˘LÙsfim E¨-˚U-Ÿm,A˘U-¨d-LÙ-Æp £X UÙ®-Xe-L-∞p

Ei-”. BR-XÙp @˙TWÙ ˘RÙØt-NÙ-˚X-Ls TX-Yt-±p ˙Y˚X ®flj-Rm

SPk-RÙ-¤m KW-[‹ Et-Tj-ß-Ÿm˘RÙPok-’ SPk-’ ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-°-\-’.Nh-Pm ARt-œ-¨V ®RÙ] ˙YLj-ßp˙Y˚X ®fljR YZd˚L BWÙnk-’Y⁄-°-\-’. @˙TWÙ TÙuh ˘RÙØt-NÙ-

˚X-L-∞p T¶-◊-¨-˙YÙ-¨p TXo Lfll-To-L-fim -vTÙ-≤V Ck-ß-Vo-L-fi-UÙ-

YÙo-Ls. TÙßd-Ll-ThP ˘RÙØ-XÙ-[o-LsTÙßd-œ ˙Up ˘Ti-Ls. Ck-Rj

˘RÙØt-NÙ-˚X-Ls A˙VÙYÙ £•-´-≠-⁄k’ B´-Wj-˚Rk-Ë-fl ˚Up-L-fid-œ

Al-TÙp Es-[-].

A˙VÙYÙ £•-ú 50000 Ud-L-fid-œf—UÙo SÙt-T-’ L˚P-L-∞p E”l-◊-Ls

°˚Pd-œm. Cßp Íu-fl L˚P-Ls@˙TWÙ TÙuh-L˚[ Æt-T˚]

˘Nn-°u-\-]. Ak-Rd L˚P-L-∞pÿu-◊-RÙu U±-Vp.

E˚\-T≤ ®˚\kR œ∞o LÙXj-ß-¤m-·-P, £X AW-NÙe-

Ld LÙ¨-VÙ-X-Ve-Ls £m-XÙ-Æ-˙X˙V C⁄d-°u-\-].

_l-TÙ-≤-Vo To-UÙ-˚Yd ˚Ll-Tt-±-V-’m ToUÙ AW-

NÙe-Lj-RÙo, œ±l-©hP £X To™V Aß-LÙ¨Lfi-Pu Ck-

ß-VÙ-Æp Yk-’ œ•-˙V-±-]o.

ToUÙ AW-NÙe-Lm £m-XÙ-Æp œ•-˙V-±-V-’ ÿRp

AqÓ¨p YÙP-˚Ld-œ ≈”-Ls °˚Pl-T˙R LxPUÙ-°-

Æh-P-’. EQ-‹f NÙUÙuLs Æ˚X Aß-L-UÙ-]-˙RÙ-”,

°˚Pl-T-’m A¨-RÙ-°-Æh-P-’. £m-XÙ-‹d-œ A⁄-°-¤s[

£X —˙RN NUv-RÙ-]e-L∞p ˘Sp Æ˚[‹ Ei-”.

B]Ùp A¨-£-ú Æ˚X ™L Aß-L-UÙn C⁄l-T-RÙp,

TX H˚Z Ud-Ls Re-Ls A¨-£˚V Ut-\-Yo-L-∞-Pm AßL

Æ˚Xd-œ Æt-fl-Æh-”, WÙh-•˚V Uh-”˙U NÙl-©h-” Y⁄-

°-\Ùo-Ls.

98

£mXÙÆp SN RNe-L-˚[f Nok-R-Yo-Ls HWÙ-

[-UÙn C⁄d-°-\Ùo-Ls. A˘U-¨d-Lo, Be-°-˙X-V-˚W-Æ-

Pl TX UPeœ N¸L-¨-V-UÙL YÙrd˚L SPj-’-°-\Ùo-

Ls. J⁄ ©¨h-•x NÙp-_- Wd LÙh-•-¤m, J⁄ A˘U-

¨dL ˙NÙp-_o Aß-L-UÙ] Nm-T-[m ˘Tfl-Y˙R CRt-

œd LÙW-Q-UÙ-œm. Th-PÙ-[j-RÙo YÙrd˚L ™L-‹m Cu-

T-UÙ-]-’. SpX ∫˙RÙxQ ®˚X; A⁄-˚U-VÙ] NÙl-

TÙ-”; Et-NÙ-L-UÙ] ˘TÙ›-’-˙TÙd-œ. £mXÙÆp C⁄l-

T-Yo-L-fidœ Ÿj-Rm Gu-T-RÙL Ju-fl S˚P-˘T-fl-Y˙R

˘R¨-ŸUÙ Gu-T-’ Nk-˙R-Lk-RÙu.

