Typological & Functional Approaches By Crystal ( 曾靖雅 ) Gass, S. M., & Selinker, L. (2008)....

Typological & Functional Approaches

By Crystal (曾靖雅 )

Gass, S. M., & Selinker, L. (2008). Second language acquisition: An Gass, S. M., & Selinker, L. (2008). Second language acquisition: An introductory course (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.introductory course (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.

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2 Approaches to SLA

the study of the patterns exhibited in the languages worldwide

Typological Approach1

Functional Approach2

the study of how language functions (tense/ aspect, which combines verb meanings, morphological form, and phonology)

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Typological Universal

The study of typological universals stem from work in linguistics by Greenberg (1963).

Linguists discover similarities/differences in Lg. Linguists attempt to determine linguistic typologies

or what “type” of langauges are possible.If a language has feature X, it will also have

feature Y.

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In language with prepositions, the genitive almost always follows the governing noun, while in languages with postpositions it almost precedes the noun.

French (7-1) le chien dede mon ami the dog ofof my friend

Italian (7-3) il cane didi mia madre the dog ofof my mother

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In languages with postpositions, such as Turkish, what we call prepositions follow the noun, where the morphological markers follow the noun

Turkish (7-4) a. deniz = an oceanb. denizee = toto an oceanc. denizinin = ofof an ocean

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English allows not only the predicted order, but also the unpredicted word order.

Predicted word orderthe leg of the table

Unpredicted word ordermy friend’s dog

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Languages with dominant verb-subject-object(VSO) order are always preposition.

Welsh (7-6) lladdwyd y dyn gangan y ddraig. Killed-passive the man byby the dragon the man was killed by the dragon.

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Natural LanguageInterlanguages are natural languages.

(Adjemian, 1976, p.298)Interlanguage: the language produced by a

nonative speaker of a language (eg. A learner’s output). Refers to the systematic knowledge underlying learners’ production.

Natural Langauge: any human language shared by a community of speakers and developed over time by a general process of evolution.

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Hindi (7-7) Ram-ne seb kaya. Ram apple ate

“Ram ate an apple.”

French (7-13) Jean a mange une pomme. Jean has eaten an apple

Japanese (7-19) Taroo-ga ringo-o tabeta. Taroo apple ate

“Taroo ate an apple.”p194p194

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Head-initial LanguageHead-final LanguageHead = Verb

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Table 7.1 Word orders

Hindi French Japanese English

Basic order (V+O) OV VO OV VO

Aux + Verb V Aux Aux V V Aux Aux V

Preposition + Noun(Postposition)

N Post Prep N N Post Prep N

N + Relative Clause N + RC N + RC RC + N N + RC

Possessive Poss + N N + Poss Poss + N Both

Adj + N Adj + N N + Adj Adj + N Both


Interlanguage Structural Conformity Hypothesis:All universals that are true for primary languages are also true for interlanguages.(Eckman, Moravcsik, and Wirth, 1989, p.195)

There are many ways in which universals can be expected to affect the development of SL grammars:(1) the shape of a learner’s grammar(2) acquisition order (marked form)(3) one of the interacting forces

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7.2.1 Test case1: Accessibitiy Hierarchy (AH)

Keenan and Comrie (1977) SU > DO > IO > OPREP > GEN > OCOMP SU = subject

That’s the man who ran away.The girl who came late is my mom.

DO = direct object That’s the man I saw yesterday.

The girl Kate saw is my sister. IO = Indirect object

That’s the man to whom I gave the letter.The girl Whom I wrote a letter to is my sister.

OPREP = object of preposition relativesThat’s the man I was talking about.The girl whom I sat next to is my sister.

GEN = genitiveThat’s the man whose sister I know.That girl whose father died told me she was sad.

OCOMP = object of comparativeThat’s the man I am taller than.The girl who Kate is smarter than is my sister. p197p197


Gass (1979)(1)free compositions(2)sentence combining(3)grammaticality judgments

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Resumptive Pronoun Hierarchy

Hyltenstam (1984)Resumptive pronoun (7-25)

She danced with the man who [*he] flew to Paris yesterday.

(7-26) The woman whom he danced with [her] flew to Paris yesterday.

OCOMP > GEN > OPREP > IO > DO > SU p198p198


Resumptive Pronoun Hierarchy

2003, Comire, typology for some East Asian Lgs.

2003, O’Grady, Lee and choo, support AH.2007, Jeon and Kim, head-external & head-

internal relative clauses.2007, Ozeki and Shirai, introduced another level

of complexity.


7.2.2 Test case IIthe acquisition of questions

Wh- inversion implies wh-fronting (7-28) Whom will you see? S VVS => the question word or phrase is initial. What is your daughter’s name? V S


7.2.3 Test case IIIvoiced/ voiceless consonants

PhonologySpeakers of Spanish and Mandarin Chinese

learning English.Word-final voiceless sound NL and language universals


Conclusion

The domain of language universals is that of natural languages and not second languages

The domain of language universals is that of all linguistic systems – any failure to comply with a putative language universal would then be taken as evidence that description of the universal is incorrect


Functional Approach

How language functions for the communication purposes

Tense and aspect: the Aspect HypothesisThe discourse HypothesisConcept-oriented approach


Tense and aspect: the Aspect Hypothesis

Learners recognize what morphological markers for verbs

1980s, a more sophisticated approach was taken to the L2 acquisition of tense-aspect morphology. That is “The Aspect Hypothesis.”

Punctual/ achievement/ state/ accomplishment verb Target languages generally show:

(1) Past/perfective: punctual/ achievement/ accomplishment(2) Imperfective: (durative) punctual/ achievement/ accomplishment(3) Progressive: strong duration or dynamic


The discourse Hypothesis

At the acquisition, not only lexical meaning, but also structure of the discourse in which utterances appear.

An investigation of learning English, showing that “will” emerges prior to “going to” as an expression of futurity(1) formal complexity(2) “will” as a lexical marker(3) one-to-one principle.


Concept-oriented approach

This approach is the need to map certain functions that the learner wants to express to the form that she or he needs to express it.

Typological & Functional Approaches By Crystal ( 曾靖雅 ) Gass, S. M., & Selinker, L. (2008)....

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