u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n]...

30

Transcript of u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n]...

Page 1: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf
Page 2: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf

ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf lyP .Æ

g8/fpm, ox"bfsf l;+x ljhoL x'g'ePsf] 5 / xfdL cfh pxfF;Fu}

x'g]5f}F .

;fx;L xf]pm, l/b\nL,cfhsf] lbg k/d]Zj/sf] cg'u|xåf/f xfdL o:tf] Hof]lt a]nfotdf

k|HHjlnt ug]{5f}F ls, d ljZjf; u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g .

cNnfx csa/ Û k/d]Zj/ dfq dxfg\ x'g'x'G5 . o;

;x/df sf]xL klg v|Lli6og a:g kfpg]5}gg\ .

x], ;j{ZflQmdfg kljq / ;To k|e', cemF} slxn];Dd tkfO{Fn] k[YjLdf /xg]x¿sf] OG;fkm

ug'{ x'Gg / xfd|f] /utsf] abnf lng'x'Gg < -!_

ltdLx¿sf ;xsdL{ / efOx¿ klg ltdLx¿h:t}

dfl/P/ ;+Vofdf k"/f geP;Dd ltdLx¿n] s]xL

a]/ klv{g'k5{ .

-!_ kfFrf}F df]xf]/n] ;Gtx¿sf k|fy{gfsf] ZflQm tyf bjfanfO{ hgfpF5 h'g abnfsf] lglDt ltgLx¿n] k/d]Zj/l;t k|fy{gf u/]sf lyP . k|sfZf ^M(–!!k|sfZf ^M(–!!

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Page 3: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf

ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf lyP .Æ

g8/fpm, ox"bfsf l;+x ljhoL x'g'ePsf] 5 / xfdL cfh pxfF;Fu}

x'g]5f}F .

;fx;L xf]pm, l/b\nL,cfhsf] lbg k/d]Zj/sf] cg'u|xåf/f xfdL o:tf] Hof]lt a]nfotdf

k|HHjlnt ug]{5f}F ls, d ljZjf; u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g .

cNnfx csa/ Û k/d]Zj/ dfq dxfg\ x'g'x'G5 . o;

;x/df sf]xL klg v|Lli6og a:g kfpg]5}gg\ .

x], ;j{ZflQmdfg kljq / ;To k|e', cemF} slxn];Dd tkfO{Fn] k[YjLdf /xg]x¿sf] OG;fkm

ug'{ x'Gg / xfd|f] /utsf] abnf lng'x'Gg < -!_

ltdLx¿sf ;xsdL{ / efOx¿ klg ltdLx¿h:t}

dfl/P/ ;+Vofdf k"/f geP;Dd ltdLx¿n] s]xL

a]/ klv{g'k5{ .

-!_ kfFrf}F df]xf]/n] ;Gtx¿sf k|fy{gfsf] ZflQm tyf bjfanfO{ hgfpF5 h'g abnfsf] lglDt ltgLx¿n] k/d]Zj/l;t k|fy{gf u/]sf lyP . k|sfZf ^M(–!!k|sfZf ^M(–!!

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Page 4: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

æpxfFn] 5}F6f}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'ePsf] d}n] b]v]FÆ-!_

k[YjLdf e'OFrfnf] uP/ 7"nf] ljWj+Zf eof] .æ;"o{ efªu|f h:tf] sfnf] eof], / k"l0f{dfsf] rGb|df /uth:t} /ftf]

eof] . -@_ clg c~hL/sf] ¿vnfO{ atf;n] xNnfpFbf

gkfs]sf kmnx¿ em/] em}F cfsfZfsf tf/fx¿ k[YjLdf v;], -#_Æ

æcfsfZfrflxF rd{kqsf] d'¶f] a]lx|Pem}F nf]k eof], / x/]s 6fk",

/ kxf8 ltgLx¿sf cfˆgf cfˆgf 7fpFaf6 x6]/ uP .Æ

xfdL dfly v;, / l;+xf;gdf lj/fhdfg x'g'x'g]sf] d'xf/af6, /

y'dfsf] qmf]waf6 xfdLnfO{ n'sfpm Û-$_lsgls pxfFx¿sf]

qmf]wsf] 7"nf] lbg cfPsf] 5, / o;sf] clu sf] v8f x'g;S5 <-%_

æk[YjLsf /fhfx¿, /fhs'df/x¿, hg/nx¿, wgLx¿, alnofx¿, x/]s bf;

/ :jtGq dflg; kxf8sf u'kmfx¿ / r§fgx¿ x'Fb} n's] .Æ

-!_ ToxL ;dodf k[YjLsf aflx/L kqx¿ km'6\g yfN5g\ / k[YjLdf klxn] slxNo} cg'ej gul/Psf] e'OFrfnf] cfpFb5 .

-@_ of] ;+ejtM Hjfnfd'vLsf] ljikmf]6g ;Fu;Fu} cfPsf] e'OFrfnf]n] y'kf/]sf] v/fgL tyf eUgfjZf]ifx¿ k[YjLsf] jfo'd08ndf ldl;g uPsf] sf/0fn] x'g;S5 . o;sf] eljiojf0fL

k'/fgf] lgoddf ul/Psf] 5 . -of]Pn @M#!_

-#_ of] ;+ejtM pNsfkft jf cGo u|lxsf jf pku|xx¿n] k[YjLnfO{ k|xf/ u/]sf] x'g;S5 .

-$_ k[YjLsf afl;Gbfx¿ oL 36gfx¿sf] k5fl8 /x]sf sf/0fx¿ rfn kfpg yfN5g\ .