UÙ˚X ˙SWe-L-∞p TLh-PÙ] E˚P-V-¶kR TX

˘Ti-Ls EXÙ-‹-Y-˚R-Ÿm, "LÙ© a‹-^¯'d-œf ˘Np-

Y-˚R-Ÿm TÙod-L-XÙm. YP SÙh-PÙo Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m R´-

˚X-RÙu NÙl-©-”-YÙo-Ls. LÙ© NÙl-©-”-T-Yo-Ls A¨-

’; £Xo LÙ©˚V U⁄k-˚Rl ˙TÙXf NÙl-©-”-YÙo-Ls.

LÙ©-ú Æ˙WÙßLs ®˚\kR YP SÙh-•p, ÿd-°V

SL-We-L-∞p Gp-XÙm "Ck-ßV LÙ© a‹v' °˚[-L˚[

Ht-T-”j-ß-´-⁄d-°-\Ùo-Ls. Ck-Rd LÙ© a‹v-L-∞p

LÙ©-˚Vj RÆW GkR ÆR-UÙ] TÙ]-ÿm °˚Pd-LÙ-’.

Cl- TÙ-›-’ YP SÙh-•-¤s[ LÙ© a‹v-L-s Yflm

LÙ© °[l-◊d-L-[ÙL Uh-”-Up˚X; TX-˚W-Ÿm Nk-ßd-

œm TÙ’ CP-UÙ-L-‹m UÙ±-Æh-P-].

£mXÙ-Æp Íu-fl £≤-UÙj ß˙Vh-Po-Ls C⁄d-

°u-\-]. £X SÙh-L-∞p SÙu-œ LÙh-£-Ls Ei-”. T⁄m-

TÙ-¤m Be-°-Xl TPe-Ls-RÙu LÙh-”-°-\Ùo-Ls. Be-

°-Xl TPe-Ls TÙod-Ld œ˚\kR Lh-P-Qm J⁄ ÏTÙn

CWi-P-QÙ.

£≤-UÙ-‹d-œ Uh-”-UpX;' ¨d`Ù-‹d-œm-·-P,

œ˚\kR Lh-P-Qm J⁄ ÏTÙn CWi-P-QÙ. £mXÙ

¨d`Ùd-Ls SU-’ Fo ¨bÙd-L-˚[l ˙TÙXp-X.

ÿu˙] C-Wi-” ˙To ©•j-ß-›d-L, ©u˙] C⁄k-’

CWi-” To Rs-[, SÙm ©W-VÙ-Qm Nn-V-˙Yi-”m.

£X NU-Ve-L-∞p ¨d`Ù-Æp Eh-LÙok-ß-⁄l-T-Y-˚Wd

LÙh-•-¤m, ¨d`Ù C›l-T-Yo-Ls SpX E˚P A¶k-

ß-⁄l-TÙo-Ls.

Ri-Ωo Lh-•-VÙL E˚\-Ÿm Ak-Rdœ∞-¨-¤m Ak-Rl Tj-’lTß-˚]k’ C˚[-Oo-Ls U±-VpAh-˚P-L-˚[f —Uk-’ ˘LÙi-”SÙ˘[p-XÙm —t-±f —t± Yk-RÙo-Ls.£±-’ ˘Y´p ˘Y∞f-Nm Yk-R- TÙ-’J⁄ ˘Ti AYo-L-˚[l TX˙LÙQe-L-∞p ◊˚Ll-T-PmG”j-RÙs. Au-±-W‹ ¡i-”mL”-˚U-VÙL E˚\-T≤ Æ›k-R-’.

