Transboundary Primates: Current status and Conservation ...
Transcript of Transboundary Primates: Current status and Conservation ...
Prof Dr Badrul Munir Md Zain
Department of Biological Sciences and BiotechnologyFaculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Transboundary Primates: Current status and Conservation Genetics
1-Family Hominidae2-Family Hylobatidae3-Family Cercopithecidae
Subfamily CercopithecinaeSubfamily Colobinae
4-Family Loridae5-Family Tarsiidae
MALAYSIAN PRIMATES
MALAYSIAN PRIMATES 25Peninsular Malaysia PRIMATES 13INDONESIAN PRIMATES 61THAILAND 16
Ape (6)1-Pongo pygmaeus CR IUCN Category
2-Symphalangus syndactylus EN3-Hylobates agilis EN4-Hylobates lar EN5-Hylobates abbotti EN6-Hylobates funereus EN
Colobine (11)7-Nasalis larvatus EN 8-Presbytis siamensis NT9-Presbytis femoralis VU10-Presbytis robinsoni VU11-Presbytis chrysomelas CR12-Prebytis hosei VU13-Prebytis sabana EN14-Presbytis rubicundaVU15-Presbytis frontata VU16-Trachypithecus obscurus EN17-Trachypithecus cristatus VU
Cercopithecine (3) 18-Macaca nemestrina EN 19-Macaca fascicularis VU20-Macaca arctoides VU
Slow Loris (4)21-Nycticebus coucang EN22-Nycticebus menagensis VU23-Nycticebus kayan VU24-Nycticebus bengalensis EN
Tarsier (1)25-Cephalopachus bancanus VU
Tarsier Slow loris
Nycticebuscoucang
Nycticebusmenagensis
NycticebuskayanCephalopachus
bancanus
Nycticebusbengalensis
Cercopithecine
Macacafascicularis
Macacanemestrina
Macacaarctoides
Colobine
Nasalis larvatus
Presbytis siamensis
Presbytis neglectus
Presbytis robinsoni
Presbytis chrysomelas
Presbytis hosei
Presbytis sabana
Presbytis rubicunda
Presbytis frontata
Trachypithecuscristatus
Trachypithecusobscurus
Ape
Hylobates lar Hylobates agilis
Hylobatesabbotti
Symphalangus syndactylus
Pongopygmaeus
Hylobatesfunereus
Source: Roos et al. 2014
Transboundary Primates
Transboundary: moving or having effect across a boundary or boundaries.
A transboundary primate is a primate living and crosses at least one political border, either a border within a nation or an international boundary.
Transboundary conservation is a process of cooperation to achieve conservation goals across one or more international boundaries.
Wildlife habitats in two or more countries that are necessary to sustain populations of migratory species and involve some form of cooperation.
Neglected Primates
Neglected:
are those to which little attention is paid or which are entirely ignoredReasons:
Very difficult to follow
Bias towards selected studied species
Large gap between previous researches
Transboundary Primates
Malaysia -Indonesia
Prebytis chrysomelas CRPresbytis frontata VNPresbytis hosei VNPresbytis saban ENPresbytis rubicunda VN
Neglected Transboundary Primates
Malaysia -Indonesia
Prebytis chrysomelas chrysomelasPrebytis chrysomelas cruriger
Presbytis chrysomelasEnglish Common name Nama tempatan di Malaysia
Bornean Banded Langur Lutong penatat
Sarawak surili Muis
Tricolour langur Lutong ceneka
Cross-marked Langur Nama tempatan di Indonesia
???
-Endemic Borneo-IUCN: Critically Endangered, Sangat Terancam-Confine distribution-habitat is getting smaller
-Previously classified under Presbytis melalophos-Unique: distinguish call from Presbytis robinsoni, Presbytissiamensis & Presbytis femoralisPrr tat tat tat, Prr ke ke ke ke
-2 subsp: P. p. cruciger & P. p. chrysomelas-What character 2 subsp in P. chrysomelas?
