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UAV Development and History atNorthrop Grumman Corporation

Ryan Aeronautical Center

Norman S. [email protected]

619.203.5726

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SI4000 SUMMER 2004UAV Brief

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UAV Family Tree

Histor ical ly, no sing le, univ ersal ly accepted defin i t ion has

adequately catego rize the Unmanned Air Vehicle.

Vehicle

Ballistic Powered

UnguidedGuidedGuidedUnguided

SimpleRocket

RecoverableExpendable

Conventional

AircraftKamikaze

RecoverableExpendable

RemoteControl

AutomaticControl

RemoteControl

AutomaticControl

GuidedMissile

CruiseMissile

RPV Drone

MannedUnmanned

BulletShell

Free FallBomb

ICBMSmartBomb

CurrentDefinitionof a UAV

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Unmanned Air Vehicle Origins

Necessity, the mother of invention produced flying bomb concepts during

the First World War. The armist ice h alted exper iments on al l but targets.

1917: French artillery officer, Rene`Lorinproposed flying bombs usinggyroscopic and barometricstabilization and control.

1918: Germany halts development ofguided weapons.

1918: Charles Kettering (USA) flies LibertyEagle Kettering Bug and Army AirCorps orders 75 copies.

1920: Elmer Sperry perfects the gyroscope

and the first enabling technologymakes flight control feasible

1932: RAE Fairey Queen crashes,technology is still in its infancy.

Fairey Queen IIIF Mark IIIB, 1932

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USA - Targets Become Successful

1935 - Reginald Denny develops the RP-1 and launch es the Radio Plane

Company, later to becom e the Northro p Ventura Div is ion .

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V-1 Debuts in 1943

Advanced techno logies of th e For t ies prov ided c ontro l , guidance and target ing.

Propeller driven air-

log governed range

Speed was determined

by engine performance

at max. power

Azimuth Control by

gyroscope governed

by magnetic compass

Aneroid barometer

altitude control

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Launch Systems

A wide var iety of launch s ystems have been developed fo r UAV app l icat ions

Pneumatic Catapult

JATO/RATO Launch

Air Launch

Runway Launch

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UAV Recovery Techniques

Recovery sch emes are determ ined by appl ic at ion and UAV size, the trend is

tow ard autoland capabi l i ty

Mid Air Retrieval System (MARS)

Conventional

ABIAS

Net

Parachute

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Ryan AeronauticalUAV History


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Ryan XAAM-A-1 Firebird

Firebird ush ers in the m issi le age at Ryan in 1949

Speed was determined

by engine performance

at max. power

Aneroid barometer

altitude control

Early radar guidance was a forerunner to Sparrow missiles

7.5 without booster

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BQM-34 Firebee Subsonic Aerial Target

High Performance, Jet-powered UAV design ed to s imulate

ho st i le aircraf t or m issi le threatsBQ-34 Firebee

evolved from

the Ryan KD-A

Primary Missions Air defense weapons development, test &

evaluation

Air defense weapons training

Secondary Missions Aerial reconnaissance

Experimental aerial platform

System Capabilities Ground launch

Air launch from C-130

Recovery by parachute on land or at sea 8-12 flights per vehicle

Flight Control and Navigation Remotely piloted from airborne or ground

control station

Preprogrammable Microprocessor FlightControl System ( MFCS) for autonomous flight

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BQM-34E Firebee II Supersonic Aerial Target

Turbojet Powered UAV designed to sim ulate hig h speed

ho st i le aircraf t and ant i-ship m issi les Primary Missions

Air defense training

Aerial combat training

Weapons systems development

Secondary Missions

Test vehicle for advancedaerodynamic technology research(NASA)

System Capabilities Ground Launch

Air launch from C-130

Recovery by parachute on land or atsea

8-12 flights per vehicleFirebee II with external fuel tank in

subsonic flight

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AQM-91A Compass Arrow

Twenty plus vehicles built in the late 60s, still holds the

unmanned turb ine powered alt i tude record, 80,000 ft .

Incorporated several low observable features.

Significant reduction in the RCS features of

the aircraft as seen from the ground.

Vertical tails and fuselage sides canted towardcenterline to eliminate the specular reflectionsfrom the side aspect at or below the horizontalplane.

The engine inlet, located on top of the fuselagewas lined with RAM, to conceal it from anglesbelow the horizontal plane.