˛ A˙NÙL™jßWu

A˙NÙL™jßWu

1931Cp BkßWUÙ®Xm ˘NLkRWÙTÙjßp ©\kR CYW’CVt˘TVo ßVÙLWÙ_u GuTRÙœm.L˚QVÙØ UÙR CRØu B£¨VWÙLlTX Bi”Ls T¶VÙt±Ÿs[Ùo.CYü T˚Pl◊XLm £flL˚R, œflSÙYp, SÙYp, ÆUoN]m, —V A‡TYlTß‹Ls G]l TuÿLl TÜÙQeLs˘LÙiP’. AlTÙÆu £˙S°Ro Gu\£flL˚Rj ˘RÙœl©tLÙL NÙ°jßVALÙR™ Æ⁄’ ˘Tt\Yo. AV˙YÙTpL˚XdLZLjßp G›jRÙ[oLfidLÙ] T´XWe°p LXk’ ˘LÙiPYo.ClTœß A˙NÙL™jßWu Lh”˚WLs


99

œß˚W NYÙ¨ Nn-T-Yo-L-fid-œf £mXÙ Ht\ CPm. J⁄

ÏTÙnd-œ J⁄ U¶ ˙SWm œß˚W NYÙ¨ ˘Nn-V-XÙm.-SÙu-œ

ÏTÙndœ SÙs ÿ›-Y-’m œß˚W NYÙ¨ ˘Nn-V-XÙm.

B´-Wj-’dœ ˙Ut-ThP ˘Ru-≤k-ß-Vo-Ls £m-XÙ-Æp

C⁄d-°-\Ùo-Ls. CYo-L-∞p ˘T⁄m-T-œ-ß-´-]o AW-NÙeL

˙Y˚Xd-LÙ-Wo-Ls. "N‹j Ck-ßVÙ °[l' Gu-‡m NeL˘UÙu-

±-⁄d-°-\-’. Cßp SÙÚ-fl Ae-Lj-ß-]o-L-fid-œ ˙Up C⁄d-

°-\Ùo-Ls. ˘Ru-≤k-ßV EQ-‹f NÙ˚X J-u-˚\-Ÿm Cf-Ne-

Lj-RÙo SPj-’-°-\Ùo-Ls.

£m-XÙ, TQm ®˚\kR CPm. G]˙Y TÙe-œLfim

ÆVÙ-TÙW ®˚X-Ve-L-fim Ce-œ Aß-Lm. NÙUÙu-L-∞u-

Æ-˚X-˚Vl TÙoj -RÙp, NÙUÙu YÙe-œm B˚N˙V

TX-⁄d-œl TÙn-Æ-”m.

˛ H. ˙L. ˘Nh•VÙo

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

s £mXÙÆu CVt˚L AZ˚Ld LÆ˚RVÙLl T˚PdL.

s TVQjßu ˙TÙ’ LY≤dL ˙Yi•V ÿu˙]tTÙ”Ls œ±j’d œ›YÙLd

LXk’˚WVÙPp ®Lrj’L.

s ø Nufl YkR TVQ A‡TYjßu A•lT˚P´p CVt˚L Y⁄Q˚] Jufl

RVÙo ˘NnL.

H. ˙L. ˘Nh•VÙo (1911˛1983)

CYo R™rSÙ” LÙh˚PÎ¨p ©\kRYo. CYW’ CVt˘TVo L⁄lTu.

R™Øu TVQ CXd°V ÿu˙]Ù• G]f £\l©dLl T”TYo. ©\

SÙ”Ls ˘Nufl ReLs A‡TYeL˚[ ËXÙd°j RkRYoLfis

CY⁄m J⁄Yo. CYW’ ËpLs ˘Y∞SÙ” ˘NpTYoLfidœ

YØLÙh•VÙL‹m NpX YÙnl©pXÙRYoLfidœ Æ[dL ËXÙL‹m

A˚UT˚Y. CYo A˘U¨dL SÙh•p, L¨©Vu LP¤m LVÙ]Ù‹m, U˙XVÙ ÿRp

L]PÙ Y˚W TÙu\ TVQ ËtL˚[Ÿm G›ßŸs[Ùo. CdLh”˚W EXLm —tflm

R™Zu Gu‡m Ë≠≠⁄k’ G”dLlTh”s[’.