-%_ cudjQmfx¿åf/f æk/dk|esf] lbgÆ elgPsf] ;dob]lv 5}6f}F df]xf]/ ;'¿ x'G5 . k|yd kfFr df]xf]/x¿ dfgj lqmofsnfksf kl/0ffdx¿ x'g\ t/ ca k/d]Zj/n] k|ToIf x:tIf]k ug{ yfNg'x'G5 . k|sfZf ^M!@–!&k|sfZf ^M!@–!&38

Page 5: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

æpxfFn] 5}F6f}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'ePsf] d}n] b]v]FÆ-!_

k[YjLdf e'OFrfnf] uP/ 7"nf] ljWj+Zf eof] .æ;"o{ efªu|f h:tf] sfnf] eof], / k"l0f{dfsf] rGb|df /uth:t} /ftf]

eof] . -@_ clg c~hL/sf] ¿vnfO{ atf;n] xNnfpFbf

gkfs]sf kmnx¿ em/] em}F cfsfZfsf tf/fx¿ k[YjLdf v;], -#_Æ

æcfsfZfrflxF rd{kqsf] d'¶f] a]lx|Pem}F nf]k eof], / x/]s 6fk",

/ kxf8 ltgLx¿sf cfˆgf cfˆgf 7fpFaf6 x6]/ uP .Æ

xfdL dfly v;, / l;+xf;gdf lj/fhdfg x'g'x'g]sf] d'xf/af6, /

y'dfsf] qmf]waf6 xfdLnfO{ n'sfpm Û-$_lsgls pxfFx¿sf]

qmf]wsf] 7"nf] lbg cfPsf] 5, / o;sf] clu sf] v8f x'g;S5 <-%_

æk[YjLsf /fhfx¿, /fhs'df/x¿, hg/nx¿, wgLx¿, alnofx¿, x/]s bf;

/ :jtGq dflg; kxf8sf u'kmfx¿ / r§fgx¿ x'Fb} n's] .Æ

-!_ ToxL ;dodf k[YjLsf aflx/L kqx¿ km'6\g yfN5g\ / k[YjLdf klxn] slxNo} cg'ej gul/Psf] e'OFrfnf] cfpFb5 .

-@_ of] ;+ejtM Hjfnfd'vLsf] ljikmf]6g ;Fu;Fu} cfPsf] e'OFrfnf]n] y'kf/]sf] v/fgL tyf eUgfjZf]ifx¿ k[YjLsf] jfo'd08ndf ldl;g uPsf] sf/0fn] x'g;S5 . o;sf] eljiojf0fL

k'/fgf] lgoddf ul/Psf] 5 . -of]Pn @M#!_

-#_ of] ;+ejtM pNsfkft jf cGo u|lxsf jf pku|xx¿n] k[YjLnfO{ k|xf/ u/]sf] x'g;S5 .

-$_ k[YjLsf afl;Gbfx¿ oL 36gfx¿sf] k5fl8 /x]sf sf/0fx¿ rfn kfpg yfN5g\ .

-%_ cudjQmfx¿åf/f æk/dk|esf] lbgÆ elgPsf] ;dob]lv 5}6f}F df]xf]/ ;'¿ x'G5 . k|yd kfFr df]xf]/x¿ dfgj lqmofsnfksf kl/0ffdx¿ x'g\ t/ ca k/d]Zj/n] k|ToIf x:tIf]k ug{ yfNg'x'G5 . k|sfZf ^M!@–!&k|sfZf ^M!@–!&

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Page 6: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

æo;kl5 k[YjLdf jf ;d'b|df jf ¿vdf atf; grnf];\ egL rf/ :ju{b"tx¿ k[YjLdf rf/} atf;nfO{ /f]s]/ k[YjLsf rf/ s'gfdf ple/x]sf d}Fn] b]v]F .Æ

æta hLljt k/d]Zj/sf] df]xf]/ ;fydf lnO{ csf]{ Pshgf :ju{b"t k"j{af6 pSn]sf dF}n] b]v]F .Æ

xfdLn] xfd|f k/d]Zj/sf bf;x¿sf

lgwf/df df]xf]/ gnfp~h]n k[YjL, ;d'b| jf ¿vx¿nfO{ s]xL

xflg gu/ .

æO;|fPnsf afx| s'nx¿ dWo] k|To]saf6 k/d]Zj/n] !@,))) nfO{ df]xf]/ nufP/ 5fGg'eof]

h;n] o; ;dodf pxfFsf] ;]jf ug]{lyPÆ-!_

-!_ logLx¿ df]n lt/]/ 5'6fOPsfx¿dWo]sf klxnf x'g\ . k/d]Zj/n] k'/fgf] lgoddf ujfxL lbg] hflt x'g lbg'ePsf] af]nfj6nfO{ clGtddf O;|fPnn] k"/f ub}{5 .

oL !,$$,))) ox"bL k|rf/sx¿n] rflxF ;f/f ;+;f/el/ ox"bL tyf cGohfltx¿nfO{ ;';dfrf/ ;'gfpg] ldZfg]/Lx¿sf] 7"nf] em'08 x'g]5g\

h;nfO{ k/d]Zj/n] k|of]u ug'{x'g]5 clg ;'/lIft /fVg'x'g]5 .

k|sfz &M!–*k|sfz &M!–*40

Page 7: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

æo;kl5 s'g} dflg;n] uGg g;Sg] Pp6f 7"nf] eL8 d}n] b]v]F .Æ

æltgLx¿ x/]s hflt, ;a} s'nx¿, dflg;x¿ / efiff af]Ng]af6 lyP . -!_Æ ltgLx¿ l;+xf;g /

y'dfsf] clu plePsf lyP .

l;Fxf;gdf lj/fhdfg x'g'x'g] xfd|f k/d]Zj/ /

y'dfdf d'lQm 5 .