Exhaust nozzle was cooled to reduce IRsignature, and like the inlet, was placed so asto be hidden by other airframe features atmany aspects of observation. RAM wasapplied to the leading edges of the wing and tosome portions of the fuselage.

First large UAV specifically designed to survive by stealth.

Compass Arrow operated at altitudes in excess of 80,000 ft. whiletraveling at subsonic speeds.

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AQM-81A/N Firebolt

Rocket-powered target miss i le

design ed to repl icate hig h

alt i tude and hig h speed

threats.

Primary MissionProvide a realistic threat simulation of

advanced enemy threats that fly in the upper

reaches of earths airspace for Air defense training

Aerial combat training

Weapons systems development

Reusable Hybrid Rocket Powered TargetMissile

Air Launch

Recovery by MARS over land or sea

20 Flights per vehicle

Flight Control and NavigationPre-programmable Mission Logic Control Unit

(MLCU)

Remotely piloted from Ground Control Station

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YQM-98A Compass Cope

Two un its bu i l t and f l ig ht tested in 1976, held the unm anned turb ine engine

endu rance record of 28 hr. 11 min . un t i l surpassed by Global Hawk on March

21, 2001

Primary MissionHigh altitude endurance reconnaissance

and surveillance

Minimum 24 hours of endurance

750 lbs. payload capability

Triple redundant autoland system

Dual redundant avionics system

Quadruple redundant Command &Control System

First major Use of GOTS/COTShardware

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Model 410 Long Endurance UAV

Econom ical aer ial recon naissance and survei l lance system for civ i l ian or

m i l i tary cu stomers

Primary Mission Provide a long-range or long-

endurance aerial platform for:

Military reconnaissance

Electronic communications

relay Electronic warfare

countermeasure

Law enforcement, druginterdiction

Border surveillance

Disaster area observation

Natural resourcesmonitoring

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Model 410 Long Endurance UAV (continued)

Econom ical aer ial recon naissance and survei l lance system for civ i l ian or

m i l i tary cu stomers System Components

Long Endurance Aerial Vehicle

Composite construction

Modular design

Two-man assembly / disassembly

Short, unimproved runway capability Ground Control Station

Self contained, transportable, fullyintegrated

Autonomous flight control & missionprogramming

Remote manual flight & sensor control

Real-time datalink

Image data processing

Onboard Flight Control & Navigation

Central Flight Control Computer (CFCC)

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Auto takeoff and landing

Payload

300 pound capacity

24 cubic foot volume

Stabilized retractable sensor platform

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Model 324 Medium Range

Mob ile and transpo rtable advanced technolo gy unmanned aer ial

reconn aissance system Primary Mission

Conduct autonomous tactical aerialreconnaissance and surveillance

System Components

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

Composite airframe

Ground launch from mobiletransport trailer

Recovery by parachute with air-bagattenuation system


Mission Logic Control Unit (MLCU)

Inertial Navigation System (INS)


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Model 324 Medium Range (continued)

Mob ile, and transpo rtable advanced techno log y unmanned aer ial

reconn aissance system System Components (cont)

Mobile Launch & Recovery Vehicle (LRV)

8 wheel all-terrain tractor

6 wheel trailer transport/launcher

Self-contained command 7 control shelter


Remote manual flight control

Command tracking & telemetry system

Payload

CAI/Recon Optical KS-153A camera

Loral IRLS D-500 Infrared line scanner

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Ryan AeronauticalModern UAV Design & Technology


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Model 350 Medium Range UAV

Advanced techn olog y tact ical unmanned aer ial reconn aissance system

Mission

Provide near real-time optical and/orinfrared images of heavily defended areas

Target detection

Target identification

Battle damage assessment

System Components


Mission Logic Control Unit (MLCU)

Inertial Navigation System (INS)


Payload

Advanced Tactical Aerial ReconnaissanceSystem (ATARS)

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Model 350 Medium Range UAV

Advanced techn olog y tact ical unmanned aer ial reconn aissance system

System Components

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

Ground launch

Air launch ( from F/A-18 and F-16R)

Soft landing recovery by parachute or byMid-Air Recovery System (MARS)

Local Control & Monitoring Station (LCMS)