100

YÙrd˚L YWXÙ-flYÙrd˚L YWXÙ-flYÙrd˚L YWXÙ-flYÙrd˚L YWXÙ-flYÙrd˚L YWXÙ-fl

R™rj ˘RÙi-” ◊¨kR VÙrl-TÙQA±-Oo-L-s TX-⁄s œ±l-©-Pj-RdLJ⁄-Yo £. ˚Y. RÙ˙UÙ-R-Wm ©s-˚[.HWÙ-[-UÙ] Ët-L˚[ ÿ˚\-VÙ-LlTßl-©j-’j R™r ˘UÙØ˚V Y[l-T-”j-ß-V-Yo. R™r ˘UÙØ-´p Uh-”-Up-XÙ-Up A±-Æ-Vp ’˚\-L-∞-¤m◊X˚U ™d-L-Y-WÙL C⁄k-RYo.

R™r CXd-°-Ve-Ls EXL AWe-°p Cu-fl ˘T⁄m ◊Lr-˘Tt-fl Æ[e-œ-Y-

Rt-œd LÙW-Q-UÙL C⁄kR A±-Oo-Ls TXo. AYo-L-fis ™L-‹m ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]-Yo-

Ls J⁄- £-Xo. AkR J⁄-£-X-⁄s œ±l-©-Pj-Rd-L-Yo £.-˚Y. RÙ˙UÙ-R-Wm ©s˚[.

E.-˙Y.-NÙ. ˙TNl-ThP A[-Æt-œj R™-Zo-L-[Ùp ˙TNl-T-PÙ-R-Yo £.-˚Y. RÙ˙UÙ-R-

Wm ©s˚[. ARt-œl TX LÙW-Qe-Ls C⁄d-L-XÙm. G’ Gl-T-•-VÙ-´-‡m R™-Zo-L-

[Ùp U\d-Ll-T-PÙ-Up, Ufld-Ll-T-PÙ-Up ®˚]-Æp

˘LÙs[lTP Yi-•-V-Yo, £.-˚Y.-RÙ.

H”-L-∞p C⁄kR ©W-ß-L-˚[ Af-—l ©W-ß-L-[ÙL

UÙt± YW-XÙt-±p CPm-˘T\ ˚Yj-R-Yo-L-fis £.-˚Y.-

RÙ.-‹m J⁄-Yo. AY-W-’ YÙr-‹m T¶-Ÿm YW-XÙt-±p

AØdL ÿ•-VÙ-R-˚Y. Tp-’-˚\l-◊-X˚U E˚P-V-Y-WÙL

Æ[e-°-V-Yo £.-˚Y.-RÙ. A˚Y-VÙ-Yt-±-¤m EV-¨-V-’

AY-ü R™rl-T-¶.

Ck-ß-VÙ-Æu Y˚W-T-Pj˚R ˙SÙd-œ-°\˙TÙ’

ARu ˘Ru-T-œ-ß-´p £±V æYÙ-Ld LÙh£ A∞l-T-’

CXe-˚L. RÙú A⁄-°p AUok-ß-⁄d-œm ˙N˚Vl ˙TÙu-fl Ck-ß-VÙ˚Y Jh-•

CXe˚L A˚Uk-’s-[-’. Cu- \V ®˚X- p TÙWÙh-Pl È™-VÙ-Ld LÙh£ A∞d-

œm CXe˚L J⁄ LÙXj-ßp A˚U-ßl Èe-LÙ-YÙL A˚Uk-ß-⁄k-R-’.

CVt˚L Aß-N-Ve-L-fis D” C˚Q-Vt-\-RÙL Æ[e-œm BØ-ú S”-Æp

AZ-œ GØp ˘LÙg-—m È™-VÙL Æ[e-œ-Y-’ CXe-˚L. cXeLÙ Gu-fl A˚Zd-

Ll-T-”m CXe-˚Lj æÆp R™-ZoLs YÙ›m Tœß VÙrl-TÙ-Qm Gu-‡m SL-Wm.

AR-]-⁄˙L ◊j-Áo Gu-‡m Fo A˚Uk-’s-[-’. AR-˚]f NÙokR £t-Òo £fll-

©h-• Gu-T-RÙ-œm. Ck-Rf £t-Ò-¨p YÙrk-’ YkR ˚YW-Y-SÙ-Ro Gu-T-Y-⁄d-œm

HZÙ˚X F˚Wf ˙NokR ˘T⁄k-˙R-Æ-VÙo Gu-T-Y-⁄d-œm ÍjR UL-]Ù-Lf £.-˚Y.

