Traduzione Inglese 1 a.a. 2020/2021 - unica.it
Transcript of Traduzione Inglese 1 a.a. 2020/2021 - unica.it
Traduzione Inglese
1
a.a. 2020/2021Matricole DISPARI
LESSON 2
The three steps of the translation
process
1. Analysis of the source text
2. Mental transfer
3. Re-construction of the message in the target language
it’s a CYCLE: we can go back
The text: Sabatini
Sabatini: pragmatic approach
Subject matter + genre
The author guides the fruition via interpretative contraints
+
The reader is the interpreter
Interpretation depends on 1 respecting the communicative intention of the
author; 2 considering the cultural background, scientific models and
traditions
Binding texts
Semi-binding texts
Slightly binding texts
The text: Sabatini
1. Binding texts: the addreessee’s intentions are explicit
▪ Texts with cognitive function true/false
▪ Prescriptive texts, ex. laws
▪ Instrumental texts, ex. instructions
Lexis: DENOTATIVE, few synonyms; terminology;
2. Semi-binding texts
• Explicative/argumentative function, ex. essays
• Informative but divulgative texts, news articles
3. Slightly binding texts
• Expressive function: art, literature
Examples
VISTA la proposta della CRUI del 19 luglio 2012, prot. n. 710/P/gl, relativa alla proposta di individuazione delle Università sedi delle procedure di abilitazione scientifica nazionale;
VISTO l’esito del sorteggio delle Università sedi delle procedure di abilitazione effettuato in data 20 luglio 2012
DECRETA
Art. 1
Ai sensi degli articoli 3 e 9 del DPR n. 222 del 2011, è indetta la procedura per il conseguimento dell’abilitazione scientifica nazionale alle funzioni di professore universitario di prima e seconda fascia, per ciascun settore concorsuale di cui all’allegato 3 del presente decreto.
Binding
Examples
Pulite i colombi, senza eliminare il fegato, e farciteli
con rigatino, salvia, aglio, sale e pepe. Metteteli in un
alto recipiente di terracotta con la cipolla affettata
grossolanamente, olio, vino e il chiodo di garofano. Poi
cuocete a fuoco lentissimo, cercando di far coincidere
la fine del vino con il perfetto momento di cottura.
?
Examples
Pulite i colombi, senza eliminare il fegato, e farciteli
con rigatino, salvia, aglio, sale e pepe. Metteteli in un
alto recipiente di terracotta con la cipolla affettata
grossolanamente, olio, vino e il chiodo di garofano. Poi
cuocete a fuoco lentissimo, cercando di far coincidere
la fine del vino con il perfetto momento di cottura.
BINDING
Examples
«Lei dovrà firmare molte cose…» Con il dono di una
stilografica Papa Francesco, incontrando ieri il presidente
dell’Anp Mahmoud Abbas, si è fatto promotore dell’intesa
fra Israele e Palestina. «Spero con questa penna di firmare
l’accordo con Israele» ha risposto Abbas, e con l’occasione
ha invitato il Pontefice in Terra Santa, come già aveva fatto
Israele. Proprio ieri Peace Now ha reso noto che rispetto al
2012 la costruzione di nuovi insediamenti israeliani è
aumentata del 70%. («la Repubblica», 18 ottobre 2013)
?
Examples
«Lei dovrà firmare molte cose…» Con il dono di una
stilografica Papa Francesco, incontrando ieri il presidente
dell’Anp Mahmoud Abbas, si è fatto promotore dell’intesa
fra Israele e Palestina. «Spero con questa penna di firmare
l’accordo con Israele» ha risposto Abbas, e con l’occasione
ha invitato il Pontefice in Terra Santa, come già aveva fatto
Israele. Proprio ieri Peace Now ha reso noto che rispetto al
2012 la costruzione di nuovi insediamenti israeliani è
aumentata del 70%. («la Repubblica», 18 ottobre 2013)
SEMI-BINDING
WERLICH
The text
WERLICH: extralinguistic parameters influence the
linguistic ones (purpose, addressee, context)
DOMINANT CONTEXTUAL FOCUS
1. Narrative: action or process THROUGH TIME. Events and
participants are chronologically portrayed through temporal
circumstances or participant roles
4 styles:
Metaphorical style, with expressions outside the field of reference,
Comparative style, more familiar expressions
Technical style
Formal style
The text
WERLICH: extralinguistic parameters influence the
linguistic ones (purpose, addressee, context)
2. descriptive: representation of people, places in a SPATIAL
DIMENSION (matrice cognitiva: percezione dello spazio).