Self-contained, transportable


Remote manual flight control

Command, tracking, telemetry & imagedata link systems

Image data processing system

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Global Hawk HAE UAV

High Alt i tude Endurance Unmanned Aerial Reconnaissance System

Mission

Provide continuous day /night, high altitude, allweather surveillance andreconnaissance in directsupport of allied ground and

air forces across thespectrum of conflict

Increase the reach of existingand future surveillancesystems

Extraordinary range andendurance

Fewer number of systemsrequired to maintain globalISR coverage

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Global Hawk HAE UAV

The Global Hawk is an Integrated System

Speed

(n.miles/hour)

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Global Hawk System Overview

TACTICAL USERS(SENSOR ONLY)

LAUNCH ANDRECOVERYELEMENT(C2 ONLY)

MISSIONCONTROL

ELEMENT(C2&SENSOR)

C2LOS

COMMUNICATIONSUHF-Band: C2LOS

UHFSATCOM

C2C2 C2

C2SATCOM

INMARSAT C2

INMARSAT or Equivalent

SENSOR

Ku SATCOM

Ku-Band: C2and SensorSATCOM

C2&

SENSOR

C2&SENSOR

CDLSENSORCDL C2&

SENSOR

X-Band CDL: C2and SensorLOS

ATC VOICE

ATC Voice

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Global Hawk Vehicle Size

Length: 97feet

Wingspan: 94feet

MaxTakeoffWt: 130,000lb.

LoiterSpeed:

OperationalCeiling: 40,000feet

MaxUnrefueledRange:2,700NM

Length: 44.4feet

Wingspan: 116feet

Height: 15.2feet(attail)

Max.TakeoffWt: 25,600lb.

LoiterSpeed:

OperationalCeiling: 65,000feet

MaxUnrefueledRange:over12,000NM

Length: 63.1feet

Wingspan: 104.8feet

Height: 16.7feet(attail)

MaxTakeoffWt: 40,000lb.

MaximumSpeed: 410 kts. TAS

OperationalCeiling: over70,000feet

MaxUnrefueledRange:over3,000NM

B-737U-2 Global Hawk

573 kts. TAS343 kts. TAS

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Global Hawk Integrated Sensor Suite

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Ryan AeronauticalFuture UAV Technology


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Telepresence

Telepresence, also cal led v ir tual presences, is part ic ipat ion in an environment

f rom a remo te location

A subset of virtual reality, telepresence usesexternal mechanics to view the environment,

Lethal UAV weapons delivery systems of the1970s put the shooter out of harms way.

Ryan developed systems to launch a variety of

guided standoff weapons from BGM-34C UAVs.

Virtual Reality software today contains thefollowing features:

Object database - descriptions of virtual objects orenvironments

Attribute database - color, texture, orientation

Sensor driver- monitors tracking devices toknow actual position

display driver- reality engine updates objectfor display

Simulation manager - coordinates entiresystem maintaing proper perspective betweenobjects

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Virtual Reality Web sites

Commercial VR packages are available from many hou ses on the web.

World Tool Kit Sense8 www.sense8.com

VR Development Systems VREAM www.vream.com

Walk Through Virtus www.virtus.com

Virtual Reality Studio Danmark Software WWW.domark.com

Cyberspace Development Kit Autodesk www.autodesk.com

Recent check of the links, Redare no longer pertinent or active.

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Fuzzy Logic / Neural Nets

The development of an adapt ive con trol system to enhance eng ine

per formance is on th e hor izon

Fuzzy logic algorithms and hardware haveenjoyed a recent development frenzy

The technology is ready for transition toUAV class engine controllers when the needis great enough

Current F/A-18 Fuzzy logic engine controlwork is funded and ongoing

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Voice Directed UAV

Speech recogni t ion cou ld replace some nav igat ion logic al lowing mixed u se of

UAVs and manned aircraft

Neural Network computing methods could beapplied to artificial speech recognition and UAVcommand language

This will increase asset interoperability for a

force commander or commercial air trafficcontroller

Minimizes ground control station assets

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Damage Detection / Failure Prediction

UAV Mission Fai lure rate can imp rove air f rame monitor in g and fai lure

predic t ion.

In high threat areas, damage may occur due tohostile action.

With proper sensors, a UAV could decide toreturn to base if damage or failures were detectedprior to catastrophic failure.

Smart structure technologies will detect damage,predict useful life, continue operation at optimalflight conditions.