RÙ˙UÙ-R-Wm ©s˚[ ©\k-RÙo. 12.9.1832 Bm Bi-” ©\kR CY-⁄d-œl-©u Bfl

Rm-©-Vo ©\k-R-]o.

£.- Y.-RÙ.-Æu Rk˚R R™rl-◊-X˚U ™d-L-Yo; B£-

-V-WÙL Æ[e-°-V-Yo. ˘RÙPd-Ld Lp-Æ-˚Vj Rm Rk-˚R-

VÙ-¨-P˙U £.-˚Y.-RÙ. Lt-\Ùo. Ad-LÙX YZd-Ll-T-•, A\-

Ëp-Ls, ˘NÙt-˘TÙ-⁄s-·-flm ®Li-” Ëp-Ls B°-V-

Yt-˚\d Lt\ ©u-]o, ˙U¤m £X R™r Ëp-L˚[ £.-

˚Y.-RÙ. LtL Æ⁄m-©-]Ùo. £fll-©h-•d-œ A⁄-°-X- UkR

—u-]Ù-Lm Gu-‡m F¨-¤s[ ÿj-’d œUÙ-Wd LÆ-WÙ-V-

101

¨-Pm CXd-°V CXd-L-Qe-L˚[ Su-œ Tú-\Ùo. Be-°-X-ÿm Lt-œm Bo-Y-

ÿ-˚P-V-Y-WÙnj ˘Rp-≠-Vm-Tß A˘U-¨dL ™Nu LXÙ-NÙ-˚X-´p Be-°-Xm

Lt-\Ùo. AR-˚]j ˘RÙPok-’ VÙrl-TÙQ Yh-”d-˙LÙh-˚Pl Tp-L-˚XdLp-Ì-

¨-´p Túfl L¶Rm, Rj’Ym, YÙ]ÆVp ÿRXÙ]Yt±¤m ˙RokRÙo.

ARu ©\œ VÙrlTÙQl TpL˚Xd LpÌ¨´p Gh-” Bi-”-Ls Tú-

fl Rm C⁄-T-RÙm YV-ßp £\kR Lp-Æj ˙Rof£ ˘Tt-\Ùo. CY-ü ◊X-˚U-

˚Vd LiP R™-ZÙ-£-¨-V-WÙ-°V ˘SÆu-— Gu-T-Yo £.-˚Y.-RÙ.-˚Yl "Ti-•-Ro'

Gu-fl ˙TÙt-±-]Ùo. Tp-’˚\ A±‹ ˘Tt-±-⁄kR £.-˚Y.-RÙ. R™-Øp Aß-Ll

◊X˚U ™d-L-Y-WÙL Æ[e-°-]Ùo.-A-Ru ©\-œ 1857 Bm Bi-” ˘Nu-˚]l

Tp- Ld-L-Z-Lm RÙPe-Ll Tt-\-‹-Pu SPj-Rl- Tt\ ©.-H. Th-Pj-ßt-œ- V Ro-

Æp ÿRp UÙQ-Y-WÙ-Lj ˙R±-]Ùo.

©.-H. Th-Pm ˘Tt\ £.-˚Y.-RÙ. Nh-Pd-LpÆ Tú-fl 1871 Bm Bi-”

©.-Gp Ro-Æp Yt± Tt-\Ùo. C˚Y-VÙ-‹m £.- Y.-RÙ. Th-Pj-ßt-LÙ-Ll T•jR

T•l-◊-Ls. B]Ùp AYo YÙr-SÙs ÿ›-Y-’m R™r CXd-L-Qe-L-˚[-Ÿm,

CXd-°-Ve-L- [-Ÿm, Tú-flm BWÙnk-’m Yk-RÙo. ˚NY-WÙ-Ll ©\kR £.- Y.-RÙ.