Distribution
Presbytis chrysomelas chrysomelas only can be found Sarawak at 3 localities
i) Sanktuari Hidupan Liar Samunsam ii) Taman Negara Tanjung Datuiii) Taman Negara Similajau
Presbytis chrysomelas cruciger-Taman Negara Maludam, Malaysia- Danau Santarum, Indonesia
Habitat
© Md-Zain & Mohd Ridwan
Vegetation Sanktuari Hidupan Liar Samunsam & Taman Negara Tg Datu
Mixed Diptercarp ForestPrimary forest
Taxonomy & Systematics Presbytis melalophos chrysomelas Oates et al 1994Presbytis femoralis chrysomelas/cruciger Brandon-Jones et al 2004Prebytis chrysomelas chrysomelas Groves 2001Prebytis chrysomelas cruciger Groves 2001Current taxonomy Roos et al 2014
-subspp chrysomelas vs cruciger--Penemuan cruciger Danau Santarum will open research colloboration oppurtunity between Indonesia & Malaysia in molecular systematics
Vun et al 2011 Abdul-Latiff et al 2019
Ekologi
Live in small group between 5-6 individuals only (Payne et al. 1985; Bennet 1992).
SHL Samunsam:17 groups 8-13 individual (Ampeng 2006)
Abundance food resources in Samunsam, groups do not require long distances of daily movement to obtain food except fruit season
Ampeng, A. & Md-Zain, B.M. 2007. A short note on methodology of detecting leaf monkeys (Presbytis melalophos chrysomelas and Trachypithecus crisatus) in Samunsam Wildlife Sanctuary, Sarawak. The Journal of Wildlife and Parks 24: 7-9
Ampeng, A. & Md-Zain, B.M. 2012. Ranging Patterns of Critically Endangered Colobine, Presbytis chrysomelas chrysomelas. The ScientificWorld Journal Volume 2012, Article ID 594382.
Main group Sub Adult Group
Type Frequency(%)
Frequency(%)
Young Leaf 208 (52.8) 98 (53.0)Shoots 78 (19.8) 44 (23.4)
Mature Leaf 65 (16.5) 15 (8.1)Fruit 25 (6.3) 20 (10.8)Seed 15 (3.8) 8 (4.3)
Fruit Skin 2 (0.5)Dry Leaf 1 (0.3)
N = 394 N=185
Threats
Habitat Destruction-Illegal Logging (Ampeng 2006)- Pan Borneo Highway(Telok Melano, Sarawak to Tawau, Sabah)Langurs may left this area due to habitat destruction
Illegal hunting by local ethnics (Ampeng 2006)© Md-Zain & Mohd Ridwan
In the past, Samunsam and Tg Datu could be accessed only by sea
Two years ago, the Pan Borneo highway was officially opened causing the arrival of large crowds, especially on weekends and public holidays in Telok Melano and Tg Datu
Eco Tourism
© Md-Zain & Mohd Ridwan
Conservation-Corridors connect the forest-Restricting the ecotourism industryin the National Park area-Security squad monitors hunting-Local community conservation education
P. m. chrysomelas: Schedule 1 of animals completely protected in accordance with the Sarawak wildlife protection ordinance amendment 1998, section 29 (1) (c).
According to this section, no one is permitted to own unless authorized in writing byDirector of the Forest DepartmentSarawak.
Permission is granted for research and educational purposes only.Guilty of violating section: fineRM 25,000.00 and 2 years imprisonment
-ecological aspects of the population P. c. cruciger-eDNA P. c. cruciger-Philogeneous relationship P. c. cruciger vs P. c. chrysomelas-Metagenomics P. c. chrysomelas-Population status in Samunsam P. c. chrysomelas-Collaboration of Malaysian primatologistsand Indonesia involves lutong genetic study
Future Studies
-lutong penatat is very threatened-More drastic conservation efforts-More research from ecological, behavioral and genetic aspects
-The genetic relationship status of subsp cruciger & chrysomelas needs to be known immediately for the purpose of taxonomic review and conservation management-Research collaboration between Malaysia & Indonesia sharing data and expertise
Presbytis chrysomelas cruciger
Symposium dan Kongres Primata IndonesiaTempat : University Club UGM, DI. Yogyakarta18-19 Sept 2019
-Kebutuhan Mendesak Konservasi Lutung Cenaka di Lansekap DanauSentarum (Mohamad Arif Rifqi, Tulus Pambudi, Muhammad Khotiem,Asri Ali Gesshaa)-Eksplorasi Presbytis chrysomelas ssp. cruciger (Thomas, 1892) di BukitSemujan, TNl Danau Sentarum (Aripin, Syarief M. Ridwan, ArdiAndono, Arief Mahmud)-Presbytis chrysomelas in Malaysia: Critically endangered langur withfew scientific information (Badrul Munir Md Zain)
webinar NEW RECORD Langur Borneo Indonesia
Aug 10, 2020
Molecular systematics studies
Research Colloboration
Neglected Transboundary Primates