-!_ of] ;do ce"tk"j{ ?kdf Gofosf] ;do ePtfklg of] ce"tk"j{ ?kdf p4f/sf] ;do

klg x'g]5 . o; ;+si6sf] ;dodf w]/} dflg;x¿ ljZjf;df cfpg]5g\ .

k|sfZf &M(–!)k|sfZf &M(–!) 41

Page 8: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

cfd]g\ Û

xfd|f k/d]Zj/nfO{ k|Zf+;f, dlxdf, a'l4, wGojfb, ;Ddfg, ZflQm / ;fdYo{

;bf;j{bf xf];\ .

cfd]g\ Û

k|sfZf &M!!–!@k|sfZf &M!!–!@42

Page 9: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

cfd]g\ Û

xfd|f k/d]Zj/nfO{ k|Zf+;f, dlxdf, a'l4, wGojfb, ;Ddfg, ZflQm / ;fdYo{

;bf;j{bf xf];\ .

cfd]g\ Û

k|sfZf &M!!–!@k|sfZf &M!!–!@43

Page 10: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

oL ;]tf kf]Zffs nfpg]x¿ sf] x'g\ / sxfFaf6 cfPsf

x'g\ <

xh"/, tkfO{F g} hfGg'x'G5 .

logLx¿ tL g} x'g\, h'gx¿ dxf;Íi6af6 cfPsf x'g\ . [1]

ltgLx¿n] cfˆgf cfˆgf kf]Zffsx¿ y'dfsf] /utdf wf]P/

;]tf agfPsf 5g\ . -@_

To;}sf/0f ltgLx¿n] pxfFnfO{ lbg /ft ;]jf u5{g\====l;+xf;gdfly lj/fhdfg

x'g'x'g'n] cfˆg} pkl:yltn] ltgLx¿nfO{ Zf/0f lbg'x'g]5 .

æltgLx¿ slxNo} ef]sfpg] / ltvf{pg]5}gg\===g tf ;"o{sf] /fk jf s'g}

k|r08 tfk ltgLx¿dfly kg]{5 .Ææclg k/d]Zj/n] ltgLx¿sf

cfFvfaf6 ;a} cfF;' k'l5lbg'x'g]5 .Æ

-!_ o; ;ft jifL{o ;Íi6sf] cjlwdf w]/}n] p4f/ kfpg]5g\, w]/} ;lxb x'g]5g\ / :ju{df k|j]Zf ug]{5g\ .

-@_ v|Li6n] ltgLx¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf kfkaf6 w'g'ePsf]n] ltgLx¿sf] kf]Zffs ;]tf 5g\ .

k|sfZf &M!#–!&k|sfZf &M!#–!&44

Page 11: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

æha pxfFn] ;ftf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta cfwf 306f;Dd

:ju{df ;Ggf6f eof] .Æ-!_

æ k/d]Zj/sf] ;fd'Gg] pleg] ;ft :ju{b"tx¿nfO{ dF}n] b]v]F . ltgLx¿nfO{ ;ft cf]6f t'/xL lbOof] .Æ

æPp6f :ju{b"tnfO{ l;+xf;gsf] ;fd'Gg] /x]sf ;'gsf] j]bLdfly ;a} ;Gtx¿sf k|fy{gf;Fu

r9fpgsf lglDt ltgnfO{ w]/} w"k lbOof] . Æ

æo;kl5, :ju{b"tn] w'kf}/f] lnP/ j]bLsf]

cfuf] To;df el/lbP, / k[YjLdf ˆofFlslbP clg

d]3 uh{gx¿, cfjfhx¿, lah'nLsf] rdsx¿ pTkGg eP,

e"sDk uof] .Æ

æTo;kl5, tL ;ft cf]6f t'/xL x'g] :ju{b"t t'/xL km'Sg tof/L eP .Æ

-!_ of] ;Ggf6f k/d]Zj/n] k[YjLdf Nofpg nfUg'ePsf] Gofox¿sf] 8/nfUbf] jf:tljstfaf6 pTkGg ePsf] >4fo'Qm eo lyof] .

k|sfZf *M!–^k|sfZf *M!–^ 45

Page 12: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

æha klxnf :ju{b"tn] t'/xL km's], ta /ut;Fu ldl;Psf] cl;gf / cfuf] k[YjLdf al;{g nfUof] .Æ

æof] cfuf] olt 7"nf] lyof] ls o;n] Ps ltxfO k[YjL 89\of] .Æ-!_

æk[YjLsf] Ps ltxfO ¿vx¿, Ps ltxfO xl/of 3fF;x¿ 89] .Æ

-!_ of] e'OFrfnf]af6 pTkGg Hjfnfd'vLsf lj:kmf]6x¿ x'g;S5g\ . lj:kmf]6af6 pTkGg ePsf jfkm / kfgL clUgdo

nfjfl;t ldl;P/ cl;gfdf kl/0ft eP/ j[li6 ePsf] x'g;S5 . tL b"lift t/n / UofF; /ftf] /uth:t} b]lvg;S5g\ . k|sfZf *M&k|sfZf *M&

46

Page 13: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

æha klxnf :ju{b"tn] t'/xL km's], ta /ut;Fu ldl;Psf] cl;gf / cfuf] k[YjLdf al;{g nfUof] .Æ

æof] cfuf] olt 7"nf] lyof] ls o;n] Ps ltxfO k[YjL 89\of] .Æ-!_

æk[YjLsf] Ps ltxfO ¿vx¿, Ps ltxfO xl/of 3fF;x¿ 89] .Æ

-!_ of] e'OFrfnf]af6 pTkGg Hjfnfd'vLsf lj:kmf]6x¿ x'g;S5g\ . lj:kmf]6af6 pTkGg ePsf jfkm / kfgL clUgdo

nfjfl;t ldl;P/ cl;gfdf kl/0ft eP/ j[li6 ePsf] x'g;S5 . tL b"lift t/n / UofF; /ftf] /uth:t} b]lvg;S5g\ . k|sfZf *M&k|sfZf *M&

47

Page 14: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

k/d]Zj/sf] l;+xf;gaf6 csf]{ ljgfZfsf] pbL{ hf/L eof] .