Lp-Æd-LÙ-L, °±j-’Y URm UÙ±-]Ùo. ˙U˚X SÙh-”d LpÆ LtL Æ⁄m-©-V-

˙TÙ-’ AYo LÙXj-ßp °±j-R-Yo-L-fid˙L ˙U˚X SÙh-” Be-°-Xd LpÆ

Lt-©d-Ll ˘Tt\ ®˚X C⁄k-’ Yk-R-’. AR-]Ùp, RÙÿm °±j-R-Y-WÙL URm-

UÙ-±, ˙U˚Xd-Lp-Æ- Vl ˘Tt-\Ùo. B -‡m ˚NY-N-U-Vd LÙY-X-WÙ] Bfl-ÿL

SÙY-X-ü RÙPo◊ Ht-Th-P-‹-Pu £.-˚Y.-RÙ. °±j-R-Yf NU-Vj-ß-≠-⁄k-’ NY

NU-Vj-’d˙L UÙ±, Cfl-ß-Y-˚W-´-¤m Af-N-U-Vj-˚R˙V NÙok-ß-⁄k-RÙo. °±j-R-

Y-WÙL UÙ±-V- TÙ-’ £.-Gp.P-◊s-Î. °edv-T¨ (C.L.W. Kingsbury) Gu\ TV- p

LpÆ Tú-\Ùo. Bfl-ÿ-L-SÙ-Y-Xo ˘Np-YÙd-LÙp ¡i-”m ˚NY-WÙL UÙ±-V-©-\-œ

£.-˚Y.-RÙ-˙UÙ-R-Wm ©s˚[ Gu\ ˘TV-˚W˙V RÙe° C⁄k-RÙo.

£.- Y.-RÙ. Rm C⁄-T-RÙm YV-ßp LpÆ KW-[‹ ÿ•k-R-‹-P˙] VÙrl-TÙ-Qd

˙LÙl-TÙn B£- -Vo T´t-£l Ts-∞- p B£- -V-WÙ-œm YÙnl-©- ]l Tt-\Ùo.

AYo-Rm ◊X-˚U-˚V-Ÿm, ß\-˚U-˚V-Ÿm ˙Ls-Æl-ThP ˘To-£-Yp TÙß-¨-VÙo

RÙm SPj-ß-YkR "ß]-Yoj-R-UÙ≤' Gu\ YÙW CR-›d-œj ’˚Q-VÙ-£-¨-V-WÙL

C⁄d-œ-UÙ-fl Æ⁄m© Yi-•-]Ùo. AYo Æ⁄m-©-V-YÙ˙\ £.-˚Y.-RÙ-‹m Aq-

Æ-R-Øu ’˚Q B£- -V-WÙ-Ll T¶-VÙt-\j RÙPe-°-]Ùo. ß]-Yoj-R-UÙ≤ YÙWk-

˙RÙ-flm ÆVÙ-Zd-°-Z-˚U-´p ˘Y∞-Yk-R-’. Nÿ-RÙ-Vf ˘Nn-ß-Ls, CXd-°-Vm,

A±-ÆVp ÿR-≠V ˘Nn-ß-Ls Aq CR-Øp CPm-˘Tt-\-]. ˘To-£-Yp ß⁄j-

Rk- R, Bfl-ÿL SÙY-X- Wd LÙi-” °±j-R-Yj ß⁄-U- \-VÙm ÆÆ-≠-Vj˚R

˘UÙØ-VÙd-Lm ˘Nn-R-Yo. AYo AqÆR-Ø-≠-⁄k-’ Kn‹ ˘Tflm-˙TÙ-’

£.-˚Y.-RÙ. ˚Y AqÆR-Øu B£-¨-V-WÙ-Ll T¶j-RÙo. AR-]Ùp £.- Y.-RÙ-Æu

A±- Y-Ÿm G›j-RÙt-\- X-Ÿm EX-Lm A±k-R-’.

