Towards to a smart community: the role of smart …...smart grids will be identified and...

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特集 スマートコミュニティ 174(2) In a smart community, customers will be able to in- teract, in various ways, with power suppliers in such a way that the social welfare of customers and suppliers are maximized. The idea of smart grid, originated in the USA early 2000, further developed in Europe, now widely accepted across the world including China, can help accomplish this goal. The emergence of smart grids is often motivated by the need of reducing emis- sions, maintaining energy security, preventing large - scale blackout, and providing reliability - differentiated powers. The fundamental principles of modern electric pow- er grid were invented about half a century ago. Under the classic notion of regulatory economics, power indus- try had been considered as a natural monopoly, where power suppliers are obliged to supply, at regulated pric- es, electrical power to demands which are generally in- elastic. This “golden rule” was altered with the intro- duction of electric power market some 20 years ago in many countries. However, this market is not a truly ideal market, not without the introduction of demand participation. A smart grid does just that. Enabled by the state - of - the - art communication/ control technology, a smart grid allows power suppliers to collect the real - time information of electric power customers such that differentiated electric powers are delivered. A smart grid better facilitates the penetra- tion of green power, which is often difficult to accommo- date in existing grid. A smart grid may also allow cus- tomers to sell a variety of electric power services, such as but not limited to, downward reserves turn on a washer midnight you may end up with earning credit! , frequency regulation, etc., to the grid. In a nutshell, a smart grid serves as the next - generation infrastruc- ture which permits customers to enjoy in an ideal mar- ket. The notion of smart grid is rapidly gaining publici- ty in China. In May 2009, State Grid Corporation of China SGCCdescribed a vision of smart grid as: A strong power grid that takes advantage of modern in- formation technology, that fully supports a digital econ- omy, that enjoys automation, and that allows interac- tions between the network and the demand. In the same time SGCC published a staged implementation plan of SGCC smart grid. In 2010, the Chinese govern- ment followed an ambitious research plan of smart grid, focusing on the interconnection of renewable ener- gy and electric vehicles. In addition, two demonstration projects are under construction. The first one, Jinghai City Smart Grid Project, was initiated in the fall of 2009. Upon completion, 24.62% of electricity consump- tions of this mid - size town in Tianjin with a popula- tion of about 350,000 , will be supplied by green power. This grid will also be integrated with cable television, IP telephone, realizing remote control, remote measur- ing, and remote information collection. Several ad- vanced technologies, including energy storage systems, on - line equipment monitoring, smart building, electri- cal vehicles, etc., will be tested and exhibited. Jinghai Smart Grid is also expected to realize self - healing power supply to local customers. The second demon- stration project is located in Yangzhou, a city nearby Shanghai. In Zhejiang University, we have been working very hard, with the financial support of several entities in- cluding Fuji Electric, on a number of challenging tasks. Our goal is to develop practical solutions to microgrid, virtual power plant, and grid - friendly load. Take the research on grid - friendly load as an example. An in- teresting observation we found is that: much of the elec- trical loads can be temporarily reduced without intro- ducing an essential impact on load performance. A Towards to a smart community: the role of smart grids スマートコミュニティに向けて─スマートグリッドの役割─ Rongxiang Zhao 趙 栄祥 Professor, Zhejiang University 浙江大学 教授 Deqiang Gan 甘 徳強 Professor, School of Electrical Engineering Zhejiang University 浙江大学電気工程学院 教授

Transcript of Towards to a smart community: the role of smart …...smart grids will be identified and...

Page 1: Towards to a smart community: the role of smart …...smart grids will be identified and implemented, leading to the development of a much more efficient infrastruc-ture, a win-win

特集 スマートコミュニティ

174(2)

In a smart community, customers will be able to in-

teract, in various ways, with power suppliers in such a

way that the social welfare of customers and suppliers

are maximized. The idea of smart grid, originated in

the USA early 2000, further developed in Europe, now

widely accepted across the world including China, can

help accomplish this goal. The emergence of smart

grids is often motivated by the need of reducing emis-

sions, maintaining energy security, preventing large-

scale blackout, and providing reliability-differentiated

powers.

The fundamental principles of modern electric pow-

er grid were invented about half a century ago. Under

the classic notion of regulatory economics, power indus-

try had been considered as a natural monopoly, where

power suppliers are obliged to supply, at regulated pric-

es, electrical power to demands which are generally in-

elastic. This “golden rule” was altered with the intro-

duction of electric power market some 20 years ago in

many countries. However, this market is not a truly

ideal market, not without the introduction of demand

participation. A smart grid does just that.

Enabled by the state-of-the-art communication/

control technology, a smart grid allows power suppliers

to collect the real-time information of electric power

customers such that differentiated electric powers are

delivered. A smart grid better facilitates the penetra-

tion of green power, which is often difficult to accommo-

date in existing grid. A smart grid may also allow cus-

tomers to sell a variety of electric power services, such

as but not limited to, downward reserves (turn on a

washer midnight you may end up with earning credit!),

frequency regulation, etc., to the grid. In a nutshell, a

smart grid serves as the next-generation infrastruc-

ture which permits customers to enjoy in an ideal mar-

ket.