æha bf];|f] :ju{b"tn] t'/xL km's], ta cfuf]n] hln/x]sf]

Pp6f 7"nf] kxf8h:tf] ;d'b|df kmflnof] .Æ -!_

æta ;d'b|sf] Ps ltxfO efu /ut aGof] clg ;d'b|df ePsf hLljt k|f0fLsf] Ps

ltxfO efu d/], / hxfhx¿sf] Ps ltxfO efu gi6 eP .Æ-#_

-!_ of] ljZffn pNsf jf s'g} pku|x k[YjLsf] jfo'd08ndf k|j]Zf u/]sf] sf/0fn] ;Ns]sf] x'g;S5 .

-@_ of] s'g} pNsf jf /ftf] Hjf/ef6faf6 pTkGg ePsf] x'g;S5 h;åf/f d/]sf ;"IdhLjx¿n] kfgLnfO{ ljiffQm agfOlbPsf] x'g;S5 jf of] /ut g} klg x'g;S5 . of]] O{Zj/Lo Gofo xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 5 .

-#_ ljZffn pNsfn] pTkGg u/fPsf] 7"N7"nf Hjf/ef6fsf nx/x¿n] k[YjLsf Ps ltxfO k|f0fL / hxfh gi6 x'G5 . k|sfZf *M*–(k|sfZf *M*–(

48

Page 15: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

k/d]Zj/sf] l;+xf;gaf6 csf]{ ljgfZfsf] pbL{ hf/L eof] .

æha bf];|f] :ju{b"tn] t'/xL km's], ta cfuf]n] hln/x]sf]

Pp6f 7"nf] kxf8h:tf] ;d'b|df kmflnof] .Æ -!_

æta ;d'b|sf] Ps ltxfO efu /ut aGof] clg ;d'b|df ePsf hLljt k|f0fLsf] Ps

ltxfO efu d/], / hxfhx¿sf] Ps ltxfO efu gi6 eP .Æ-#_

-!_ of] ljZffn pNsf jf s'g} pku|x k[YjLsf] jfo'd08ndf k|j]Zf u/]sf] sf/0fn] ;Ns]sf] x'g;S5 .

-@_ of] s'g} pNsf jf /ftf] Hjf/ef6faf6 pTkGg ePsf] x'g;S5 h;åf/f d/]sf ;"IdhLjx¿n] kfgLnfO{ ljiffQm agfOlbPsf] x'g;S5 jf of] /ut g} klg x'g;S5 . of]] O{Zj/Lo Gofo xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 5 .

-#_ ljZffn pNsfn] pTkGg u/fPsf] 7"N7"nf Hjf/ef6fsf nx/x¿n] k[YjLsf Ps ltxfO k|f0fL / hxfh gi6 x'G5 . k|sfZf *M*–(k|sfZf *M*–(

49

Page 16: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

æt];|f] :ju{b"tn] cfˆgf] t'/xL km's] / cfsfZfaf6 aNbf] /fFsf] em}F Pp6f 7"nf] tf/f

v:of] . -!_ / vf]nfx¿sf] Ps ltxfO efu / kfgLx¿sf d'xfgx¿df Tof] v:of] .Æ

æTo; tf/fsf] gfpF P]/]n' xf], / To;n] ubf{ kfgLsf] Ps ltxfO efu tLtf]

eof]–/ kfgL tLtf] ePsf] x'gfn] w]/} dflg;x¿ d/] .Æ

-!_ csf]{ vuf]nLo lk08n] k[YjLnfO{ ljvl08t kfb{5 / kfgLsf d'xfgnfO{ tLtf] agfpF5 . æaNbf] /fFsf] em}FÆ eGg] jfSof+Zfn] of] k[YjLnfO{ k|xf/ ug]{ Pp6f ljZffn

w"d|s]t'nfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf] x'g;S5 . k|sfZf *M!)–!!k|sfZf *M!)–!!50

Page 17: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

æt];|f] :ju{b"tn] cfˆgf] t'/xL km's] / cfsfZfaf6 aNbf] /fFsf] em}F Pp6f 7"nf] tf/f

v:of] . -!_ / vf]nfx¿sf] Ps ltxfO efu / kfgLx¿sf d'xfgx¿df Tof] v:of] .Æ

æTo; tf/fsf] gfpF P]/]n' xf], / To;n] ubf{ kfgLsf] Ps ltxfO efu tLtf]

eof]–/ kfgL tLtf] ePsf] x'gfn] w]/} dflg;x¿ d/] .Æ

-!_ csf]{ vuf]nLo lk08n] k[YjLnfO{ ljvl08t kfb{5 / kfgLsf d'xfgnfO{ tLtf] agfpF5 . æaNbf] /fFsf] em}FÆ eGg] jfSof+Zfn] of] k[YjLnfO{ k|xf/ ug]{ Pp6f ljZffn

w"d|s]t'nfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf] x'g;S5 . k|sfZf *M!)–!!k|sfZf *M!)–!!51