102

CR-ZÙ-£-¨-Vo T¶-Ÿm, LpÆ Lt-©d-œm B£-¨-Vl T¶-˚V-Ÿm £.-˚Y.RÙ

J⁄e˙L Bt± Yk-RÙo. R™-Ø-¤m Be-°-Xj-ß-¤m YpX AYo, ˙TWÙ-£-¨-Vo

To-]p. No Yp-Po G≠-Vh, Ì£e-Pu ÿR-XÙV Be-°-Xl ˘T⁄-Ud-L-fid-œj

R™r Lt-©j-’ Yk-RÙo. Cf-˘Nnß AW-—d-œ Gh-•-V-’. AR-]Ùp AW-— CY-˚Wf

˘Nu˚] UÙ®-Xd Lp-Ì-¨j R™-ZÙ-£-¨-V-WÙ-Ll T¶-V-Uoj-ß-V-’. ARu-©-\-œ

AY-⁄d-œd Ls-∞d-˙LÙh˚P AW-£-]o Lp-Ì-¨j R™-ZÙ-£-¨-V-WÙ-œm YÙnl-◊d

°˚Pj-R-’. Ad-Lp-Ì-¨-´p £.-˚Y.RÙ ß\m-T-Pl T¶-VÙt-±-]Ùo. BL-˙Y,

˘Nu˚] AW-NÙeL YW‹ ˘NX‹ LQd-œj ’˚\-´p A¤-Y-X-WÙ-œm T¶

°˚Pj-R-’. Al-˙TÙ-’ J⁄ SÙs Aq A¤-Y-X-Lj R˚X-Yo Æ˚Wk-’ ÿ•dL

˙Yi-•V J⁄ LQd-˚Lj RÙ˙UÙ-R-Wm ©s-˚[-´-Pm ˘LÙ”j-RÙo. ""CR˚]

VÙ˙] ÿ•l-T-RÙ-´u H› SÙh-L-[Ù-œm. øo Tj-’ SÙs-L-∞p ÿ•j-’j R⁄-Æ-

˘W] Sm-◊-°-˙\u'' Gu-\Ùo. Al-T-¶˚V Ht-fld ˘LÙiP £.-˚Y.RÙ SÙu˙L

SÙ∞p ÿ•j-’j Rk-RÙo. A¤-Y-X-Lj R˚X-Yo £.-˚Y.-RÙ-˚Yl TÙWÙh-•-V-’-Pu

TRÆ EVo-‹m YZe-°-]Ùo. Al-T-R-Æ˚V Y°j-’d ˘LÙi˙P Nh-Pd-LpÆ

T´u-fl 1871- Bm Bi-” Nh-Pj ˙Ro‹ G›-ßj ˙Rof£ ˘Tt-\Ùo. ARu-©u-

]o 1882 -Bm Bi-” Rm Im-T-RÙm YV-ßp AW-— A¤-Y-≠-≠-⁄k-’ Kn‹

˘Tt-fl ER-Æj-˘RÙ˚L ˘Tt-fl Yk-RÙo.

ARu-©-\-œ ◊’d-˙LÙh˚P AW-£u A˚Uf-N-WÙL Æ[e-°V ˙N˚N-Vo

Gu-T-Yo £.-˚Y.-RÙ. ‹d-œd L≠j-˘RÙ-˚L-˚Vl Tßl-©d-Ll ˘TÙ⁄s ER-Æ-V-’

Uh-”-Uu-±, £.-˚Y.RÙÆPm ˙TWu◊ Èi-” AkR Bi˙P ◊’-d-˙LÙh˚P

ÿ˚\Uu\ S”-Yo-L-∞p J⁄-Y-WÙ-Lf £.˚YRÙ˚Y ®V-™j-’ U°rk-RÙo. Al-

˘TÙ-fll-©˚] SÙu-LÙi-”-Ls Nq-Y˙] Ht-fl, 1880- Cp Al- TÙ-fll-©-≤uflm

ÆX-°-]Ùo. ARu-©u, ˘Nu-˚]l Tp-L-˚XdLZ-Ll TÙPj-ßh-Pd œ›-Æu

Efll-©-]-WÙ-L-‹m, Ro-‹j ßh-Pm Yœd-œm œ›Æt-œj R˚X-Y-WÙ-L-‹m Æ[e-

°]Ùo. Al-˙TÙ-’, A-Yo T¶-VÙt±V ß\m œ±j-’m CYo-Rm £\l-©-˚]d

œ±j-’m NÙu-˙\Ùo TÙWÙh-•-]o.