5 styles:
Impressionistic descriptions, with hyperbolic style. They convey the writer’s feelings on the phenomena; 1st person point of view;
Metaphorical style, with expressions outside the field of reference,
Comparative style, more familiar expressions
Evocative style, to cause particular emotive reactions
Technical style, vocabulary belonging to the field of use. Non personal;
The text
WERLICH: extralinguistic parameters influence the
linguistic ones (purpose, addressee, context)
3. Instructive: planning of future behaviour : norms, laws, but
also recipes!
The text
WERLICH: extralinguistic parameters influence the
linguistic ones (purpose, addressee, context)
4. Argumentative: convince the addressee to adopt a certain
point of view.
Styles: Informal, ironic (disrespect or contempt), appreciatory
(favourable stance), depreciatory (, persuasive.
4. expository/informative: knowledge and notions organised
through analysis (based on comprehension). Essays,
divulgative works
Analytic exposition, identifying linking phenomenon ‘the spider
has 8 legs’; synthetic exposition, identifying phenomenon ‘one
part of a car is the motor’. Objective point of view
Text types: specialised texts
Right or wrong interpretation : prescriptive, not descriptive
Any text which is not a poetic text (Jakobson)
Any close text (Eco), highly/semi-binding texts (Sabatini)
The level of specialisation of the author
Main distinction
Natural sciences (physics, mathematics, biology, chemistry,
engineering, medicine)
Human Sciences (legal texts, economy, sociology, anthropology,
psicology,history, philosophy)
Different phenomena, different scientific/empirical approach,
different degree of certainty
Text types : specialised texts
Gotti (1991):
Communicative situation
1. specialist --- specialists, use of appropriate
terminology (journal)
2. Specialist --- non specialists, use of accurate
terminology but with a more educational purpose
(manuals)
3. Specialista --- non specialistS, use of everyday
language, divulgative purposes
Text types : specialised texts
Functional requirements of specialised languages
Intention condition: the addresser’s intention is clearly
communicated
Knowledge condition: different levels of knowledge from
addresser to addreessee
Code condition: shared and conventional code which
guides the interpretation
The more conventional the communicative situation, the
less distinctive the style (Sager et al. 1980, in Scarpa 2001 )
Text types: narrative texts
Narrative texts are recent and contemporary, that is why
they are not ‘literature’ yet (Biancolini Decuypère 2002,
13)
1. Texts types:
slightly binding : narrative, theatre, poetry
binding : literary criticism
2. Translation types
Artistic: rewriting, adaptation, author-translator
Literal: only shifts allowed are connected to the change
in linguistic code
Text types: the function of narrative
texts
Argumentative? Rare
Aesthetic/entertainment? Possible
Different microtexts: virtually any kind of
genre/language. Integrated within the macrofunction
Text types: the virtual text
Translation + Adaptation of content: different
market/target
SO
FORMAT: the text has to fit the page, adaptable format
LANGUAGE: formal accuracy + wide accessibility
CULTURE to favour the familiar content
LOCALISATION Esselink (2003), “localization revolves
around combining language and technology to produce a
product that can cross cultural and language barriers.”
Bernal-Merino (2006) , “the process of making a product
linguistically and culturally, but also technically and
legally, appropriate to the target country and language”
LOCALISATION LOCALISATION VS TRANSLATION: part of the distribution
process
Localisation: ‘like translation, but more than that’
Analisys: can we localise the content or will it be too
expensive (too specific)?
Pseudo-translation: sostituzione di stringhe per verificare
la fattibilità e un primo effetto
Report al team su come procedere
Preparation : the PM sends the kit with source material,
databases,etc
Translation : TM e MT + post editing: out of context
strings
Testing : controllo di qualità QA
Language functions
Language is used to reach diverse purposes = interpretation of
the surface structure = interpretation of the force.