Page 18: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

ærf}yf :ju{b"tn] t'/xL km's]kl5, ;"o{sf] Ps ltxfO efudfly k|xf/ ul/of], / rGb|dfsf] Ps ltxfO

efudfly / tf/fx¿sf] Ps ltxfO efudfly klg k|xf/ eof] /

ltgLx¿sf k|sfZfsf] Ps ltxfO efunfO{ cGwsf/n] 5f]Kof] .Æ

æta lbgsf] Ps ltxfO Hof]ltljxLg eof], To;/L g} /ftsf] Ps ltxfO klg .Æ -!_

km'Sg afFsL /x]sf tLg :ju{b"tsf c¿ t'/xLsf

cfjfhsf] sf/0fn] k[YjLdf jf; ug]{x¿nfO{ lwSsf/ Û

lwSsf/ Û lwSsf/ Û

-!_ Ps ltxfO vuf]nLo lk08x¿ cGwsf/ x'g'n] Zf}tfg / Tof];Fu} ktg eP/ :ju{af6 v;]sf Ps ltxfO b'i6fTdfx¿nfO{ bZff{pFb5 eg]/ O{Zj/Zff:qLx¿ ljZjf; u5{g\ . k|sfZf *M!@–!#k|sfZf *M!@–!#

52

Page 19: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

ærf}yf :ju{b"tn] t'/xL km's]kl5, ;"o{sf] Ps ltxfO efudfly k|xf/ ul/of], / rGb|dfsf] Ps ltxfO

efudfly / tf/fx¿sf] Ps ltxfO efudfly klg k|xf/ eof] /

ltgLx¿sf k|sfZfsf] Ps ltxfO efunfO{ cGwsf/n] 5f]Kof] .Æ

æta lbgsf] Ps ltxfO Hof]ltljxLg eof], To;/L g} /ftsf] Ps ltxfO klg .Æ -!_

km'Sg afFsL /x]sf tLg :ju{b"tsf c¿ t'/xLsf

cfjfhsf] sf/0fn] k[YjLdf jf; ug]{x¿nfO{ lwSsf/ Û

lwSsf/ Û lwSsf/ Û

-!_ Ps ltxfO vuf]nLo lk08x¿ cGwsf/ x'g'n] Zf}tfg / Tof];Fu} ktg eP/ :ju{af6 v;]sf Ps ltxfO b'i6fTdfx¿nfO{ bZff{pFb5 eg]/ O{Zj/Zff:qLx¿ ljZjf; u5{g\ . k|sfZf *M!@–!#k|sfZf *M!@–!#

53

Page 20: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

kfFrfF} :ju{b"tn] t'/xL km's]kl5 g/ssf] ZflQm g} k[YjLdf cjt/0f eP h:t} u/L ;nx?kL b'i6fTdfx¿ b]vfkg{ yfN5g\ t/ ;a} s'/f lgoGq0f ug]{ ZflQm cem} klg k/d]Zj/df g}

lglxt 5 .

k[YjLsf 3fF; jf s'g} af]6la?jfnfO{ s'g} xflg gug"{, t/ dfgj hfltx¿dWo] ltgLx¿nfO{ dfq xflg ug"{ h;sf] lgwf/df

k/d]Zj/sf] 5fk 5}g .ltdLx¿n] ltgLx¿nfO{

dfg]{ xf]Og –ltgLx¿nfO{ kfFr dlxgf;Dd oftgf dfq lbO/xg" . -!_

dnfO{ arfpm–of] kL8f d}n] ;xg}

;lsgF Û

d dg{ rfxG5'–d dg{

rfxG5' Û

ædflg;nfO{ ljR5Ln] 8:bf h:tf] kL8f x'G5, ltgLx¿n] lbPsf] kL8f klg To:t} lyof] .Æ

ætL lbgdf dflg;x¿n] d[To' vf]Hg]5g\ t/ kfpg]5|}gg\====Æ-@_

-!_ ;nxx¿sf] cfo' cf};t ?kdf kfFr dlxgfsf] x'G5 / oL ;nx?kL b'i6fTdfx¿nfO{ klg ToxL ;do lbOPsf] 5 .

-@_ d/]/ ePklg cfˆgf] si6 cGTo ug{ vf]h]tfklg cfTdxTof ug]{ ltgLx¿sf k|of;x¿ c;kmn x'G5 . k|sfZf (M!–^k|sfZf (M!–^

54

Page 21: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

kfFrfF} :ju{b"tn] t'/xL km's]kl5 g/ssf] ZflQm g} k[YjLdf cjt/0f eP h:t} u/L ;nx?kL b'i6fTdfx¿ b]vfkg{ yfN5g\ t/ ;a} s'/f lgoGq0f ug]{ ZflQm cem} klg k/d]Zj/df g}

lglxt 5 .

k[YjLsf 3fF; jf s'g} af]6la?jfnfO{ s'g} xflg gug"{, t/ dfgj hfltx¿dWo] ltgLx¿nfO{ dfq xflg ug"{ h;sf] lgwf/df

k/d]Zj/sf] 5fk 5}g .ltdLx¿n] ltgLx¿nfO{

dfg]{ xf]Og –ltgLx¿nfO{ kfFr dlxgf;Dd oftgf dfq lbO/xg" . -!_

dnfO{ arfpm–of] kL8f d}n] ;xg}

;lsgF Û

d dg{ rfxG5'–d dg{

rfxG5' Û

ædflg;nfO{ ljR5Ln] 8:bf h:tf] kL8f x'G5, ltgLx¿n] lbPsf] kL8f klg To:t} lyof] .Æ

ætL lbgdf dflg;x¿n] d[To' vf]Hg]5g\ t/ kfpg]5|}gg\====Æ-@_

-!_ ;nxx¿sf] cfo' cf};t ?kdf kfFr dlxgfsf] x'G5 / oL ;nx?kL b'i6fTdfx¿nfO{ klg ToxL ;do lbOPsf] 5 .