The UAV will react by reducing speed, flyingminimum G profile or dumping fuel and returningto base

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UAVs -Where Weve Been and Where

Were Going


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Customers

USAF

USA

USN

USCG

RCAF

JDF

GOI

GOE

NATO

DEA

DNA

DOT

CIA

FBI

NSA

INS

Sandia

Los Alamos

LLL

NASA

DARPA

DARO

MDA

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Performance

Altitude 7 Ft to 100,000 Ft

Velocity 60 Kts to Mach 4

Endurance 7 Minutes to 40 hours

Range 25 NMi to 14,000 Nmi Take-Off Gross Weight 200 Lb to 34,500 Lb

Payload Weight 25 Lb to 3,000 Lb

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Missions

IMINT

SIGINT

GPS Pseudolite

Air Sampling

Strike

EW/ESM

Decoy

BPI/BPLI

Target

Cargo / Logistics

ACN

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Aerodynamics

Conventional Airfoil

Rogallo Wing

Laminar Flow

SuperCritical

Ailerons, Elevators, Rudders,Ruddervators, Spoilers, SpeedBrakes, Flaps, Elevons

BLC

Twin Verticals

V - Tails

Canards

V/STOL

Non Atmospheric

Hypersonic

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Airframe

Metallic Aluminum

Steel

Titanium

Magnesium

Composite

Fiberglass

Graphite

Molded

Sheet MoldedCompound

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Low Observables

Radar

Acoustic

Visual

IR

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Propulsion

Reciprocating ( Aircraft)

2 Cylinder 2 Cycle

Turbo Prop

Turbo Jet

Turbo Fan

Ramjet

Pulse Jet

Rocket

Electric Motors

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Payload Sensors

Cameras

Still Motion

Panoramic

Electro-Optical

FLIR

IRLS

SAR

ISAR IFSAR

Chaff

Active EW Jammers

COMINT

ELINT

ESM

Ordnance

Leaflets/Propaganda

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Navigation

Dead Reckoning

Doppler

LORAN / Omega

INS

GPS/DGPS

INMARSAT

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Flight Controls

Analog

Digital

Hybrid

Duplex

Triplex

Electrostatic

AHRS (Gyros)

Inertial

Formation Flight

Autonomous Flight

Active Real-Time

Re-Planning

Re-Tasking

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Secondary Power

Batteries

Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)

Solar

Generator

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Actuation System

Hydraulic

Pnuematic

Electro-Mechanical

Linear/Rotary

Push/Pull

Cables/Pulleys

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UAVs Current Development

and Emerging Uses

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The Networked Vision of the Future

UAVs Are A Major Part of the Vision

Warfighters Challenge ~ Future Combat

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Warfighter s Challenge Future Combat

Regional & Global Asymmetric Warfare

Proliferation of Ballistic Missile/Cruise Missile Threats Proliferation of WMD Capabilities /Systems ~ and the Will To Use Them

Uncertainty In Situational Awareness/Decisions

Non-Traditional Roles & Missions ~ With Force Structure Pressures

Acquisition of Advanced Technology Force Structures

Technologies, Applications, Systems & Insertion Sequencing

Force Mix, Postures, Basing, CONOPS & Employment Concepts

Sustaining Capability in the Transition/Transformation Establishing & Sustaining Affordability - No Immunity To Budget Constraints

Understanding & I ntegrating UAVs I s A Signif icant Part of the Challenge

Someof the Emerging Concepts & RequirementsTh t UAV C M t

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That UAVs CanMeet

These Lists Are

By No Means

Comprehensive

Military

BM/C4ISR

BPLI - Theater Ballistic Missile Defense

Cruise Missile Defense - BM/C4ISR & Intercept

Battlespace ~ Infosphere Comms & Reach-Back

Kinetic & Non-Kinetic Combat OperationsPSYOPs & SOF Operations

SBIRS Low Adjunct & Tactical Surrogate

Satellite / Sensor Test Bed

Space Sensing

Space Surveillance

Space Tracking

Space Comms/Data Relay

Military Science

Military R&D

Augmentation of GPS

Civil Authority & Commercial Applications

Communications

Law Enforcement

Drug InterdictionDisaster Preparedness & Management

Global Meteorological (NOAA)

Forest Fire Surveillance

Environmental Monitoring, Management & Enforcement

Agricultural Resource Surveillance & Management

Natural Resource Surveillance & Management

Scientific Research

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