Malaysia -Thailand
Nycticebus coucangN. bengalensisMacaca arctoidesPresbytis robinsoniPresbytis siamensisHylobates larHylobates agilisSymphalangus syndactylus
Road kill samples
N. menagensis Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia (Sabah & Sarawak), Phillipines
N. kayan North Borneo (Sarawak, Sabah, east & south Kalimantan)
N. bengalensis Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Myanmar, Thailand,Vietnam, possibly in northern peninsular Malaysia (Streicher et al. 2008)
Need to reconfirm by direct sighting for morphological appearance
Macaca arctoidesFor nearly 20 years: report on border crossing Thai-Malaysia2019: First population report 2020: First metabarcoding report
Molecular phylogenyMetagenomics &Metabarcoding (COI)
Currently 3 groups are more reside in MalaysiaPressure to huntingSensitive to human presence
Md-Zain, Ridwan Rahman©
Presbytis robinsoni (Northern Malay Peninsular, Thailand and Myanmar)
Being elevated to species level (Md-Zain 2019)
Hunting Pressure
Population genetics
Metabarcoding & Metagenomics
Md-Zain, Ridwan Rahman©
Presbytis femoralis (Johor and Singapore), Presbytis percura (Sumatra)Presbytis robinsoni (Northern Malay Peninsular, Thailand and Myanmar)Presbtyis siamensis siamensis (Malay Peninsular, Southern Thailand)
P. femoralis
P. robinsoni
Hylobates larLar gibbon Ungka Tangan Putih EN
Subspecies differentiation never been tested especially H lar lar and H. l. entelloides
Hylobates larLar gibbon Ungka Tangan Putih EN
Subspecies differentiation never been tested especially H lar lar and H. lar entelloides
Metagenomics
Involved process DNA extraction from natural environmental samplesto gain information organisms of the DNA originated from
Transforming our knowledge of diversity, ecology, evolution andtaxonomy of organisms to better understanding of human health andhost conditions particularly for zoonosis epidemiology and stress level
NGS approaches combined with bioinformatics for identification ofpathogens in animal reservoirs.
As advantage, metagenomic approach would characterize largenumbers of pathogens and animal stress related without any a prioriinformation
Metabarcoding
Diet of primate can be determined traditionally by direct observation of foraging or microscopic examination of gut or fecal content.
These methods require a long observation time and training for food identifying.
Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA were designed.
This give a new approach in plant DNA barcoding for studying the wider taxonomic of plant.
DNA metabarcoding combine with the high-throughput sequencing technologies (NGS) is becoming a powerful tool for understanding the diets of wild animals.
Plant barcode databases have allowed to perform diet analysis by identifying the DNA sequences of consumed items from faecal material
• CLC Genomic Workbench (CLC)• PAST 3
DNA extraction PCR qPCR DNA sequence
• Next-generation sequencing (NGS)
• KAPA Hifi HotstartReadyMix
• KAPA SYBR FAST qPCR Master Mix
Metagenomic and Metabarcoding
Transboundary Primates
Research Colloboration at International level
Sharing ecological and behavioral data
Collecting genetic samples for genetic analyses
Protecting habitats
Creating transboundary conservation areas
Scientific discussions
Whole Genome Sequencing: at competitive and reasonable prices
Conservation management: how genetic data are being implemented
Multidicipline research: eg wildlife trafficking to include DNA barcoding, phylogeography, population genetics, morphology, GIS
Molecular ecology studies: Social Organization, mating systems
FUTURE DIRECTION
Md-Zain©
• Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia• Universiti Tun Hussein Onn• Jabatan Perhilitan • Jabatan Perhutanan Sem. Malaysia • Jabatan Perhutanan Sarawak• Sarawak Forestry Corporation• Zoo Taiping, Zoo Melaka• Local Universities and Overseas colloborators• Perlis Nature Wildlife• Photos Credit (Eddie Chan, Syafizan, • Thach Mai Hoang, Ridwan Rahman, • Pak Ardi Danau Santarum)
Research Grants:GUP-2019-037
Cytogenetic lab members and Colloborators:Dr Abdul-Latiff MAB, Mohd Ridwan, Nur Azimah O,Dr Nor Aifat R, Dr Nur Syafika MY, Dr Kayal Vizi K, Dr Ahmad Ampeng, Nurhartini, Mardiah M. many others
Acknowledgements