-@_ d/]/ ePklg cfˆgf] si6 cGTo ug{ vf]h]tfklg cfTdxTof ug]{ ltgLx¿sf k|of;x¿ c;kmn x'G5 . k|sfZf (M!–^k|sfZf (M!–^

55

Page 22: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

ætL ;nxx¿sf] ¿k n8fO{Fsf] lglDt tof/ ul//x]sf 3f]8fx¿sf] h:tf] lyof]====ltgLx¿sf cg'xf/ rflxF dflg;sf

h:t} lyP======ltgLx¿sf bfFt l;+xsf bfFth:tf lyP .Æ

æltgLx¿sf kv]6fsf] cfjfh n8fO{Fdf bu'g]{ w]/} 3f]8fx¿sf] cfjfhh:t} lyof] .Æ

æctn s'08sf] b"t Paf•f]g ltgLx¿sf /fhf lyPÆ -!_

-!_ :ju{b"tx¿sf] kbqmd ePh:t} b'i6fTdfx¿sf] klg kbqmd x'G5 . of] ctn s'08sf] b"t Zf}tfgsf] dflyNnf bhf{sf

cu'jfx¿dWo] Ps x'g;S5 jf Tof] Zf}tfg cfkmF} klg x'g;S5 .

æof] t klxnf] ljklQ dfq xf]====b'O{ ljklQ cfpg afFsL g} 5g\ .Æ

k|sfZf (M&–!@k|sfZf (M&–!@56

Page 23: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

ætL ;nxx¿sf] ¿k n8fO{Fsf] lglDt tof/ ul//x]sf 3f]8fx¿sf] h:tf] lyof]====ltgLx¿sf cg'xf/ rflxF dflg;sf

h:t} lyP======ltgLx¿sf bfFt l;+xsf bfFth:tf lyP .Æ

æltgLx¿sf kv]6fsf] cfjfh n8fO{Fdf bu'g]{ w]/} 3f]8fx¿sf] cfjfhh:t} lyof] .Æ

æctn s'08sf] b"t Paf•f]g ltgLx¿sf /fhf lyPÆ -!_

-!_ :ju{b"tx¿sf] kbqmd ePh:t} b'i6fTdfx¿sf] klg kbqmd x'G5 . of] ctn s'08sf] b"t Zf}tfgsf] dflyNnf bhf{sf

cu'jfx¿dWo] Ps x'g;S5 jf Tof] Zf}tfg cfkmF} klg x'g;S5 .

æof] t klxnf] ljklQ dfq xf]====b'O{ ljklQ cfpg afFsL g} 5g\ .Æ

k|sfZf (M&–!@k|sfZf (M&–!@57

Page 24: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

æclg rf/ b"tx¿ 5f]l8P, h'gx¿ dflg; hfltsf] Ps ltxfO dfg{nfO{ To; 38L, To; lbg, To; dlxgf /

To; jif{sf] lglDt tof/ kf/]/ /flvPsf lyP .Æ

o"k|m]l6; gbLdf[1] afFlw/fv]sf tL rf/ b"tnfO{

5f]l8b]pm . -!_

-!_ cbg au}Frfaf6 alulg:sg] rf/ gbLx¿dWo] Pp6f o"k|m]l6; gbL xf] . afa]naf6 ;'? eP/ o; 7fpFn] ljZjsf w]/} d"lt{k"hs wd{x¿nfO{ hGd lbPsf] 5 .

;fdfGotM j]bL eg]sf] Tof] 7fpF xf] hxfF s[kfsf] nflu dflg;x¿n] r9fPsf k|fy{gfx¿nfO{ k/d]Zj/n] ;'Gg'x'GYof]–t/ ca j]bLn] abnfsf] nflu lrRofpg]5 .

k|sfZf (M!#–!^k|sfZf (M!#–!^58

Page 25: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

æclg rf/ b"tx¿ 5f]l8P, h'gx¿ dflg; hfltsf] Ps ltxfO dfg{nfO{ To; 38L, To; lbg, To; dlxgf /

To; jif{sf] lglDt tof/ kf/]/ /flvPsf lyP .Æ

o"k|m]l6; gbLdf[1] afFlw/fv]sf tL rf/ b"tnfO{

5f]l8b]pm . -!_

-!_ cbg au}Frfaf6 alulg:sg] rf/ gbLx¿dWo] Pp6f o"k|m]l6; gbL xf] . afa]naf6 ;'? eP/ o; 7fpFn] ljZjsf w]/} d"lt{k"hs wd{x¿nfO{ hGd lbPsf] 5 .

;fdfGotM j]bL eg]sf] Tof] 7fpF xf] hxfF s[kfsf] nflu dflg;x¿n] r9fPsf k|fy{gfx¿nfO{ k/d]Zj/n] ;'Gg'x'GYof]–t/ ca j]bLn] abnfsf] nflu lrRofpg]5 .

k|sfZf (M!#–!^k|sfZf (M!#–!^59

Page 26: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

ætL 3f]8;jf/sf] kmf}hsf] ;+Vof aL; s/f]8 x'g]5 egL dnfO{ atfOPsf] lyof] .Æ -!_

o:tf] lbg cfpFb}5 eg]/ d]/L cfdfn] dnfO{ afOan k9\g nufpg]

sf]lZfif ug'{ePsf] lyof] . lsg d}n] pxfFsf] ;'lggF Û d}Fn] sNkgf u/]sf]eGbf klg of] 8/nfUbf] 5 .

k|e', d kfkLdfly s[kf ug'{xf];\ .

ltgLx¿sf d'vaf6 lg:s]sf cfuf], w"jfF /

uGwssf tLg ljklQåf/f dfgjhfltsf] Ps ltxfO efu dfl/of] .