This example also shows the importance of the TRANSLATION UNIT :
THE MINIMAL UNIT OF MEANING
Ulrich 1992, 31
Language functions
Successful communication: the message is appropriately understood
AND ITS FUNCTION ACCURATELY AND APPROPRIATELY TRANSLATED
Language is used to reach DIFFERENT purposes = interpretation of
the surface structure = interpretation of the force =
COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTION DETECTED
Austin’s speech acts (1962):
Locutionary – literal meaning
Illocutionary – communicative force. The use of a sentence to
express an attitude with a certain function or "force," called an
illocutionary force.
Perlocutionary – effect/reaction in the addressee/recipient
Loc+illoc+perloc= speech act
Searle’s taxonomy of speech
acts (microfunctions)
1. Representatives: represent a state of affairs (Stating, telling,
insisting)
2. Expressives: conveying the speaker’s attitude (Deploring,
admiring);
3. Verdictives: evaluations (Assessing, estimating);
4. Directives: influencing the addressees’ actions (Ordering, requesting, warning,prohibiting, daring)
5. Commissives: addressee’s commitment (Promising, vowing, pledging);
6. Declarations: the utterance creates the action (Blessing, baptizing, dismissing).
Co-text + context
Identifying microfunctions= identifying text type
Why do we need to understand the acts beyond their literal
(i.e. made of words) level? TO INTERPRET THE DEEP MEANING
OF THE UTTERANCE, IT IS THE ONLY WAY TO RECREATE IT IN
TRANSLATION.
Translator as : 1 addressee; 2 addresser.
1 Notion of translation unit: the smallest unit of meaning.
Careful how small you choose it!
2 awareness of the appropriate form requested by the TL to
express a certain speech act
Macrofunctions
Macrofunctions (Jakobson 1960)
Emotive F.: internal states and emotions of the addresser (1st p. I, interjections, personal style)
Conative f.: aims at influencing the internal states and emotions of the addressee (2nd p. you, vocative & imperative
Referential f.: informative function (3rd p., objects, events, facts in the context; nominalisation, premodification, passives, stative verbs; less formal, 1st p.p. & dynamic active verbs)
Poetic f.: aesthetic f., the form of the message (sound-effect, rhythm, figurative language, phonological resemblance) as a crucial part of the message meaning & force
• Examples: political slogans, ads, sayings.
Phatic f.: between the addresser and the addressee (opening and checking the channel of communication)
• Examples: Can you hear me?, Well, here we are. I see.
Metalingual f.: “attention on the code to clarify or re-negotiate it” (Ulrich 29), e.g. what do you mean?
Macrofunctions and texts types
Emotive/expressive function = expressive texts = author-centered.
creative texts. The style of the author matters
Referential/informative function = informative texts = content-
centered.
the information matters
Conative/vocative function = vocative texts = reader-centered.
the form is oriented towards the reader, not towards the author
One might be predominant, but others may also be present
Text types and translation
strategies
Expressive text: source language oriented
Informative text: text oriented
Vocative text: target language oriented
Rhetorical functions
Once the predominnat discourse genre/text type and function have
been established, the RHETORICAL STRATEGIES which CREATE the
desired effect.
Ex.Persuasion: via narration, via description, via arguing
Rhetorical functions : one at a time, more than one within the
same text
Predominant function = dominant contextual focus, Well-defined
language markers
Expository texts:
Descriptive texts: focused on objects and relations in space
Narrative texts : events and relations in time.
people-oriented, event-oriented
Argumentative texts: relations between concepts, overt or covert
argumentation
Instructive texts: establishing future behaviour
Advertisements, with option
Legal texts, no option
So…
Understanding the dominant contextual focus = understand
how the text is manipulated & its main language markers
TRANSLATIONS HAVE TO CONVEY THE SUBTLETIES
Correct function = “creation and reception of coherent
discourse and successful communication and translation”
(Ulrich 1992, 64)
TRANSLATORS INTERPRET AND RECREATE