The notion of smart grid is rapidly gaining publici-

ty in China. In May 2009, State Grid Corporation of

China (SGCC) described a vision of smart grid as: A

strong power grid that takes advantage of modern in-

formation technology, that fully supports a digital econ-

omy, that enjoys automation, and that allows interac-

tions between the network and the demand. In the

same time SGCC published a staged implementation

plan of SGCC smart grid. In 2010, the Chinese govern-

ment followed an ambitious research plan of smart

grid, focusing on the interconnection of renewable ener-

gy and electric vehicles. In addition, two demonstration

projects are under construction. The first one, Jinghai

City Smart Grid Project, was initiated in the fall of

2009. Upon completion, 24.62% of electricity consump-

tions of this mid-size town in Tianjin (with a popula-

tion of about 350,000), will be supplied by green power.

This grid will also be integrated with cable television,

IP telephone, realizing remote control, remote measur-

ing, and remote information collection. Several ad-

vanced technologies, including energy storage systems,

on-line equipment monitoring, smart building, electri-

cal vehicles, etc., will be tested and exhibited. Jinghai

Smart Grid is also expected to realize self-healing

power supply to local customers. The second demon-

stration project is located in Yangzhou, a city nearby

Shanghai.

In Zhejiang University, we have been working very

hard, with the financial support of several entities in-

cluding Fuji Electric, on a number of challenging tasks.

Our goal is to develop practical solutions to microgrid,

virtual power plant, and grid-friendly load. Take the

research on grid-friendly load as an example. An in-

teresting observation we found is that: much of the elec-

trical loads can be temporarily reduced without intro-

ducing an essential impact on load performance. A

Towards to a smart community: the role of smart grids

スマートコミュニティに向けて─スマートグリッドの役割─

Rongxiang Zhao 趙 栄祥Professor, Zhejiang University浙江大学 教授

Deqiang Gan 甘 徳強Professor, School of Electrical EngineeringZhejiang University浙江大学電気工程学院 教授

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175(3)

classical example is that of residential air conditioning

load. This implies that the characteristics of loads can

be made grid-friendly. What is missing here is the in-

formation exchange between the network and the load.

Therefore, in a smart grid regime, the notion of load

participation should include frequency control, emer-

gency voltage stability control, etc. This seems to be a

potentially powerful and relatively new concept com-

pared with the traditional demand response programs.

In summary, despite of the confusions and contro-

versies, smart grids are gaining acceptance world wide.

It is our view that eventually the core functions of

smart grids will be identified and implemented, leading

to the development of a much more efficient infrastruc-

ture, a win-win solution to both power suppliers and

customers.

■和文抄録(社内にて作成)スマートコミュニティでは,顧客が電力供給者とさまざ

まなかたちでやりとりをして,相互の社会的福祉を最大限

に高めることができる。スマートグリッドは 2000 年の初め

に米国で誕生し,欧州で大きく花開き,現在では中国も含

め,世界中で広く受け入れられている。スマートグリッド

では,温室効果ガスの排出量削減やエネルギー安全保障の

維持,大規模停電の防止,信頼度別電力供給が求められる。

現在の電力系統の基本的な原理は,半世紀ほど前に考案

された。統制経済の古典的な考え方では,電力事業は独占

が自然だと考えられ,電力供給者はおよそ柔軟性に欠ける

需要を想定し,統制された価格で電力を供給することを義

務付けられてきた。この“黄金律”が 20 年ほど前に多く

の国で電力市場が導入されて変化した。しかし,この市場

も,需要側の参加という概念が盛り込まれなければ,真の

意味で理想的な市場とはいえず,これを実現するのがス

マートグリッドである。

スマートグリッドでは最新の通信制御技術により,電力

供給者が電力消費者の情報をリアルタイムで収集し,それ

に合わせて電力をさまざまに変化させて供給することがで

きる。スマートグリッドの概念は中国で急速に注目を集め

ている。2009 年 5 月に国家电网公司(SGCC)がスマート

グリッドのビジョンを示した。それは,最新の情報技術を

駆使し,デジタル経済にも十分に対応し,オートメーショ

ンのよさも享受でき,ネットワークと需要家とのやりと

りも可能にする強固な電力系統である。同時に,SGCCは

自社のスマートグリッドの段階的導入計画も発表した。

2010 年には,中国政府も再生可能エネルギーと電気自動

車を一つに結びつけることに焦点を当てた野心的な研究計

画に着手した。

これに加え,二つのデモンストレーションプロジェクト

が進行中である。一つ目は,静海県スマートグリッドプロ

ジェクトであり,2009 年秋に開始された。二つ目は,上

海に近い揚州市で行われている。

浙江大学は,富士電機を含むいくつかの法人からの財政

支援を得ながら,数々の難問に懸命に取り組んできた。そ

の目標は,実用的なマイクログリッドのソリューションや,

バーチャルな発電所,電力系統にやさしい負荷の開発であ

る。電気負荷の多くは負荷性能に本質的な影響を与えずに

一時的に減らすことができ,住宅の空調負荷にも当てはま

る。あと足りないのはネットワークと負荷との情報交換で

ある。つまり,スマートグリッドの枠組みの中では,負荷

に周波数制御や緊急時電圧安定度制御などの機能を盛り込

むべきである。そうすれば,従来の需要応答プログラムと

比べても新しい,潜在的に大きな可能性を秘めた概念にな

ると思われる。

結局のところ,スマートグリッドは数々の誤解や論

争を巻き起こしながらも,世界中で支持を獲得してい

る。いずれはスマートグリッドのコア機能が明確に特定

されて実装され,今よりはるかに効率的なインフラが開

発され,電力供給者と顧客の双方が互いにウィンウィ

ンの関係で結ばれる,というのが私たちの見方である。

Rongxiang ZhaoDeqiang Gan

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