æoL ljklQx¿åf/f gdfl/Psf afFsL dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf xftsf sfdx¿af6

cem klg kZrftfk u/]gg\ .Æ

æltgLx¿n] e"tx¿nfO{ / b]Vg g;Sg], ;'Gg g;Sg] / lxF8\g g;Sg] ;'g, rfFbL, sfF;f, 9'Ëf s sf7sf d"lt{x¿nfO{ k'Hg 5f]8]gg\ .Æ

æltgLx¿n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] xTof, hfb"u/L===Æ

æ===Jolerf/ / rf]/Lsf] kZrftfk

u/]gg\”

-!_ Pp6f b'i6fTdfsf] kmf}hnfO{ 5f]l8G5 / ltgLx¿n] dfgjhfltsf] Ps ltxfOnfO{ dfl/lbG5g\ . k|sfZf (M!^–@!k|sfZf (M!^–@!

60

Page 27: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

ætL 3f]8;jf/sf] kmf}hsf] ;+Vof aL; s/f]8 x'g]5 egL dnfO{ atfOPsf] lyof] .Æ -!_

o:tf] lbg cfpFb}5 eg]/ d]/L cfdfn] dnfO{ afOan k9\g nufpg]

sf]lZfif ug'{ePsf] lyof] . lsg d}n] pxfFsf] ;'lggF Û d}Fn] sNkgf u/]sf]eGbf klg of] 8/nfUbf] 5 .

k|e', d kfkLdfly s[kf ug'{xf];\ .

ltgLx¿sf d'vaf6 lg:s]sf cfuf], w"jfF /

uGwssf tLg ljklQåf/f dfgjhfltsf] Ps ltxfO efu dfl/of] .

æoL ljklQx¿åf/f gdfl/Psf afFsL dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf xftsf sfdx¿af6

cem klg kZrftfk u/]gg\ .Æ

æltgLx¿n] e"tx¿nfO{ / b]Vg g;Sg], ;'Gg g;Sg] / lxF8\g g;Sg] ;'g, rfFbL, sfF;f, 9'Ëf s sf7sf d"lt{x¿nfO{ k'Hg 5f]8]gg\ .Æ

æltgLx¿n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] xTof, hfb"u/L===Æ

æ===Jolerf/ / rf]/Lsf] kZrftfk

u/]gg\”

-!_ Pp6f b'i6fTdfsf] kmf}hnfO{ 5f]l8G5 / ltgLx¿n] dfgjhfltsf] Ps ltxfOnfO{ dfl/lbG5g\ . k|sfZf (M!^–@!k|sfZf (M!^–@!

61

Page 28: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

æta csf{ ZflQmZffnL b"t :ju{af6 cf]ln{cfP .Æ

tL ;ft d]3 uh{gx¿n] lgsfn]sf cfjfhnfO{ u'Kt /fv,

/ tL gn]v .

Ps dfq ;fFrf] / hLljt k/d]Zj/sf] gfpFdf d eG5',

ca l9nf] x'g]5}g .

t/ tL lbgx¿df ha ;ftf}F :ju{b"tn] cfˆgf] t'/xL km'Sg} nfU5g\, pxfFn] cfˆgf bf; cudjQmfx¿nfO{ 3f]if0ff

ug'{ePem}F k/d]Zj/sf] /x:o k"/f x'g]5 . -!_Æ

-!_ ægofF lgoddf, /x:o eg]sf] Pp6f n'sfOPsf] ;Totf xf] h'g v|Li6 / pxfFsf k|]l/tx¿åf/f k|s6 ul/Psf 5g\ . of] /x:o eGgfn] ;a} s'/fx¿nfO{ clGtddf kl/k"0f{ kfl/g] sfo{ xf] . of] ta x'G5 ha

k/d]Zj/n] ljb|f]xL kfkLx¿nfO{ gfZf u/]/ o; k[YjLdf cfˆgf] wfld{s /fHo :yfkgf ug'{x'G5 .

k|sfZf !)M!–&k|sfZf !)M!–&62

Page 29: u5{' ls of] slxNo} lgEg]5}g · æha pxfFn] kfFrf}F df]xf]/ tf]8\g'eof], ta j]bLd'lGt/ dF}n] ltgLx¿sf cfTdfx¿ b]v]F, hf] k/d]Zj/sf jrgsf] lglDt / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf ujfxLsf] sf/0f dfl/Psf

hfpm / b"tsf] xftdf ePsf] v'nf rd{kqsf]

d'¶f] n]pm .

tkfO{Fsf] xftdf /x]sf] of] rd{kqsf] d'¶f] s]

d lng;S5' <

x'G5, n]pm / vfpm . o;n] ltd|f] k]6 cldnf] u/fpg]5,

t/ ltd|f] d'vdf Tof] dxh:tf] u'lnof] x'g]5 . -!_

ltdLn] w]/} dflg;x¿, hfltx¿, efiffx¿ /

/fhfx¿sf ljifodf km]l/ cudjf0fL af]Ng'kg]{5 .

-!_ rd{kqsf] Tof] d'¶f] vfbf o"xGgfn] h'g k|ltlqmof JoQm u/],ToxL k|ltlqmof k/d]Zj/sf] Gofok|lt ljZjf;Lsf] x'G5

eGg] o;n] bZff{pFb5 . k/d]Zj/sf] dlxdfnfO{ k|tLIff ul/Fbf cg'ej ul/g] dL7f; t/ kfkLx¿k|lt k/d]Zj/sf] Gofo

vGofOPsf] b]v]/ cg'ej ul/g] tLtf]kgf .

k|sfZf !)M*–!!k|sfZf !)M*–!! 63

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hfpm / k/d]Zj/sf] dlGb/ / j]bLsf] gfk n]pm, / ToxfF cf/fwgf ug]{x¿sf]

uGtL n]pm . -!_

t/ dlGb/aflx/ /x]sf cfFugnfO{

rflxF 5f]8 / ggfk .