RÙ˙UÙ-R-Wm ©s- [- u T¶-Ls, ˘RÙPdL®˚X B£- -V-o, R™-ZÙ-£- -V-o,

CR-ZÙ-£- -V-o, E˚W-VÙ-£- -V-o, EVo A¤-Y-X-o, TÙP-Ëp œ›-Æu R˚X-Y-o, ÿ˚\-

Uu\ S”-Y-o G]l Tp-˙Y-fl-Th-P-RÙL A˚Uk-ß-⁄k-R-].

£.-˚Y.RÙ AØ-Ÿm ®˚X-˚V-V-˚Pk-R A¨V Ti-˚Pj R™-Ø-Xd-°V CXd-

LQ Ëp-L˚[ Af-£-˙Xt-±, Tßl-◊-˚W-L˚[ G›-ßl Tßl-©j-RÙo. Rm YÙr-

SÙs ÿ›-Y-’m, RÙm Bt-±V Tp-˙Y-fl T¶-L-fid-°-˚P-˙V-Ÿm R™rl T¶-

˚Vj RY-\Ù-Up Bt± Yk-RÙo.

£.-˚Y.-RÙ-˙UÙ-R-Wo ˘Nn-’ YkR R™rj ˘RÙi-”, Lp-Æj-˘RÙi-”, ÿ˚\-

Uu-\j ˘RÙi-” B°-V-Yt˚\ Su-L-±kR AW-— AY-˚Wf £\l-©d-Ld L⁄ß

"CWÙq TL-Áo' Gu-‡m Ußl-◊-fl Æ⁄-ß˚] 1885- Bm Bi-” YZe-°-V-’.

103

AR˚] A±kR ˚U„o AW-— RÙ˙UÙ-R-W˚W A˚Zj-’l TÙWÙh-˘P-”j-’l

T -— YZe-°-V-’. Be-°-Xl ˘T⁄-Ud-Ls, ˘Np-Yo-Ls, ß⁄-U-Pj R˚X-Yo-Ls

B°-˙VÙ-˘Wp-XÙm RÙ˙UÙ-R-Wo ˘Tt\ £\l-©˚] YW-˙Yt-fll TÙWÙh-•-]o.

£.˚Y.RÙÆu R™rl-T¶

£.-˚Y.RÙ AØ-Ÿm ®˚X-˚V-V-˚Pk-R Ti-˚Pj R™-Ø-Xd-°V CXd-

LQ Ëp-L˚[ Af-£-˙Xt-±, A¨V Tßl-◊-˚W-L˚[ G›-ßl Tßl-©j-RÙo.

RU-’ ˘NÙkR YÙrd-˚L-´p TX Cu-]p-L-˚[f Nk-ßjR £.-˚Y.RÙ ’u-Te-L-

fid-°-˚P-´-¤m Aß-N-´d-Lj-RdL Y˚L-L-∞p R™rl-T¶ ˘Nn-’s-[Ùo.

RÙ˙U ˘NÙk-R-UÙ-Ll TX Ëp-L˚[ G›-ß-Ÿm TX Ëp-L-˚[l Tßl-©j-’m

R™r CXd-°V YW-XÙt-±p J⁄ ˚Up Lp-XÙL Æ[e-°-]Ùo.

£.-˚Y.-RÙ-Æu Tßl-◊-Ls C⁄-Y-˚Ll-T-”m. A˚Y-L-∞p Ju-fl CXd-L-

Ql Tßl-◊-Ls. Ut-˘\Ùu-fl CXd-°-Vl Tßl-◊-Ls Bœm. RÙp-LÙl-©-Vm

˘NÙp-X-ß-LÙ-Wm ˙N]Ù-Y-˚W-Vo E˚W (1868), ≈W-˙NÙ-Ø-Vm ˛ ÍX-ÿm ˘T⁄k-

˙R-Y-]Ùo E˚W-Ÿm (1881), C˚\-V-]Ù-W-Ll ˘TÙ⁄s ˛ Sd-∏-Wo E˚W (1883),

˘RÙp-LÙl-©-Vm ˛ ˘TÙ⁄-[-ß-LÙ-Wm Sf-£-]Ùod-°-≤-Vo E˚W (1885) (3 Tœ-ß-

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˙U≤˚X ÿRXÙm Bi” R™r...yœl ˙lw[aw— lpÆj’˚\ uÙ®xd lpÆvÙwÙnf£ utﬂm t´t£...

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