Tof] rflxF hflthfltx¿nfO{ lbOPsf] 5, / $@ dlxgf;Dd

kljq ;x/nfO{ ltgLx¿n] s'NrL lkNrL kfg]{5g\ .-@_

d]/f b'O ;fIfLx¿nfO{ !,@^) lbg;Dd efª\u|fsf

j:q nfP/ cudjf0fL af]Ng] ZflQm d lbg]5' .

-!_ o¿Zfn]dsf] dlGb/ km]l/ agfOg]5 / of] gfKg] sfdn] o;df k/d]Zj/sf] :jfldTj /x]sf] egL hgfpF5 .

-@_ v|Li6lj/f]wL / To;sf kmf}hx¿n] o¿Zfn]d / To;sf] dlGb/ cf]u6\g]5g\ . afFr]sf afFsL ox"bLx¿nfO{ k/d]Zj/n] phf8:yfgdf cf>o lbP/ /fVg'x'g]5 . -k|sfZf !@M^,!$_

k|sfZf !!M!–#k|sfZf !!M!–#64


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sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!( · 2020. 10. 16. · s}bLnfO{ sf/fuf/leq g]n jf xts8L nufOg] 5}g . *= Msf/fuf/df gfafnssf] x]/rfx -!_ y'lgP jf s}b k/]sL :jf:gLdflg;sf] sf/fuf/ leq 5f]/f 5f]/L hGd]5

;jf/L b3{6gfsf] d'Vo sf/0f k|b]zsf zx/x?df ‘xl/t tLj| ult ...sajhakura.com.np/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/16-gate-pdf.pdf · bzf}+ aif{df k|j]z u/]sf] z'ecj;/ df klqsfsf] pQ/f]Q

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;d/ km ];gsf ] df]ltnfnsf ] ljjfxsf] df};dhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/hotnepal/... · 2015. 10. 27. · cjlwafx]s c?a ]nf u 'dgfdh:t} ag ]sf] oyfy {n] klg ld;

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POKHARA TO DELHI sf/ df klg · 2020. 3. 8. · kmfu'g @% ut] cfOtaf/ VW, (*%^)–$$(&^, (*@%!–@!@() (*@&!^#*$(, (*)$!(^%^$!÷ @ S.E.E $

POKHARA TO DELHI sf/ df klg · 2020. 3. 8. · kmfu'g @% ut] cfOtaf/ VW, (*%^)–$$(&^, (*@%!–@!@() (*@&!^#*$(, (*)$!(^%^$!÷ @ S.E.E $

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pBd ljsf; /0fgLlts of]hgf sflndf6LufFpkflnsf, ;Nofg …...8 $=% cfufdL % aif{sf] p2]Zo (Objective)M 62 $=^ cfufdL %aif{df lgsfNg} kg]{ gtLhfx?sf] la:t[t of]hgfM 63

pBd ljsf; /0fgLlts of]hgf sflndf6LufFpkflnsf, ;Nofg …...8 $=% cfufdL % aif{sf] p2]Zo (Objective)M 62 $=^ cfufdL %aif{df lgsfNg} kg]{ gtLhfx?sf] la:t[t of]hgfM 63

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s]xL g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug{] P]g, @)&@ · 4 #= cfjZos j:t' ;+/If0f P]g, @)!@ df ;+zf]wg M cfjZos j:t' ;+/If0f P]g, @)!@ sf],— -!_ bkmf % sf] bkmf zLif{sdf /x]sf æ:yfgLo lgsfoÆ

ljBfno ;'/Iff sfof{Gjog sfo{ljlw @)&% · 2019-03-27 · a[xt\ ljBfno ;'/Iff sfof{Gjog sfo{ljlw @)&%-g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno -df= dGqL:t/_ sf] ldlt @)&% kmfNu'g

ljBfno ;'/Iff sfof{Gjog sfo{ljlw @)&% · 2019-03-27 · a[xt\ ljBfno ;'/Iff sfof{Gjog sfo{ljlw @)&%-g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno -df= dGqL:t/_ sf] ldlt @)&% kmfNu'g

isj.educv.ro rezultate final.pdfGheorghe Sf. Gheorghe Sf. Gheorghe Sf. Gheorghe Sf. Gheorghe Sf. Gheorghe Sf. Gheorghe Sf. Gheorghe Sf. Gheorghe Covasna Covasna Covasna Covasna Covasna

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pm Zofd xf]...of] k':ts e"sDksf] g/fd|f] cg'ej u/]sf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . s[kof tkfO{ cleefjs tyf lzIfs- _ cfk}m of] k':ts k9\g'xf];\/ o;df lbOPsf] syf tkfO{sf afnaflnsfsf

SF 1 SF 2 SF 3 - Mobel linea

SF 1 SF 2 SF 3 - Mobel linea

fli6«o lzIff gLlt, @)&^ · 2019. 12. 11. · /fli6«o lzIff gLlt, @)&^ -g]kfn ;/sf/, dGqLkl/ifb\af6 ldlt @)&^.&.!* df :jLs[t_ g]kfn ;/sf/ lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno l;+xb/af/,

fli6«o lzIff gLlt, @)&^ · 2019. 12. 11. · /fli6«o lzIff gLlt, @)&^ -g]kfn ;/sf/, dGqLkl/ifb\af6 ldlt @)&^.&.!* df :jLs[t_ g]kfn ;/sf/ lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno l;+xb/af/,

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